
Qass M ( g 






Book. 



N\RJdAS 



THE j I 

HISTORY 



OF 



MAHASKA COUNTY, 



lO V/A, 



CONTAINING 



A History of tlie County, its Cities, Towns, &c., 



A Biographical Directoiy of its Citizens, War Record of its Volunteers in the late Re- 
bellion, General and Local Statistics, Portraits of Early Settlers and Prom- 
inent Men, History of the Northwest, History of Iowa, 
Map of Mahaska County, Constitution of 
the United States, Miscellan- 
eous Matters, &c. 



IIjX,TJSTI2,J^TE3D. 



DES MOINES : 

UNION HISTORICAL COMPANY. 

1878. 






Entered, according to Act of Congress in the year 1878, by 

THE UNION HIST(3RICAL COMPANY, 

In the Ofl&ce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 






MILLS * COMPANY, 

PRINTERS AND STEREOTTPERS, 

DBS iWOTNES. IOWA. 



PREFACE. 



In presenting this work to the people of Mahaska county, we have reason to believe that 
we are placing it in the hands of its friends. A friendly disposition was manifested toward 
our representatives during its compilation, and we trust the volume in its completed form 
may be in no sense a disappointment. 

If we have accomplished nothing more, we have at least rescued much important matter 
from oblivion. Ten years more would have made the record of many facts and incidents 
which we present herewith an impossibility. The first settlers of Mahaska have passed the 
mountain tops of life. Memory is one of the first faculties of mind which shows signs of 
decay, and, even among those of the old guard still living, another decade would have found 
many a link rusted out from their chain of recollection. 

In this history we have endeavored to present to the reader a picture of the past and pres- 
ent of Mahaska. We have labored to introduce him to the wigwams of its aborigines, to 
seat him by the hearth-stone of its pioneers, to trace the history of the county's organization, 
to compile a sketch of its leading institutions, and to represent the condition of the county 
while entering the last quarter of the nineteenth century. It is not so much the work of 
ourselves as of Mahaska's own citizens. We have compiled what these men have long 
known, and placed it in permanent form for the present generation, and for those to come. 
We have not the confidence to presume that the work will contain no mistakes. The falli- 
bility of memory produces a hundred conflicting statements. Dates are slippery things to 
handle. Names will get twisted. Some of these errors will belong to our informants, some 
to ourselves. A charitable pubhc will not forget that " to err is human." 

Only one-third of a century ago a strong argument for locating the county-seat in the 
southern part of the county was that there was no likelihood that the present century would 
see the northern prairies of the county populated. Ten years later, and the same argument 
was sincerely used in respect to the State of Iowa, by shrewd men, on the occasion of the 
removal of the State capital. Some of these same men have " lived to learn." This work 
will show the changes of thirty-six years in Central Iowa. 

It is a source of regret to us that diligent search failed to discover any files of Mahaska 
county newspapers between the years 1859 and 1864. This very important period, including 
most of Mahaska's war history, is not so fully presented on these pages as we desired. 

In our " War Record " we have endeavored to give, in epitomized form, the part taken by 
individual soldiers from Mahaska. The names of those drafted have been omitted, for the 
reason that we could not secure a satisfactory list. 

The especial value of much we have presented, particularly in our biographical department, 
will be patent a generation hence. It will, we trust, ba endeared to hundreds of firesides. 

We wish thus publicly to eapress our appreciation of the kindness which has been shown 
us in this enterprise. To the several hundred citizens who have co-operated with our repre- 
sentatives in securing the information which made the accompanying work a possibility, we 
tender our hearty thanks — especially to the editors of the Oskaloosa Herald, The Standard, 
and the New Sharon Star for the use of files of papers, and general information; to Judge 
M. T. Williams, for many items of early history; to W. B. Street, Esq., for Indian history; 
to William T. Smith, Esq., for miscellaneous matter and valuable manuscript; to Henry R. 
Kendig, Esq., for Masonic history; to Judge Samuel Thompson, for assistance upon the 
geography of the county; to the various county and city officials, for access to records. 



IV PKEFACE. 

Among others to whom we are especially indebted for assistance, might be mentioned 
Captain A. J. Comstock, Hon. John N. Dixon, Mrs. E. Needham, Mrs. T. G. Phillips, J. E. 
Ogborne, Esq., Prof. H. H. Seerley, Lieut. W. H. Needham, Porte C. Welch, Esq., Judge J. 
A. L. Crookham, Dr. E. A. Boyer, Van B. Delashmutt, Esq., T. Baldwin, Esq., Mr. Ephraim 
Munsell, Prof. Woody, John A. Hoffman, Esq., Ben McCoy, Esq., Samuel McFall, Esq., 
James Winder, Esq., Heniy P. Ninde, Esq., Captain C. P. Searle and Rev. Thos. Ballinger. 

The sketches on the Northwest, and the articles, descriptive and historical, on Iowa, em- 
bracing the first two hundred and fifty-six pages of the work, were prepared by A. R. Fulton, 
of Des Moines, and we doubt not will prove highly interesting and instructive, as showing 
the steps by which, within the present century, a vast region, inhabited by savages, has de- 
veloped into mighty States. 

We have also consulted the following works: "Pioneers of Marion County," "Iowa 
Colonels and Regiments," " Iowa in the RebeUion," and a number of State reports. 

Whatever of satisfaction, instruction or enjoyment these pages may bring to their readers, 
will be a gratification to 

The Publishers. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

The Northwest Territory : 
Early French Explorations in 

the Mississippi Valley, : 7 
Early Settlements in the 

Northwest, : : : 14 
The Northwestern Territory, 22 
The Louisiana Purchase, : 28 
Indian Wars >u the Northwest, 34 
Slietches of Black Hawk and 

other Chiefs, : : 42 

Early Navigation of Western 

Rivers, : : : 56 

Archaeology of the Northwest, 59 
Sketches of Western and 

Northwestern States, : 67 
Expedition of Lewis and 

Clarke, : : : 86 

Sketch of Chicago, : : 96 
History of Iowa: 
Descriptive and Geographical 

Sketch, : : : 105 
Geology of Iowa, : 117 

Economic Geology, : : 125 
How the Title to Iowa Lands 

is derived, : : : 130 
Early Settlements and Terri- 
torial Organization, : 141 
Territory of Iowa, : 153 

State Organization, : 158 

Educational, : : : 162 

State Institutions, : : 169 

Railroads. : : : 172 

Official Record, : : 174 

The Judiciary, : : : 176 
Congressional Representa- 
tion, : : : 177 
State Agricultural Society, 178 
Centennial Awards, : 191 
History of Mahaska County : 
Geography — Descriptive and 

Physical, : : : 257 
Indian Affairs, : : 260 

Early Settlement, : : 265 

County Seat Contest, : 267 

History of names Oskaloosa 

and Mahaska, : : 269 

Life of Mahaska, : 269 

Commissioner's Court, : 276 
First Court, : : 277 



HISTOBICAli, 

Page. 

History of Mahaska County : 
Mahaska County Court House, 284 
County Jail, : : : 285 

First School, : : : 285 
Probate Court, : : 286 

Letters of 1846-7, : : 287 
Townships, : : : 288 

Land Sales, : : : 293 
Club Law, : : : 294 

Early Climate, etc., : ; 298 
An Early Hunt, : : 298 

A Mahask County Romance, 299 
302 
303 
304 
305 
306 



An Old lowan, 
Mahaska in 1850-52, : 
Flood of '51, : : : 
Religious, : : 

Incidents, : : : 

Mississippi and Missouri R, 

R. Loan, : : : 
County Finances, : : 
Bridges, : : : 
Poor House, : : : 

List of County Officers, 
Illustrious Dead, : 

Educational, : : 

The Press, : : : 

Temperance, : : 

Political, : : : 

Statistics, : : 

Official Votes, : : 

Railroads, : : : 

Mahaska County Agricultural 

Society, : : : 
Hog Raising, : : : 

Horticultural, : : 

Mahaska County Medical So 
ciety, : : : ; 

Mahaska County Bible Society, 356 
County Sunday School Associ- 
ation, : : 
Masonry, : : 
Society of Friends, 
Mahaska's Centennial, 
Casualties, : : 
The Cause of Science on the 
Border, : : : 
Bowen Murder Case, : 
Love, Desertion and Suicide, 373 
Shooting, : : : 373 



307 
308 
311 
311 
313 
318 
323 
331 
338 
340 
343 
344 
344 

350 
352 
352 

356 



Page. 

History of Mahaska County: 
Locail Troubles During the 

War, : : : : 373 

War History: 

Mahaska County War Record, 383 

Third Infantry, : : 386 

Seventh Infantry, : : 391 

Eighth Infantry, : : 397 

Fifteenth Infantry. • ; 404 

Seventeenth Infantry, : 409 

Eighteenth Infantry, : 410 

Thirty-third Infantry, : 412 

Thirty-Sixth Infantry, : 429 

Thirty-seventh Infantry, 429 

Thirty-eighth Infantry, : 431 

Fortieth Infantry, : 431 

Forty-seventh Infantry, : 438 

Third Cavalry, • : 440 

Fourth Cavalry, ; : 440 

Seventh Cavalry, : : 443 

Ninth Cavalry, : : 444 

Light Artillery. : : 445 

. Miscellaneous Enlistments, : 446 

Soldiers' Reunion, : 448 

The Rice Monument, : 450 

Sherman's March to the Sea, 451 

Cities and Towns : 
Oskaloosa, 



New Sharon, 
Beacon, : 
Rose Hill, : 

Fremont, 
Muchakinock, 
Townships : 
Cedar : 
Harrison, ; 
Des Moines, 
Jefferson, : 
White Oak, 
Oskaloosa, : 
Scott, : 
Monroe, : 

Adams, : 
Madison, : 
Black Oak, 
Pleasant Grove, 
Union, : 
Prairie, : 

Richland, 



455 
601 
512 
515 
517 
519 

522 
624 

528 
529 
530 
531 
532 
534 
535 
536 
537 
540 
541 
542 
546 



Westward the Star of Empire 

takes its Way, : : : 
An Indian Camp, : ; : 
Indians trying a Prisoner, : 
A Pioneer Winter, : : : 



ItiliUSTKATIOXS. 



Lincoln Monument, Springfield, 
17 Illinois, : : : : 
33 Chicago in 1820, : : : 

49 Present Site Lake Street Bridge, 
65 I Chicago, 1833, ; : : 



Page. 



Old Fort Dearborn, 1830, 
72 The " Old Kinzie House, 
97 A Prairie Home, : 

Breaking Prairie : : 
97 



Page. 

103 

: PS 

129 

: 145 



lilTHOGRAPHIC PORTKAITS. 





Page. 




Page 




Page. 


Ballinger, T., 


489 


Lacey, John F., 


- 345 


Rice, Sam 'I A., 


- 381 


Baugh, Geo. H., 


- 507 


Leighton, Henry C, 


327 


Rice, E. W., 


417 


Cooper, Cary, 


363 


MeCullough, James, - 


- 525 


Seevers, W. H., 


- 3C9 


Dela-hmutt, V. B., 


- 561 


McMuUin, J. W., - 


399 


Smith, Wm. T., 


291 


Downing, F. I.., 


435 


McNeill, H. V/., 


- 471 


Tice, Hardin, 


- 543 


Giluioro, T. U., 


- 453 


Picken Mathew, 


579 


Wilhams, M. T., - 


273 


Houtz, Christian 


597 











VI 



CONTENTS. 



BIOGRAPHICAL. TOWXSHIP DIRECTORY. 



Adams, : 

Black Oak, 

Cedar, : 

Des Moines, 

East Oskaloosa, 

EddwiUe ^Harrison Twp.). 

EarrisOD, : : 



677 
657 
643 
617 
720 
647 



Jefferson, • : : 

Madison, : : : 

Monroe, : : : 

New Sharon (Prairie Twp.), 

Oskaloosa City (Oskaloosa 

Township), : : : 

Pleasant Grove, : : 



Page. 
638 

: 685 
698 
624 



Prairie, 

Richland, : 

Scott, : 

Union, : 

West Oskaloosa, 
White Oak, : 



Page. 
: 631 

712 
: 670 

706 
: 608 

663 



ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE liAWS. 



Page. 

Adoption of Children, - 203 
Bills of Exchange and Promis- 
sory Notes . - - 195 
Capital Punishment - 199 
Commercial Terms - - 208 
Damages from Trespass, - 201 
Descent, . . - 195 
Estravs. - - - 201 
Exemptions from Executions, 200 
Fences - - - 202 
Forms: 
Article of Agreement, - 209 
BiUs of Sale, - - 210 
Bond for Deed, - - 217 
BiUs of Purchase, - 207 
Chattel Mortgage, - - 215 



Confession of Judgment, 

Lease, 



Notice to Quit, 

Notes, - - - 

Orders, 

Quit-Claim Deed, 

Receipts, 

Wills and Codicils, 

Warranty Deed, 
Oame Laws : 

Birdfl and Quadrupeds, 

Fish and Fish Ways, 
Interest, 
Jurisdiction of Courts, 



Page. 

208 

- 214 
212, 213 

- 210 
207, 215 

- 207 
216 

- 208 
211, 212 

216 

- 217 
218 

- 195 
198 



Page. 

199 
206 
199 
■ 2oO 
201 
204 



Jurors, - . - - 

Landlord and Tenant, 
Limitation of Actions, 
Married Women, 
Marka and Brands, 
Mechanics' Liens, 
Purchasing Books by Subscrip- 
tion, - - - 219 
Roads and Bridees, - - 204 
Surveyors and Surveys, - 204 
Support of Poor, - - 205 
Taxes, - - - 197 
Wills and Estates. - - 196 
Weights and Measures, - 207 
Wolf Scalps, - - - 201 



Page. 

Map of Mahaska County, : Front. 

Statistics, : : : 183 

Constitution ot the State of 

Iowa, : : : : 220 



MISCEIiIiANEOUS. 

Faqe. 

Constitution of the United States, 240 
Practical Rules for every-day 

use, : : : : 252 

Population of Iowa Cities, : 255 



Page. 

The Pioneer, : ; 256 

Biography of General Elliott W. 

Rice, : : : : 548 

Addenda (Biographical), : 722 




/ 



The Northwest Territory. 



EARLY FRENCH EXPLORATIONS IN THE MISSISSIPPI 

YALLEY. 

De Soto — Lo Caron — Samuel de Cham plain — French Adventurers — James Marquette — Louis 
Joliet — Embarkation to Explore New Countries — Lake Michigan and Green Bay — The 
"Ouisconsin" — Indian Accounts of the Country — Discovering the Great River — Indian 
Name of the River — Joy of the Explorers — Interview with Indians on Iowa Soil — Feast — 
Speech of an Indian Chief — The Des Moines River — " Muddy Water " — The Arkansas — 
Return — Indian Nations — Marquette's Record — His Subsequent Voyage — La Vantum — 
Marquette's Death — Removal of His Remains — Joliet's Subsequent Explorations — Robert 
La Salle — Louis Hennepin — Chevalier de Tonti — De La Motte — Fort Crevecoeur — Henne- 
pin's Voyage — Falls of St. Anthony — Seur de Luth — Hennepin's Claims as an Explorer — 
Colonization of Louisiana — Dissensions — Murder of La Salle. 

The three great colonizing powers of the Okl World first to raise the 
standard of civilization within the limits of North America were France, 
England, and Spain. The French made their earliest settlements in the 
cold and inhospitable regions of Quebec; the Englisli at Jamestown, Vir- 
ginia, and at Plymonth, Massachusetts; and the Spaniards on the barren 
sands of Florida. To the French belongs the honor of discovering and colo- 
nizing that portion of our country known as the Valley of the Mississippi, 
including all that magnificent region watered by the tributaries of the Great 
River. It is true that more than one hundred years earlier (1538-41) the 
Spanish explorer, De Soto, had landed on the coast of Florida, penetrated the 
everglades and unbroken forests of the south, finally reaching the banks of 
the Great River, probably near where the city of Memphis now stands. 
Crossing the river, he and his companions pursued their journey for some 
distance along the west bank, thence to the Ozark Mountains and the Hot 
Springs of Arkansas, and returning to the place of his death on the banks of 
the Mississippi. It was a perilous expedition indeed, characterized by all 
the splendor, romance and valor which usually attended Spanish adventurers 
of that age. De Soto and his companions were the first Europeans to behold 
the waters of the Mississippi, but the expedition was a failure so far as related 
to colonization. The requiem chanted by his companions as his remains 
were committed to the waters of the great river lie had discovered, died 
away with the solemn murmurs of the stream, and the white man's voice 
was not heard again in the valley for more than a liundred years. De Soto 
had landed at Tampa Bay, on the coast of Florida, witli a fleet of nine ves- 
sels and seven hundred men. More than half of them died, and the remainder 
made their way to Cuba, and finally back to Spain. 

Four years l3efore the pilgrims "moored their bark on the wild New Eng- 
land shore," a French Franciscan, named Le Caron, penetrated the region of 



8 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOKY. 

the great lakes of the north, then the home of the Iroquois and the Hurons, 
bnt a French settlement had been established at Quebec bj Samuel de 
Champlain in 1608. This was followed by the establishment of various 
colonies in Canada, and the hardy French adventurers penetrated the coun- 
try by the way of the St, Lawrence and the lakes. In 1625 a number of 
missionaries of the Society of Jesus arrived in Canada from France, and 
during the succeeding forty years extended their missions all along the 
shores of Lake Superior. 

In 1637 a child was born at the little city of Laon, in France, whose 
destiny it was in the fullness of time to be instrumental in the hands of 
Providence in giving to the world a definite knowledge of the grandest and 
most fertile region ever opened up to civilization. That child was James 
Marquette, the descendant of a family of Celtic nobles. He entered the 
Society of Jesus when seventeen years of age, and soon conceived a desire to 
engage in the labors of a missionary among the Indians. He sailed for 
Quebec in 16(>6, and two years later founded the mission of Sault Ste. Marie 
at the Falls of St. Mary. The winter of 1669-70 he spent at Point St. 
Ignatius, where he established another mission. Here the old town of 
Michillimackinac, afterward called Mackinaw, was founded. It was from 
Indians of the difl'erent tribes who came to this mission that he received 
some vague intimations of the great river — the father of all the rivers. He 
at once conceived a desire to penetrate to the banks of the wonderful river, 
and carry his missionary work to the tribes which he had learned inhabited 
its borders. He applied to his Superior, Claude Dablon, for permission to 
"seek new nations toward the Southern sea." The authorities at Quebec were 
equally desirous of having new regions explored, and therefore appointed 
Louis Joliet to embark upon a voyage of discovery. Joliet Avas a native of 
Quebec and had been educated in a Jesuit College. He had at the age of 
eighteen taken minor orders, but had abandoned all thoughts of the priest- 
hood and engaged in the fur trade. He was now twenty-s«ven years of age, 
with a mind'ripe for adventure. He left Quebec, and arriving at Mackinaw, 
found Father Marquette highly delighted with the information that they 
were to be companions in a voyage Avhich was to extend the domain of the 
King of France, as well as to carry the Gospel to new nations of ])eople. The 
explorers, accompanied by five assistants, who were French Canadians, started 
on their journey. May 1-3, 1673. Marquette has himself recorded in the fol- 
lowing simple ianguage their feelings on this occasion: "We were embark- 
ing on a voyage the character of which we could not foresee. Indian corn, 
with some dried meat, was our whole stock of provisions. With this we set 
out in two 1)ark canoes, M. Joliet, myself and five men, firmly resolved to do 
all and sufifer all for so glorious an enterprise." They coasted along the 
northern shore of Lake Michigan, entered Green Bay, and passed up the 
Fox river, carrying their canoes' across the Portage to the " Ouisconsin," now 
called Wisconsin. At Lake Winnebago, before crossing the Portage, they 
stopped at an Indian village, which was the furthest out|)Ost to which Dal)- 
»lon and Allouez; had extended their missionary work. Here they asseml)led 
the chiefs and old men of the village and told them of the objects of the 
voyage. Pointing to Joliet, Father Marquette said: "My friend is an envoy 
of' France to discover new countries, and I am an ambassador from God to 
enlighten them with the truths of the Gospel." The Indians furnished two 
guides to conduct them to the AVisconsin river. It is related that a tribe of 
Indians endeavored to dissuade them from pursuing their perilous journey 



THE NORTHWEST TEERITOKY. 9 

by telling of desperate and savage tribes that tliey would meet; that the 
forests and the rivers were infested with frightful monsters; that there were 
great iish in the rivers that would swallow up men and canoes together, and 
of a demon who could be heard from a great distance, and who destroyed all 
who approached. Unmoved by these frightful stories, Marquette, Joliet, 
and their five brave assistants, launched their little canoes on the waters of 
the Wisconsin, and moved slowly down the current. After a lapse of seven 
days, June 17th, 1GT3, they reached the mouth of the Wisconsin and glided 
into the current of the Mississippi, a few miles below the place now known 
as Prairie du Chien. Here, and on this day, the eye of the Avhite man for the 
first time looked upon the waters of the Upper Mississippi. Marquette called 
the river " The Broad Elver of the Conception." The Indian name is derived 
from the Algonquin language, one of the original tongues of the continent. 
It is a compound of the words Missi, signifying great, and Se2)e^ a river. 

The explorers felt tlie most intense joy on beholding the scene presented 
to their enraptured vision. Here Avas the great river whose waters somewhere 
thousands of miles away flowed into a Southern sea, and whose broad va.lley 
was the fairest and richest in the world, but unknown to civilized man, save 
as an almost forgotten dream or a vague romance. They had solved one of 
the great mysteries of the age in which they lived. As they glided down the 
stream the bold bluffs reminded Marquette of the '-castled shores of his own 
beautiful rivers in France." The far stretching prairies alternating with 
forests, on either side, were adorned in all the wild glories of June. Birds 
sang the same notes that they had sung for ages amid those "forests prime- 
val," while herds of buffalo, deer and elk were alarmed and fled to the dense 
retreats of the forest or the broad prairies beyond, l^ot until the 25th June 
did they discover any signs of human habitation. Then, about sixty leagues, 
as they thought, below the mouth of the Wisconsin, at a place where "they 
landed on the west bank of the river, they found in the sand the foot-prints 
of man. Marquette and Joliet left their five companions in charge of the 
canoes and journeyed away from the river, knowing that they must be near 
the habitation of men. They followed a trail leading across a prairie clothed 
in the M'ild luxuriance of summer for a distance of about six miles, when 
they beheld another river and on its banks an Indian village, with other vil- 
lages on higher land a mile and a half from the first. The Indians greeted 
the two white strangers, as far as their ability permitted, with a splendid 
ovation. They appointed four of their old men to meet the strangers in 
council. Marquette could speak their language. They informed hiin that 
they were "Illini" (meaning "we are men"), and presenting the calumet of 
peace, invited them to share the hospitalities of their village. JMarc[uette told 
them of the object of their visit, and that they had been sent by the French, 
who were their friends. He told them of the great God that the white man 
worshiped who was the same Great Spirit that'' they adored. In answer, one 
of the chiefs addressed them as follows: 

"I thank the Black Gown Chief (Marquette) and the Frenchman (Joliet) 
for taking so much pains to come and visit us; never has the earth been so 
beautiful, nor the sun so bright as now; never has the river been so calm, nor 
so free from rocks, wlii«h your canoes have removed as they passed; never 
has our tobacco had so fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we 
behold it to-day. Ask the Great Spirit to give us life and health, anci ^ome 
ye and dwell with us." 

After these ceremonies the strangers tV'ere invited to a feast, an account of 



10 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

wliicli is given by Marquette. It consisted of four courses. First, there 
was a large wooden bowel filled with tagamity, or Indian meal, boiled in 
water and seasoned with oil. The master of ceremonies, with a wooden spoon, 
fed the tagamity to their guests as cliildren are fed. The second course con- 
sisted of lish, which, after the bones were taken out, was presented to the 
mouths of the strangers as food may be fed to a bird. The third course was 
a preparation of dog meat, but learning that the strangers did not eat that it 
was at once removed. The fourth and final course was a piece of buffalo 
meat, the fattest portions of which were put into the mouths of the guests. 
The stream on whose banks took place this first interview between the 
explorers and the untutored Indians, after parting with their guides, was the 
Des Moines river, and the place of their landing was probably about where 
the town of Montrose is now located, in Lee county, Iowa. One of our 
sweetest American poets has rendered Marquette's narrative in verse, as 

follows : 

" Came a people 
From the distant land of Wabun; 
From the farthest realms of morning 
Came the Black Robe Chief, the Prophet, 
He the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face, 
With his guides and his companions. 

And the noble Hiawatha, 
With his hand aloft extended. 
Held aloft in sign of welcome, 
Cried aloud and spoke in this wise : 

* Beautiful is the sun. strangers. 
When you come so far to see us ; 
All our town in peace awaits you; 
All our doors stand open for you; 
You shall enter all our wigwams; 

For the heart's right hand we give you. 
Never bloomed the earth so gayly, 
Ne-ver shone the sun so brightly, 
As to-day they shine and blossom 
When you came so far to see us.' 

And the Black Robe Chief made answer, 
Stammered in his speech a little, 
Speaking words yet unfamiliar: 

* Peace be with you, Hiawatha, 
Peace be with you and your people. 
Peace of prayer, and peace of pardon, 
Peace of Christ, and joy of Mary! ' 

Then the generous Hiawatha, 
Led the strangers to his wigwam, 
Seated them on skins of bison, 
Seated them on skins of ermine. 
Brought them food in bowls of bass-wood, 
Water brought in birchen dippers, 
And the calumet, the peace-pipe, 
Filled and lighted for their smoking. 
All the warriors of the nation, 
Came to bid the strangers welcome; 
' It is well,' they said, brother, 
That you came so far to see us.' " 

Marquette and Joliet remained at the Indian villages six days, and were 
then accompanied to their canoes by an escort of six hundred Indians. In- 
vitations were extended to the strangers to renew their visit, after which the 
explorers embarked in their boats and fioated on down the stream, passing 
the sites of future great cities of the valley, and passing the mouths of the 
Missouri and Ohio rivers, and as far down as the mouth of the Arkansas. 



THE NORTHWEST TERKITOBT. 11 

Marquette named the Missouri river Pekitanou% or " Muddy Water," on 
account of the now well-known character of that stream. 

After extending their voyage to the mouth of the Arkansas, where they 
found a village of the Arkansas tribe, they ascended the Mississippi to the 
mouth of the Illinois. They ascended the latter river to its source. Along 
this stream they found many villages of the Illinois, or lllini^ a large and 
powerful tribe, who were subdivided into five smaller tribes — the Tamaroas, 
Michigamies, Kahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias. The country between the 
Illinois and Mississippi rivers was inhabited by the three last named tribes. 
The Michigamies resided in the country bordering on Lake Michigan, and 
the Tamaroas occupied the territory now included in the counties of Jersey, 
Madison and St. Clair, Illinois. Kaskaskia— also designated by the early 
explorers as " La Vantum " and " Great Illinois Town " — was the largest of 
the villages, containing, according to Marquette, seventy-five lodges. With- 
out the loss of a man, or any serious accident, the party reached Green Bay 
in September, and reported their discoveries. Marquette made a faithful 
record of what they had seen and the incidents of the voyage. That record 
has been preserved. The report of Joliet was unfortunately lost by the 
upsetting of his canoe while on the way to Quebec. 

At the request of the Illinois Indians, Marquette soon returned and es- 
tablished the mission of the Immaculate Conception at La Yantum. In 
the spring of 1675, on account of failing health, he started to return to 
Green Bay. While passing along the shore of Lake Michigan, conscious 
that he was neariug the end of his earthly labors, he observed an elevated 
place near the moutli of a small river. He told his companions that the 
place was suitable for his burial, and requested them to land. On that 
lonely and desolate coast. May 18, 1675, at the age of thirty-eight, James 
Marquette ended his last earthly voyage, and received burial at the hands 
of his devoted companions. Two years later some Indians of the mission at 
Kaskaskia disinterred his remains, and conveyed them in a box made of 
birch bark, with a convoy of over twenty canoes, to Mackinaw, where they 
were reinterred at the mission church. The post was abandoned in 1706, 
and the church burned. The place of burial was finally lost, and remained 
lost for two hundred years. In May, 1876, the foundations of the old 
Jesuit Mission were accidentally discovered on the farm of one David 
Murray, with a number of church relics, the mouldering remains of the 
great missionary and explorer, and a cross with his name inscribed upon it. 

Joliet, after his return to Quebec, became again a trader with the Indians. 
His services were rewarded by the French government by the gift of the 
island of Anticosta, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Little after this is known 
of him. He died about 1730. 

The reports given of the discoveries of Marquette and Joliet, served to 
encourage other adventurers to engage in the eftort to extend their explora- 
tions. Robert La Salle, a French navigator, who was born at Rouen about 
the year 1635, had long cherished a project of seeking a route to China by 
way of the Great Lakes. Before the return of Marquette and Joliet, he had 
explored Lake Ontario and visited the different Indian tribes. In 1675 he 
went to France and obtained from the government a grant to a large tract 
of land about Fort Frontenac, the exclusive right of traffic with the Five 
Kations, and also a patent of nobility. He laid before his government his 
desire to explore the Mississippi to its mouth, and take possession of all the 
regions he might visit in the name of the King of France. His plans were 



12 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

wannly approved, and lie was provided with the means for carrying them 
into execution. In July^ 1678, he returned to Fort Frontenac, soon after 
established a trading house at Niagara, and visited the neighboring Indian 
tribes for the purpose of collecting furs. He engaged the services of thirty 
mechanics and mariners and built the first ship tor the navigation of the 
lakes. It was called the Griffin, and was a bark of sixty tons. Having 
been joined by Louis Hennepin and Chevalier de Tonti, the latter an Indian 
veteran, on the 7th of August, 1679, they launched the Griffin on Niagara 
river, and embarked for the valley of the Mississippi. They crossed Lake 
Erie and Lake St. Clair, reaching Green Bay, September 2d. For the pur- 
pose of relieving himself of some pressing financial obligations at Montreal, 
La Salle here engaged for a time in collecting furs with which he loaded the 
Griffin, and sent it in the care of a pilot and fourteen sailors on its return 
trip, with orders to return immediately; but the vessel was never heard of 
afterward. He waited until all hope had vanished, and then, with Father 
Hennepin, Chevalier de Tonti, the Sieur de la Motte, and about thirty fol- 
lowers, began again the voyage. They ascended the St. Joseph in canoes to 
the portage, and carried their barks to the Kankakee, a distance of six miles, 
descended the Kankakee and the Illinois until they reached an Indian vil- 
lage on the latter stream, at the expansion of the same, kno^vn as Lake 
Peoria. The village was situated on the west baidv of the lake, and must 
have been passed by Marquette and Joliet on their voyage up the river in 
1673, although no mention is made of it by them. La Salle, Hennepin, Tonti 
and their followei's landed at Lake Peoria, January 3d, 1680. The Indians 
received them hospitably, and they remained with them for several days. 
Here a spirit of discontent began to manifest itself among the followers ol 
La Salle, and fearing trouble between his men and the Indians, they crossed 
the river and moved do^vn about three miles, where they erected a fort, 
which La Salle named Fort Creveeoeur (heart-break) a name expressive of 
La Salle's sorrow at the loss of his fortune by the disaster to the Griffin, and 
also his feelings in the fear of mutiny among his men. The party remained 
here until in Jb ebruary, when Tonti was placed in command of the post, and 
Hennipin charged with a voyage of discovery to the sources of the Missis- 
sippi. La Salle returned on foot with three companions to Fort Frontenac 
for supplies. On his arrival he learned of the certainty of the loss of the 
Griffin, and also of the wreck of another vessel which had been sent with 
resources for him from France. 

Father Llennepin, with two companions, Picard du Gay and Michel Ako, 
on the 29th of February, 1680, embarked from Fort Creveeoeur in a canoe 
down the Illinois to its mouth, which they reached in a few days. They 
then turned up the Mississippi, reaching the mouth of the Wisconsin, April 
11th. Above this point no European had ever ascended. They continued 
the voyage, reaching the Falls of St. Anthony, April 30, 1680. Hennepin 
so named the falls in honor of his patron Saint. When they arrived at the 
mouth of St. Francis river, in what is now the State of Minnesota, they 
traveled along its banks a distance of 180 miles, visiting the Sioux Indians, 
who inhabited that region. The river, Hennepin so named in honor of 
the founder of his order. In his account of this voyage, Hennepin claims that 
they were held in captivity by the Indians for about three months, although 
they were treated kindly by them. At the end of this time a band of 
Frenchmen, under the leadership of Seur de Luth, in pursuit of furs, had 
penetrated to this part of the country by the way of Lake Superior. The 



THE nokthwj:st tekritory. 13 

Indians allowed Hennepin and his companions to return with the traders. 
Thej descended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Wisconsin, passing up 
that stream and down the Fox river, and so on through Green Bay to Lake 
Michigan. Hennepin went to Quebec, and thence to France, where, in 1683, 
he published an account of his explorations and a description of the region 
of the Upper Mississippi. In 1697 (two years after La Salle's death) he 
publislied an enlarged work, in which he claimed that he had descended the 
Mississippi to its mouth. His faithful description of the valley for a time 
gave him credit for veracity, but the impossibility of reconciling his dates, 
and other circumstances, are by the best authorities regarded as stamping 
his claim false. Before the time this work was published, as we shall see. 
La Salle had descended the Mississippi to its mouth. Hennepin explained 
his long silence as to his exploration to the mouth of tlie Mississippi, by 
claiming that he had feared the enmity of La Salle, who had ordered liim 
to follow a different course, and had also prided himself upon his own claims 
as being the first European to descend the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mex- 
ico. Father Hennepin died in Llolland, about the year 1690. 

We now return to the further adventures of the brave and intrepid La 
Salle. He returned to Fort Orevecoeur in the latter part of the year 1680, 
to find that Tonti had been abandoned by his men, and obliged to take 
refuge among the Pottawattamies. He spent another year in collecting his 
scattered followers, finally succeeded, and on the 6th of February, 1682, he 
had reached the mouth of the Illinois. As they ])assed down the Mississippi 
La Salle noted the difl^'erent streams tributary thereto. They erected a fort 
near the mouth of the Ohio, and a cabin at the first Chickasaw bluff. On 
the 9th of April they entered the Gulf of Mexico. They reascended the 
river a short distance, founded the Fort of St. Louis, took possession of the 
whole valley in the name of France, and called it by the name of Louisiana, 
in honor of the king. 

La Salle, having accomplished much for the glory of France, now retraced 
his steps northward. After spending one year about the great lakes, actively 
engaged in laying the foundations of French settlements in the new regions 
he had discovered, in November, 1683, he reached Quebec, and soon after 
embarked for France. The government, with marks of great esteem, be- 
stowed upon him a commission placing under his authority all the French 
and natives of the country, from Fort St. Louis to ISTew Biscay. An expe- 
dition, with four vessels and 280 persons, was fitted out for the colonization 
of Lousiana; it sailed August 1, 1684. Associated with La Salle, in this 
expedition, was Beaujeu, as naval commander. The month of the Missis- 
sippi was the objective point, but by mistake tlie fleet passed on northward. 
When the error was discovered La Salle desired to return, but Beaujeu per- 
sisted in advancing. Dissensions arose, and La Salle, with 230 colonists, 
disembarked. This was in February, 1685. A fortified post, which was 
called Fort St. Louis, was established, and attempts made at agriculture, but 
without success. Attempts were made to reach the Mississippi, which they 
thought near, but failed. La Salle and his followers traversed the wilderness 
toward New Mexico, and in January, 1687, by sickness and disaster, his 
party was reduced to thirty-seven. Some of these, following Beaujeu's ex- 
ample, revolted. La Salle, with sixteen men, then determined to reach the 
country of the Illinois. Two men, who had embarked their capital in the 
i.4rAi,-^vvilo,^«were bitter in malignity toward the leader of this unsuccessful 
expedition. Their feelings found some gratification in the murder of a 



14: THE NORTHWEST TEKEITORT. 

nephew of La Salle. The latter sought to investigate as to the death of his 
relative, but only shared his fate, as one of them fired upon him from ambush, 
and the heroic La Salle fell, the victim of quarrels and dissensions among 
his own followers. This event happened after he had passed the basin of 
the Colorado and reached a branch of Trinity river, in Texas. 

We have thus briefly outlined the part taken by this energetic and ad- 
venturous explorer, in giving to civilization a knowledge of a region that 
was destined to constitute the richest and most productive portion of the 
American continent, if not indeed, of the world. 



EAKLY SETTLEMENTS IN THE NORTHWEST. 

Early French Settlements — Indian Tribes — Mission at Kaskaskia — Kaliokia — Vincennes — Fort 
Ponchartrain — Fort Chartres — La Belle Riviere — La Salle — The English Claim •'From Sea 
to Sea'' — Treaty with Indians in 1684 — English Grants — French and Indians Attack Pick- 
awillany — Treaty with the Six Nations — French and English Claims — George Washington 
— French and Indian War — FaU of Montreal — Treaty of Paris — Pontiac's Conspiracy — 
Detroit — Pontiac's Promissory Notes — Pontiac's Death — France Cedes Louisiana to Spain 
— Washington Explores the Ohio Valley — Emigration — Land Companies — ^The Revolution 
— Colonel Clark — Surrender of French Posts in Illinois — Surrender of Vincennes — Gov. 
Hamilton Taken Prisoner — Daniel Boone — Simon Girty — ^Virginia's " Land Laws." ^ 

As THE French were the first to explore the region known as the North- 
west, so they were the first to improve the opening thus made. The earliest 
settlements were in that part of the country east of the Mississippi and south 
of the Great Lakes, occupied chiefly by the Illinois tribes of the Great Algon- 
quin family of Indians. The Illinois were divided into the Tamaroas, Mich- 
igamies, Kakokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias, and were sometimes designated 
as the Five Nations. The three last-named tribes occupied the country 
between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers; the Michigamies the region bor- 
dering on Lake Michigan, and the Tamaroas, a small tribe, in the same region 
occupied by the Kahokias, and now embraced in the counties of Jersey, Madi- 
son, and St. Clair, in the state of Illinois. The French opened the way for 
colonization by the establishment of missions among these tribes, their efforts 
in this direction having been attended with great success in Canada. A 
mission was founded at Kaskaskia by Father Gravier about the year 1698. 
This at the time of the visit of Marquette and Joliet, in 1673, was the 
largest and most important of the Illinois villages, and contained seventy- 
four lodges, or about fifteen hundred inhabitants. By the early explorers it 
was called by the* several names of " Kaskaskia," "La Vantum," and "Great 
Illinois Town." Here, in 1675, Father Marquette had attempted to christian- 
ize the Indians by establishing the mission of the Immaculate Conception. 
For years it was nothing more than a missionary station, occupied onl}'' by 
the Nations and the missionary. About the year 1700 missions were also 
established at Kahokia and Peoria, the latter being near the site of old Fort 
Crevecoeur. Another of the early French settlements was at Vincennes on 
the Oubache (Waba, now Wabash) river. Authorities disagree as to the 
date of this settlement, but it was probably about 1702. For many years 
this was an isolated colony of Frencli emigrants from Canada, and several 
generations of their descendants lived and passed away in these vast solitudes, 
before either they or their savage neighbors were disturbed by the encroach- 
ments of an expanding civilization. During all this time they b- ,-,., j)'ad~' '. 
friendly relations with the natives. In July, 1701, a station was estaoiisJicu 



THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKT. 15 

by De la Motte on the Detroit river, called Fort PoncLartrain. While these 
attempts to colonize the Northwest were in progress, similar efforts were 
being made by France in the Southwest, but without maintaining like 
friendly relations with the natives, for in a conflict with the Chickasaws, an 
entire colony at Natchez was cut off. As these settlements in the North- 
west were isolated but little is known of their history prior to 1750. In this 
year Vivier, a missionary among the Illinois, near Fort Chartres, writes of 
five French villages, with a population of eleven hundred whites, three hun- 
dred blacks, and sixty red slaves or savages. He says there were whites, 
negroes and Indians, to say nothing of half-breeds. They then raised wheat, 
cattle, swine and horses, and sent pork, grain and flour to New Orleans. On 
the 7th of November, 1750, the same priest writes: 

"For fifteen leagues above the mouth of the Mississippi one sees no dwell- 
ings, the ground being too low to be habitable. Thence to New Orleans the 
lands are only partially occupied. New Orleans contains black, white and 
red, not more, I think, than twelve hundred persons. To this point come 
all lumber, bricks, salt-beef, tallow, tar, skins and bear's grease; and above 
all, pork and flour from the Illinois. These things create some commerce, 
as forty vessels and more have come hither this year. Above New Orleans 
)lantations are again met with; the most considerable is a colony of Germans 
some ten leagues up the river. At Point Coupee, thirty-five leagues above 
the German settlement, is a fort. Along here, within five or six leagues, are 
not less than sixty habitations. Fifty leagues further up is the Natchez 
post, where we have a garrison, who are kept prisoners through fear of the 
Chickasaws. Here and at Point Coupee they raise excellent tobacco. An- 
other hundred leagues brings us to the Arkansas, where we have also a fort 
and a garrison for the benefit of the river traders. From the Arkansas to 
the Illinois, nearly five hundred leagues, there is not a settlement. There 
should be, however, a fort at the Oubacbe (Ohio), tlie only path by which 
the English can reach the Mississippi. In the Illinois country are number- 
less mines, but no one to work them as they deserve." 

The fame of Robert Cavelier de La Salle was not achieved alone by liis 
explorations of the Valley of the Mississippi, for, in 1609, four years before 
the discovery of the Mississippi by Marquette and Joliet, La Salle discovered 
the Ohio river, or La Belle Ulmere (Beautiful River), as the French called 
it. Being conversant with several Indian dialects, he had learned from some 
Senecas of a river called Ohio which rose in their country and flowed a long 
distance to the sea. La Salle then held the belief that the river flowing to 
the west emptied into the Sea of California, and longed to engage in the enter- 
prise of discovering a route across the continent. lie obtained the approval 
of the government at Quebec, but no allowance to defray the expense. He 
sold his property in Canada for two thousand eight hundred dollars, and 
with the proceeds purchased canoes and the necessary supplies. With a 
party of twenty-four persons he embarked in seven canoes on the St. Law- 
rence, July 6th, 1069. Crossing over Lake Ontario, they were conducted by 
Indian guides to the Genesee, about where the city of Rochester, New York, 
is now located. The enterprise did not receive the approbation of the Indians 
at the Seneca village then situated on the bank of the Genesee at this point, 
and they refused to furnish him guides to conduct him further. After a 
month's delay he met an Indian belonging to the Iroquois tribe on Lake On- 
tario, who cc'ducted them to their village, where they received a more 
friendly welcome. From the chief of the Iroquois at Onondaga he obtained 



16 THE NOETHWEST TEEKITOKY. 

guides \vlio conducted tlie party to a river south of Lake Erie. This proved 
to be a tributary of the Ohio. They descended it, and thence down the 
Ohio to the great falls where Louisville now stands. By virtue of this dis- 
covery the French claimed the country along the Ohio, and many years after 
established military and trading posts at different points. One of these was 
Fort Du Quesne, erected in 1654, which was taken from them by the English 
a few years later and called Pittsburg, in honor of William Pitt, then prime 
minister of England. 

Notwithstanding the discovery of the Ohio by the French under La Salle 
as early as 1669, the English claimed from the Atlantic to the Pacific on the 
ground that her sea-coast discoveries entitled her to the sovereignty of all 
tlie country from "sea to sea." Li 1684, Lord Howard, Governor of Vir- 
ginia, held a treaty with Indian tribes known as the ]^orthern Confederacy, 
to-wit: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayngas and Senecas. The Tus- 
caroras being subsequently taken in, these tribes became known as the Six 
Nations, and the English assumed their protection. They purchased from 
them large tracts of land and aimed to obtain a monopoly of the Indian 
trade. The English government made grants of land west of the Alleghanies, 
and companies were formed for their settlement. France, seeing the Eng- 
lish obtaining a foothold by planting trading posts in the Northwest, in 
1740 sent Louis Celeron with a small force of soldiers to plant in mounds at 
the mouths of the principal tributaries of the Ohio, plates of lead with the 
claims of France inscribed thereon. The English, however, still continued 
to make explorations and establish trading posts. One of these grants of 
England was to a company known as the " Ohio Companj^" and embraced a 
tract of land on the Great Miami, described as being one hundred and fifty 
miles above its mouth. Christopher Gist was sent by this company in 1T50 
to inspect thier lands and to establish a trading post. In 1752 a small party 
of French soldiers, assisted by Ottawas and Chippewas, attacked this post 
•and captured the traders after a severe battle. The English called this post 
Pickawillany — the name being subsequently contracted to Pickaway or 
Piqua. The location of this post was doubtless near that of the present 
town of Piqua, on the Great Miami, about seventy-eight miles north of 
Cincinnati. Thus on the soil of what became a part of the state of Ohio 
was shed the first blood between the French and English for the possession 
of the Northwest. 

In 1744 the English had entered into a treaty with the Six Nations at 
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, by which they acquired certain lands described as 
being within the "Colony of Virginia." The Indians subsequently com- 
plained of bad faith on the part of the English in failing to comply with 
some of the stipulations of the treaty. The Governor of V irginia appointed 
commissioners to hear the grievances of the Indians. They met at Logs- 
town, on the north bank of the Ohio, about seventeen miles below the present 
city of Pittsburg, in the spring of 1752. Notwithstanding the comjjlaint of 
the Indians that the English had failed to supply them with arms and am- 
munition as they had agreed, they succeeded in obtaining a confirmation of 
the treaty of Lancaster. 

In the meantime the French were quietly preparing to maintain their 
claims to the country in dispute. They provided cannon and military stores 
in anticipation of the coming conflict. The French were notified to give up 
their posts, but they failed to comply. Governor Dinwiddle finally deter- 
mined to learn definitely their intentions, and for this purpose selected Major 



THE NORTHWEST TEKPaTORY. 



17 




18 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

George Washington, then twenty-two years of age, as a messenger. Witli 
Christopher Gist as guide, and four attendants or servants, Washington set 
out througli the wilderness on his perilous journey. He held a conference 
with the chiefs of the Six Nations at Logstown in November, 1753. He 
learned something of the condition of the French, but the Indians desired to 
remain neutral and were disposed to be non-committal. Washington pro- 
ceeded to Venango, where there was a French post called Fort Machault. 
Here he delivered to the French governor Dinwiddle's letter, and received 
the answer of St. Pierre, the commander of the fort, declining to give up 
without a struggle. Preparations for war were made in all the English col- 
onies while the French continued to strengthen their lines of fortifications. 

It will thus be seen that what is known as the French and Indian war had 
its origin in this dispute about the possession of what is now one of the 
fairest and richest portions of our Republic. It resulted, not only in Eng- 
land maintaining her right to the territory in dispute, but in wresting Can- 
ada from France. It was a war of eight years duration, commencing with 
the attack of the French and Indians on the English post at Piqua in 1752, 
and virtually ending with the fall of the city of Montreal in A])ril, 1700. 
Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and Quebec had all previously surren- 
dered to the English, the first two without resistance. After the fall of 
Montreal the Governor of Canada signed a capitulation surrendering the 
whole of Canada to the English. One post, however, that of Detroit, still 
remained in possession of the French. Major Rogers was sent from Mon- 
treal to demand its surrender. Beletre, the commander of the post, at first 
refused, but on the 29th of November, having heard of the defeat of the 
French arms in Canada, he also surrendered. September 29th, 1760, the 
treaty of peace between France and England, known as the treaty of Paris, 
was made, but not ratified until February 10th, 1763. Meantime tlie Northwest 
territory was enti rely under English rule and settlements began to extend. The 
Indians who had been the friends and allies of the French during the war 
were not reconciled to the English, claiming that they had not carried out 
their promises. Under the famous Ottawa chief, Pontiac, they united in a 
general conspiracy to cut off all the English posts on the frontier. The 
Chippewas, Ottawas, Wyandots, Miamis, Shawnese, Delawares and Mingoes, 
buried the hatchet in their local quarrels, and united to exterminate the 
English. 

Owing to treachery on the part of some of Pontiac's followers, he failed 
in the complete execution of his plans, but in May, 1763, several British 
posts fell, and many whites were victims of the merciless tomahawk. In 
the arrangement among the Indians it was agreed that Pontiac's own imme- 
diate field of action was to be the garrison at Detroit. He laid siege to the 
post May 12th, and continued it until October 12th. To obtain food for his 
warriors during this time, he issued promissory notes, drawn upon birch 
bark and signed with the figure of an otter. All these notes were faithfully 
redeemed. Being unsuccessful in reducing the garrison, the tribes generally 
r sued for peace, but Pontiac remained as" yet unsubdued. To Alexander 
Henry, an Englishman who visited Missillimacinac the next spring, he said: 
" Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet 
conquered us. We are riot your slaves ! These lakes, these woods, these 
mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we 
will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white 
people, cannot live without bread, and pork and beef ; but you ought to 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 19 

know that lie, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us 
upon these broad lakes and in these mountains." 

Pontiac still en-tertained the hope that the French would renew the war, 
and finally conquer the English, and endeavored to incite the Indians on the 
Miami, and in other parts of the West, to continue hostilities. lie applied, 
but unsuccessfully, to tlie French commander at New Orleans. Being un- 
able to unite again those who entered so eagerly into his original conspiracy 
for destroying the English settlements, he went to the Illinois country, where 
he made a stand, and had for a time the sympathy and co-operation of the 
French fur traders in that region. Soon, however, all but his immediate 
followers deserted his cause, and he then reluctantly accepted peace on the 
terms offered by the English. From this time he had but little influence 
with the tribes. He was killed by an Illinois Indian, while drunk, at Ka- 
hokia, in 1769. At the time of his death he was about fifty-seven years of 
age. 

Great Britain now held sovereignty over the entire Northwest, and to pre- 
vent Louisiana from also fixlling into the hands of the English, France by 
secret treaty, in 1762, ceded it to Spain. The next year the treaty of Paris 
formally gave to England possession of the Northwestern Territory. The 
English now began to prepare for settlement and occupation of the country. 
In 1770 persons from Virginia and other British provinces took up the 
valuable lands on the Monongahela and along the Ohio to the mouth of the 
Little Kanawa. In October of the same year George Washington with a 
party descended the Oliio from Pittsburg to the Kenawa, whicli last named 
stream they ascended about fourteen miles, and marked out several large 
tracts of land. Buffalo were then abundant in the Ohio valley, and several 
of them were shot by Washington's party. Pittsburg was then a village of 
twenty houses, the inhabitants being mostly Indian traders. 

The British government was inclined to obserre a liberal policy toward 
the French settlers in the West. In 1763 the king, by royal proclamation, 
had forbidden his subjects from making settlements be^'ond the sources of 
the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ; but his subjects in the colonies were 
little disposed to observe this restriction. Finally, in 1771, Governor Dun- 
more, of Virginia, began to encourage emigration to the West. A number 
of settlements were made in the ()hio valley, the settlers often coming in 
conflict w^th the Indians, Several battles were fought, ending in tlie battle 
of Kenawa, in July, when the Indians were defeated and driven across the 
Ohio. During the years following, up to 1770, several land companies were 
formed, and engaged in extensive operations. One, called the " Illinois 
Land Company," obtained from the Indians large tracts of land on the Mis- 
sissippi river, south of the Illinois. An association, styling itself the "Wa- 
bash Land Company," obtained a deed from eleven chiefs to 37,197,600 acres 
of land. The War of the Pevolution interfered with these and many other 
similar schemes of speculation. The parties interested subsequently made 
efforts to have these land grants sanctioned by Congress, but did not succeed. 

In 1771, according to the best information we have, Kaskaskia contained 
eighty houses, and nearly one thousand inhabitants, white and black. Ka- 
hokia contained fifty houses, with three hundred white inhabitants, and 
eighty negroes. There were a few families at Prairie du Rocher, on the 
Mississippi river, opposite St. Louis. At Detroit, there M^ere in 1766, about 
one hundred houses. This place was founded by Antoine de la Motte Ca- 
dillac, in 1701, and is the oldest town in the Northwest. 



20 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. 

Wlieii the War of the Hevohition commenced tlie British held Kaskaskia, 
Kahokia, Vincennes, Detroit, and other important posts in the West. CoL 
George Ilogers Clark, a master spirit of the frontier, who was familiar with 
all the important movements of the British in the West, and also with the 
disposition of the Indians, formed a plan unequalled in boldness, for subju- 
gating these posts. He repaired to the capital of Yirginia, Patrick Henry 
being then Governor, and presented to the authorities his plan of operations, 
which was approved bj Governor Henrj. He was accordinc:ly furnished 
with two sets of instructions — one secret and the other open. His open in- 
structions authorized him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, sub- 
ject to his orders, and serve three months from their arrival in the West. 
The secret order authorized liim to arm and equip his troops at Pittsburg, 
and proceed to subjugate the country. Col. Clark succeeded in raising but 
three companies, but with these and a few private volunteers, he descended 
the Ohio as far as the falls, in the spring of 1777. Here he fortified a small 
Island, known as Corn Island, and then announced to his men their real des- 
tination. Leaving a small garrison, on the 24:th of June, during a total 
eclipse of the sun, he moved down the river. Under a burning July sun, 
with his chosen band, he marched to Kaskaskia, reaching that post on the 
evening of July 4th. Without the loss of a man on either side the fort and 
village were captured. He easily induced the Indians to give their allegi- 
ance to the American cause. They accompanied him to Kahokia on the 
6th, and through their influence the inhabitants of tliat place surrendered 
without resistance. The priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gil)ault, hastily joined in 
rendering all the aid he could to forward the purposes of Clark. He estab- 
lished a government for the colonies he had taken, and then made ready to 
march upon St. Vincent, or Vincennes, as it is more commonly kno^vn. 
But Gibault offered to go alone and induce the post on the " Oubache " to 
throw oif the authority of England. Clark accepted the ofl*er, and on the 
1-ith of July Gibault started on his mission. On the 1st of August he re- 
turned, with intelligence of entire success, the garrison at Vincennes having 
taken the oath of allegiance to Virginia. Col. Clark placed garrisons at 
Kaskaskia and Kahokia, and sent orders for the erection of a fort at the Falls 
of the Ohio, where the City of Louisville now stands. He also sent iloche- 
blave, the former commander of Kaskaskia, a prisoner of war to Kichmond. 
The county of Illinois was established in October of the same year, by the 
Legislature of Virginia. John Todd was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel and 
acting governor. Courts were established, and the colony was provided with 
a government complete. The Indians acknowledged allegiance to the new 
government. 

While Col. Clark was arranging for the government of the Illinois colo- 
nies, the British Governor, Hamilton, was planning an expedition to move 
from Detroit down the Wabash to Vincennes, intending to recapture the 
posts which had surrendered to Clark, and thence extend his operations to 
Kentucky. He knew nothing of the capitulation of Vincennes until his 
arrival, when he found the fort in command of Capt. Helm, who had been 
sent by Col. Clark to take charge of the garrison. Hamilton demanded the 
surrender of the fort, and being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, Capt. 
Helm surrendered to a superior force. On the 29th of January, 1879, Clark 
received intelligence of what had transpired at Vincennes, and of the in- 
tended operations of Hamilton. Having sufiiciently garrisoned Kaskaskia 
and Kahokia, and dispatched a force down the Mississippi to ascend the Ohio 



THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORT. 21 

and operate witli the laud forces in that direction, on the 5th of February he 
set out himself with one hundred and twenty men on liis hard march to 
Vincennes. He reached the fort on the 22d, and was joined by the re- 
mainder of his command, which had come by water. He immediately com- 
menced his attack on the fort, and on the 25th Gov. Hamilton surrendered. 
He was sent as a prisoner of war to Virginia, where he was kept in close 
confinement, and thus failed to accomplish his purpose of uniting the In- 
dian tribes against the Americans. All the important posts in the North- 
west, except Detroit, were now in the hands of the Americans. Had Clark 
received reinforcements, which had been promised, he would doubtless have 
captured Detroit also ; but Virginia and the other colonial governments at 
this time doubtless had all they could do to attend to the operations of the 
war east of the Alleghanies. The Legislature of Virginia passed resolutions 
complimenting Col. Clark and his men, and in 1781 he was promoted to 
the rank of general. Previous to this he had taken part with Steuben 
against Arnold, when the latter invaded Virginia, in 1780. Subsequently, 
Virginia gave to Gen. Clark and his men one hundred and fifty thousand 
acres of land, wherever they might choose to locate it, north of the Ohio. 
They made selection of a tract opposite the Falls of the Ohio, between New 
Albany and Jefferson ville, Indiana. Gen. Clark died near Louisville, Ken- 
tucky, February 13th, 1808. 

The years 1781 and 1782 were dark years in the history of the infant set- 
tlements of the Northwest, in consequence of the many outrages practiced 
by the Indians. Many deeds of cruelty were committed under the leader- 
ship of the outlaw, Simon Girty, occurring chiefly in the Ohio Valley, Sev- 
eral battles between the Indians and frontiersmen occurred north of the 
Ohio, while in Kentucky the famous Daniel Boone and his companions were 
engaged in protecting the frontier outposts. 

In 1783 the treaty of peace, which ended the Revolutionary struggle, was 
concluded, and by its terms the boundaries of the West were defined as fol- 
lows : On the north, to extend along the center of the Great Lakes ; from 
the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake ; thence to the Lake of 
the Woods ; thence to the head of the Mississippi river, down its center to 
the 31st parallel of latitude ; thence on that line east to the head of Apj^a- 
lachicola river, down its center to the junction with the Flint ; thence straight 
to the head of St. Mary's river ; and thence down along its center to the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

For some time after the cessation of hostilities, General Haldimand, the 
British commander at Detroit, refused to evacuate, on the ground, as he 
claimed, that his king had not ordered him to do so. It shortly, however, 
passed under the control of the United States, and so remained, except when 
held by the British, through the surrender of Gen. Hull, for a few weeks in 
August and September, 1812. 

The war of independence had been fought and gained, and England, as 
we have seen, had renounced her claim to the Northwest, but the Indian 
title was not yet extinguished. From 1783 to 1786 various treaties were 
made, by which the Indians relinquished their title to extensive tracts of 
territory. The individual States also held claims to the territory surrendered 
by Great Britain, and acts of cession were necessary to vest the title to the 
soil in United States ; but of this we shall treat more fully in another place. 
In 1779 Virginia had passed her "land laws," by which grants made to set- 
tlers were confirmed, and providing for selling the rest at forty cents per 



22 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. 

acre. Kentucky was included in the territory of Virginia until 1792, It 
was originally explored by Daniel Boone and his compeers about the year 
1769. Harrodsburg was founded in 1774, and Lexington a year or two 
later, when the news of the battle of Lexington was fresh in the minds of 
its founders. 

THE NOETHWESTERN TEREITORY. 

Territory held by States — Articles of Confederation — Objections of certain States — Delaware 
Resolutions — Action of Congress — Maryland — New York — Cession of Territory by States — 
Ordinance of 1787 — Ten-itorial Organization of the Northwest — Fort Washington — Wm. 
H. Harrison. Arthur St. Clair — Early American Settlements — New England Company — 
Gen. Rufus Putnam — John Cleves Symmes — Cincinnati Founded— Treaty with Spain — 
Division of the Northv/estem Territory — Organization of tlie Territory of Indiana — 
Division of Indiana Territory — ^Territory of Michigan — Gov. Wm. Hull — Destruction of 
Detroit by Fire. 

At the time the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were pend- 
ing a number of the States held, or claimed, large tracts of territory not now 
included in those States. New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
South Carolina, North Carohna and Georgia, all held such territory. Vir- 

finia claimed all that vast region which now embraces the States of Ohio, 
ndiana, Illinois, Michigan, W isconsin and that part of Minnesota east of the 
Mississippi river. That State had made provision, by legislative enactment, 
to dispose of her lands to settlers. Certain States, claiming that the unoccu- 
pied western lands were rightfully the common property of all the States, in- 
sisted on limiting the area of those States claiming western territory. This 
was a subject of warm and protracted discussion in the adoption of the Arti- 
cles of Confederation. The delegates from Maryland, under instructions from 
the General Assembly of that State, declined, in the Congress of the Confed- 
eration, to sign the Articles of Confederation until provision w^as made for 
restricting the boundaries of the States, and vesting the soil of the western 
territories in the Confederation for the common benefit of all the settlers. 
Virginia had remonstrated against this course. On the 25th of November, 
1778, tlie act of New Jersey for rat-ifying the Articles of Confederation 
was presented in the Congress. Her delegates were directed to sign the arti- 
cles ''in the firm reliance that the candour and justice of the several States 
will, in due time, remove as far as possible the inequality which now sub- 
sists." The delegation from Delaware, after having signed the articles, 
on the 23d of February, 1779, presented sundry resolutions passed by the 
legislature of that State, among which were the following: 

''''Resolved^ That tliis State thinks it necessary, for the peace and safety of 
the States to be included in the Union, that a moderate extent of limits 
should be assigned for such of those States as claim to the Mississipi3i or 
South Sea; and that the United States in Congress assembled, should, and 
ought to, have the power of fixing the western limits. 

^' Resolved^ That this State consider themselves justly entitled to a right in 
common with the members of the Union, to that extensive tract of country 
which lies westward of the frontier of the United States, the property of 
which was not vested in, or granted to, private individuals at the com- 
mencement of the present war. That the same hath been, or may be, 
gained from the King of Great Britain, or the native Indians, by the blood 
and treasure of all, and ought, therefore, to be a common estate, to be 
srranted out on terms beneficial to the United States." 



THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOKY. 23 

The same day, after the presentation of these resolutions, Congress passed 
the following: 

''''Resolved,, That the paper laid before Congress by the delegates from 
Delaware, and read, be tiled; j^rovided, that it shall never be considered as 
admitting any claim by the same set up, or intended to be set up." 

Eight States voted in favor of this resolution, and three against it. 

The State of Maryland still persisting in her refusal to ratify the Articles 
of Confederation, on the 30th of October, 1779, Congress, by a vote of eight 
States to three, and one being divided, passed the following: 

" Whereas, The appropriation of vacant lands by the several States, during 
the continuance of the war, will, in the opinion of Congress, be attended 
with great mischiefs: Therefore, 

^^Resolmd, That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Virginia, to 
reconsider their late act of Assembly for opening their land ofiice; and that 
it be recommended to the said State, and all other States similarly circum- 
stanced, to forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands, or 
granting the same during the continuance of the present war." 

On the 10th of February, 17S0, the Legislature of ISTew York passed an 
act authorizing her delegates in Congress, for and on behalf of that State, 
by proper and authentic acts or instruments, "to limit and restrict the 
boundaries of the State in the western parts thereof, by such line or lines, 
and in such manner and form, as they shall judge to be expedient," and 
providing for the cession to the United States of certain " waste and uncul- 
tivated" territory. This act was fully carried into effect by her delegates 
on the 1st of March, 1781. 

On the 6th of Se-ptember, 1780, Congress passed a resolution earnestly 
recommending the States having "' claims to the western country, to pass 
such laws, and give their delegates in Congress such powers" as might 
effectually remove tlie only obstacle to a final ratification of the Articles ot 
Confederation, and requesting the Legislature of Maryland to authorize her 
delegates in Congress to subscribe to the articles. 

On the 10th of October, 1780, a further resolution on this subject was 
passed by the Congress of the Confederation, as follows: 

'"''Resolved,, That the unappropriated lands that may be ceded or relin- 
quished to tlie United States, by any particular State, pursuant to the recom- 
mendation of Congress of the 6t]i day of September last, shall be disposed 
of for the common benefit of the United States, and be settled and formed 
into distinct republican States, which shall become members of the Federal 
Union, and have the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence 
as the other States; that each State which shall be so formed shall contain a 
suitable extent of territory, not less than one hundred, nor more than one 
hundred and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances will admit; 
that the necessary and reasonable expenses which any particular State shall 
have incurred since the commencement of the j^resent w^ar, in subduing any 
British posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons within and for the defense, 
or in acquiring any part of the territory tliat may be ceded or relinquished 
to the United States, shall be re-imbursed; that the said lands shall be 
granted or settled at such times, and under such regulations, as shall here- 
after be agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled, or any nine 
or more of them." 

In pursuance of tlie recommendation of Congress, of September Gth, 1780, 
several States made cessions of territory to the United States. Yiiginia 



24 THE NOETHWEST TEKKITORT. 

ceded her northwestern territory March 1st, 1784, and by an act of her 
Legislature of December 30th, 1788, agreed to change the conditions of the 
act of cession of 1784, so far as to ratify the 5th article of the ordinance of 
1787, passed by Congress for the government of the territory. The dele- 
gates in Congress from Maryland signed the Articles of Confederation at 
the date of the cession of territory by New York, March 1st, 1781, thus 
completing the confederation. 

On the 23d of April, 1784, Congress passed a resolution for the govern- 
ment of the territory ceded by Virginia, which was superceded by the 
famous ordinance of July 13th, 1787, entitled "An ordinance for the govern- 
ment of the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio." 
The first part of this important enactment provides for the temporary gov- 
ernment of the territory, and concludes with six "articles of compact between 
the original States and the people and States in the said territory, and forever 
to remain unalterable, unless by common consent." Tlie provisions of these 
six articles are of such importance as to justify their insertion here in full: 

"Article 1. Ko person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly 
manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious 
sentiments, in the said territory. 

"Art. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled to 
the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate repre- 
sentation of the people in the legislature, and of judicial proceedings accord- 
ing to the course of the common law. All persons shall be bailable, unless 
for capital offenses, when the proof shall be evident, or the presumption 
great. All fines shall be moderate, and no cruel or unusual punishment 
shall be inflicted. No person shall be deprived of his liberty or property, 
but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land, and should the 
public exigencies make it necessary for the common preservation to take any 
person's property, or to demand his particular services, full compensation 
shall be made for the same. And, in the just preservation of rights and 
property, it is understood and declared that no law ought ever to be made, 
or have force in the said territory, that should, in any manner whatever, in- 
terfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, honajlde, and with- 
out fraud previously formed. 

"Art. 3. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good gov- 
ernment and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education 
shall be forever encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed 
towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from 
them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, 
they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars 
authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall, 
from time to time, be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and 
for preserving peace and friendship with them. 

"Art. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed therein, 
shall forever remain a part of this confederacy of the United States of Amer- 
ica, subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such alterations therein 
as shall be constitutionally made; and to all the acts and ordinances of the 
United States, in Congress assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants 
and settlers in the said territory shall be subject to pay a part of the federal 
debts, contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses 
of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the 
same common rule and measure l)y wliich apportionments thereof sliall be 



THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKT. 25 

made on the other States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be 
laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the dis- 
trict or districts, or new States, as in the original States, within the time 
agreed upon hj the United States, in Congress assembled. The legislatures 
of those districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary dis- 
posal of the soil of the United States, in Congress assembled, nor with any 
regulations Congress may find necessary, for securing the title in such soil, 
to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property 
of the United States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed 
higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi 
and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be com- 
mon highways and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of said territory as 
to the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that may 
be admitted into the Confederacy, withont any tax, impost, or duty therefor. 

"Aet. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory not less than three, 
nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Vir- 
ginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, shall become 
fixed and established as follows, to- wit: the Western States in the said terri- 
tory shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio and Wabash rivers; a 
direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents due north to the ter- 
ritorial liue between the United States and Canada, and by the said territorial 
line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The Middle States shall be 
bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash, from Post Vincents to the 
Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the 
Great Miami to the said territorial line and by the said territorial line. The 
Eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, 
Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line; provided, however, and it is 
further understood and declared that the boundaries of these three States 
shall be subject so far to be altered that if Congress shall hereafter find it 
expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of 
the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through 
the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of 
the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State 
shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United States 
on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatever; and 
shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government, 
provided the constitution and government so to be formed shall be republi- 
can, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles, and so 
far as can be consistent with the general interests of the Confederacy, such 
admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less 
number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand. 

"Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the 
the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the 
party shall be duly convicted; provided, always, that {iny person escaping 
into the same from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of 
the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to 
the person claiming his or her labor or services as aforesaid." 

These articles, sometimes known as the "Compact of 1787," form the 
basis of the organization of the Northwestern Territory and of the several 
States into which it was subsequently divided. Although the original act 
of cession was adopted by Virginia in 1784, it will be seen that it was 
three years later before Congress agreed upon a plan of government. The 



26 , THE NORTHWEST TEREITOKT. 

subject was one of serious and earnest discussion at various times. At one 
time a motion prevailed to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of 
slavery. Another proposition was agreed to by which the territory was to 
be divided into States by parallels and meridian lines, making ten States 
which were to be named as follows: Sylvania, Michigania, Chersonesus, 
Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Polypotamia and 
Pelisipia. When this plan was submitted to the legislatures of the States 
there were serious objections made, especially by Massachusetts and Vir- 
ginia. There were objections to the category of names, but the chief ditti- 
culty was the resolution of Congress of October 10th, 1780, which iixed the 
extent of each State at not less than one hundred nor more than one hundred 
and fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances might admit. So 
the subject was again taken up in 1786, and discussed during that year and 
until July 12th, 1787, when the ordinance finally passed, as stated above. 

An act of territorial organization was approved August 7th, 1789. G-en. 
Arthur St. Clair was appointed Governor, and William II. Plarrison Secre- 
tary. In 1788 a town had been laid out by John Cleves Symmes at Fort 
Washington, and was named Losantiville, but afterward Cincinnati. The 
place was settled by persons from the l^ew England States and froni New 
Jersey, but did not extensively improve until after Gen. Wayne's defeat of 
the Indians in 1794. This became the seat of the new territorial govern- 
ment. The election of representatives for the territory was held February 
4th, 1799. As required by the ordinance of 1787, these representatives met 
at the seat of the territorial government to nominate ten persons, out of 
which Congress was to appoint five to serve as the territorial council- The 
following persons were commissioned: Henry Vandenbnrg, of Yincennes; 
Kobert Oliver, of Marietta; James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincin- 
nati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. The first Territorial Legislature met 
September 16th, 1799, and on the 24th both houses were duly organized, 
Henry Vandenburg being elected president of the council. On the 13th of 
October the legislature elected Wm. Henry Harrison as ^ delegate to 
Congress. He received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one 
over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of the Governor. At this session 
thirty-seven acts were passed and approved. Eleven other acts were passed 
which the Governor vetoed. The greater part of the legislation of the ses- 
sion related to the organization of the militia and to revenue matters. The 
session closed December 19th, 1799. President Adams appointed Charles 
Willing Bryd as secretary of the territory to succeed Wm. Henry Harrison, 
elected'' to Congress, and" the senate confirmed the nomination. James N. 
Varnum, S. II. Parsons and John Armstrong were appointed to the judicial 
bench of the territory in October, 1787. 

Having briefly outlined the legislation which resulted in the formation of 
a Territorial government, we return to notice some of the earlier American 
settlements in the Territory. As elsewhere stated, a few French settlements 
had been made by emigrants from Canada and Louisiana, on the Ohio river 
and in the region known as the Illinois country, but it was not until after 
the Virginia cession that any permanent American settlements were made. 
Then several treaties were made with the Indians, in which they relinquished 
their title to large portions of the territory. The government made several 
large grants to companies and individuals, for the purpose of colonizing the 
country. One of these was to a company from Massachusetts and Connecti- 
cut, called the New England Company, of a tract lying along the Ohio and 



THE NORTHWEST TEKKITOKY. 27 

Muskingum rivers, embracing 1,500,000 acres. Here the town of Marietta 
was laid out, in August, 1787, at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio 
rivers. Fort Harmar was built on the opposite, or west bank of the Mus- 
kingum, the year before. The New England Company sent its first party 
of settlers in the spring of 1788. They consisted of eight families, and 
some other persons, and all under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Put- 
nam. The party, after a long and weary journey over the Alleghanies, and 
doMm the Ohio, arrived at Marietta on the 7tli of April, 1788. This little 
baud had the honor of being the pioneers of Ohio, unless the Moravian 
missionaries may be so regarded. The settlement was first known as the 
" Muskingum," but on the 2d of July, 1788, at a meeting of the directors 
and agents of the company, the name was changed to Marietta, in honor ot 
Marie Antoinette. 

In 1786, John Cleves Symmes, of Kew Jersey, visited the country be- 
tween the Miamies, and being pleased with its appearance, made application 
to the government for the purchase of a large tract of land, to be settled on 
similar conditions with those of the New England Company. The grant 
was made to Symmes and his associates the following year. Associated with 
Symmes, was Matthias Denman, also of New Jersey, who located, among 
other tracts in the Symmes purchase, the section upon which Cincinnati 
was laid out. Denman sold to Kobert Patterson and John Filson,each one- 
third of his location, retaining the other third himself In August, 1788, 
they laid out the first portion of what, in a few years, became one of the 
great cities of the West. Fort Washington was erected here in 1790, and 
was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military govern- 
ments of the Northwestern Territory. There were but few settlers here 
until after 1794, when settlers began to arrive rapidly. In July, 1815, the 
population was 6,500. 

In October, 1795, the treaty was signed between the United States and 
Spain, which secured to the former the free navigation of the Mississippi. 
After this the Northwest began to settle rapidly. During the next year 
settlements were made at various points along the Miami and Scioto rivers, 
including those at Piqua and Chillicothe. In September, of the same year, 
the city of Cleveland was laid out. 

The great extent of the Northwestern Territory, and the rapid increase 
of population at the beginning of the new century, began to render the effi- 
cient action of the courts impossible ; and to remedy this evil a division of 
the Territory was proposed. A committee in Congress, to whom the mat- 
ter had been referred, on the 3d of March, 1800, reported in favor of two 
distinct territorial governments, and that the division be made by a line 
beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami river, and running directly to 
the boundary line between the United States and Canada. The report was 
accepted, and an act passed, which was approved May 7th, of the same year, 
making the division. It provided, among other things, that from and after 
the next 4th day of July, " all that part of the territory of the United 
States northwest of the Ohio river, which lies to the northward of a line 
beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky 
river, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall 
intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for 
the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate territory, and 
be called the Indiana Territory." Tlie same act provided, that until the Leg- 
islatures of the Territories, respectively, otherwise ordered, Chillicothe, on 



28 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

the Scioto river, should be the seat of government of the Territory east of 
the line of division; and that Yincennes, on the Wabash river, should be 
the seat of government of the Indiana Territory. On the 3d of JS^ovember, 
of that year, the Territorial Legislature met at Chillicothe. William Henry 
Harrison was appointed Governor of Indiana Territory, and entered upon 
his duties in 1801. The new Territory then embraced all that region now 
comprising the States of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and that 
part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi river. Nearly the whole of it 
was at that time in the possession of the Indians. Soon after the arrival of 
Governor Harrison at Vincennes, he concluded several treaties with the In- 
dians, whereby large grants of land were obtained from the various tribes. 
By a treaty made at St. Louis, August 18th, 180-i, he obtained a relinquish- 
ment of Indian title to over 51,000,000 of acres. The year before the gov- 
ernment had obtained Louisiana from France, by purchase, and tliat being 
divided, the " District of Louisiana " (the " IS^ew Northwest ") was annexed 
to Indiana Territory, thus extending Gov. Harrison's authority over a vast 
domain, occupied chiefly by savage tribes. 

By an act of Congress, of January 11th, 1805, Indiana Territory was di- 
vided into two separate governments, and the new Territory of Micliigan 
formed. William Hull was appointed Governor of the new Territory, and 
Detroit was designated as the seat of government. On the 30th of June 
the Territorial government of Michigan was to go into operation. When 
Gov. Hull, and the other Territorial officers, reached Detroit, they found the 
place in ruins and the inhabitants scattered. On the 11th of that month a 
fire had destroyed almost every building in the place. Gov. Hull adopted a 
new plan for rebuilding the town, and in population and importance it soon 
regained all it had lost by the fire. 

Other changes were subsequently made in the boundaries of the Western 
Territories, as new States were from time to time admitted into the Union, 
until finally, all that vast domain originally designated as the " Northwestern 
Territory" became sovereign States. 

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE, 

Discovery of the Mouth of the Mississippi — Founding of New Orleans — French Grant — John 
Law — The "Mississippi Bubble" — Territoiy West of the Mississippi— France Cedes to 
Spain — Spain Cedes Back to France — France Cedes to the United States — Right to 
Navigate the Mississippi — Particulars of the Negotiations With France — Extent of the 
Territory — Possession Taken by the United States — Division of the Territory. 

That vast region of territory once known as Louisiana, came under the 
jurisdiction of civilized men by the right of discovery — a right which has 
long been known and recognized among civilized nations, though often 
necessarily followed by conquest to render it effective. For two centuries 
the Spaniards had navigated the Gulf of Mexico, so far as we know, ignorant 
of the fact that it received the waters of one of the largest rivers of the 
world. About the year 1660 the French, who had re-established themselves 
in Canada, received some information of this great river, but did not discover 
its mouth until 1691, when, according to some authorities, La Salle succeeded 
in reaching it. Iberville founded his first colony in 1699, but it did not 
assume importance until 171T, when the city of New Orleans was founded. 
In 1712 Louis XIY of Franco granted to M. Crozart a charter to the whole 
territory of Louisiana, which was so named in honor of the king. Under 



THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. 29 

the leadership of John Law, in 1716, a company was formed at Paris and 
incorporated as the " Mississippi Comf)any," which purchased Louisiana 
from the crown, Tlie financial disasters in France caused by Law brought 
about the failure of his Mississippi scheme, and the explosion of what is 
known in history as the " Mississippi bubble." Louisiana was then resumed 
by the crown, and the commerce of the Mississippi was declared free. The 
French retained possession until 1762, when they ceded it to Spain, includ- 
ing the whole country to the head waters of the great river and west to the 
Rocky Mountains. The jurisdiction of France, which had continued for 
nearly a century, thus ended, until in 1800 Bonaparte, then first consul, 
induced the Spanish government to cede it back to France. During the 
time that Louisiana remained a Spanish dependency, that government 
claimed the exclusive right of navigating the Mississippi river. The free 
navigation of that river was essential to the prosperity and commerce of the 
United States. Spain then having jurisdiction also over the Floridas east of 
the great river, and that river for several hundred miles flowing M'holly 
through tlie Spanish dominions, the question of its navigation south of the 
southern boundary of the United States became a serious one to our govern- 
ment and peo]3le. The people in the western part of the United States 
especially demanded the free navigation of the river as a right. But Spanisli 
military posts enforced the collection of duties on imports by way of tlie 
river for the upper region. Boats descending were forced to submit to reve- 
nue exactions by Spanish authorities. These exactions were a constant 
source of trouble and disalfection, and led to a threatening state of affairs 
between the United States and Spain. Spain, however, by the treaty of 
Madrid, October 20, 1795, conceded to the United States the free navigation 
ot the river from its source to the Gulf, and also the free use of the port of 
I^ew Orleans for three years as a port of deposit. 

The treaty of Madrid, however, did not quiet all troubles between the 
United States and Spain. In 1802, during the administration of President 
Jefierson, there was some apprehension of a war growing out of the continued 
dis2:)utes respecting the southwestern boundary. These disputes had led to 
many difficulties between the people of the United States and the Spanish 
authorities. These afi'airs, however, assumed a new aspect, when in the 
spring of 1802 the government of the United States received intelligence 
that, by a secret treaty made in October, 1800, Spain had ceded Louisiana to 
France. At this time Mr. Livingston was the United States Minister to 
France, and President Jefferson, soon after learning of the Spanish cession to 
France, wrote to Mr. Livingston in reference to acquiring the right to deposit 
at the port of Kew Orleans, and other matters which had been in dispute 
between the United States and Spain. In his annual message to Congress, 
in December of the same year, the President alluded to the subject of the 
Spanish cession to France. Congress passed resolutions asserting the right 
of navigating the Mississippi, and insisting upon the right to the use of a 
port or place of deposit. At that time it was understood in the United States 
that the Spanish cession to France included the Floridas, which, however, 
was not the case. The policy of the President was to enter into a treaty 
with France for the purcliase of Kew Orleans and the Floridas, and with this 
view, on the 10th of January, 1803, he appointed James Monroe minister 
plenipotentiary to France to act in conjunction with Mr. Livingston. Mr. 
Monroe's nomination was confirmed by the senate. The instructions to the 
American ministers only asked for the cession of the city of New Orleans 



30 THE NORTHWEST TEREITOET. 

and the Floridas, together with the free navigation of the Mississippi. The 
cession at this time of the entire Territory of Louisiana was not a subject of 
discussion. Mr. Monroe sailed from New York, March 8, 1803, and arrived 
in Paris April 1. 

Bonaparte was then first consul, and France was on the eve of a war with 
England. He supposed the American ministers were authorized to enter 
into more extended stipulations than they really were. Marquis de Marbois 
was directed to negotiate with the American ministers. Said the first con- 
sul to his minister, as recorded bj^ the latter: 

"Irresolution and deliberation are no longer in season. I renounce 
Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans that I will cede; it is the whole col- 
ony, without any reservation. I know the price of what I abandon, and I 
have sufiiciently proved the importance that I attach to this province, since my 
first diplomatic act with Spain had for its object the recovery of it. I 
renounce it with the greatest regret. To attempt to retain it would be folly. 
I direct you to negotiate this affair with the envoys of the United States. 
Do not even await the arrival of Mr. Monroe; have an interview this day 
with Mr. Livingston. But I require a great deal of money for this war, and 
I would not like to commence with new contributions. If I should regulate 
my terms, according to the value of these vast regions to the United States, 
the indemnity would have no limits. I will be moderate, in consideration 
of the necessity in which I am of making a sale. But keep this to yourself 
I want fifty niillions francs, and for less than that sum I will not treat; I 
would rather make a desperate attempt to keep those fine countries. To- 
morrow you shall have full powers. Mr. Monroe is on the point of arriving. 
To this minister the President must have given secret instructions, more 
extensive than the ostensible authorization of Congress, for the stipulation 
of the payments to be made. Neither this minister nor his colleague is 
prepared for a decision which goes infinitely beyond anything that they are 
about to ask of us. Begin by making them the overture without any sub- 
terfuge. You will acquaint me, day by day, hour by hour, of your progress. 
The cabinet of London is informed of the measures adopted at Washington, 
but it can have no suspicion of those which I am now taking. Observe the 
greatest secrecy, and recommend it to the American ministers; they have 
not a less interest than yourself in conforming to this counsel. You will 
correspond with M. de Talleyrand, who alone knows my intentions. If I 
attended to his advice, France would confine her ambition to tlie left bank 
of the Khine, and would only make war to protect any dismemberment of 
her possessions. But he also admits that the cession of Louisiana is not a 
dismemberment of France. Keep him informed of the progress of this 
affair." 

On the same day that Napoleon thus confided to Marbois his determina- 
tion, conferences began between the latter and Mr. Livingston. The Amer- 
ican minister had been in Paris about two years, endeavoring to obtain in- 
demnities claimed by American citizens for prizes made by the French 
during peace, but so far, without result further than vague answers. Mr. 
Livingston had become distrustful of the French government, and feared 
the Louisiana overtures were but an artifice to gain still further time. Soon 
after these preliminary discussions were entered upon, Mr. Monroe arrived 
in Paris, and the next day began his conferences with Marbois. Rapid pro- 
gress was made in the negotiations, for both sides had an interest in hasten- 
ing; the matter. Mr. Monroe was surprised to hear the first overtures made 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 31 

30 frankly by the French minister, when he proposed to cede to the United 
States so vast a region of conntry, with the largest rivers of the world, in- 
stead of merely a town and an inconsiderable extent of territory. The offer 
embraced intinitely more than tlie American ministers were empowered to 
ask for, or accept. Their powers only extended to an arrangement respect- 
ing the left bank of the Mississippi, including ISTew Orleans. But the mo- 
ment was a critical one with France, hostilities being about to commence 
with England. There was not time for further instructions from the gov- 
ernment of the United States before the opportunity would pass, perhaps 
forever. The American ministers therefore assumed the responsibility of 
treating for the purchase of the entire colony, or territory of Louisiana — an 
extent of country sufficient in itself for an empire. The terms were soon 
agreed upon. The United States was to pay for this vast acquisition the 
sum of fifteen millions of dollars. In the treaty of October 1, 1800, be- 
tween France and Spain, the latter had reserved the right of preference in 
3ase France should cede this territory to another power ; but here again 
France could not afford to wait. The treaty was concluded and subsequently 
submitted to the Spanish cabinet. They complained that no regard had 
been paid to their reserved right, and for almost a year that court delayed its 
approbation of the treaty. On the lOtli of February, 1804, however, Don 
Pedro Cavallos, the Spanish minister, wrote to Mr. Pinckney, the American 
minister, that "His Catholic Majesty had thought fit to renounce his oppo- 
sition to the alienation of Louisiana made by France, notwithstanding the 
solid reasons on which it is founded, thereby giving a new proof of his be- 
uevolence and friendship to the United States." The important treaty that 
gave to the United States this vast region, with all its wonderful resources, 
was concluded on the 30th of April, 1803, and four days later the instru- 
ments, in French and English, were signed by the ministers. After affixing 
their signatures, the ministers rose and shook hands, each expressing his sat- 
isfaction with the result. Mr. Livingston said: "We have lived long, but 
this is the noblest work of our whole lives. The treaty which we have just 
signed has not been obtained by art, or dictated by force ; equally advanta- 
geous to the two contracting parties, it will change vast solitudes into flour- 
ishing districts. From this day the United States take their place among 
the powers of the first rank ; the English lose all exclusive influence in the 
affairs of America." 

The first consul, who had followed the negotiation wdtli a lively interest, 
acquiesced in the result, and said to Marbois : " It is true, the negotiation 
does not leave me anything to desire. Sixty millions [francs] for an occupa- 
tion that will not, perhaps, last for a day ! I would that France should en- 
joy this unexpected capital, and that it may be employed in works beneficial 
to the marine. This accession of territory strengthens forever the power 
of the United States ; and I have just given to England a maratime rival 
that will sooner or later humble her pride." 

On the 22d day of May, 1803, England commenced hostilities against 
France by the capture of some of her merchant vessels, and on the same 
day Bonaparte gave his formal ratification of the Louisiana treaty of cession. 
In July, the treaty was received in the United States, and on the 20th of 
October, 1803, it was ratified by the Senate, by twenty-four against seven 
votes. The country ceded by this treaty, as estimated at that time, exceeded 
a million of square miles, all occupied by savages, except a few sparse settle- 
ments, aggregating from 80,000 to 90,000 inhabitants, about 40,000 of whom 
were slaves. The whites M^ere chiefly French, or descendants of French* 



32 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOEY. 

Congress, a few dajs after tlie ratification of the treaty by the Senate, passed 
an act making provision for the occupation and temporary government of 
the territory acquired. Eleven millions of dollars were appropriated as 
payment for the purchase — the remaining four millions being reserved, ac- 
cording to a stipulation- in the treaty, to indemnify citizens of the United 
States who had sustained losses at the hands of the French. The resolution 
for carrying the treaty into effect was sustained by the House of Represen- 
tatives by a vote of ninety to twenty -five. 

Even before the acquisition of Louisiana, it had been a favorite object of 
President Jefferson to have an exploring expedition sent across the continent 
to the Pacific Ocean, and in January, 1803, he had recommended an appro- 
priation for that purpose. The appropriation was made, and the enterprise 
was placed under the direction of Captains Lewis and Clarke. The treaty 
with France, however, was ratified before the exploring expedition was ready 
to start. On the 14th of May, 1804, Captains Lewis and Clarke, with their 
companions, consisting in all of thirty persons, left the banks of the Missis- 
sippi on their long and perilous voyage of two years and three months, to 
seek out and give to their country and the world some more accurate knowl- 
edge respecting this vast region of country, of which civilization at that 
time knew so little. The expedition was in every way successful, and the 
report made by Captains Lewis and Clarke enabled the government and peo- 
ple of the United States to form a better judgment of the immense value 
of the country acquired. 

It will be seen that the region acquired by the Louisiana purchase, com- 
prehended not only the present State of Louisiana, but all the vast region 
between the Mississippi river and the Pacific Ocean, and as far north as the 
British possessions. The great States of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Ne- 
braska, Kansas, the greater part of Minnesota, and several of our great Ter- 
ritories, are but parts of this purchase. 

On the 20th of December, 1803, in pursuance of authority given by act 
of Congress, Gov. Claiborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Loui- 
siana purchase, and raised the American flag at New Orleans. The Span- 
ish authorities there objected to the transfer, but early in 1804 they acqui- 
esced and withdrew. The newly acquired territory, by authority of Con- 
gress, was, on the first of October, 1804, divided as follows : All south of 
the 33d parallel of north latitude, was called the Territory of Orleans, and 
all north of that parallel became the District of Louisiana, and was placed 
under the authority of the officers of the then Indiana Territory. It so re- 
mained until July 4, 1805, when the District of Louisiana was given a ter- 
ritorial government of its own. In 1812, the Territorj'^ of JSTew Orleans be- 
came the State of Louisiana, and the Territory of Louisiana become the 
Territory of Missouri, On the 4th of July, 1814, Missouri Territory was 
divided — that part comprising the present State of Arkansas, and the coun- 
try west, being organized as the Territory of Arkansas. In March, 1821, a 
part of Missouri Territory was organized as the State of Missouri, and ad- 
mitted into the Union. On the 28th of June, 1834, the territory west of 
tlie Mississippi river and north of Missouri, was made a part of the Terri- 
tory of Michigan, so remaining until July 4th, 1836, when Wisconsin Ter- 
ritory was organized. This embraced within its limits the present States of 
Iowa, Wisconsin' , and Minnesota, An act of Congress, approved June 12, 
1838, created the Territory of Iowa, ambracing not only the present State of 
Iowa, but the greater part of the present State of Minnesota, and extending 
northward to the British Possessions. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 




34 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOBY. 

INDIAN WARS IN THE NORTHWEST. 

Gen. Harmar's Defeat — Gen. St. Clair — His Defeat — Gen. Wayne — His Victory — His Treaties 
With the Indians — British Posts Surrendered — Death of Wayne — Gen. Harrison — Tecum- 
seh — The Prophet — Battle of Tippecanoe — Tecumseh's Alliance With the British — Harri- 
son Appointed Brigadier-General — Perry's Victory — Gen. McArthur — Battle of the Thames 
— Tecumseh Killed — Peace With the Indians — Indian Titles Extinguished — Military Posts 
Established at Belle Point, Council Bluft's, and St. Peters — The Ricarees— Gen. Cass — 
Treaty at Fort Dearborn — Fort Atkinson — Grand Council at Prairie du Chien — Indian 
Outrages — The Militia Called Out — Gen. Atkinson — Policy of Removing the Indians West 
— Treaty With the Sacs and Foxes — Black Hawk — He Refuses to Comply With Treaties 
— Black Hawk War — Battle of Bad Axe — Gen. Henry Dodge — Black Hawk Captured — 
Taken to Washmgton — Keokuk — Black Hawk Purchase — Gen. Wmfield Scott — Treaties 
at Davenport — Antoine Le Claire — Removal of Sacs and Foxes to Iowa — Gen. Street — 
Wapello — Maj. Beach — Sa,c and Fox Villages on the Des Moines — Gov. Lucas — Gov. 
Chambers — Visit of Hard-Fish to Burlington — An Incident — Speech of Keokuk. 

Almost every advance of civilization on the American continent has been 
made at the expense of more or less conflict and bloodshed at the hands of 
the savage tribes who were the occupants and owners of the soil prior to the 
advent of the white man. Passing over the conflicts of the colonists in the 
early settlements of the East, the later struggles of the pioneers of the " Dark 
and Bloody Ground," and the Indian wars of the South, we shall briefly 
refer to some of the troubles with the aborigines in the Northwest. With 
the opening of the new country to white settlers it was necessary to establish 
military posts for the protection of the pioneers against the attacks of the 
Indians. In 1790, all pacific means having failed with the tribes north of 
the Ohio, President Washington sent Gen. Harmar with a military force 
against them. After destroying several of their villages, he was defeated in 
two battles near the confluence of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, and 
not far from the present city of Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 1781 Gen, Arthur 
St. Clair was promoted to the rank of major general, and was entrusted with 
a command against the hostile Miamis. On assuming his command, the 
last admonition of Washington was, " Beware of surprise." Gen. St. Clair 
marched with his troops to the vicinity of the Miami villages on the Mau- 
mee. On the 4th of November, 1791, he was surprised in camp on the St. 
Mary's river, and his force of 1400 ill disciplined men was cut to pieces. He 
soon after resigned his commission. In this defeat St. Clair's loss was about 
600 men. The savages were greatly emboldened by their successes, and it 
was soon found that more vigorous measures were necessary. The Indians 
continued to commit outrages against the infant settlements. In some cases, 
doubtless, the whites were the aggressors, for Washington in his annual mes- 
sage of November 6, 1792, recommended more adequate measures "for re- 
straining the commission of outrages upon the Indians, without which all 
pacific plans must prove nugatory." Attempts were made to treat with the 
Indians, but the attempted negotiations proved unsuccessful. 

After the unsuccessful and disastrous campaigns of Generals Ilarraar and 
St. Clair, General Anthony Wayne, who liad won distinguished laurels in the 
war of the Revolution, was, in April, 1792, promoted to the rank of major 
general, and made commander-in-chief in the war against the western Indians, 
In August, 1794, he gained a signal victory over the Miamis, near the rapids 
of the Maumee, and compelled them to sue for peace. In the same year a 
fort was erected by his order on the site of the old "Twightwee Village" of 
the Miami tribe, where the city of Fort Wayne is now located. It continued 
to be a military post until 1819. 



THE NORTHWEST TERKITORY. 35 

After his successful campaign of 1794, Gen. Wayne was appointed sole 
commissioner to treat with the Indians, and also to take possession of the 
forts still held by the British in the Northwest. He negotiated the treaty 
of Greenville which was signed by all the principal chiefs of the Northwest. 
By this treaty the Indians relinquished their title to a large tract of country. 
That characteristic determination which, during the war of the Revolution, 
had gained him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony," impressed the hostile 
tribes with a dread of him which operated as a wholesome restraint. Gen. 
Wayne also took possession of the British posts in the Northwest, which 
were peaceably surrendered, in accordance with Jay's treaty, and from this 
time there was assurance of peace on the frontier. He died in the garrison 
at Presque Isle (Erie), Pa., December 14, 1796. 

From the date of Wayne's victory up to 1809 the whites maintained com- 
paratively peaceable relations with the Indians, Daring this year. Gen. 
Harrison, then Governor of Indiana Territory, entered into a treaty with the 
Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawattamies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and 
Weas, in which these tribes relinquished their title to certain lands on the 
Wabash river. About this time the noted chief Tecumseh comes into prom- 
inence as the bitter opponent of any more grants of land Ijeing made to the 
whites. 

Tecumseh was a chief of the Shawnees, born on the Scioto river near 
Chillicothe, about the year 1770. It was said that he was one of three 
brothers who were triplets. The other two brothers were named Kum- 
shaka and Elskwatawa. Kumshaka is believed to have died while young, 
but Elskwatawa be ime the Prophet who co-operated with the chief in all 
his plans. His fal->er, Puckeshinwa, had risen to the rank of chief, but was 
killed at the battle of Point Pleasant, in 1774. In 1795 Tecumseh was de- 
clared chief at or near where Urbana, Ohio, is now located. In 1798 he 
went to White river, Indiana, and his brother, the Prophet, to' tract of 
land on the Wabash. Tecumseh, by reason of his oratory, had great influ- 
ence over the sav age tribes, and his plan was to unite all of them against the 
whites in a conspiracy, similar to that of Pontiac nearly half a century before. 
For this purpose he visited all the tribes west to the Mississippi, and upon 
Lakes Superior, Huron, and Michigan. At the same time his brother, the 
Prophet, pretended to be directed by the Great Spirit to preach against the 
influence and encroachments of the white men. Their efforts to incite the 
Indians to hostilities were successful, and they gathered a large force of war- 
riors, making their headquarters at a stream they called Tippecanoe, near the 
Wabash river. 

Meantime Gov. Harrison was watching the movements of the Indians, 
and being convinced of the existence of Tecumseh's grand conspiracy, had 
prepared to defend the settlements. In August, 1810, Tecumseh went to 
Vincennes to confer with the Governor in relation to the grievances of the 
Indians, but demeaned himself in such an angry manner that he was dis- 
missed from the village. He returned to complete his plans for the conflict. 
Tecumseh delayed his intended attack, but in the meantime he was gather- 
ing strength to his cause, and by the autumn of 1811 had a force of several 
hundred warriors at his encampment on the little river called by the Indians 
Keth-tip-pe-ce-Tiunk, or Tippecanoe. Harrison, with a force of eight hun- 
dred men, partly regulars and partly volunteers, determined to move upon 
the Prophet's town, as it was called. He encamped near the village early in 
October, and on the night of the 5th of November his camp was furiously 



36 THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOEY. 

but unsuccessfully attacked. On the morning of the Ttli he was again 
attacked by a large body of the Indians, but Tecumseh's warriors were 
completely routed, but not without a severe and hotly contested battle, and 
the loss of about 200 of Harrison's men. 

President Madison, in a special message to Congress of December 12, 
1811, speaking of this engagement, says: 

"While it is deeply lamented that so many valuable lives have been lost 
in the action which took place on the seventh idtimo, Congress will see with 
satisfaction the dauntless spirit and fortitude victoriously displayed by every 
description of the troops engaged, as well as the collected firmness which 
distinguished their comnumder on an occasion requiring the utmost exer- 
tions of valor and discipline. It may reasonably be expected that the good 
effects of this critical defeat and dispersion of a combination of savages, 
which appears to have been spreading to a greater extent, will be experi- 
enced, not only in the cessation of murders and depredations committed on 
our frontier, but in the prevention of any hostile excursions otherwise to 
have been apprehended." 

The result of the battle of Tippecanoe utterly ruined the plans of Tecum- 
seli, for his arrangements with the different tribes were not yet matured. 
He was greatly exasperated toward the Prophet for precipitatiiig the war. 
Had Tecumseh himself been present it is likely the attack would not have 
been made. The defeated Indians were at first inclined to sue for peace, but 
Tecumseh was not yet conquered. The breaking out of the war with Great 
Britain at this time inspired him with new hope, and his next endeavor was 
to form an alliance with the English. In this he succeeded, and was ap- 
pointed a brigadier general. He was entrusted with the command of all the 
Indians who co-operated with the English in the campaigns of 1812-13, and 
was in several important engagements. 

After the surrender of Detroit by Gen. Hull, August 18, 1812, Har- 
rison was appointed to the command of the Northwestern frontier, with a 
commission as brigadier general. As this was in September, too late in the 
season for a campaign, he did not assume active o])erations until the next 
year, by which time he was promoted to the rank of major general. After 
Commodore Perry won his signal victory on Lake Erie in September, 1813, 
Harrison hastened with his command to capture Maiden. On arriving there 
late in September he found that Proctor, the British general, had retreated. 
About the same time Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the 
Territory of Michigan. Pursuing the British army into the interior of Can- 
ada West, Harrison overtook Proctor at the Moravian settlements, on the 
river Thames, on the 5th of October. The British general had an auxiliary 
force of two thousand Indians under the command of Tecumseh. The battle 
was opened by the American cavalry under the command of Col. Richard 
M. Johnson, afterward vice-president of the United States. Early in the 
engagement Tecumseh was killed at the head of his column of Indians, who, 
no longer hearing the voice of their chief, fled in confusion. It has been 
claimed by some authorities that this celebrated chief was killed by Col. 
Johnson, who fired at him with a pistol. This, however, will remain one 
of the unsolved problems of history. The result of the battle was a com- 
plete victory for the Americans, with the capture of 600 prisoners, six pieces 
of cannon, and a large quantity of army stores. 

This decisive victory over the combined forces of the British and Indians 
practically closed the war in the Northwest, and as a consequence peace 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 37 

with the Indian tribes soon followed. Other treaties were negotiated with 
the Indians by which they gave up their title to additional large tracts of 
territory. The settlement of the country progressed rapidly, and again an 
era of apparent good will prevailed between the whites and Indians. By the 
end of the year 1817, the Indian title, with some moderate reservations, had 
been extinguished to the whole of the land within the State of Ohio, to a 
great part of that in Michigan Territory, and in the State of Indiana. In 
1817 Gov. Cass, of Michigan, in conjunction with Gov. McArthur, of Ohio, 
obtained a cession of most of the remaining lands in Ohio with some adjoin- 
ing tracts in Indiana and Michigan, amounting in all to about 4,000,000 of 
acres, and in 1819 Gov, Cass met the Chippewas at Saginaw and obtained a 
cession of lands in the peninsula of Michigan to the extent of about 6,000,000 
of acres. The next year a treaty was made at Chicago, then nothing but a 
military post, called Fort Dearborn, with tlie Chippewas, Ottawas and Potta- 
wattamies, by which a large additional tract was obtained, which completed 
the extinguishment of the Indian title to the peninsula of Michigan south of 
the Grand river. By 1820 a number of military posts were established far 
in the interior, and among them was one at Belle Point on the Arkansas, at 
Council Bluffs on the Missouri, at St. Peters on the Mississippi, and at Green 
Bay on the upper lakes. 

During the month of June, 1823, Gen, Ashley and his party, who were 
trading under a license from the government, were attacked by the liicarees 
while trading with the Indians at their request. Several of the partv were 
killed and wounded, and their property taken or destroyed. Col. Leaven- 
worth, who commanded Fort Atkinson at Council Bluffs, then the most 
western post, took immediate measures to check this hostile spirit of 
the Ricarees, fearing that it might extend to other tribes in that quarter 
and endanger the lives of traders on the Missouri. With a detachment of 
the regiment sfcitioned at Council Bluffs, he successfully attacked the Rica- 
ree village. The hostile spirit, however, still continued and extended to the 
tribes on the upper Mississi})pi and the upper lakes. Several parties of 
citizens were plundered and murdered by those tribes during the year 1824, 
An act of Congress of May 25th of this year, made an appropriation to de- 
fray the expenses of making treaties of trade and friendship with the tribes 
west of the Mississippi, and another act of March 3, 1825, provided for the 
expense of treaties with the Sioux, Chippewas, Menomonees, Sacs and Foxes, 
and other tribes, and also for establishing boundaries and promoting peace 
between them. These objects were in the main accomplished, and by the 
treaties made the government secured large acquisitions of territory. Gov, 
Cass, in conjunction with Gov, Clark, of Missouri, attended a grand council 
of the tribes this year at Prairie du Chien to carry out the purposes of the 
act of Congress last mentioned. During his continuance in office as Gov- 
ernor of Michigan Territory, Gov. Cass made, or participated in the making 
of nineteen treaties with the Indians, and by them acquired lands in Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, to an amount equal to one-fourth 
of the entire area of those States. 

During the summer of 1827, when the commissioners appointed to carry 
into execution certain provisions of a treaty, made August 19th, 1825, with 
various northwestern tribes, were about to arrive at the appointed place of 
meeting, several citizens were murdered, and other acts of hostility were com- 
mitted, especially against the miners at Fever river, near Galena, by a party 



38 THE NORTHTWTIST TEBRITORT. 

of the "Winnebago tribe, which tribe was one of those associated in the 
treaty. To quell these outrages the governors of the State of Illinois and 
the Territory of Michigan, made levies of militia. These forces, with a 
corps of seven hundred IJni ted States troops, under the command of General 
Atkinson, repaired to the scene of danger. The Indians, overawed by the ap- 
pearance of the military, surrendered the perpetrators of the murders, and 
gave assurances of future good behavior. 

For many years it had been the policy of the government to obtain a re- 
linquishment of the title of the Indians to all lands within the limits of the 
States, and as rapidly as possible cause the removal of the tribes to territory 
beyond the Mississippi. In 1830 the Chickasaws and Choctaws, occupying 
portions of the States of Alabama and Mississippi, agreed to remove, and 
in due time carried out their agreement in good faith. The same year a 
treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes, by which they agreed to cede their 
lands to the United States, and remove beyond the Mississippi. The prin- 
cipal village of these united tribes was located at the mouth of Rock river, 
on the east side of the Mississippi, near where the city of Rock Island now 
stands. Here had been an Indian village, according to tradition, for one 
hundred and fifty years. These tribes had owned and occupied the country 
borderino- on the Mississippi, to an extent of seven hundred miles, from the 
mouth of the Wisconsin almost to the mouth of the Missouri. The Indians 
did not seem disposed to comply promptly with the terms of the treaty, and 
one band, under the noted chief Black Hawk {Ma-lca-tai-me-she-Ma-Jciak), 
evinced a determination to keep possession of their old village. John Rey- 
nolds, Governor of Illinois, construed their continued residence in the ceded 
territory as an invasion of the State, and under his authority to protect the 
State from invasion, ordered out seven hundred militia to force their re- 
moval, according to the treaty. This interference of the governor of Illi- 
nois with the duties belonging to the Federal Government, obliged the com- 
mander of United States troops in that quarter to co-operate with him, in 
order to prevent a collision between the State militia and the Indians. Fort 
Armstrono-, on Rock Island, had been established as early as 1816, and when 
the Black Hawk trouble commenced, was in command of Gen. Atkinson. 
The Indians were overawed by this imposing military force, and yielding to 
necessity, crossed the Mississippi. Black Hawk, feeling exasperated at the 
harsh treatment his people had received, resolved to prosecute a predatory 
war against the white settlements. He united his band of Sacs and Foxes 
with the Winnebagoes, under the command of the Prophet Wabo-ki-e-shiek 
(White Cloud), and in March, 1832, recrossed to the east side of the Missis- 
sippi. They murdered a number of defenseless families, and committed 
many outrages upon the settlers. The whole frontier became alarmed, and 
many of the settlers fled for safety. The governor of Illinois ordered out 
the State militia, which being joined by four hundred regular troops, con- 
stituted a force of about one'thousand, under the command of Gen. Atkin- 
son. They pursued the Indians, and after a campaign of about two months, 
during which two engagements were fought, the war was brought to an end. 
The last, and the decisive battle of the war, is known in history as the bat- 
tle of Bad Axe, being fought on a small tributary of the Wisconsin of that 
name. This battle took place August 2d, 1832, and the force against Black 
Hawk was commanded by Gen. Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin. The Indians 
lost forty of their braves, and Gen. Dodge one. The Indians made but little 



THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORY. 39 

further resistance, and Black Hawk's " Britisli Band," as it was styled, be- 
came demoralized and fled. They reached the Mississippi and were making 
preparations for crossing wlien they were checked by the captain of the 
steamboat " Warrior," who discharged a six-pounder at them, although they 
had displayed a flag of truce. The next morning Gen. Atkinson arrived 
with his army, and made an attack, which tlie Indians were now powerless 
to resist. Black Hawk escaped, but was taken by some treacherous Winne- 
bagoe.?, and delivered along with the Prophet, on the 27th of August, to 
Gen. Street, at Prairie du Chien. Two of Black Hawk's sons, the Prophet 
and other laaders, were also taken, and by order of the government were con- 
veyed through the principal cities and towns on the seaboard, in order that 
they might be impressed with the greatness and power of the United States. 
For some time Black Hawk was held as a captive, and then through the in- 
tercession of Keokuk, who had been opposed to the war, and had not par- 
ticipated in the hostilities, he was allowed to return to Rock Island, and per- 
mitted to join his people. Treaties were made with the oflending tribes by 
which they agreed to compensate for the expense of the war, by ceding a 
valuable part of their territory on the west side of the Mississippi, and to 
immediately remove from the east side. The United States stipulated to 
pay to the three tribes annually, thirty thousand dollars for twenty-seven 
years, and also to make other provisions for their improvement. By this 
treaty the United States acquired the first territory in Iowa which was 
opened to settlement. It is what is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase," 
and embraced a strip of territory extending from the northern boundary of 
Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, about fifty miles in width, 
and embracing an area of about six millions of acres. Tliis treaty was made 
on the 21st day of September, 1832, at a council held on the west bank of 
the Mississippi river, where the city of Davenport now stands. Gen. Win- 
field Scott and Gov. John Reynolds, of Illinois, represented the United 
States, and on the part of the Indians there were present Keokuk, Pashe- 
paho, and about thirty other chiefs and warriors of tlie Sac and Fox nation. 
W ithin the limits of tliis purchase was reserved a tract of 400 square miles, 
situated on Iowa river, and including Keokuk's village. This tract was 
known as " Keokuk's Reserve," and was occupied by the Indians until 1836. 
when it was ceded to the United States. This treaty was negotiated by Gov. 
Henry Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, and on the part of the Indians Keo- 
kuk was the leading spirit. This council was also held on the banks of the 
Mississippi, near the site of the present cit}^ of Davenport. The treaty stip- 
ulated for the removal of the Indians to another reservation on the Des 
Moines river. On this an agency was established, where the present town 
of Agency City, in Wapello county, is located. Out of the " Black Hawk 
Purchase " was conveyed to Antoine Le Claire, who was interpreter, and 
whose wife was an Indian, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and 
another at the head of the first rapids above the Island. 

General Joseph M. Street, the agent with the Winnebagoes at Prairie du 
Chien, was transferred to the Sac and Fox agency on the Des Moines river, 
and in 1838 took measures for building and making the necessary improve- 
ments. In April, of the next year, he removed with his family from Prairie 
du Chien. His health soon began to fail, and on the 5th of May, 1840, 
Gen. Street died. Wapello, a prominent chief of the Sac and Fox nation, 
died in 1842, His remains were interred near those of Gen. Steeet. The 
stone slabs placed over their graves soon after, are inscribed as follows: 



40 THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORT. 

In 

Memory of 
GEN. JOSEPH M. STREET, 

Son of Anthony and Molly Street. 

Born Oct. 18th, 1782, in Virginia^ 

Died at the Sac and Fox Agency^ 

May 6th, 181^0. 



In 

Memory of 

WA-PEL-LO, 

Born at 

Prairie du Chien, 1787 : 

Died near the Forks of Skunk, 

March 15th, lSJf!2 — Sac and Fox Nation. 

Wapello had requested that at his death his remains be interred near those 
of Gen. Street. 

After the death of Gen. Street, Maj. John Beach, his son-in-law, received 
the appointment as agent for the Sacs and Foxes, and filled the position to 
the satisfaction of the government. Major Beach was born at Gloucester, 
Massachusetts, Feb. 23d, 1812. After a course of study at Portsmouth 
Academy, in ISTew Hampshire, he received at the age of sixteen, the appoint- 
ment of cadet at the West Point Military Academy, graduating in the class 
of 1832. Receiving his commission as Second Lieutenant by brevet in the 
First U. S. Infantry, of which Zachary Taylor was then colonel, he was or- 
dered to duty on the frontier, and was alternately stationed at Fort Arm- 
strong, Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, and Jeiferson Barracks, near St. 
Louis. His hearing having partially failed, in 1838, lie resigned his com- 
mission in the army, and was, at the time of his appointment as Indian 
agent, engaged in the U. S. Land Office at Dubuque. He remained at 
Agency City, engaged in mercantile and literary pursuits until his death 
which occurred August 31st, 1874. ' 

At the time of Gen. Street's death, the Indians were occupying their res- 
ervation with their permanent, or spring and summer villages, as follows : 
Upon the banks of the Des Moines, opposite the mouth of Sugar Creek, 
was the village of Keokuk, and above were those of Wapello and Appa- 
noose. The village of Hardfish, or Wish-e-co-me-que, as it is in the Indian 
tongue, was located in what is now the heart of Eddyville, where J. P. Eddy 
was licensed by Maj. Beach, the agent, in the summer of 1840, to establish 
a trading post. Not far from the " Forks of Skunk " was a small village 
presided over by Kish-ke-kosh, who, though not a chief, Avas a man of con- 
siderable influence. Poweshiek, a Fox chief of equal rank with Wa2:)ello, 
still had a village on the bank of Iowa river. 

It has been remarked above that Keokuk, who was the chief next in au- 
thority and influence to Black Hawk, was opposed to the war against the 
whites, and persistently refused to take part in the hostilities. When Black 
Hawk's attempt to defy the i)ower of the United States resulted so disas- 
trously to the Indians, and they were obliged to cede still more territory, 
his influence among his people declined, and that of Keokuk increased. 
Black Hawk, however, retained a party of adherents, and for some time a 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 41 

sort of rivalry existed between the two chiefs, and this feeling was shared 
to some extent by their respective friends in the tribes. An incident is rela- 
ted by Maj. Beach to show how the traders were ready to take advantage of 
tliis state of things for their own mercenary purposes. 

When Gen.IIarrison became President in 1811, John Chambers, an ex- 
congressman of Kentucky, was appointed Governor of the Territory, suc- 
ceeding Gov. Robert Lucas. The governor was ex-officio superintendent 
over the Indians and their agencies. Gov. Lucas had favored the Black 
Hawk band, whose chief was Ilardfish. Accordingly when the new gov- 
ernor was appointed, l)oth Keokuk and Ilardfish felt that it would be some- 
thing of an object to gain his favor. Tlie latter desired the new governor 
to pursue the policy of his predecessor, while Keokuk wished at^least an 
impartial course. Keokuk requested the consent of the agent for him and 
his principal men to visit the governor at Burlington. As it was the policy 
of the government to discountenance such pilgrimages of the Indians, Maj, 
Beach suggested that Gov. Chambers might see proper to visit them at the 
agency. W ith tliis expectation Keokuk chose to wait. The Ilardfish band, 
under the influence of some of the traders, were less patient. They hast- 
ened to Burlington in a large body, and on their arrival encamped near the 
town, sending to the governor a wi-itten notice of their presence, and a 
request for supplies. The governor answered, declining to accede to their 
request, or to hold a council with them. Ilardfish and his men returned 
over their weary journey of seventy miles to the agency, very much dis- 
appointed. In the meantime the governor communicated with Major 
Beach, informing him that he would visit the agency soon, and requesting 
him to use his influence to prevent the Indians from making incursions 
through the white settlements. When the governor fixed his time to be 
present, the bands were all informed, and it was arranged that a grand coun- 
cil should be held. When the day arrived all the Indians, except the Pow- 
eshiek band of Foxes, who were so far away on the Iowa river, were en- 
camped within a convenient distance from the agency. Long before the 
hour fixed for the meeting, the Ilardfish party, arrayed in all theia* too-jzerv. 
and disj)laying their richest ornaments, came m grand procession upon the 
ground. Having dismounted from their ponies, they formed in file on foot 
and marched into the agency headquarters, where the governor was to receive 
them. Hardfish and some of his principal men shook hands with the gov- 
ernor and then sat down. 

The reader will remember that at this time the nation was in mourning 
for the sudden loss of a President by death, and that Gov. Chambers had 
been one of the warmest and most devoted friends of Gen. Harrison, a fact 
of which Keokuk was fully advised. Chambers had been aid-de-camp to 
Gen. Harrison in the war of 1812, and they had ever after been as father 
and son. Keokuk was shrewd enough to make the most of this. 

The appointed hour for the meeting had passed, and the governor began 
to become impatient for the appearance of Keokuk. At last the sounds'of 
the approaching bands were heard faintly floating upon the breeze. After a 
time the procession marched with slow and solemn tread into view, not ar- 
rayed in gaudy feathers, ribbons and trinkets, like the Hardfish band, but 
with lances and staves wrapped around with wilted grass. No sound of 
bells responded to the tramp of their ponies, and instead of being painted 
in Vermillion, their faces presented the sombre hues produced by a kind of 
clay they were wont to use on occasions of solemnity or mourning. Their 



42 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

appearace betokened sadness and affliction. Mr. Josiali Smart, the interpre- 
ter, informed Gov. Chambers that this was a funeral march, and that some 
one of their principal men must have died during the niglit. Even Hard- 
fish and his men were at a loss to account for what they saw, and wondered 
who could have died. At last Keokuk and liis men dismounted and filed 
slowly and solemnly into the presence of the governor. Keokuk signed to 
the interpreter, and said : 

" Say to our new father that before I take liis hand, I will explain to him 
what all this means. We were told not long ago that our Great Father was 
dead. We had heard of him as a great war chief, who had passed much of 
his life among the red men and knew their wants, and we believed that we 
would always have friendship and justice at his hands. His deatli has made 
us very sad, and as this is our first opportunity, we thought it would be 
wrong if we did not use it, to show that the hearts of his red children, as 
well as his white, know how to mourn over their great loss; and we had to 
keep our father waiting while we performed that part of our mourning that 
we must always attend to before we leave our lodges with our dead." 

At the conclusion of this speech, Keokuk steppped forward and extended 
his hand. The hearty grasp of the governor showed that the wily chief had 
touched the proper cord. The result was, that the Hardfish band received 
no special favors after that, at the expense of the other bands. 



SKETCHES OF BLACK HAWK AKD OTHER CHIEFS. 

Black Hawk— Treatjr of 1804— Black Hawk's account of the Treaty— Lieut. Pike— Ft. Ed- 
wards — Ft. Madison — Black Hawk and the British — Keokuk recognized as Chief — Ft. 
Armstrong — Sac and Fox Villages — Black Hawk's " British Band " — Black Hawk War — 
Black Hawk's old age — His death in Iowa — His remains carried away, but recovered — 
Keokuk — Appanoose — Wapello — Poweshiek — Pash-e-pa-ho — Wish-e-co-ma-qne — Chas- 
chun-ca — Mau-haw-gaw — Ma-has-kah — Si-dom-i-na-do-tah — Henry Lott — A Tragedy in 
Humboldt County — Ink-pa-du-tah — Spirit Lake Massacre — Expedition from Ft. Dodge — 
Death of Capt. Johnston and Wdliam Burkholder. 

BLACK HAWK. 

This renowned chief, the " noblest Roman of them all," was born at the 
Sac village on Rock river, about the year 1767. His first introduction to 
the notice of the whites seems to have been in 1804, when William Henry 
Harrison, then the Governor of Indiana Territory, concluded his treaty with 
the Sac and Fox nation for the lands bordering on Rock river. Black Hawk 
was then simply a chief, though not by election or inheritance, of his own 
band of Sac warriors, but from that time he was the most prominent man. 
in the Sac and Fox nation. He considered the action of the four chiefs who 
represented the Indians in making this treaty as unjust and refused to con- 
sider it binding. The territory ceded embraced over fifty-one millions of 
acres, extending almost from opposite St. Louis to the Wisconsin river. 
He claimed that the chiefs or braves who made the treaty had no authority 
to make it, and that they had been sent to St. Louis, where the treaty was 
negotiated, for quite a difierent purpose, namely: to procure the release of 
one of their people who was held there as a prisoner on charge of killing a 
white man. The United States regarded this treaty as a hona fide transac- 
tion, claiming that the lands were sold by responsible men of the tribes, and 
that it was further ratified by a part of the tribes with Gov. Edwards and 



THE NORTHWEST TEEEITOET. 43 

Aiiguste Choteau, in September, 1815, and again witli tlie same commis- 
sioners in 1816. They claimed that the Indians were only to occupy the 
lands at the Sac village on Rock river until they were surveyed and sold by 
the government, when they were to vacate them. The treaty of St. Louis 
was signed by five chiefs instead of four, although Black Hawk claimed that 
the latter number only were sent to St. Louis for a difierent purpose. One 
of these was Pash-e-pa-ho, a head chief among the Sacs. Black Hawk him- 
self thus describes the return of the chiefs to Rock Island after the treaty : 
" Quash-qua-me and party remained a long time absent. They at length 
returned, and encamped a short distance below the village, but did not come 
up that day, nor did any person approach their camp. They appeared to be 
dressed in fine coats, and had medals. From these circumstances we were 
in hopes that they had brought good news. Early the next morning the 
council lodge was crowded. Quash-qua-me came up and said that on their 
arrival in St. Louis they met their American father, and explained to him 
their business, and urged the release of their friend. Tlie American chief told 
them he wanted land, and that they had agreed to give him some on the west 
side of the Mississippi, and some on the Illinois side, opposite the Jeftreon; 
that when the business was all arranged, they expected their friend released 
to come home with them. But about the time they were ready to start, 
their friend was let out of prison, who ran a short distance, and was shot 
dead! This was all myself or nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has 
been explained to me since. I find, by that treaty, that all our country east 
of the Mississippi, and south of the Jeffreon, was ceded to the United States 
for one thousand dollars a year!" 

The treaty was doubtless made in good faith on the part of the commis- 
sioners, and with the full conviction that it was by authority of the tribes. 
From this time forward Black Hawk seems to have entertained a distrust of 
the Americans. 

Although Spain had ceded the country west of the Mississippi to France 
in 1801, the former power still held possession until its transfer to the United 
States by France. Black Hawk and his band were at St. Louis at this time, 
and he was invited to be present at the ceremonies connected with the 
change of authorities. He refused the invitation; and in giving an account 
of the transaction, said: 

" I found many sad and gloomy faces, because the United States were about 
to take possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans came, I 
took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father. The Americans 
came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we passed out of one door as 
they entered another, and immediately started in our canoes for our village 
on Rock river, not liking the change any more than our friends appeared 
to at St. Louis. On arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange 
people had arrived at St. Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish 
father again. The information made all our people sorry." 

In August, 1805, Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike ascended the river from St. 
Louis, for the purpose of holding councils with the Indians, and selecting 
sites for military posts within the country recently acquired from France. 
At the mouth of Rock river he had a personal interview with Black Hawk, 
the latter being favorably impressed with the young lieutenant. Speaking 
of this interview. Black Hawk himself said: 

"A boat came up the river with a young American chief, and a small 
party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed Salt river. 



44 THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKT. 

Some of our young braves watched them every day, to see what sort of peo- 
ple he had on board. The boat at length arrived at Eock Island, and the 
young chief came on shore with his interpreter, and made a speech, and 
gave us some presents. We, in turn, presented them M'ith meat and such 
other provisions as we had to spare. We were well pleased with the young 
chief. He gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat 
us well." 

Lieut. Pike's expedition was soon followed by the erection of Fort* Ed- 
wards and P^ort Madison, the former on the site of the present town of 
Warsaw, Illinois, and the latter on the site of the present town of Fort 
Madison, Iowa. When these forts were being erected, the Indians sent down 
delegations, headed by some of their chiefs, to have an interview with the 
Americans. Those who visited Fort Edwards returned apparently satisfied 
with what was being done. The erection of Fort Madison they claimed was 
a violation of the treaty of 1804. In that treaty the United States had 
agreed that if "any white persons should form a settlement on their lands, 
such intruders should forthwith be removed." Fort Madison was erected 
within the territory reserved for the Indians, and this they considered an intru- 
sion. Some time afterward a party under the leadership of Black Hawk 
and Pash-e-pa-ho attempted its destruction. They sent spies to watch the 
movements of the garrison. Five soldiers who came out were fired upon by 
the Indians, and two of the soldiers were killed. They kept up the attack 
for several days. Their efibrts to destroy the fort being unsuccessful, they 
returned to Rock river. 

When the war of 1812 broke out, Black Hawk and his band allied them- 
selves with the British, which was the origin of his party, at a later date, 
being known as the "British Band." In narrating the circumstances which 
induced him to join the British, he says: 

" Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and Foxes were called 
upon to go to Washington to see the Great Father. On their return they 
related what had been said and done. They said the Great Father wished 
them, in the event of a war taking place with England, not to interfere on 
either side, but to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but wished us to 
hunt and support our families and live in peace. He said that British traders 
would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi to furnish us with goods, 
but that we should be supplied by an x\merican trader. Our chiefs then told 
him that the British traders always gave them credit in the fall for guns, powder 
and goods to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He replied that the 
trader at Fort Madison would have plenty of goods; that we should go there 
in the fall, and he would supply us on credit, as the British traders had 
done." 

According to Black Hawk, this proposition pleased his people, and they 
went to Fort Madison to receive their promised outfit for the winter's hunt, 
but notwithstanding the promise of the Great Father, at Washington, the 
trader would not give them credit. In reference to their disappointment, 
Black Hawk says: 

"Few of us slept that night; all was gloom and discontent. In the morn- 
ing a canoe was seen descending the river; it soon arrived, bearing an ex- 
press, who brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock 
Island, with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come up im- 
mediately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of presents. The 
express presented us with tobacco, pipes and wampum. The news ran 



THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOKY. 45 

through our camp like fire on a prairie. Our lodges were soon taken down, 
and all started for Rock Island. Here ended all hopes of our remaining at 
peace, having been forced into the war by being deceived." 

Black Hawk and his band then espoused the cause of the British, who, as 
in the case of Tecumseh, gave him the title of ''Gen. Black Hawk." But 
a large portion of the Sacs and Foxes, at the head of whom was Keokuk, 
chose to remain neutral, as well as to abide by the treaty of 1804. Of this 
party Keokuk was the recognized chief. The nation was divided into the 
"war party" and " peace party." Black Hawk maintained his fidelity to 
the British until the end of the war, and was the intimate frieud and sup- 
porter of Tecumseh, until the death of the latter at the battle of the Thames. 

At the close of the war of 1813, Black Hawk returned to his village on 
Rock river, to find Keokuk still the friend of the Americans, and the recog- 
nized war chief of that portion of the Sac and Fox nation which had re- 
mained neutral. As stated elsewhere, a new treaty was concluded in Sep- 
tember, 1815, in which, among other matters, the treaty of St. Louis was rati- 
fied. This treaty was not signed by Black Hawk, or any one representing his 
band, but was signed by chiefs of both the Sacs and Foxes, who were fully au thor- 
ized to do so. This treaty was held at Portage des Sioux, and was a result of the 
war of 1812, with England. In May, 1816, another treaty was held at St. 
Louis, in which the St. Louis treaty of 1804 was recognized. This treaty 
was signed by Black Hawk and twenty other chiefs and braves. The same 
year Fort Armstrong was erected upon Rock Island, a proceeding very dis- 
tasteful to the Indians. Of this Black Hawk says: 

"We did not, however, object to their building the fort on the island, but 
we were very sorry, as this was the best island on the Mississip])i, and had 
long been the resort of ouryoung people during the summer. It was our gar- 
den, like the white people have near their big villages, which supplied us with 
strawberries, blackberries, plums, apples and nuts of various kinds; and its 
waters supplied us with pure fish, being situated in the rapids of the river. In 
my early life, I spent many happy days on this island. A good spirit had care 
of it, who lived in a cave in the rocks, immediately under the place where 
the fort now stands, and has often been seen by our people. He was white, 
with large wings like a swan's, but ten times larger. We were particular 
not to make much noise in that part of the island which he inhabited, for 
fear of disturbing him. But the noise of the fort has since driven him away, 
and no doubt a bad spirit has since taken his place," 

The expedition which was sent up the river to erect a fort at or near Rock 
Island, consisted at first of the Eighth Ignited States Infantry, and started 
from St. Louis in September, 1815, under tlie command Col. R C. Nichols. 
They reached the mouth of the Des Moines, where they v/intered. In April, 
1816, Gen. Thomas A. Smith arrived and took command of the expedition. 
They reached Rock Island on the 10th of May, and, after a careful exami- 
nation, the site for the fort was selected. The regiment being left under the 
command of Col. Lawrence, the work on the fort immediately commenced. 
It was named in honor of John Armstrong of New York, who had recently 
been Secretary of War. 

After the estaljlishment of the fort and garrison at Rock Island settlements 
began to be made at and near the mouth of Rock river, on the east side of the 
Mississippi. Keokuk, as the head chief of the Foxes, with his tribe, in accord- 
ance with the treaties they had made with the United States, left in 1828 and 
established themselves on Iowa river, but Black Hawk and his " British 



4/$ THE NOETHWEST TEKRITOET. 

Band" of about 500 warriors remained in their village and persistently 
refused to leave. The settlers began to complain of frequent depredations at 
the hands of Black Hawk's people, and feared that the neighboring tribes of 
Kickapoos, Pottawattamies, and Winnebagoes, might be induced to join 
Black Hawk in a war of extermination. Finally, in the spring of 1831, Black 
Hawk warned the settlers to leave. These troubles culminated in the 
"Black Hawk War," and the final capture of the chief and some of his prin- 
<}ipal men, as related elsewhere. The Black Hawk War ended hostilities 
with the Indians at or near Rock Island. A garrison, however, was main- 
tained there until 1836, when the troops were sent to Fort Snelling. The 
fort was left in charge of Lieut. John Beach, with a few men to take care of 
tlie property. 

After his capture, Black Hawk and several of his principal men were 
taken to Jefferson Barracks, where they were kept until the the spring of 
1833. They were then sent to Washington, where they arrived on the 22d 
of April, and on the 26th were confined in Fortress Monroe. On the 4tli of 
June, 1833, they were set at liberty by order of the government and per- 
mitted to return to their own country. 

In the fall of 1837 Black Hawk, accompanied by Keokuk, Wapello, Powe- 
shiek, and some forty of the principal chiefs and braves of the Sac and Fox 
nations, again visited Washington, in charge of Col. George Davenport, who 
by his influence with the Indians assisted the government in making another 
large purchase of territory in Iowa. This tract adjoined the "Black Hawk 
Purchase," and embraced 1,250,000 acres. 

After Black Hawk's release from captivity in 1833, he seemed unwilling 
to reside in any of the villages of the tribe. His band was broken up and 
dispersed, as stipulated in the treaty of peace, and he seemed to seek seclu- 
sion from his people. While the garrison remained at Bock Island, he 
usually lived near it, and often put up his wigwam close to the fort, where 
his vision could take in the beautiful country on the east bank of the Missis- 
sippi, which had been his home for more than half a century. But the time 
came when he must go Avith his people to the new reservation on the banks 
of the Des Moines. He was then in the waning years of his life, and the 
other chiefs of the nation seemed disposed to pay him but little attention. 
His family consisted of his wife, two sons and one daughter. He established 
his lodge on the east bank of tlie Des Moines, about three miles below the 
site of the present town of Eldon. Gen. Street presented the family with a 
cow, which was a piece of property which exacted much solicitude and care 
at the hands of Madame Black Hawk. His lodge was near the trading post 
of Wharton McPherson; and James Jordan, who M^as also at that time con- 
nected with the post, had his cabin within a few rods of Black Hawk's lodge. 
This was in the summer of 1838, and the old chief who had defied the power 
of the United States and caused the expenditure of millions of treasure to 
subdue him, was nearing his departure for a final remove beyond the power 
of earthly governments. Near his lodge, on the bank of the river, stood a 
large elm tree, with its spreading branches overhanging the stream, and 
flowing from its roots was a crystal spring of pure water. Here during the 
sultry summer days of that year Black Hawk was wont to repose and dream 
over the years of his former greatness and the wrongs that his people had 
suffered. At last, on the 3d' of October, 1838, death came to his relief, 
and, according to the Indian idea, his spirit passed away to the happy hunt- 
ing grounds. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 47 

The remains of Black Hawk were interred by his family and friends near 
liis cabin on the prairie, a short distance above the old town of lowaville. 
The body was placed on a board, or slab, set np in an inclining position, with 
the feet extending into the ground some fifteen inches and the head elevated 
above the surface some three feet or more. This was enclosed by placing 
slabs around it with the ends resting on the ground and meeting at the top, 
forming a kind of vault. The whole was then covered with dirt and neatly 
sodded. At the head of the grave was placed a flag-staff thirty feet high, 
from which floated the American flag until it was worn out by the wind. 
Interred with the body were a number of his prized and long-treasured 
relics, including a military suit presented by Jackson's cabinet; a sword pre- 
sented by Jackson himself; a cane presented by Henry Clay, and another 
by a British ofiicer; and three silver medals — one presented by Jackson, one 
by John Quincy Adams, and the other by citizens of Boston. Near the 
grave a large post was set in the ground, on which were inscribed in Indian 
characters, emblems commemorating many of his heroic deeds. The 
grave and flag-staff were enclosed by a rude picket fence in circular form. 
Here the body remained until July, 1839, when it disappeared. On com- 
plaint being made by Black Hawk's family, the matter was investigated, and it 
was finally traced to one Dr. Turner, who then resided at, a place called Lex- 
ington, in Van Buren county. The remains had been taken to Illinois, but 
at the earnest request of Black Hawk's relatives, Gov. Lucas interposed and 
had them sent to Burlington. The sons were informed that the remains 
were in Burlington and went to that place to obtain them. While there it 
was suggested to them that if taken away they would only be stolen again, 
and they concluded to leave them where they thought they might be more 
safely preserved. They were finally placed in a museum in that city, and 
years after, with a large collection of other valuable relics, were destroyed by 
the burning of the building. In the meantime the relatives of the renowned 
chief removed westward with the rest of the tribe, and were finally lost to 
all knowledge of the white man. 

KEOKUK. 

Keokuk (Watchful Fox) belonged to the Sac branch of the nation, and 
was born on Rock river, in 1780. He was an orator, but was also entitled 
to rank as a warrior, for he possessed courage and energy, but at the same 
time a cool judgment. He had an intelligent appreciation of the power and 
greatness of the United States, and saw the futility of Black Hawk's liope to 
contend successfully against the government. In his first battle, while 
young, he had killed a Sioux, and for this he was honored with a feast by 
his tribe. 

At the beginning of the Black Hawk War an affair transpired which w-as 
dignified by the name of the " Battle of Stillman's Run," in which some three 
hundred volimteers under Maj. Stillman took prisoners five of Black Hawk's 
men who were approaching with a flag of truce. One of the prisoners was 
shot by Stillman's men. Black Hawk had also sent five other men to follow 
the bearers of the flag. The troops catne upon these and killed two of them. 
The other three reached their camp and gave the alarm. Black Hawk's 
warriors then charged upon Stillman's advancing troops and completely 
routed them. This failure to respect the flag of truce so exasperated the 
Indians that it was with great difficulty that Keokuk could restrain his war- 
riors from espousing the cause of Black Hawk. Stillman's defeat was fol- 



48 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

lowed hy a war-dance, in whicli Keokuk took part. After the dance lie 
called a council of war, and made a speech in which he admitted the justice 
of their complaints. The blood of their brethren slain by the white men, 
while bearing a flag of truce, called loudly for vengeance. Said he: 

" I am your chief, and it is my duty to lead you to battle, if, after fully con- 
sidering the matter, you are determined to go. But before you decide on 
taking this important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success. 
But if you do determine to go upon the war path, I will agree to lead you on 
one condition, viz.: that before we go we will kill all our old men and our 
wives and our children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation, 
and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the other side of 
the Mississippi." 

Keokuk so forcibly portrayed in other parts of this speech the great 
power of the United "'.I ,toS, and of the hopeless prospect before them, that 
his warriors at once abandoned all thought of joining Black Hawk. 

The name Keokuk signified Watchful Fox. As we hav^e seen, he eventu- 
ally superseded Black Hawk, and was recognized by the United States as the 
principal chief of the Sac and Fox nation, which, indeed, had much to do in 
stinging the pride of the imperious Black Hawk. In person he was strong, 
graceful and commanding, with fine features and an intelligent countenance. 
He excelled in horsemanship, dancing, and all athletic exercises. He was 
courageous and skillful in war, but mild and politic in peace. He had a 
son, a fine featured, promising boy, who died at Keokuk's village on the 
Des Moines. Keokuk himself became somewhat dissipated during the later 
years of his life in Iowa. It was reported that after his removal with his people 
to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi, he died of delirium tremens. 
Iowa has honored his memory in the name of one of her counties, and one 
of her principal cities. 

APPANOOSE. 

Appanoose was a chief who presided over a band of the Sacs. His name, 
in the language of that tribe, signified "A Chief When a Child," indicating 
that he inherited his position. It was said he was equal in rank with Keo- 
kuk, but he did not possess the influence of the latter. He was one of the 
" peace chiefs " during the Black Hawk War. During the last occupation of 
Iowa soil by the Sacs and Foxes, Appanoose had his village near the site of the 
present city of Ottumwa. His people cultivated a portion of the ground on 
which that city is located. He was one of the delegation sent to Washing- 
ton in 1837, at which time he visited with the other chiefs the city of Boston, 
where they were invited to a meeting in Fanueil Hall. On that occasion he 
made the most animated speech, both in manner and matter, that was deliv- 
ered by the chiefs. After Keokuk had spoken, Appanoose arose and said: 

"You have heard just now what my chief has to say. All our chiefs and 
warriors are very much gratified by our visit to this town. Last Saturday 
they were invited to a great house, and now they are in the great council- 
house. They are very much pleased with so much attention. This we can- 
not reward you for now, but shall not forget it, and hope the Great Spirit 
will reward you for it. This is the place which our forefathers once inhabi- 
ted. I have often heard my father and grandfather say they lived near the 
sea-coast where the white man first came. I am glad to hear all this from 
you. I suppose it is put in a book, where you learn all these things. As 
far as I can understand the language of the white people, it appears to me 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



49 




INDIANS TRYING A PRISONEK. 



50 THE NOKTHWEST TERRITORY. 

that the Americans have attained a very high rank among the white people. 
It is the same with ug, though I say it myself. Where we live beyond the 
Mississippi, I am respected by all people, and they consider me the tallest 
among them, 1 am happy that two great men meet and shake hands with 
each other." 

As Appanoose concluded his speech, he suited the action to the word by 
extending his hand to Gov. Everett, amid the shouts of applause from the 
audience, who were not a little amused at the self-complacency of the orator. 
But few of the incidents in the life of this chief have passed into history. 
His name has been perpetuated in that of one of the Iowa counties. 

WAPELLO. 

Wapello, or Waupellow, was one of the minor chiefs of the Sac and Fox 
Nation. He was born at Prairie du Chien, in 1787. At the time of the 
erection of Fort Armstrong (1816) he presided over one of the three prin- 
cipal villages in that vicinity. His village there was on the east side of the 
Mississippi, near the foot of Rock Island, and about three miles north of 
the famous Black Hawk village. In 1829 he removed his village to Musca- 
tine Slough, and then to a place at or near where the town of Wapello, in 
Louisa county, is now located. Like Keokuk, he was in favor of abiding 
by the requirements of the treaty of 1804, and opposed the hostilities in 
which Black Llawk engaged against the whites. He was one of the chiefs 
that visited Washington in 1837, and his name apjDcars to several treaties 
relinquishing lands to the United States. He appears to have been a warm 
personal friend of Gen. Jos. M. Street, of the Sac and Fox agency, and made 
a request that at his death his remains be interred along side of those of 
Gen. Street, which request was complied with. He died near the Forks of 
Skunk river, March 15th, 1842, at the age of 55 years. His remains, with 
those of Gen. Street, repose near Agency City, in the county which honors 
his memory with its name. The two graves and the monuments have re- 
cently been repaired by parties connected with the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy Railroad, whose line passes within a few rods of them. 

POWESHIEK. 

Poweshiek was a chief of the same rank with Wapello, and near the same 
age. He also was one of the chiefs who visited Washington in 1837. When 
the greater portion of the Sac and Fox nation removed to the Des Moines 
river, he retained his village on the Iowa river, where he presided over 
what was kno^vn as the Musquawkie band of the Sacs and Foxes. In May, 
1838, when Gen. Street organized a party to examine the new purchase made 
the fall before, with a view of selecting a site for the agency, the expedition 
was accompanied by about thirty braves, under the command of Poweshiek. 
At that time the Sacs and Foxes were at war with the Sioux, and after leav- 
ing their reservation these men were very fearful that they might be sur- 
prised and cut off by the Sioux. A small remnant of his band make their 
home on Iowa river, in Tama county, at this time. He also remained the 
friend of the whites during the Black Hawk war, and the people of Iowa 
have honored his memory by giving his name to one of their counties. 



THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 51 

PASH-E-PA-IIO. 

Pasli-e-pa-ho, called also the Stabbing Chief, at the time of tlie treaty of 
1804, and until after the Bhiek Hawk war, was head chief among the Sacs. 
He was also present in St. Louis at the making of tliat treaty, and was even 
tlien well advanced in years. It has been related that he laid a plan to at- 
tack Fort Madison, not long after its erection. His plan was to gain an 
entrance to the fort with concealed arms under their blankets, under a pre- 
tense of holding a council. A squaw, however, had secretly conveyed intel- 
ligence to the commandant of the garrison of the intended attack, so that the 
troops were in readiness for them. When Pash-e-pa-ho and his warriors ad- 
vanced in a body toward the closed gate, it suddenly opened, revealing to 
the astonished savages a cannon in the passage-way, and the gunner stand- 
ing with lighted torch in hand ready to lire. Pash-e-jja-ho deemed " discre- 
tion the better part of valor ", and retreated. 

Some time after the plot against Fort Madison, Pash-e-pa-ho made an at- 
tempt to obtain a lodgement in Fort Armstrong, though in quite a different 
way. Several of his braves had the year before, while out hunting, fell in 
with a party of their enemies, the Sioux, and had lifted several of their scalps. 
The Sioux complained of this outrage to the Department at Washington, 
and orders were issued demanding the surrender of the culprits. They were 
accordingly brought and retained as prisoners in Fort Armstrong, where they 
had comfortable quarters and plenty to eat during the winter. Having fared 
sumptuously for several months, without effort on their part, they were re- 
leased on the payment of a small amount out of the annuities of their tribes, 
to the Sioux. The next fall Pash-e-pa-ho thought he might avoid the trouble 
of stocking his larder for the winter. So he voluntarily called on the com- 
mandant of Fort Armstrong, and informed him that while on a recent hunt 
he had unfortunately met a Sioux, and had yielded to the temptation to get 
his scalp. He confessed that he had done a very wrongful act, and wished 
to save the Great Father at Washington the trouble of sending a letter or- 
dering his arrest; tlierefore he would surrender himself as a prisoner. The 
commandant saw through his scheme to obtain comfortable quarters and 
good boarding for the winter, and so told him he was an honorable Indian, 
and that his v^oluntary offer to surrender himself Avas a sufficient guarantee 
that he would appear when sent for. That was the last that was heard of 
the matter. Pash-e-pa-ho was never sent for. 

During the first quarter of the present century the Sacs and Foxes were 
frequently at war with the lowas. The latter had one of their principal villa- 
ges on the Des Moines river, near where Black Hawk died many years af- 
terward. It was here that the last great battle was fought between these 
tribes. Pash-e-pa-ho was chief in command of the Sacs and Foxes. Black 
Hawk was also a prominent actor in this engagement, but was subject to 
his senior, Pash-e-pa-ho. Accounts conflict as to the date, but the eviden- 
ces of the conflict were plainly visible as late as 1824. The Sacs and Foxes 
surprised the lowas while the latter were engaged in running their horses 
on the prairie, and therefore unprepared to defend themselves. The result 
was that Pash-e-pa-ho achieved a decisive victory over the lowas. 

Pash-e-pa-ho was among the chiefs present at the making of the treaty 
of 1832, when the " Black Hawk Purchase " was made. He was very much 
given to intemperate habits whenever he could obtain liquor, and it is prob- 
ble that, like Keokuk, he died a drunkard. 



52 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY; 



WISn-E-CO-MA-QUE. 



Quite prominent among* tlie Sacs and Foxes, after their removal to Iowa, 
was a man known by the name of Ilardiish, or Wish-e-co-ma-que, as it 
is in the Indian tongue. He was not a cliief, but a brave who rose al- 
most to the prominence of a chief. He adhered to Black Hawk in his hos- 
tility toward the whites, and when Black Hawk died, Hardfish became the 
leader of his band, composed mostly of those who had participated in the 
Black Hawk war. When the Sacs and Foxes occupied their reservation on 
the Des Moines river, Hardfish had his village where Eddyville is now lo- 
cated. It was quite as respectable in size as any of the other villages of the 
Sacs and Foxes. Hardfish's band was composed of people from the Sac 
branch of the Sac and Fox nation. One John Goodell was the interpreter 
for this band. The name of Hardfish was quite familiar to the frontier 
settlers of Southeastern Iowa. 

CHOS-CnUN-CA. 

When, in 1834, Gen. Henry Dodge made a treaty mth the Winnebagoes 
for the country occupied by them in Wisconsin, they were transferred to a 
strip of land extending west from the Mississippi, opposite Prairie du Chien, 
to the Des Moines river, being a tract forty miles in width. The chief of 
the Winnebagoes at that time was Chos-chun-ca, or Big Wave. Soon after 
their removal to this reservation they were visited by Willard Barrows, one 
of the pioneers of Davenport, who had an interview with Chos-chun-ca. 
He found him clothed in a bufi^alo overcoat, and wearing a high crowned 
hat. His nose was surmounted by a pair of j/?r/??i spectacles. Mr. Barrows 
held his interview with the chief just south of the lower boundary of the 
reservation. Chos-chun-ca was quite reticent as to the afiairs of his people, 
and refused permission to Mr. Barrows to ex])lore the Winnebago reserva- 
tion, being impressed with the idea that the whites had sent him to seek out 
all the fine country, and that if their lands were found desirable, then the 
Indians would be compelled to remove again. Mr. Barrows, however, with- 
out the chief's permission, passed safely tln-ough their territory. 

MAr-IIAW-GAW. 

The greater portion of the territor}^ embraced within the limits of Iowa» 
was once occupied by a tribe, or nation of Indians, known in history as the 
lowas (or loways), who for many years maintained an almost constant war- 
fare with the Sioux, a powerful rival wlio lived to the nortli of them. The 
lowas were originally the Pau-hoo-chee tribe, and lived in the region of the 
lakes, to the northeast, but about the year 1700 they followed their chief, 
Mau-haw-gaw, to the banks of the Mississip]n, and crossing over, settled on 
the west bank of Iowa river, near its mouth, and there esta])lished a village. 
They called the river on which they established their em])ire, IS^e-o-ho-nee, 
or "Master of Rivers." For some years they prospered and multiplied, but 
the Sioux began to envy them the ])rosperity which they enjoyed, and with 
no good intentions came down to visit them. Sending to Mau-haw-gaw 
the pipe of peace, with an invitation to join them in a dog feast, they made 
great professions of friendship. The Iowa chief, having confidence in tlicir 
protestations of good feeling, accepted the invitation. In the midst of the 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 53 

feast the perfidious Sioux suddenly attacked and killed tlie unsuspecting 
Mau-liaw-gaw. This outrage was never forgiven by the lowas. 

MA-HAS-K^UI. 

One of the most noted chiefs of the lowas was Ma-has-kah (White 
Cloud), a descendent of Mau-haw-gaw. He led his warriors in eighteen 
battles against the Sioux on the north, and the Osages on the south, but 
never failed to achieve a victory. He made his home on the Des Moines 
river, about one hundred miles above the mouth, and must have been some- 
thing of a Mormon, for it is said he had seven wives. In 1824 he was one 
of a party of chiefs who visited Washington. He left his home on the Des 
Moines to go down the river on his way to j(>in his part}', and when near 
where the city of Keokuk is now located, he stopjjed to prepare and eat his 
venison. He had just commenced his meal when some one struck him on 
the back. Turning round, he was surprised to see one of his wives, Rant- 
che-wai-me (Female Flying Pigeon), standing with an uplifted tomahawk 
in her hand. She accosted him with — " Am I your wife ? Are you my hus- 
band ? If so, I will go with you to Maw-he-hum-ne-che (the American big 
house), and see and shake the hand of In-co-ho-nee ", meaning the Great 
Father, as they called tlie President. Ma-has-kah answered: " Yes, you are 
my wife ; I am your husband ; I have been a long time from you ; I am 
glad to see you ; you are my pretty wife, and a brave man always loves to 
see a pretty woman." Ma-has-kah went on to Washington accompanied by 
his '"pretty wife ", Rant-che-wai-mie, who received many presents, but saAV 
many things of which she disapproved. When she returned, she called to- 
gether the matrons and maidens of the tribe, and warned them against the 
vices and follies of their white sisters. This good Indian woman was killed 
by being thrown from her horse, some time after her return from Washing- 
ton. In 1831: Ma-has-kah was also killed about sixty miles from his home, 
on the Nodaway, by an enemy who took a cowardly advantage of him. At 
the time of his death he was fifty years of age. After his death all liis sur- 
viving wives went into mourning and poverty, according to the custom ol 
the tril)e, except one named Mis-so-rah-tar-ra-haw (Female Deer that bounds 
over the ]-)rairie), who refused to the end of her life to be comforted, saying 
that her husband "was a great brave, and was killed by dogs", meaning 
low, vulgar fellows. 

Soon after the death of Ma-has-kah, his son of the same name, at the age 
of twenty-four, became the chief of the lowas. His mother was Rant-che- 
wai-me, whose tragic death is mentioned above. Fie also visited AVashing- 
ton in the winter of 1836-7, for the purpose of obtaining redress for injus- 
tice, which he claimed had been done to his people by the government, in 
failing to keep intruders from their lands, and in disregarding other stipu- 
lations of the treaty made with his father in 1825. 

SI-DOM-I-NA-DO-TAH. 

When the whites began to make settlements on the upper Des Moines, 
the region about Fort Dodge and Spirit Lake was inhabited by Sioux In- 
dians, made up principally of that division of tlie great Sioux or Dacotah 
nation known I)y the name of Sisiton Sioux. When, in 18-18, the govern- 
ment survey's of the lands purchased north of the Raccoon Forks were in pro- 
gress, Mr. Marsh, of Dubuque, set out with his party to run tlie correction 



54 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOEY. 

line from a point on the Mississippi, near Dubuque, to the Missouri river. 
In this work he was not molested until he crossed the Des Moines, when on 
the west bank of the river, he was met by a party of Sioux, under the lead- 
ership of their chief, Si-dom-i-na-do-tah, who notified Mr. Marsh and his 
party that they should proceed no farther, as the country belonged to the 
Indians. The Sioux then left, and Mr. Marsh concluded to continue his 
work. He had not proceeded more than a mile when Si-dom-i-na-do-tah 
and his band returned and surrounded the party, robbing them of every- 
thing. They took their horses, destroyed their wairons and surveying instru- 
ments, destroyed the land-marks, and drove the surveying party back to the 
east side of the river. Tliis, and other outrages committed on families who, 
in the fall of 1849, ventured to make claims on the upper Des Moines, led 
to the establishment of a military post at Fort Dodge in 1850. 

In the winter of 1846-7 one Henry Lott, an adventurous border char- 
acter, had, with his family, taken up his residence at the mouth of Boone 
river, in what is now Webster county, and within the range of Si-dom-i-na- 
do-tah's band. Lott had provided himself with some goods and a barrel ol 
whisky, expecting to trade with the Indians, and obtain their furs and robes. 
In a short time he was waited upon by the chief and six of his braves and 
informed that he was an intruder and that he must leave within a certain time. 
The time having expired, and Lott still remaining, the Indians destroyed 
his property, shooting his stock and robbing his bee-hives. Lott and his 
step-son made their way to the nearest settlement, at Pea's Point, about 16 
miles south, and reported that his family had been murdered by the Indians, 
as he d< )ubtless thought they would be after he left. John Pea and half a 
dozen other white men, accompanied by some friendly Indians of another 
tribe, who happened to be in that vicinity, set out with Lott for the mouth 
of Boone river. When they arrived they found that the family had not 
been tomahawked, as he had reported. One little boy, however, aged about 
twelve years, had attempted to follow his father in his flight, by going down 
the Des Moines river on the ice. Being thinly clad, the little fellow froze to 
death after traveling on the ice a distance of about twenty miles. The body 
of the child was subsequently found. The sequel shows that Lott was de- 
termined on revenge. 

In November, 1853, Lott ventured about thirty miles north of Fort Dodge, 
where he pretended to make a claim, in what is now Humboldt county. He 
took with him several barrels of whisky and some goods, and he and his 
step-son built a cabin near what is now known as Lott's creek in that 
county. Si-dom-i-na-do-tah had his cabin on the creek about a mile west of 
Lott-s. In January, 1854, Lott and his step-son went to the cabin of the 
old chief and told him that they had seen, on their way over, a drove of elk 
feeding on the bottom lands, and induced the old man to mount his pony, 
with gun in hand, to go in pursuit of the elk. Lott and his step-son fol- 
lowed, and when they had proceeded some distance they shot and killed Si- 
dom-i-na-do-tah. That same night they attacked and killed six of the chief's 
family, including his wife and two children, his aged mother, and two young 
children she had in charge — including with the chief, seven victims in all. Two 
children, a boy of twelve, and a girl of ten years of age, escaped by hiding 
themselves. Some days after, the Indians reported the murders at Fort 
Dodge, thinking at first that the slaughter had been perpetrated by some of 
their Indian enemies. Investigation soon revealed the tact that Lott and his 
step-son had committed the deed. Their cabin was found burned down, and 



THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. 55 

a slight snow on the ground showed the track of their wagon in a circuitous 
route southward, avoiding Fort Dodge. Intelligence of them was received 
at various points where they had been trjang to sell furs and other articles, 
and where the chief's pony was noticed to be in their possession. Having 
several days start, they made their way across the Missouri and took the 
plains for California, where, it was subsequently learned, Lott was killed in 
a quarrel. It is believed by many of the old settlers of Northern Iowa that 
this outrage of Henry Lott was the cause of that other tragedy, or rather 
series of tragedies, in the history of Northern Iowa, known as the " Spirit 
Lake Massacre." 

INK-PA-DU-TAH. 

Ink-pa-du-tah, it is said, was the brother, and became the successor, of the 
chief who was murdered by Henry Lott. He is knowu to the whites chiefly 
in connection with the horrible outrages committed at Spirit and Okoboji 
Lakes in Northern low^a, and at Springfield in Southern Minnesota. He, 
in connection with U-tan-ka-sa-pa (Black Bufl'alo), headed a band of about 
eighteen lodges of Sioux, who, in the spring of ISoT, robbed the settlers and 
committed the most inhuman outrages, culminating in the massacres of the 
8th and 9th of March of that year. During the year 1856 a dozen or more 
families had settled about the lakes, while along the valley of the Little Sioux 
riv^er at Smithland, Cherokee, and Kock Rapids there were settlements. 
Ink-pa-du-tah and his band commenced their depredations at Smithland, and 
passing up the Little Sioux made hostile demonstrations both at Cherokee 
and Rock Rapids, killing stock and carrying away whatever they saw proper 
to take, but committed no murders until they reached the infant settlement 
at the lakes. There, and at Springfleld, a small settlement in Minnesota a 
few miles northeast, they killed forty-one, wounded three, and took with 
them as captives four women — Mrs. Llowe, Mrs. Thatcher, Mrs. Marble, and 
Miss Gardner. Twelve persons were missing, some of whose remains were 
afterward found, having been killed while attempting to escape. Of the 
four women taken captives, two were killed on their night, Mrs. Howe and 
Mrs. Thatcher. The other two, Mrs. Marble and Miss Gardner, were some 
months after, through the efl:brts of Gov. Madarie, of Minnesota, and the 
Indian agent at Laqua Parle, purchased from Ink-pa-du-tah by employing 
friendly Indians to aflt'ect the purchase. Jjy this raid and massacre the set- 
tlement at the lakes was entirely swept away. All the houses were burned, 
and all the stock either killed or taken away. At Springfield the settlers 
were somewhat prepared to defend themselves, having heard of the slaughter 
at the lakes. Seven or eight persons, however, were killed at Springfield. 

The winter preceding these massacres had been unusually severe, and 
snow had fallen to the depth of from one to two feet. In March all the 
ravines were filled with drifted snow, with a thick and heavy crust, so that 
travel in that region was almost impossible. For this reason those infant 
settlements were almost cut off from intercourse with the thickly inhabited 
parts of the country. It was, therefore, some time before the news of the 
massacres reached Fort Dodge, the nearest settlement. The messengers 
who conveyed the intelligence were Messrs. Bell and Williams, who lived on 
Little Sioux river. Messrs. Howe, Snyder and Parmenter, of Newton, who 
had attempted to relieve the inhabitants at the lakes with provisions, also 
upon arriving there found all the settlers murdered. They, too, hastened as 
rapidly as possible to Fort Dodge and reported. Messengers were at once 



5t) THE NORTHWEST TEREITOEY. 

sent to Webster City and Homer to request tlie citizens to turn out for the 
relief of the frontier, and they responded promptly. Those two places fur- 
nished forty men and Fort Dodge eighty. The force of V20 men was 
formed into three companies of forty men each, under Captains C. B. 
llichards, John F. Dnncomhe, and J. C. Johnston. The battalion was 
commanded by Major W. Williams. On the 25th of March the battalion 
started from F(U"t Dodge, the snow still covering the ground and alf the 
ravines being so gorged with drifted snow that in places it was necessary to 
cut their way through snow-banks from ten to twenty feet deep. After 
marching thirty miles ten men had to be sent back, reducing tlie force to 
J 10 men. In the meantime a force from Fort Ridgely was approaching 
tVom the north. The Indians, expecting these mov^ements, had taken their 
tliglit across the Big Sioux river to join the Yanktons, in what is now 
Dakota. The troops, after almost incredible hardships and sufferings for 
eighteen days and nights, being without tents, tailed to get sight of a single 
hostile Indian. They found and buried the bodies of twenty-nine persons. 
A nnndjer were burned in the houses by the savages, and their remains 
were found in the ashes. The expedition lost two valuable citizens. Captain 
J. C'. Johnston, of Webster City, and William Burkholder, of Fort Dodge, 
the latter being a brother of Mrs. Gov. C. C. Carpenter. They were frozen 
to death on their return from the lakes. Eighteen others were more or less 
frozen, and some did not recover for a year after. Several years after his 
death the remains of young Burkholder were found on the prairie, being 
recognized by the remains of his gun and clothing. When overcome by the 
coldhe was separated from his companions, and his fate was for sometime 
unknown. 

From this brief account of Ink-pa-du-tah, it will be conceded that there is 
no reason to cherish his memory with any degree of admiration. He was 
the leader of a band comprising even the worst element of the Sioux nation, 
the best of which is bad enough, even for savages. The germ of the band 
of which he was chief, was a family of murderers, known as Five Lodges, 
who, it was said, having murdered an aged chief, wandered away and formed 
a little tribe of their own, with whom rogues from all the other l)ands found 
refuge. At the time of these hostilities against the whites under Ink-pa-du- 
tah,"they numbered probably over 150 lodges. They were constantly roving 
about in parties, stealing wherever they could from trappers and settlers. 
The subsequent career of Ink-pa-du-tah has been west of the borders of Iowa 
and Minnesota. 

EARLY ]S^AYIGATION OF WESTEE^T EIYEES. 

Navigation of the Mississippi by the Early Explorers— Flat-boats — Barg-os — Methods of Pro- 
pulsion — Brigs and Schooners — The first Steamboat on Western Waters — The " Orleans " — 
The "Cornet^" — The "' Enterprise"'— -Cant. Shreve — The " Washington "—The ''General 
Pike"" — First Steamboat to St. Louis— The "Independence" the first Steamboat on the 
Missouri — Capt. ISIelson — " Mackinaw Boats " — Navigation of the upper Mississippi — The 
'•Virginia" — The ''Shamrock " — Capt. James May — Navigation of the upper Missouri — 
Steamboating on the Smaller Rivers. 

Wi<: have accounts of the navigation of the Mississippi river as early as 
1539, by De Soto, while in search of the "fountain of youth''. His voyage 
ended with his life, and more than a hundred years passed away, when Mar- 
quette and Joliet again disturbed its waters with a small bark transported 



THE NORTHWEST TEKRITOEY. 57 

from tlie shores of Lake Superior. At the mouth of the Wisconsin they 
entered tlie Mississippi, and extended tlieir voyage to the mouth of the 
Arkansas. Their account is the first which gave to the world any accurate 
knowledge of the great valley of the Mississippi river. Their perilous voy- 
age was made in the summer of 1673. The account was read with avidity 
by the missionaries and others about Lake Superior, and soon after a youno- 
Frenchman named La Salle set out witli a view of adding further informa- 
tion in relation to tlie wonderful valley of the great riv^er. His expedition 
was followed by other voyages of exploration on Vv'estern rivers, but the nar- 
ratives of the explorers are mostly lost, so that very little of interest remains 
from the voyage of La Salle to the latter part of the eighteenth century, 
when the French, then holding Fort Du Quesne, contemplated the establish- 
ment of a line of forts whicli would enable them to retain possession of tlie 
vast territory northwest of the Ohio river. Regular navigation of the Ohio 
and Mississippi, however, Avas not attempted until after the Revolution, when 
the United States had assumed control of the western waters. Trade with 
New Orleans did not begin until near the close of the century. .V few flat 
boats were employed in the trade between Pittsburg and the new settlements 
along the Ohio river. The settlement of Kentuck}^ gradually increased the 
trade on the Ohio, and caused a demand for increased iacilities for convey- 
ance of freight. Boatmen soon found it 2:)rofitable to extend their voyao-'es 
to the Spanish settlements in tlie South. Freight and passengers were C(>n- 
veyed in a species of boat which was sometimes called a barge, or hargee by 
the French. It was usuall}' from 75 to 100 feet long, with 1)readth of beam 
from 15 to 20 feet, and a capacity of 60 to 100 tons. The freight was re- 
ceived in a large covered coffer, occupying a portion of the hulk ISTear the 
•stern was an apartment six or eight feet in length, called "the cabin", 
where the captain and other officials of the boat quartered at night. The 
helmsman was stationed upon an elevation al>ove the level of the deck. The 
barge usually carried one or two masts. A large square sail forward, when 
the wind was favorable, sometimes much relieved the hands. The work of 
propelling the barges usually required about fifty men to each boat. There 
were several modes of propelling the barges. At times all were en<»-aged in 
rowing, which was often a waste of labor on such a stream as the Missis- 
sippi. Sometimes the navigators resorted to the use of the co/vlelle, a strong 
rope or hawser, attached to the barge, and carried along the shore or beach 
on the shoulders of the crew. In some places this method was imprac- 
ticable on account of obstructions along the shores. Then what was known 
as the "warping" process was resorted to. A coil of rope was sent out in 
the yawl, and fistented to a tree on the shore, or a "snag" in the river. 
While the hands on board were pulling up to this point, another coil was 
carried further ahead, and the " warping " process repeated. Sometimes it 
was expedient to use setting poles, but this method was used chieflv in the 
Ohio. During a period of about twenty-live years, up to 1811, the inode of 
conveyance on our western rivers was by flat-boats and l)arges. It required 
three or four months to make a trip from Pittsburg to New Orleans. Pass- 
engers between these points were charged from ,$125 to $150, and freight 
ranged from $5 to $7 per 100 pounds. It cannot be supposed that under 
such circumstances, the commerce of the West was very extensive. 

Previous to the introduction of steamers on western waters, attempts were 
made to use brigs and schooners. In 1803 several ships were Iniilt on the 
Ohio, and in 1805 the ship "Scott" was built on the Kentucky river, and 



58 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKY. 

in the fall of that year made her first trip to the falls of the Ohio. While there 
two other vessels, built by Berthone & Co., arrived. All of them were com- 
pelled to remain three months, awaiting a sufficient rise in the river to carry 
them over the falls. In 1807 Mr. Dean built and launched a vessel at Pitts- 
burg. This vessel made a trip to Leghorn, and when making her entry at 
the custom house there, her papers were objected to on the ground that no 
such port as Pittsburg existed in the United States. The captain called the 
attention of the officer to the Mississippi river, traced it to its confluence 
with the Ohio, thence following the latter stream past Cincinnati and Mari- 
etta, to the new city in the wilderness, more than two thousand miles by 
water from the Gulf of Mexico! All these vessels were found inadequate for 
the purpose of trading on the western rivers, and were soon abandoned. 
They could not stem the current of the Mississippi. They were transferred 
to the gulf, and the commerce of the rivers was abandoned to Mike Fink 
and his followers, remaining with them until 1811. In this year Fulton and 
Livingston opened a ship-3'ard at Pittsburg, and built the small propeller 
" Orleans ", which was also furnished with two masts. She was a boat of one 
hundred tons burthen, and the first steamer that was launclied on western 
waters. In the winter of 1812 she made her first trip to Kew Orleans in 
fourteen days. As she passed down the river, the settlers lined the banks, 
and the greatest excitement prevailed. The flat-boatmen said she never could 
stem the current on her upward trip. After her first trip, the " Orleans " 
engaged in the ^Natchez and New Orleans trade, and paid her owners a 
handsome profit on their investment. The next steamer was the " Comet ", 
and she was built by D. French. She carried but twenty-five tons, and 
made her first trip to New Orleans in the spring of 1811. Soon after she 
was taken to pieces, and her engine used in a cotton factory. The " Yesu- 
vius ", of 48 tons burthen, was launched at Fulton's ship-yard in the spring 
of 1814, made a trip to New Orleans, and on her return was grounded on a 
sand bar, where she remained until the next December. This boat remained 
on the river until 1819, when she was condemned. The "Enterprise" was 
the fourth steamboat, and was built by Mr. French, who built the " Comet." 
The " Enterprise " carried seventy-five tons, and made her first trip to New 
Orleans in the summer of 1814. When she arrived at her destination she 
was pressed into the service of the army, under Oen. Jackson, then at New 
Orleans. She was very efficient in carrying troops and army supplies from 
the city to the seat of war, a few miles below. During the battle of the 8th 
of January she was busily engaged in supplying the wants of Jackson's 
army. On the 5th of May following she left New Orleans, and arrived at 
Louisville in twenty -five days. 

In 1816 Captain Henry Shreve built the "Washington" with many im- 
provements in construction. The boilers, which had hitherto been placed in 
the hold, were changed by Captain Shreve to the deck. In September, 1816, 
the "Washington" successfully passed the falls of the Ohio, made her trip 
to New Orleans, and returned in November to Louisville. On the 12th of 
March, 1817, she departed on her second trip to New Orleans, the ice then 
running in the Ohio slightly retarding her progress. She made the trip 
successfully, and returned to the foot of the falls in forty-one days — the 
upward trip beinff made in twenty-five days. By this time it was generally 
conceded by the fiat-boatmen that Fitch and Fulton were not visionary fools, 
but men of genius, and that their inventions could be turned to immense 
advantage on the rivers of the West. Steamboats from this time on rapidly 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 59 

multiplied, and the occupation of the old flat-boatmen began to pass away. 
On Captain Shreve's return to Louisville the citizens gave him a public re- 
ception. Toasts and speeches were made, and the " Washington " declared 
to be the herald of a new era in the West. Captain Shreve in his speech 
asserted that the time would come when the trip to New Orleans would be 
made in ten days. His prediction was more than verified, for as early as 
1853, the trip was made in four days and nine hours. 

While these festivities were going on in Louisville, the " General Pike " 
was stemming the current of the Mississippi for a new port in steamboat 
navigation. With a heavy load of freight and passengers she left New 
Orleans for St. Louis. On her arrival at the latter city several thousand 
people greeted her as she slowly approached the landing. 

Steam navigation commenced on the Missouri in 1819, the first boat being 
the " Independent ", commanded by Captain Nelson. She ascended as far as 
Chariton and Franklin, at which points she received a cargo of furs and 
buffalo hides, and returned with them to St. Louis. 

In 1816 Fort Armstrong was erected at the lower end of Rock Island. On 
the 10th of May of this year Col. Lawrence, with the Eiglith Regiment and 
a company of riflemen, arrived here in keel boats. Col. George Davenport 
resided near the fort and supplied the troops with provisions, and also engaged 
in trading with the Indians. Most of his goods were brought from "Macki- 
naw" through Green Bsly, thence up Fox river to the " Portage ", where they 
were packed across to the Wisconsin river, and carried down the Mississippi 
in what were called " Mackinaw Boats." The navigation of the upper Missis- 
sippi was confined to keel-boats until 1823, when the first steamboat — the 
"Virginia" — from Wlieeling ascended with provisions to Prairie du Chien. 
This boat was three or four days in passing the rapids at Rock Island. 
After this, up to 1827, steamboats continued to ascend the upper Mississippi 
occasionally with troops and military stores. In this year Capt. James May, 
of the steamboat "Shamrock", made the first voyage with her from Pitts- 
burg to Galena. This was the first general business trip ever made on the 
upper Mississippi by a steamboat. Capt. May continued as master of a 
steamboat on this part of the river until 1834. 

The first navigation of any considerable portion of the Missouri river was 
that of Captains Lewis and Clarke, when in 1804 they ascended that river in 
keel-boats, or barges, from its mouth almost to its source. Of late years 
steamboats have navigated it regularly to Fort Benton. Steamboat navi- 
gation has also been employed on many of the smaller rivers of the West, 
including the Des Moines and Cedar rivers in Iowa. The introduction of 
railroads has superseded the necessity of depending upon the uncertain nav- 
igation of the smaller rivers for carrying purposes. The great water-courses, 
however, will doubtless always remain the indispensible commercial high- 
ways of the nation. 

ARCHEOLOGY OF THE NORTHWEST. 

Ancient Works — Conjectures — Works of the Mound Builders in Ohio — Different forms and 
Classes — Mounds at GalUpolis, Marietta, and Chillicothe — Relics Found— Ancient Fortifi- 
cations at Circleville and Other Places — Pre-historic Remains in Other States — In Iowa — 
Excavation of Mounds— Elongated and Round Mounds — Their Antiquity — Who were the 
Mound Builders? 

Scattered all over the great Northwest are the remains of the works of an 



60 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

ancient people, who must have been infinitely more advanced in the arts 
than the Indian tribes who inhabited the country at the time of the advent 
of the European. The question as to whether the Indians are the descend- 
ants of that people, the Mound Builders, is a subject of antiquarian specula- 
tion. One thing, however, is certain, that a people once inhabited all this 
vast region who possessed some considerable knowledge of the arts and even 
the sciences; a people of whom the Indians possessed no knowledge, but 
whose works have survived the mutations of hundreds, and perhaps thous- 
ands of years, to attest that they lived, and acted, and ])assed away. There 
have been various conjectures of the learned concerning the time when, by 
what people, and even for what purpose, these monuments of human ingenuity 
were erected. Their origin is deeply involved in the obscui-ity of remote an- 
tiquity. Neither history, nor authentic tradition, aftbrd any light by which 
to conduct inquiries concerning them, and it is probable that no certainty 
upon the subject will ever be attained. Brief mention of some of these 
ancient works cannot fail to interest the reader. They are found distributed 
over the country generally from the Alleghany Mountains to the Ivocky 
Mountains. They are more numerous and more remarkable, however, in 
some parts of the country than in others. 

Some of the most remarkable fortifications in Ohio are at Worthington, 
Granville, Athens, Marietta, Gallipolis, Chillicothe, and Circleville; also, on 
Paint Creek, 18 miles northwest of Chillicothe, and on a plain three miles 
northeast of the last named city. In some localities there are both mounds 
and fortifications, while in others there are mounds only. The mounds vary 
in magnitude, and also somewhat in shape. Some are conical, ending sharply 
at the summit, and as steep on the sides as the earth could be made to lie. 
Others are of the same form, except that they present a flat area on the top, 
like a cone cut ofi^ at some distance from its vortex, in a plane coincident 
with its base, or with the horizon. Others again, are of a semi-globular 
shape. Of this description was that standing in Gallipolis. The largest 
one near Worthington is of the second kind, and presents on the summit a 
level area of forty feet in diameter. There is one at Marietta of this kind, 
but the area on top does not exceed twenty feet in diameter. Its perpendic- 
ular height is al)out fifty feet, and its circumference at the base twenty rods. 
Those in Worthington and Gallipolis are each from fifteen to twenty feet in 
circumference at their bases. A large mound once stood in the heart of the 
city of Chillicothe, but was leveled forty or fifty years ago to make room for 
the erection of a l)lock of buildings, and in its destruction a number of relies 
were exhumed. Several smaller mounds were located in the saiTie vicinity. 
Thev are found scattered in profusion in the vallies of the Miamis, Scioto, 
Hocking and Muskingum rivers, as well as south of the Ohio river. One 
of the largest is near the Ohio river, 14 miles below Wheeling. This is 
about 33 rods in circumference, and consequently between ten and eleven 
rods in diameter at its base. Its perpendicular height is about seventy feet. 
Ou the summit is an area of nearly sixty feet in diameter, in the middle of 
whieli is a regular cavity, the cubical content of which is about 3,000 feet. 
Within a short distance of this mound are five smaller ones, some of which 
are tliirty feet in diameter. Some of the mounds mentioned, and others not 
referred to, have been excavated, either by the antiquarian or in the construc- 
tion of public works, and in most of them human bones have been discov- 
ered. Most of these bones crumble in pieces or resolve into dust shortly 
after being exposed to the air; except in some instances, wherein the teeth, 



NORTH 




il 



THE NOKTHWEST TERRITOKY. 61 

jaw, skull, and sometimes a few other bones, by reason of their peculiar 
solidity, resist the effects of contact with the air. From the fact of the find- 
ing human remains in them many have inferred that they were erected as 
burial places for the dead. In some of them, however, which have been ex- 
amined, no human remains have been discovered, but pieces of pottery, stone 
hatchets, and other relics, are found in nearly all. 

Many of these mounds are composed of earth of a different quality from 
that which is found in their immediate vicinity. This circumstance would 
seem to indicate that the earth of which they were composed was transported 
some distance. A striking instance of this difference of composition was 
first noticed some sixty or seventy years ago, in a mound at Franklinton, 
near the main fork of the Scioto river. This mound was composed alto- 
gether of clay, and the Ijrick for the court-house in that town were made of 
it at that time. In it were likewise found a much greater number of hu- 
man bones than is usually found in mounds of its size. The characteris- 
tics mentioned in connection with the mounds in Ohio apply to those gen- 
erally throughout the jSTorthwest. 

Not so numerous as the mounds, but more remarkable as involving the 
principles of science, especially mathematics, are the fortifications, or earth 
walls, found in many places. They are commonly supposed to have been 
forts, or military fortifications. They generally consist of a circular wall, 
composed of earth, and usually as steep on the sides as the dirt could con 
veniently be made to lie. Sometimes, though rarely, their form is elliptical, 
or oval, and a few of them are quadrangular or square. In height they are 
various; some of them are so low as to be scarcely perceptible ; some from 
twenty to thirty feet in height, while others again are of an intermediate 
elevation. The wall of the same fort, however, is pretty uniformly of the 
same height all around. They are likewise equally various in the contents 
of the ground which they enclose, some containing but a few square rods of 
ground, while others contain nearly one hundred acres. The number of their 
entrances, or gateways, varies in different forts from one to eight or more, 
in proportion to the nuignitude of the enclosure. The walls are mostly sin- 
gle, but in some instances these works have been found to consist of two 
parallel walls, adjacent to each other. The forts are generally located on 
comparatively elevated ground, adjoining a river or stream of water. Their 
situation is usually such as a skillful military engineer or tactician would 
have selected for military positions. This fact would seem to strengthen 
the theory that they were designed and constructed for fortifications. 

The city of Circleville, Ohio, is located on the site of one of the most re- 
markable of these fortifications, and from this circumstance takes its name. 
There are, or were, indeed, two forts at that place, one circular, and the other 
square, as represented in the diagram on the opposite page. 

In this, it will be seen that a square fort adjoins a circular one on the east, 
communicating with it by a gateway. The black points in tlie square fort, 
opposite the gateways, show the location of mounds, each about three feet 
high. The circular fort consists of two parallel walls, whose tops are, ap- 
parently, about three rods apart, the inner circle being forty-seven rods in 
diameter. Between these two walls is a fosse, excavated sufficiently deep 
and broad to have afforded earth enough for the construction of the exterior 
wall alone, and no more. From this circumstance and others, the earth for 
the construction of the inner wall is supposed to have been transported from 
a distance. The inner wall is composed of clay, and the outer one of dirt 



62 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

and gravel of similar quality with that which composes the neighboring 
ground, which is another circumstance quite conclusive of the correctness 
of the conjecture that the material for the inner wall was brought from a 
distance. There is but one original opening, or passage, into the circular 
fort, and that is on the east side, connecting it with the square one. The 
latter has seven avenues leading into it, exchisive of the one which connects 
with the circle. There is one at every corner, and one on each side equi-distant 
from the angular openings. These avenues are each twelve feet wide, and 
the walls on either hand rise immediately to their usual height, which is 
above twenty feet. When the town of Circleville was originally laid out, 
the trees growing upon the walls of these fortifications and tlie mounds 
enclosed in the square one, were apparently of equal size and age, and those 
lying down in equal stages of decay, with those in the surrounding forest, 
a circumstance proving the great antiquity of these stupendous remains of 
former labor and ingenuity. Of course, the progress of modern civiliza- 
tion in the building of a city over these ancient remains, has long since 
nearly obliterated many of their parts. The above is a description of them as 
they appeared sixty years ago, when Circleville was a mere village, and be- 
fore the hand of modern vandalism had marred or obliterated any of the 
parts. A somewhat minute description of these ancient remains is given, 
not because they are more remarkable than many others found in different 
parts of the Northwest, but as an example to show the magnitude of many 
similar works. Among others in the same State may- be mentioned a re- 
markable mound near Marietta, which is enclosed by a wall embracing an 
area 230 feet long by 215 wide. This mound is thirty feet high and ellip- 
tical in form. This mound, with the wall enclosing it, stand apart from two 
other irregular enclosures, one containing fifty and the other twenty-seven 
acres. Within the larger of these two enclosures there are four truncated 
pyramids, three of which have graded passage ways to their summits. The 
largest pyramid is 188 feet long by 132 feet wide, and is ten feet high. 
From the southern wall of this enclosure there is a graded passage way 150 
feet broad, extending 600 feet to the immediate valley of the Muskingum 
river. This passage way is guarded by embankments on either side from 
eight to ten feet high. In the smaller square there are no pyramidal struc- 
tures, but fronting each gate-way there is a circular mound. The walls of 
these several enclosui*es are from twenty to thirty feet broad at the base, and 
from five to six feet high. Besides these, many similar embankments may 
be traced in the same ^dcinity. 

Squier and Davis, authors of that most elaborate work, entitled "The An- 
cient Monuments of the Mississippi Yalley", estimated that there were in 
Ross county, Ohio, at least one hundred enclosures and five hundred mounds. 
They give the probable number in that State at from one thousand to fifteen 
hundred enclosures, and ten thousand mounds. These estimates are quite 
likely to be far below the actual number, as their investigations were made 
many years ago, when large portions of the State were yet covered with for- 
ests, and before any general interest had been awakened on the subject of 
which they treated. Among the remarkable fortifications in Ross county 
is one at Cedar Bank, on the east side of the Scioto river, about five miles 
north of Chillicothe. It is of a square form, enclosing an area of thirty- 
two acres. The west side of this enclosure is formed by the high bluff bor- 
dering the river at this point. There are two gate-ways opposite each other, 
one on the north and the other on the south side. Inside of the enclosure, 




I 1^ X^^ -l— -1 — -^ ■■■^— ill 



ft 'it a 






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7 ■"^H^^^'"'**'''" 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 63 

on a line witli tlie ^ate-ways, there is a mound 245 feet long and 150 feet 
broad. The form of this work is shown by the diagram on the opposite page. 
When this work first attracted the attention of Mr. E. G. Squier, Dr. 
Davis, and others engaged in archaeological research, it was in the midst of 
a dense forest of heavy timber. Trees of the 'largest growth stood on the 
embankments, and covered the entire area of ground enclosed. About a 
mile and a half below, on the same side of the Scioto, are other fortifica- 
tions, both circular and square, even more remarkable than the one last de- 
scribed, on account of the forms and combinations which they exhibit. 
Another fortification in this county, in the form of a parallelogram, 2,800 
feet long by 1,800 feet wide, encloses several smaller works and mounds, 
which altogether make 3,000,000 cubic feet of embankment. 

A series of the most wonderful and most gigantic of these pre-historic 
works, is to be found in the Licking Yalley, near Newark. They cover an 
area of two square miles. The works are of such vast magnitude that even 
with our labor-saving implements to construct them, would require the la- 
bor of thousands of men continued for many months. "Fort Ancient", as 
it is called, in Warren county, Ohio, has nearly four miles of embankment, 
from eighteen to twenty feet high. 

Mounds and fortifications similar to those in Ohio are found in all the 
States of the Northwest, and indeed, throughout the entire valley of the 
Mississippi and its tributaries. In the valley of the Wabash, in Indiana, 
are many interesting remains of the works of the Mound Builders. Near 
Kahokia, Illinois, there is a mound 2,000 feet in circumference, and ninety 
feet high. Many remarkable objects of interest to the antiquary are found 
in Wisconsin. Scattered over her undulating plains are earth-works, mod- 
eled after the forms of men and animals. At Aztalan, in Jefferson county, 
• is an ancient fortification 550 yards long and 275 yards wide. The 
walls are from four to five feet high, and more than twenty feet in thickness 
at the base. Near the Blue Mounds, in that State, there is another work, 
in form resembling a man in a recumbent position. It is one hundred and 
twenty feet long and .thirty feet across the trunk. At Prairieville there is 
still another resembling a turtle in shape which, is fifty-six feet in length. 
At Cassville there is one whieh is said to resemble the extinct mastedon. 
In some instances these animal resemblances and forms are much defaced 
by time, while in other cases they are distinctly visible. Fragments of an- 
cient pottery are found scattered about most of them. 

Scattered over the surface of Iowa, also, are to be found many of these 
monuments of a pre-historic race. The mounds especially are numerous, 
appearing most in that portion of the State east of the Des Moines river, 
but in a few instances west of it. Groups of mounds are found along Iowa 
river, in Johnson county, ]iresenting the same genejial appearance with those 
in the States east of the Mississippi. Near the mouth of this river, in Louisa 
county, are the remains of an ancient fortificatio7i,withanumber of mounds 
in the same vicinity, Avhich have attracted the attention of the curious. In 
the vicinity of Otturawa, Wapello county, are a large number of mounds, 
several of which have been examined. There is a chain of them in this last 
named county, commencing near the mouth of Sugar Creek, a small tribu- 
tary of the Des Moines, and extending twelve miles nortward, with distances 
between them in some instances as great as two miles. Two of them were 
excavated several years ago. One of them was about 45 feet in diameter, 
and situated upon the highest ground in the vicinity. The other was directly 



64 THE NOKTIIWEST TERKITOEY. 

north about oue-fourtli of a mile. Its diameter at the base was about 75 
feet. In the center of this last named mound, was found, at the depth ol 
four feet, a layer of stone, with the appearance of having been subjected to 
the action of lire. There were also found a mass of charcoal, a bed of ashes, 
and calcined human bones. A number of relics were also found in the 
smaller mound first mentioned. These examinations were made by several 
gentlemen of Ottumwa. 

Mr. F. C. Roberts, in a Fort Madison paper, writes of the examination of 
a mound situated about six miles north of that city, a few years ago. It is 
located on the brow of a hill, is of an elliptical shaj)e, and small in size, 
being only about 30 feet long, and fifteen feet wide; its height was about 
six teet. The mound contained a number of separate compartments, con- 
structed as follows: First, there was a floor made of limestone, which must 
have been brought a distance of several miles, as none nearer could have 
been obtained. "This floor was laid regular and smooth, the best stone only 
being used. Above the floor, with an intervening space of about twenty 
inches, there was a roof, also made of limestone. The sides of this vault, if 
it may so be called, seemed to have once had stone walls, but they were more 
or less caved in. It was also thought that the roof had originally been much 
hio'her. The compartments were made by partitions or walls of stone. Each 
compartment was occupied by a human skeleton, and articles of flint and 
stone, as well as some bones of animals. All the skeletons of human origin 
were placed in a sitting position, with the knees drawn up, and the head in- 
clined forward between them. The arms were 23laced by the side, and some- 
times clasped around the knees. Besides the human bones, there were those 
of some large birds and of st»me animal. Some of these were charred, and 
were found in connection with charcoal and ashes. There were numerous 
flint weapons, and small three cornered stones. 

In Clayton and other counties in the northeastern part of the State, the 
Moimd Builders have left numerous monuments of their existence in that 
region in pre-historic times. The researches of Hon. Samuel Murdoch, of 
Clayton county, have been extensive and successfid in giving to the scien- 
tific and antiquarian world much information in relation to these works 
of an ancient people who once occupied our continent. lie has collected 
a vast number of relics from the mounds in that portion of the State. 
After long and thorough investigation, he gives it as his opinion that in 
Clayton county alone there are not less than one hundred thousand arti- 
ficial mounds, including the two classes, the round and the elongated, 
the latter ranging from one hundred to six hundred feet in length. 
All of them, so far as examinations have been made, contain more or less 
skeletons. One which was examined near Clayton was estimated to have 
contained over one hundred bodies. From investigations made, the infer- 
ence is drawn that the elongated mounds are of greater antiquity than the 
round ones. The skeletons found in the former are in a more advanced state 
of decay, and in some of them there is scarcely any trace of bones. In 
nearly all the round mounds skeletons were found in a remarkably good 
state of preservation, and can be obtained by the thousand. These tacts in- 
dicate most conclusively that the elongated mounds were the work of an 
older race of the Monnd Builders, and'that they were erected ages before the 
round ones were. The fact that human remains have been found in neai-ly 
all of both classes favors the theory that they were ei-ected as receptacles for 
the dead. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



65 




A PIONEER WINTER. 



6Q THE NORTHWEST TERRITOKY. 

While workmen were excavating a mound for tlie foundation of a ware- 
house in the city of McGregor, in the summer of 1874, human bones were 
found, and also a stone axe weighing thirteen pounds. It was embedded 
twenty feet below the original surface. 

As stated, the work of the Mound Builders was not coniined to that por- 
tion of the State embracing the Mississippi drainage. Similar remains, 
though not so numerous, are observed on the western slope of the water- shed 
between the two great rivers bordering the State. Some five miles below 
Denison, Crawford count}'^, in the valley of Boyer river, there is a semi-cir- 
cular group of artificial mounds. They are situated on a plateau, rising 
above the first, or lower bottom, and are about nine in number, each rising 
to a height of from five to six feet above the general level of the ground. 
Another similar group is located on a second bottom, at the mouth of Para- 
dise creek, in the same county. Human remains have been found in some 
of them. 

Having noticed briefly some of the various forms in which these stupen- 
dous works of men who lived far back in the centuries, whose annals have 
not come down to us in any written language, we can say now that the most 
learned have only been able to conjecture as to the remoteness of their an- 
tiquity. The evidences that they are of verij great age are abundant and 
QonoXu^ive, hut how many htindreds or thousands of years? This is the 
problem that many an antiquary would freely give years of study and inves- 
tigation to solve. The length of time which elapsed during which these 
works were in progesss is another of the unsolved questions connected with 
them, and yet there is abundant evidence that some of them are much older 
than others; that the process of their construction extends over a large dura- 
tion of time — a time during which the Mound Builders themselves passed 
through the changes which mark the monuments that they have left behind 
them. It is a well known fact that the manners and customs of rude nations 
isolated from intercourse and commerce with the world, pass through the 
process of change and development very slowly. The semi-civilized nations 
of eastern lands, after the lapse of thousands of years, still cling to tlie man- 
ners and customs, and the superstitions of their ancestors, who lived at the 
early dawn of our historic period. They use the same rude implements of 
huslaandry, the same utensils in the household, the same arms in warfare, 
and practice the same styles of dress — all with but little change or modifi- 
cation. The changes are only sufiiciently marked to be perceptible after 
many generations have passed away. Situated as the Mound Builders were, 
we can but infer that they too passed slowly through the processes of change, 
and the works which tliey have left behind them thoroughly attest the truth 
of this proposition. Their older works appear to be more elaborate and 
more intricate, showing that the earlier workers were possessed of a higher 
degree of attainment in the mechanical arts than those whose works are 
more recent. The inference is that probably after long ages, they gradually 
retrograded, and were finally subdued or driven southward into Mexico and 
'Central America, by the ancestors of the Indians, who came upon them from 
the northwest, as the Goths and Yandals invaded and subverted the Boman 
Empire. This final subjugation may have resulted after centuries of war- 
fare, during which time these fortifications were constructed as defences 
against the enemy. That they were for military purposes is scarcely sus- 
ceptible of a doubt. This implies a state of warfare, and war implies an 
enemy. The struggle ended in the final subjugation of that people to whom 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 67 

we apply the name of Mound Builders — their conquerors and successors 
being a race of people in whom we recognize to this day, traces of the 
Asiatic type. 

We, another race of people, after the lapse of other ages, tread to-day, in 
our turn, on the ruins of at least a limited civilization — a civilization older 
than that of the Aztecs, whom Cortez found in Mexico. This great Missis- 
sippi valley was once a populous empire, millions of whose subjects repose 
in the sepulchers scattered in our valleys and over our prairies. While we 
bow at the shrine of a more intelligent Deity, and strive to build up a truer 
and better civilization, let us still remember that we tread on classic ground. 

SKETCHES OF WESTEKN AND NORTHWESTERN STATES. 

Legislation in Regard to Ohio — Admission as a State — Description — Climate and Soil — Origin 
of Name— Seat of Government — Legislation in Regard to Indiana— Description — Lost 
River — Wyandot Cave — Seat of Goverament — Internal Improvements — "Vmcennes — Illi- 
nois — Admission as a State — Description — Productions — Towns and Cities — "Lover's 
Leap" — "Buffalo Rock"— "Cave in the Rock" — Michigan— The Boundary Question 
— Admission as a State — Description — History — Towns and Cities — Wisconsin — Descrip- 
tion — Climate and Productions — Objects of Interest — Towns and Cities— Sketch of Mil- 
waukee — Minnesota— Description — Lakes — Climate and Productions — Natural Scenery — 
Red Pipe Stone — Historical Sketch — Towns and Cities — Nebraska — Description — Towns 
and Cities — Missouri — Organic Legislation — The " Missouri Compromise " — Description — 
Early Settlement — St. Louis — Other Towns and Cities. 

OHIO. 

Ohio was the first State formed out of the territory northwest of the river 
Ohio, which was ceded to the United States by the General Assembly of 
Virginia in 1783, and accepted by the Congress of the United States, March 
1, 1784. This territory was divided into two separate governments by act 
of Congress of May 7, 1800. Ohio remained a Territorial government until 
under an act of Congress, approved April 30, 1802, it adopted a State consti- 
tution, and was allowed one representative in Congress. On the fii-st of 
November of the same year the constitution was presented in Congress. 
The people having, on November 29, 1802, complied with the act of Con- 
gress of April 30, 1802, whereby the State became one of the United States, 
an act was passed and approved Februarj'^ 19, 1803, for the due execution of 
the laws of the United States within that State. 

The State embraces an area of about 39,964 square miles, or 25,576,960 
acres. There are no mountains, but the central portion of the State is ele- 
vated about 1000 feet above the level of the sea, while other portions are 
from 600 to 800 feet in elevation. A belt of highlands north of the middle 
of the State separates the rivers flowing north into Lake Erie from those 
flowing south into the Ohio river. The middle portion of the State in 
great part is an elevated plain with occasional patches of marsh land. A 
large proportion of the State when first settled was covered with forests, but 
in the central part there was some prairie. Boulders are found scattered 
over the surface, as they are generally throughout the Northwest. 

The bituminous coal-field of the State extends over an area embracing 
nearly 12,000 square miles. It occupies the eastern and southeastern parts, 
with its northern boundary running near Wooster, Newark, and Lancaster. 
There are also frequent beds of limestone, as well as sandstone well suited for 
heavy masonry. The most important of the other mineral productions is 



68 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

iron, which it possesses in great abundance. This is found running througli 
the counties of Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, Meigs, Yinton, Athens, and 
Hocking, in a bed 100 miles long by 12 wide. For fine castings it is not 
surpassed by that found in any other part of the United States. Salt 
springs are also frequent. 

The great river of the State is the Ohio, which forms its southern bound- 
ary, and receives the tributary volume of waters flowing from the Muskin- 
gum, Scioto, and Miami, as well as those of many smaller streams. The 
interior rivers mentioned vary in length from 110 to 200 miles. The Ohio 
is navigable by steamboats of the first-class during one-half the year to Pitts- 
burg. The Muskingum is navigable by means of dams and locks to 
Zanesville, 70 miles from its mouth, and at times 30 miles farther up to 
Coshocton. On the northern slope of the State, beginning at the northwest, 
are the Maumee, Sandusky, Huron, and Cuyahoga, all flowing into Lake 
Erie, and all flowing their entire course within the State, except the Mau- 
mee, which rises in Indiana. The last-named river is navigable for lake 
steamers a distance of 18 miles. Lake Erie coasts the state about 150 miles 
on the north and northeast, afibrding several good harbors. 

The climate in the southern part of the State is mild, while in the north 
the temperature is equally as rigorous as in the same latitude near the 
Atlantic. Great droughts have occasionally prevailed, but the State is re- 
garded as one of the most productive in the Union. Indian corn, wheat, 
rye, oats, and barley, are the leading cereals. All the fruits of the temperate 
latitudes are generally abundant. The forest trees are of many kinds, includ- 
ing the several varieties of oak, hickory, sugar and maple, beech, poplar, ash, 
sycamore, paw-paw, buckeye, dogwood, cherry, elm, and hackberry. 

The State receives its name from that of the river which forms its southern 
boundary. It is of Indian or aboriginal origin. It is not easy to determine 
its real signification in the Indian lan^iage, but some writers have claimed 
that it means handsome or beautiful. This opinion would seem to be some- 
what plausible from the feet that the early French explorers called it La 
Belle Riviere., or the Beautiful River, having probably learned the significa- 
tion of the Indian name, and therefore gave it a French name with the 
same signification. 

Ohio was first partially settled by a few French emigrants on the Ohio 
river, while they possessed Canada and Louisiana, about the middle of the 
the last century. But these settlements were very inconsiderable until the 
year 1787 and 1788, when the Ohio Company and others from New England 
made the settlement at Marietta. The early inhal)itants were mucli annoyed 
by the incursions of the Indians, who had successively defeated Gen. Harmar 
and Gen. St. Clair, in 1791 and 1792, but were themselves utterly routed by 
Gen. Wayne in August, 1794. Fort Sandusky, in the war of 1812, was suc- 
cessfully defended by Maj. Croghan, then but 21 3^ears of age, with 160 men 
against the attack of Gen. Proctor, with 500 British regulars and as many 
Indians. Cincinnati was laid out as early as 1788, but there were only a few set- 
tlers until after Wayne's victory. It then improved rapidly, having in 1818 
a population of upward of 9,000. Chillicothe was laid out in 1796, and in 
1818 had a population of 2,600. Columbus, the present capital, was laid 
out early in the year 1812, and in 1818 contained about 1,500 inhabitants. 
Cleveland was laid out in 1796, and about the same time a number of set- 
tlements were made along the Miami. Until the legislature met in Colum- 
bus, in December, 1816, Cincinnati and Chillicothe had alternately enjoyed 



THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 



69 



the distinction of being both the Territorial and State capitals. In 1814 the 
first State-house, a plain brick building, was erected at Columbus, the per- 
manent seat of the State Government. In February, 1852, it was entirely, 
consumed by fire, and was succeeded by the present fine State capitol, which 
had been commenced prior to the destruction of the old one. The conven- 
tion which formed the first constitution of the State was held in Chillicothe, 
in November, 1802. 

The following table shows the population of Ohio at the close of each 
decade from 1800 to 1870: '* 



WHITE. 



AGGREGATE. 



1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
18.30. 
1840. 
1850. 
1860. 
1870. 



45,028 

228.861 

576,572 

928,329 

1,502,122 

1,955,0.50 

2,302,808 

2,601,946 



387 

1,899 

4,723 

9,574 

17,345 

25,279 

36,673 

6.3,213 



45,365 

230,760 

581,295 

937,903 

1,519,467 

1,980,-329 

'^2,339,511 

'^2,665,260 



* The above aggregate for 1860 includes 30 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 
1870 includes 100 enumerated as Indians. 



INDIANA. 



Indiana was formed out of a part of the l^orthwestem Territory which 
was ceded to the United States by the Virginia. It received a separate Ter- 
ritorial form of government by act of Congress of May 7, 1800, and William 
Henry Harrison was appointed Governor. At this time it included all the 
territory west to the Mississippi river, including all now embraced in the 
States of Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and that part of Minnesota east of 
the Mississippi. The seat of the territorial government was established at 
Vincennes. By act of January 11, 1805, it was divided into two separate 
governments, and that of Michigan created. Again, February 3, 1809, that of 
Illinois was created. On the 19th of April, 1816, Congress passed an act 
to enable the people of Indiana to form a constitution and State government. 
On the 29th of June of the same year the people formed a constitution, and 
on the 11th of December, 1816, an act of Congress was apj^roved admitting 
the State into the Union. The laws of the United States were extended to 
the State by an act of March 3, 1817. 

Indiana is 278 miles in its greatest length from north to south, and about 
144 miles in width, and includes an area of 33,809 square miles, or 21,637,- 
760 acres. It has no mountains or great elevations, but portions south of 
White river are somewhat hilly. North of the White and Wabash rivers 
the country is generally level or slightly undulating. The rivers are gener- 
ally bordered by rich alluvial bottom lands, sometimes extending for several 
miles in width. Some of the southeastern counties in places present a 
rocky surface. The eastern part is generally heavily timbered, while the 
western is chiefly prairie. The State has a gradual inclination toward the 
Ohio, and most of the streams flow into that river. Lake Michigan borders 
the State on the northwest for a distance of about 40 miles, while the Ohio 
forms the entire southern boundary. In the northern part there are some 
small lakes. The Wabash is the largest interior river, and with its tributa- 
ries drains nearly three-fourths of the State. At high water it is navigable 



70 THE NOKTHWEST TEKRITORY. 

by steamboats as far as Covington. "WTiite river is its principal tributary. 
It rises in two branches in the eastern part of the State, the two branches 
uniting about 30 miles from the Wabash. The Maumee is formed bj the 
St. Joseph's and St. Mary's in the northeastern part of the State, and passes 
off into Ohio. The Kankakee, one of the sources of the Illinois, drains 
the northwestern part of the State. Among other streams are the Tippeca- 
noe, Mississiniwa, Whitewater, Flat Rock, and Blue rivers. 

The State yields an abundance of coal, tlie great deposit being in the 
southwestern portion, and embracmg an area of nearly 8,000 square miles, or 
some twenty-two counties, in most of which it is profitably mined. There 
are also iron, zinc, gypsum, and lime and sandstone. Many quarries of stone 
yield excellent building material. 

Indiana is not without its natural wonders which have attracted the atten- 
tion of the curious. Among these is Lost river, in Orange county. This 
stream is about fifty feet in widtli. It sinks many feet under ground, and 
then rises to the surface at a distance of 11 miles. Then there is AYyandot 
Cave, in Crawford county. In beauty and magnificence it almost rivals the 
celebrated Mammoth Cave in Kentucky. It has been explored a distance 
of over twenty miles. Its greatest width is about 300 feet, and its greatest 
height 24:0 feet. Among its interior wonders are "Bandit's Hall," "Pluto's 
Ravine," "Monument Mountain," "Lucifer's Gorge." and "Calypso's 
Island." The interior is brilliantly sparred with pendant stalactites. 

Tlie climate is milder than in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast, but 
somewhat subject to sudden changes. The soil is generally productive, and 
in the river bottoms very deep, well adapted to Indian corn and other kinds 
of grain. The alluvial bottom lands of the "Wabash and its tributaries are 
especially noted for their fertility. The productions are the various kinds 
of grain, vegetables, and fruits common in temperate latitudes. 

Indiana has a large variety of forest trees. Among those indigenous to 
the State are several kinds of oak, poplar, ash, walnut, hickory, elm, cherry, 
maple, buckeye, beech, locust, sycamore, cotton wood, liackberry, mulberry, 
and some sassafras. 

Indianapolis is the capital, and is situated on the west fork of "NYTiite 
river, in Marion ounty. The site was selected for the capital in 1820, while 
the whole country for forty miles in every direction was covered Math a 
dense forest. Previous to 1825 the State capital was at Corydon, but in 
that year the public offices were removed to Indianapolis. The State-house 
was erected at a cost of §60,000, and at that time was considered an elegant 
building. It is now unsuited for the purposes of a great State like Indiana 
and will soon give place to a larger and more elegant structure. Indianapolis, 
in 1840,had a population of 2,692 ; in 1850 it had 8,900 ; in 1860 it had 18,611 ; 
and in 1870 it had 48,244. 

In works of internal improvement Indiana stands among the leading States 
of the Mississippi valley. Kailroads radiate in all directions from Indian- 
apolis, and there is scarcely a place in the State of any considerable import- 
ance that is not connected, directly or indirectly, with the larger cities. 
Among her early improvements were the Wabash and Erie Canal, connect- 
ing Evansville with Toledo, and the Whitewater Canal, connecting Cam- 
bridge City with La^vrencebnrg, on the Ohio. Of the Wabash and Erie 
Canal, 379 miles are within the limits of Indiana. The Whitewater Canal 
is 74 miles long. Indianapolis is the largest and most im^sortant city in 
the State, and among the principal cities may be mentioned IS^ew Albany, 



THE XOETHWEST TEEEITOET. 71 

Evansville, Fort Wayne, La Fayette, Terre Haute, Madison, Laporte. Jeffer- 
sonville, Logansport, Crawtbrdsville, Lawrenceburf;, SontL Bend and Michi- 
gan City. Corydon, the former State capital, is 115 miles south of Indian- 
apolis, in Harrison county. ^Vhen the seat of government was removed from 
this place to Indianapolis, in lSii4, it remained stationary for a long time. 
l)ut within a few years it has become more flourishing. Vincennes, the an- 
cient seat of the Territorial government, is on the left bank of the Wabash 
river, 120 miles south of Indianapolis. It is the oldest town in the State, 
and possesses much historic interest, being first settled by the French about 
the year 1735. Many of the present inhabitants are of French descent. 
Tlie seat of government was removed from Vincennes to Corydon in IS 13. 
The following table shows the population of Indiana, at the close of each 
decade, from 1>00 to 1870: 



AGGREGATE. 



ISf/j ■■ 2Mj2 29>< i 2.517 



ISIO. 
1^20. 
1830. 
1840. 



2:3.890 I 6:30 I 24,520 

145.7-58 1.420 147.178 

:3:39.:399 i 3,6:32 ;34:3.031 

678,698 7.168 ' 68-5.866 



l!^.50 : 977,1-54 11,262 | 988,416 

1860 ! 1,:3:38,710 ' 11.4-^ i *1.:3.50.428 

1870 \ 1.6-5.5.8:37 : 24,-560 I *1.680,6:37 

* The above aggregate for 1860 includes 290 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 
1S70 includes 240 enumerated as Indians. 

ILLINGIS. 

Illinois was formed out of a part of the Xorthwestern Territory, which 
was ceded to the United States by the State of Virginia. An act for divid- 
ing the Indian Territory, was passed by Congress, and approved February 
3d, 1S09. An act to enable the people of the Territory to form a constitu- 
tion and State government, and authorizing one representative in Congress, 
was passed and approved April 18th, 1818. By the same act a part of the 
Territory of Illinois was attached to the Territory of Michigan. The people 
having, on the 2^th of August of the same year, formed a constitution, a 
joint resolution was passed by Congress, and approved December 3d, 1818, 
admitting the State into the TTnion, and on the 2d of March following, an 
act was approved to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United 
States within the State of Illinois. 

The extreme length of Illinois from north to south is about 3S0 miles, 
and its greatest width about 200 miles. It embraces an area of 55,409 square 
miles, or 35.459,200 acres. The surface of the State is generally level, with 
a general inclination from north to south, as indicated by the course of its 
rivers. There are some elevated bluffs along the Mississippi and Illinois 
rivers, and a small tract of hilly country in the southern part of the State. 
The northwest part also contains a considerable amount of broken land. 
Some of the prairies are large, but in the early settlement of the State there 
were many small prairies, skirted with fine groves of timber. The prairies 
are generally undulating, and in their native state were clothed in a great 
variety of beautiful wild flowers. The State is well supplied with minerals 
of great economic value. The region of Galena, in the northwest part, has 



72 



THE NORTHWEST TEERITOET. 




LINCOLN MONUMENT, SPRINGFIELD, ILL. 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 73 

for many years yielded vast quantities of lead. The coal fields cover an area 
of 44,000 square miles. There are salt springs in Gallatin, Jackson and 
Vermillion counties; and medicinal springs, chiefly sulphur and chalybeate, 
have been found in several places. Excellent building stone for lieavy ma- 
sonry, are quarried at Joliet, La Mont, Quincy, and other places. 

Illinois possesses pre-eminent facilities for water transportation, the Missis- 
sippi river forming the entire western boundary, and the Ohio the entire 
southern, while Lake Michigan bounds it on the northeast 60 miles. The 
Illinois riv^er is navigable for steamboats 286 miles. Rock river, though 
having obstructions near its mouth, has in times of high water been navi- 
gated for a considerable distance. Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Spoon rivers 
have also been navigated by steamboat, but the construction of railroads has 
in a great measure superseded the necessity of this means of transportation. 
Among the rivers are the upper portion of the AVabash, which receives from 
this State the waters of the Vermillion, Embarras and Little Wabash. The 
principal tributaries, or sources, of the Illinois river are Kaskaskia, Des 
l*laines and Fox rivers. Lake Peoria is an expansion of the Illinois river, 
near the middle of the State. Lake Pishtoka, in the northeast part, is a lake 
of some importance. 

Illinois, extending through five degrees of latitude, presents considerable 
variety of climate. Peaches and some other fruits, which do not succeed so 
well in the northern part, rarely fail to yield abundantly in the southern part. 
The State has immense agricultural capabilities, unsurpassed, indeed, by any 
other State in the Union, unless it may be the younger State of Iowa. Among 
its agricultural staples are Indian corn, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, butter and 
cheese. Stock raising on the prairies of Illinois has, for many years, been 
carried on extensively. All the fruits and vegetables common to the latitudes 
in which it is situated are successfully and abundantly produced. 

Timber is plentiful, but not very equally diffused. The bottom lands are 
supplied with fine growths of black and white walnut, ash, hackberry, elm, 
sugar maple, honey locust, sycamore, cottonwood, hickory, and several species 
of oak. Some of these also grow on the uplands, and in addition white oak, 
and other valuable kinds of timber. White and yellow poplar flourish in 
the southern part^ and cypress on the Ohio bottom lands. 

As we have seen, Illinois did not become a member of the Federal Union 
until 1818, yet settlements were made within its limits about the same time 
that William Penn colonized Pennsylvania, in the latter part of the seven- 
teenth century. These settlements, like other French colonies, failed to in- 
crease very rapidly, and it was not until after the close of the Revolution, 
that extensive colonization commenced, 

Springfield, the capital of Illinois, was laid out in 1822. It is situated 
three miles south of the Sangamon river, in Sangamon county, and is sur- 
rounded by rich and extensive prairies, which have been transformed into 
splendid farms. Large quantities of bituminous coal are mined in this 
vicinity. This city will ever be memorable as the home of Abraham Lincoln, 
and as the place where his remains are entombed. In 1840 it had a pop- 
ulation of 2,579; in 1850 it had 4,533; in 1860 it had 7,002; and in 1870 
it had 17,364. Since the last date the population has increased rapidly. A 
new and magnificent State capitol has been erected, and Springfield may 
now be regarded as one of the flourishing cities of Illinois. 

Chicago, on the site of old Fort Dearborn, is now the largest interior city 
of the United States. It stands on the shore of Lake Michigan, with the 



74 



THE NORTHWEST TEEEITORY. 



Chicago river flowing tlirougli it. As the great commercial emporium of 
the I^orthwest, a special account of this city will be given elsewhere. Among 
other large and thriving cities are Peoria, Quincy, Galena, Belleville, Alton, 
Kockford, Bloomington, Ottawa, Aurora, Lincoln, Rock Island, Galesburg, 
Joliet and Jacksonville. 

The internal improvements of Illinois are on a grand scale. Tlie rail- 
roads traverse almost every county, connecting her towns and cities with her 
great commercial city on the lake, and with the markets of the East. Besides 
these, she has her great canal, from Chicago to Peru, uniting the waters of 
Lake Michigan with the Mississippi river. This canal is 100 miles long. 

A few striking features of the natural scenery of this State may be men- 
tioned. Along the Mississippi are bold and picturesque bluffs, rising from 
one to three hundred feet. " Starved Rock " and " Lover's Leap " are eminen- 
ces on Illinois river, the former being a perpendicular mass of limestone, 
eight miles below Ottawa, and rising 150 feet above the river. It is so called 
from an incident in Indian warfare, A band of Illinois Indians took refuge 
on this eminence from the Pottawattamies, but being surrounded by the 
latter, they all died, it is said not of starvation, but of thirst. ^Nearly oppo- 
site " Lover's Leap " is " Buifalo Rock," 100 feet high. Here the Indians 
formerly drove the buffalo, and with shouts caused them to crowd each other 
over the precipice. On the banks of the Ohio, in Hardin county, is " Cave 
in the Rock," the entrance to which is but little above the water. The cave 
ascends gradually from the entrance to the extreme limit, back 180 feet. In 
1797 it was the rendezvous of a band of robbers, who sallied forth to rob 
boatmen and emigrants. Other outlaws have since made it their abode. 

The following table shows the population of Illinois at the close of each 
decade, from 1800 to 1870. 



TEAR. 


WHITE. 


COLORED. 


AGGREGATE. 


1800 


2,275 

11,501 

53,788 

155,061 

472,254 

846,034 

1,704.291 

2,511.096 


183 

781 

1,374 

2,384 
3,929 
5,436 

7,628 
28,762 


2,458 
12 282 


1810 


1820 


55,162 

157,445 

476,183 

851,470 

*1,711,951 

*2,539.891 


1830 


1840 


1850 


I860 


1870 



*The above ag'gregate for 1860 includes 32 enumerated as Indians, and the same number 
enumerated as Indians in 1870. 



MICHIGAN. 



Michigan was formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United 
States by the State of Virginia. It was detached from Indiana Territory, 
and become a separate Territorial government under an act of Congress ap- 
proved January 11, 1805. It remained for more than thirty years under a 
territorial form of government, but embraced a vast region not now inclu- 
ded in the State. During this time there was considerable Ico^islation in 

I'll ^ 

regard to its boundaries, the most important of which was the adjustment 
of the boundary line between Michigan and the State of Ohio, in 1836. In 
January, 1833, a memorial of the Legislative Council of the Territory was 
presented in Congress, praying for admission into the Union as a State. 
The prayer of the memorial was not granted at that time, partly on account 



THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORT. 75 

of the disputed boundary question. Finally, on the 15th of June, 1836, an 
act was passed '" to establish the northern boundary of the State of Ohio, 
and to provide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, 
upon conditions therein expressed." One of the conditions was, that if a 
convention of delegates elected by the people of Michigan for the purpose 
of giving their assent to the boundaries, as declared and established by the 
act of June 15th, 1836, should first give their assent, then Michigan was to 
be declared one of the States of the Union. This condition having been 
complied with, Congress, on the 26th of January, 1837, passed an act de- 
claring Michigan one of the United States, and admitting it into the Union 
upon an equal footing with the original States. 

Michigan occupies two peninsulas, the southern one lying between Lakes 
Erie, St. Clair and Huron on the east, and Lake Michigan on the west ; and 
the northern one between Lakes Michigan and Huron on the south, and 
Lake Superior on the north. The northern peninsula is about 320 miles in 
extreme length, from southeast to northwest, and 130 miles in its greatest 
width. The soutliern peninsula is about 283 miles from north to south, and 
210 from east to west in its greatest width. The joint area of the two 
peninsulas is 56,243 square miles, or 35,595,520 acres. The northern penin- 
sula embraces about two-fifths of the total area. 

The southern peninsula is generally an undulating plain, with a few slight 
elevations. The shores of Lake Huron are often characterized by steep 
blufis, while those of Lake Michigan are coasted by shifting sand-hills, ris- 
ing from one hundred to two hundred feet in height. In the southern part 
of this peninsula are large districts covered with thinly scattered trees, called 
"oak openings." 

The northern peninsula is in striking contrast with the southern, both as 
to soil and surface. It is rugged, with streams abounding in water-falls. 
The Wisconsin, or Porcupine Mountains, form the water-shed between Lakes 
Michigan and Superior, and attain an elevation of 2,000 feet in the northwestern 
portion of the peninsula. The shores of Lake Superior are composed of 
sandstone rock, which in places is worn by the winds and waves into many 
strange and fanciful shapes, resembling the ruins of castles, and forming 
the celebrated " Pictured Kocks." The northern peninsula of Michigan 
possesses probably the richest copper mines in the world, occupying a belt 
one hundred and twenty miles in length by from two to six miles in width. 
It is rich in minerals, but rigorous in climate and sterile in soil. Coal is 
plentiful at Corunna, one hundred miles from Detroit. 

The State is so surrounded and intersected by lakes as to fairly entitle it 
to the soubriquet of " The Lake State." There are a number of small lakes 
in the interior of the State, which add to the general variety of scenery, but 
are not important to navigation. The Straits of Mackinaw (formerly writ- 
ten Michilimackinac) divide the southern from the northern peninsula, and 
connect the waters of Lakes Michigan and Huron by a navigable channel. 
There are a number of small rivers, the most important in the southern pe- 
ninsula being St. Josejslvs, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon and Manistee, all 
emptying into Lake Michigan; and Au Sable and Siganaw, flowing into 
Lake Huron, and the Huron and Raisin discharging their waters into Lake 
Erie. The principal rivers of the northern peninsula are the Menomonee, 
Montreal and Ontonagon. The shores around the lakes are indented by nu- 
merous bays. Several small islands belong to Michigan, the most iiripor- 
tant of which is Isle Royale, noted for its copper mines. 



J6 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. 

The climate of Michigan is generally rigorous, except in proximity to the 
lakes, where the fruits of the temperate zone succeed admirably. The north- 
ern peninsula is favorable for winter wheat, but Indian corn does not suc- 
ceed well. In the southern peninsula, Indian corn is produced abundantly, 
as well as the winter grains. This part of the State is pre-eminently agri- 
cultural. 

Portions of the northern peninsula are heavily timbered with white pine, 
spruce, hemlock, birch, aspen, maple, ash and elm, and vast quantities of 
lumber are manufactured at the fine mill-sites afforded by the rapid streams. 
Timber is plentiful also in the southern peninsula, and consists chiefly of 
several species of oak, hickory, ash, basswood, maple, elm, linden, locust, 
dogwood, poplar, beech, sycamore, cotton wood, black and white walnut, 
cherry, pine, tamarack, cj^ress, cedar and chestnut. 

JSTorthern Michigan abounds in picturesque scenery, among wliich may 
be mentioned the " Pictured Rocks," composed of sandstone of various col- 
ors. They extend for about twelve miles, and rise 300 feet above the water. 
Sometimes cascades shoot over the precipice, so that vessels can sail between 
them and the natural wall of the rock. This portion of the State every sea- 
son attracts large numbers of excursionists and pleasure-seekers, on account 
of its charming and interesting scenery. 

The State is named for tlie lake which forms a part of its boundary, and 
signifies in the Indian language, " Great "Water." The first white settle- 
ments were by the French, near Detroit and at Mackinaw, in the latter half 
of the seventeenth century ; but these colonies did not progress rapidly. 
This territory, with other French possessions in North America, came into 
jDOSsession of Great Britain at the peace of 1763. It remained under the 
dominion of Great Britain until the American Revolution, when it became 
the possession of the United States. The British, however, did not surren- 
der Detroit until 1796. This region was chiefly the scene of the exploits 
of the celebrated chief Pontiac, after the expulsion of the French. During 
the war of 1812, Michigan became the theater of several of the battles and 
many of the incidents connected with that war. At Frenchto^vn, in this 
State, January 22, 1813, occurred a cruel massacre by the savages of a party of 
American prisoners of war. Gen. Harrison soon after drove the enemy out 
of the Territory, and removed the seat of war into Canada, where he fought 
and gained the battle of the Thames. 

Lansing, the capital of Michigan, is situated on Grand river, in Ingham 
county one hundred and ten miles northwest of Detroit. It was selected for 
the seat of government in 1847, at which time it was surrounded by an al- 
most unbroken wilderness. The river here affords excellent water power. 
A new and handsome State capitol has just been completed. 

Detroit, situated on the river from which it takes its name, eighteen miles 
from the head of Lake Erie, is the largest city in the State. It was the 
capital until the removal of the seat of government to Lansing, in 1850. 
Historically it is one of the most interesting cities in the West, "the French 
had here a military post as early as 1670. Three Indian tribes, the Hurons, 
Pottawattamies arid Ottawas, had their villages in the vicinity. With other 
French possessions, it passed into the hands of the British at the peace of 
1763, and twenty years later it came under the jurisdiction of the United 
States, although, as stated above, it was not surrendered until 1796. June 
11th, 1805, it was almost totally destroyed by fire. Gen. Wm. Hull, first 
governor of the Territory of Michigan, then projected the city on a new 



THE NOKTHWEST TEKKITOEY. 



n 



plau. On the IStli of August, 1812, this same Gen. Hull surrendered it 
into the hands of the British, but the latter evacuated it September 29th of 
the same year. In 1870 the population was 79,577, and since then has rap- 
idly increased. 

Among the other important towns and cities in the State, are Grand Rap- 
ids, Adrian, Kalamazoo, Ann Arbor, Jackson and Monroe, 

The following table shows the population of Michigan at the close of each 
decade, from 1800 to 1870 : 



COLORED. 



AGGREGATE. 



1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
1830. 
1840. 
1850. 
1860. 
1870. 



551 

4,618 

8,591 

31,346 

211,560 

895,071 

736,142 

1,167.282 



144 
174 

293 

707 

2,583 

6,799 

11,849 



551 

4,762 

8.765 

31,659 

212,276 

397,654 

*749,113 

*1. 184,059 



*The above aggregate for 1860 includes 6,172 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate 
for 1870 includes 4,926 enumerated as Indians. 



WISCONSIN, 

Wisconsin was formed out of a portion of the Territory of Michigan, but 
was originally a part of the Northwestern Territor}^ ceded by the State of 
Yirginia to the United States. On the 12th of December, 1832, a resolution 
passed the house of representatives directing, a committee to inquire into the 
expediency of creating a Territorial government for Wisconsin out of a part 
of Michigan. On the 20th of April, 1836, an act was passed and approved 
establishing a Territorial government. On the 20th of June, 1838, an act 
was passed and approved to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to estab- 
lish the Territorial government of Iowa. June 12, 1838, an act was passed 
designating the boundary line between the State of Michigan and the Terri- 
tory of Wisconsin. On the 6th of August, 1846, an act was passed and 
approved to enable the people to form a constitution and State government. 
On the 21st of January, 1847, the people adopted a constitution, and on the 
3d of March of the same year an act of Congress was passed and approved 
for the admission of the State into tlie Union. By act of May 29, 1848, the 
State was declared admitted into the Union, to be entitled to three represen- 
tatives in Congress after March 3, 1849. 

The extreme length of Wisconsin from north to south is about 285 miles, 
and its greatest breadth from east to west is about 255 miles. . It includes 
an area of about 53,924 square miles, or 34,511 ,360 acres. It is generally of an 
elevated rolling surface, with a large proportion of prairie. There are no 
mountains, properly so called, though the descent toward Lake Superior is 
quite abru])t, and the rivers full of rapids and falls, which afford valuable 
mill-sites. The great lakes, Superior and Michigan, lave the northern and 
eastern borders, besides which there are a number of smaller lakes, the most 
important of which is Lake Winnebago, southeast of the middle of the State. 
It is 28 miles long and 10 miles wide, and communicates with Green Bay 
through the Fox or Neenah river. In the northwestern part are numerous 
small lakes, with clear water, gravelly or rocky bottoms, and bold picturesque 



73 THE NOKTHWEST TEEKITOKY. 

shares. Tlie rivers generally flow in a southwest direction and discharge 
their waters into the Mississippi, which flows along the southwest border of 
the State for more than 200 miles. The most important interior river is the 
"Wieconsin, which has a course of about 200 miles almost directly south, 
when it changes its course westwardly, and flows about 100 miles further to 
its junction with the Mississippi. At favorable stages it is navigable for 
steamboats 180 miles. The Bad Axe, Black, Chippewa, and St. Croix rivers 
are important streams for floating timber and lumber from the pine region 
in the northwest part of the State. The streams flowing into Lake Superior 
are small, but rapid, aftbrding excellent mill-sites. 

The climate is severe and the winters long, but the State is free from the 
unliealthy changes which are common farther south. The soutli and middle 
portions form a fine agricultural region. Wheat is the great staple produc- 
tion, though all kinds of small grain and Indian corn are raised successfully. 
Large portions of the State are well adapted to grazing and the dairy. The 
northern part of the State, about the head-waters of the Black and Chippewa 
rivers, and the sources of the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, has but 
limited agricultural capabilities, as in that region are many ponds and 
marshes, and also large quantities of boulders scattered over the surface. 

There are many objects of interest to the tourist and the lover of the 
picturesque. The rivers abound in rapids and falls. In St. Louis river 
there is a series of cascades which have a descent of 320 feet in 16 miles. 
The Menomonee river at Quinnesec Falls dashes down over a perpendicular 
ledge of rocks 40 feet, and has a fall of 134 feet in a mile and a half Among 
other noted falls are the St. Croix, Chippewa and Big Bull Falls in the "Wis- 
consin river. Along the rivers are many grand views of blufi*8, rising from 
150 to 200 feet, and at one place in Richland county on the "Wisconsin, 
where it passes through a narrow gorge, the clift's have an elevation of from 
400 to 500 feet. On the Mississippi, in La Crosse county, the rocks rise 
500 feet perpendicularly above the water. 

The great lead region extends into the southwestern part of "Wisconsin. 
The deposit here is intermingled to some extent with copper and zinc, 
together with some silver. Copper is found in a number of places, and also 
some iron ore. The iron ores of the Lake Superior region extend into Wis- 
consin. Beautiful varieties of marble are found on the Menomonee river and 
in other localities. 

On the upper Wisconsin river, and other tributaries of the Mississippi, 
north of the Wisconsin, are vast forests of pine, and immense quantities are 
annually floated down the Mississippi to supply the markets in other States. 
Among other forest trees are spruce, tamarack, cedar, hemlock, oak of sev- 
eral varieties, birch, aspen, basswood, hickory, elm, ash, poplar, sycamore and 
sugar-maple. 

Wisconsin was visited at an early period by French missionaries, and a 
settlement was made in the latter part of the seventeenth century. 

Madison, the capital of the State, is situated on an isthmus between Lakes 
Mendota and Monona, 80 miles west of Milwaukee, and 132 miles northwest 
of Chicago. "Wlien the place was selected for the seat of government in 
1836, there were no buildings except a solitary log cabin. The State capitol 
is a fine looking stone building erected at a cost of $500,000, and stands on 
an elevation seventy feet above the lakes. The cit^^koverlooks a charming 
country, diversified by a pleasing variety of scenery. It has steadily and 
rapidly increased in population. 



THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKY. 



79 



The great city of "Wisconsin is Milwaukee (called at an early day "Mil- 
wacky ") and next to Chicago may be regarded as the commercial metropolis 
of the Northwest. It is situated on the west shore of Lake Michigan, about 
90 miles north of Chicago. Milwaukee river empties into the lake at this 
point. Tlie city is situated on both sides of the river, and has one of the 
best harbors on the whole chain of lakes. The fine water power of the Mil- 
waukee river is an important element in its prosperity. Being a port of 
entry, the government has expended large sums in the improvements of its 
harbor, and in the erection of public buildings. 

In 1805 Jacques Yieau, a half-breed trader whose house was at Green 
_Bay, visited the country at the mouth of the Milwaukee river for the pur- 
pose of trading with the Indians. This he did annually until in September, 
1818, when he brought with him a young man named Solomon Juneau, who 
became his son-in-law. The young man established friendly relations with 
the Indians, and in 1822 erected a block-house on the site of the present city 
of Milwaukee. He remained for 18 years the only permanent white resi- 
dent, being visited occasionally by fur traders to whom he sold goods. In 
1836, the village which has grown to be a large city, began to appear. Jun- 
eau died in 1856, at the age of 64 years, having lived to see the place he 
founded grow to a prosperous and flourishing city. In 1836 the population 
was 275; in 1840, it was 1810; in 1850, it was 19,*873; in 1860, it was 45,286; 
in 1870, it was 71,640; and at the present time (1878) it is estimated at 123,- 
000. 

Among other important towns and cities of Wisconsin are Kacine, Janes- 
ville, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, AVatertown, Sheboygan, Beliot, Kenosha, La 
Crosse, Wauwatosa, ]\fanitowoc. Portage City, Platte ville, Sheboygan Falls, 
Beaver Dam, Whitewater, Port "V»''ashington, Green Bay, Mineral Point, 
Shullsburg, Monroe, Prescott, and Hudson. 

The following table shows the population of Wisconsin at the close of each 
decade from 1800 to 1870: 



YKAR. 


WHITE. 


COLORED. 


AGGREGATE. 


1800 


115 

' 30,749 

304,756 

773,693 

1,051,351 


'i96 

635 

1,171 

2,113 


115 


1810 




1820 




1830 




1840 


30 945 


1850 


305 391 


I860 


*775 881 


1870 


*1, 054! 670 





*The above agf^egate for 1860 includes 1017 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate 
for 1870 includes 1206 enumerated as Indians. 



MINNESOTA. 

The eastern portion of Minnesota formed a part of the territory surrendered 
by the French to Great Britain at the peace of 1763, and subsequently by 
the latter to the United States at the close of the Revolution. The western 
portion is a part of the territory known as the Louisiana Purchase, ceded by 
France to the United States in 1803. It received a Territorial form of gov- 
ernment under an act of Congress which became a law March 3, 1849, and 
was admitted into the Union as a State May 11, 1853. 

Tlie extreme length of Minnesota north and south is about 380 miles, and 



80 THE NORTHWEST TERKITOKT. 

in width is about 300 miles. It embraces an area of 81,259 square miles, or 
52,005,760 acrps. The face of the country generally presents the appearance 
of an undulating plain, although it is the most elevated tract of country 
between the Gulf of ]\[exico and Hudson's Bay. There are no mountains, 
but the summits of the water-sheds rise to a height of nearly two thousand 
feet above the level of the sea. 

Minnesota is one of the best watered States in the Union, being drained by 
many rivers and dotted over with innumerable small lakes and some of con- 
siderable size. The great Mississippi has its humble origin as a mere rivulet 
in Lake Itasca. This diminutive stream, here but a few feet in width, first 
meanders in a northeasterly direction, receiving tribute as it passes from a 
number of other small lakes, when it changes its course to the south, and 
after meandering a length of six hundred miles in Minnesota, dashes its 
waters down over the Falls of St. Anthony, then flows along the border of 
the State two hundred miles further, and thence grandly pursues its course 
to the Gulf of Mexico. Several tributaries of the Mississippi drain the 
southeastern portion of the State. The Red River of the ISTorth drains the 
northern part, passing oif into Hudson's Bay. It is the outlet of a number 
of lakes, among which are Traverse, Otter Tail, and Red. This river also 
forms the west boundary of the State for about two hundred miles. That 
portion of the State sloping toward Lake Superior is drained by the St. Louis 
and its tributaries. St. Ireters, or Minnesota river, has a total length of 
over four hundred miles within the State. Its principal branch is Blue 
Earth or Mankato river, which flows nearly north. The St. Peters, Crow- 
Wing and Crow rivers are tributaries of the Mississippi from the west. 

Lake Superior forms a part of the eastern boundary, and the Lake of the 
Woods a part of the northern. Amon^ other lakes of considerable size are 
Rainy, Red Lake, Lake Cass, and Leech Lake. Devil Lake in the north- 
west part is about 40 miles long and 15 miles wide, and is said to have no 
\dsible outlet. Lake Pepin is an expansion of the Mississippi in the north- 
eastern part of the State, and is a beautiful sheet of water. The State abounds 
in small lakes which are mostly clear and beautiful. Owing to the multitude 
of lakes Minnesota seldom suflers from inundations, as tliey tend to check 
the sudden rise and violence of the streams. 

The climate of the northern part of Minnesota is severe, but in the 
southern part is not so rigorous as to prevent fair crops of Indian corn from 
being produced some seasons. Wheat and other winter grains succeed ad- 
mirably in nearly all parts. In the valleys of the rivers the soil is excellent, 
and even the valley of the Red River of the JS^orth is regarded as a fine 
agricultural region. Wheat is the great staple and the facilities for manu- 
facturing flour are unsurpassed, as the water power is practically unlimited. 

A portion of the State is heavily timbered with pine, and one of the great 
.industries is the maniifacture of lumber. Extensive forests of pine grow on 
the Rum, St. Croix, and Pine rivers, and on the shores of the Mississippi, 
below Pokegamin Falls. Taken, as a whole, however, Minnesota cannot be 
called a well-wooded country. The river bottoms furnish some very good 
growths of oak, aspen, soft maple, basswood, ash, birch, white walnut, linden 
and elm. In the swamps or marshy places are found tamarack, cedar, and 
cypress. 

Minnesota presents to the tourist many natural objects of interest, especially 
in her grand and beautiful scenery along the Mississippi and around her lakes. 
St. Anthony's Falls are celebrated, not so much for their magnitude as a 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 81 

cataract, as for their geological interest and the wild scenery connected with 
them. Like Niagara, the falls are divided by an island, with the larger 
volume of water passing on the west side. This west division is 310 
yards wide. The greatest perpendicular fall of water is but 1 6^ feet, but in- 
cluding the rapids the descent is 58 feet in 260 rods. The rivers of Miime- 
sota have numerous picturesque falls and rapids, and are in many places 
bordered with perpendicular bluffs of limestone and sandstone. 

So far as revealed by geological examination, Minnesota possesses no 
great mineral or metallic wealth. There is, however, a rich dej^osit of iron 
ore in that part of the State bordering on Lake Superior, A thin vein of 
lead was discovered by the geological corps of Prof. Owen on Waraju river, 
and some copper was found, but not " in place," having probably been car- 
ried thither by the drift. Stone suitable for building purposes exists in 
great abundance. In the southwest part of the State is a singular deposit 
known as " red pipestone." Of this the Indians made their pipes, and the 
place of its deposit was held in great sacredness by them. It is said that 
different tribes at enmity with each other, met here on terms of amity and 
smoked the pipe of peace. Longfellow has rendered this locality celebrated 
in " Hiawatha." It was here — 

" On the Mountains of the Prairie, 
» On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, 

Gitche Manito, the mighty, 
He the Master of Life, descending, 
On the red crags of the quarry. 
Stood erect, and called the nations, 
Called the tribes of men together." 

The first white men who are said to have visited the country now embraced 
in Minnesota, were two fur traders in the year 1654. They returned to Mon- 
treal two years afterward and gave a glowing account of the country. This 
was followed by the visits of trappers and missionaries, and to the latter we 
are indebted for the 'first printed accounts of Minnesota. In 1805 an explor- 
ing expedition under Pike traversed the country. A military post was 
established at Fort Snelling in 1819. Excepting a British settlement at 
Pembina, which was not then known to be within the limits of the United 
States, no settlements were formed in Minnesota until after 1840. 

St. Paul, the capital of Minnesota, is in Ramsey county, on the bank of 
the Mississippi, 2070 miles from its mouth, and 9 miles by land below the 
Falls of St. Anthony. The first settlement was made about the year 1840. 
The population has increased rapidly, and as a manufacturing, commercial 
and business place it has assumed considerable importance. Minneapolis, a 
few miles above St. Paul, is a rapidly growing city, and is noted for its 
great water power and manufacturing resources. Among other important 
towns are Stillwater, Red "VVing, St. Anthony, Fort Snelling, and Mankato. 

The following table shows the population of Minnesota at the close of each ' 
decade from 1850 to 1870: 



YEAU. 


WHITE. 


COLORED. 


AGGREGATE. 


1850 


6,038 
169,395 

4:38,257 


39 

259 
759 


6,077 
*172,023 
*439,706 


I860 


1870 





* The above aggregate for 1860 includes 2369 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate 
for 1870 includes 690 enumerated as Indians. 



82 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOEY. 



NEBRASKA. 



^Nebraska is formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United 
States by France by the treaty of April 30, 1804. It was erected into a 
separate Territory May 30, 1854, the limits subsequently being greatly 
reduced by the formation of Dakota Territory in 18G1, a right reserved in 
the act creating the Territory of JS'ebraska. It was admitted into the Union 
as a State, March 1, 1867. 

Nebraska is in its extreme length from east to west about 412 miles, and 
in breadth from north to south about 208 miles, embracing an area of 75,905 
square miles, or 48,336,800 acres. The greater portion of the State is an 
elevated undulating prairie with a general inclination toward the Missouri 
river. There are no mountains or very high hills. The soil is various, but 
generally fertile, except in the western portion near the base of the Rocky 
Mountains. The bottom lands along the rivers are not surpassed in fertility 
by any in the United States, while the higher undulating prairie is equally 
productive with that of other western States. When the prairies are once 
broken they are easy of cultivation, the soil being light and mellow. The 
staple productions are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and other cereals common 
to the latitude. The climate is mild, as compared with that of the same 
latitude on the Atlantic. The summers are sometimes very warm, and the 
extreme western part is occasionally deficient in rain. Taken as a whole, 
however, this is destined to become one of the foremost agricultural States 
in the Union. 

Nebraska is deficient in native timber, but the older settled portions are 
dotted over with groves of artificial or cultivated timber, which is so rapid 
in its growth as to require but a few years to produce enough for the ordinary 
wants of the settler. The rivers and streams aie generally bordered with 
groves of native trees, including oak, walnut, hickory, cottonwood and willow. 
Along the Missouri river in places are some heavy growths of cottonwood. 

The Missouri river forms the entire eastern boundary, and is navigable 
for steamboats throughout the whole extent of that boundary and for hun- 
dreds of miles above. Among the important interior rivers are the Platte, 
the Niobrara, the Republican Fork of the Kansas, the Elkhorn, the Loup 
Fork of the Platte, the Big Blue and the Nemaha. These rivers are so dis- 
tributed, as, with their numerous tributaries, to afibrd admirable drainage to 
all parts of the State, and as a consequence it is free from marshes, conduc- 
ing to the excellent health for which Nebraska is noted. 

So far as yet revealed, the State is not rich in minerals. Coal, however, 
has recently been discovered in the southeastern part, in a vein sufficiently 
thick for mining. Near Lincoln are some salt springs of sufficient magni- 
tude to yield large quantities of salt. On Platte river and other streams 
both limestone and sandstone are obtained of suitable quality for building 
material. 

Rapid progress has been made in the construction of railroads in Nebraska. 
Amon^ them are the Union Pacific and its branches, the Burlington & Mis- 
souri River and its branches, and others, afibrding railroad advantages to a 
large portion of the State, and connecting the princij^al towns with the 
main lines, east, west and south. 

Lincoln, the capital of Nebraska, is in Lancaster county, in the southeast- 
ern part of the State. Here are most of the State institutions. It is a 
thriving young city and is in the midst of a fine agricultural portion of the 
State. Near it, on a little stream known as Salt Creek, are a number of 



THE NORTHWEST TEEKITORT. 



83 



salt springs, and considerable quantities of salt have been manufactured. 
Kailroads connect it with all the great markets of the country. 

Omaha is the leading commercial city of the State, and is located on the 
west bank of the Missouri river in Douglas county. It is 18 miles by land 
above the mouth of the Platte river. The principal portion of the city is 
situated on gently rising slopes extending from the river to the bluifs. The 
elevations are crowned with line residences, and command pleasant views of 
the river and valley, with the city of Council Bluft's, Iowa, in the distance. 
Since the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad it has grown in popula- 
tion and wealth very rapidly. A costly iron railroad bridge spans the Mis- 
souri river at this point. As a produce, shipping and general commercial 
point it is rapidly growing into prominence. It was the first capital of the 
Territory and State, and takes its name from a tribe of Indians. 

Among other important towns and cities are ISTebraska City, Columbus, 
Kearney, Grand Island, Hastings, Plattsmouth, Tecumseh, and Niobrara. 

The following table shows the population of Nebraska by the census of 
1860 and 1870: 



AGGREGATE. 



I860 
1870 



28,696 
122,117 



82 
789 



28,841 
122,993 



In the aggregate for 1860, the enumeration includes 63 Indians, and in that of 1870, the 
enumeration includes 87 Indians. 



MISSOURI. 

Missouri was formed out of a part of the territory ceded by France to the 
United States in 1803. By an act approved March 26th, 1804, the French, 
or Louisiana purchase, was divided, that part embracing the present State 
of Missouri being at first designated as the District of Louisiana. The 
name was changed to Territory of Louisiana, by an act passed March 3d, 
1805, and again by an act of June 4, 1812, Louisiana Territory was changed 
to Missouri Territory. By an act passed March 2, 1819, the southern por- 
tion was detached and organized as the Territory of Arkansas. During the 
same year the people of the Territory of Missouri, through their Legislative 
Council and House of Representatives, memorialized Congress for admis- 
sion into the Union as a State, On the 6th of March following an act was 
passed to authorize the people of the Territory to form a State constitution. 
Missouri being the first State formed wholly out of territory west of the 
Mississippi, the question of the extension of slavery came up and gave 
rise to a stormy debate in Congress while the Missouri bill, as it was 
called, was pending. The propriety and expediency of extending that in- 
stitution to the new States west of the Mississippi, was powerfully and earn- 
estly contested, and resulted in a compromise restricting slavery to certain 
limits, and prohibiting the extension of slavery to certain territory. The 
bill, however, of March 6th, passed without restrictions. The people on the 
19th of July, 1820, adopted their constitution, which was laid before Con- 
gress November 16th of the same year. The Senate passed a joint resolu- 
tion declaring the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union. This 
was referred to a select committee in the House of Representatives, and on 



84 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKY. 

the loth of February, 1821, Mr. Clay made a report. The House rejected 
the resolution, and on motion of Mr. Clay, a committee on the part of the 
House was appointed to join a committee on the part of tlie Senate to con- 
sider the subject and report. On the 26tli of February, Mr. Clay, from the 
joint committee, reported a " Eesolution providing for the admission of the 
State of Missouri into the Union, on a certain condition." This resolution 
was passed and approved, March 2, 1821. The condition was that Missouri, 
by its legislature, should assent to a condition that a part of the State con- 
stitution should never be construed to authorize the jDassage of a law by 
which any citizen of either of the States in the Union should be excluded 
from the enjojonent of any of the priviliges and immunities to which such 
citizen is entitled under the Constitution of the United States. What was 
known as the " Missouri Compromise," was embraced in the act of the pre- 
vious session, which authorized the people of the State of Missouri to form a 
State constitution, and consisted of a compromise section in the bill by which 
slavery was to be forever prohibited in that part of the territory west of the 
Mississippi (except the State of Missouri), lying north of thirty-six degrees 
and thirty minutes north latitude. Thus, after fierce and stormy debates, 
running through two sessions of Congress, Missouri came into the Union, 
and the exciting question of slavery was supposed also to have been settled. 
On the 10th of August, 1821, President Monroe issued his proclamation 
declaring the admission of Missouri completed, according to law. 

Missouri in its greatest length from east to west is about 285 miles, and 
in width from north to south, 280 miles. It embraces an area of 07,380 
square miles, or 43,123,200 acres. That portion of it north of the Missouri 
river is mostly undulating prairie and timber land, while that portion south 
of the Missouri river is characterized by a great variety of surface. In the 
southeast part, near the Mississippi, is an extensive area of marshy land. 
The region forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains is hilly and bro- 
ken. West of the Osage river is a vast expanse of prairie. The geological 
features of Missouri are exceedingly interesting. Coal, iron and several 
kinds of stone and marble for building purposes exist in great abundance. 
A vast region, in the vicinity of Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, produces 
iron of the best quality, and exists in inexhaustible quantity. It is also 
found in other parts of the State. There is also lead, which has been mined 
in considerable quantities. Copper is found throughout the mineral region, 
but is found combined with other minerals. Silver is also combined with 
the lead ore. The bituminous coal deposits are mainly on both sides of the 
Missouri river, below the mouth of the Osage, and extending forty miles up 
that river. Cannel-coal is found in Callaway county. 

Missouri possesses the advantages of two of the greatest navigable rivers in 
the United States — the Mississippi, which forms her entire eastern boundary, 
and the Missouri, which flows along her northwestern border nearly two 
hundred miles, and crosses the State in a south-easterly course to its junc- 
tion with the Mississippi. As both of these rivers are navigable for the 
largest steamers, the State has easy and read}'^ commercial intercourse to the 
Gulf of Mexico and the Rocky Mountains, as well as up the Ohio to Pitts- 
burg. Besides the Missouri, the State has several important interior rivers, 
to-wit : Grand river and Chariton, tributaries of the Missouri river from 
the north, and the Osage and Gasconade from the south ; also. Salt river and 
Maramec, tributaries of the Mississippi. The St. Francis and White river 



THE NORTHWEST TEERITORY. 85 

drain the soutlieastern part, passing from the State into Arkansas. The 
Osage is navigable for steamboats about 275 miles. 

Missouri as a State has many material resources, fitting her for becoming 
one of the most wealthy and populous States in the Union. The soil is gen- 
erally excellent, producing the finest crops, while those portions not so well 
adapted to agriculture are rich in minerals. The greater portion of the State 
is well timbered. In the river bottoms are heavy growths of oak, elm, 
ash, hickory, cottonwood, sugar, and white and black walnut. On the 
uplands also are found a great variety of trees. Various fruits, including 
apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries and strawberries, are produced in the 
greatest abundance. Among the staple productions are Indian corn, wheat, 
oats, potatoes, hemp and tobacco. A great variety of other crops are also 
raised. 

The State has an uneven aud variable climate — the winters being very cold 
and the summers excessively hot. Chills and fever are common to some 
extent along the rivers. 

The earliest settlement in ]^[issouri seems to have been by the French, about 
the year 1719. About that time they built wliat was called Fort Orleans, 
near Jefferson City, and the next year v^orked the lead mines to some extent. 
Ste. Genevieve was settled in 1755, also by the French, and is the oldest town 
in the State. Missouri's greatest commercial metropolis, St. Louis, was first 
settled in 1764, the earliest settlers being mostly French. 

Jefferson City, the capital of the State, is situated on the right bank of the 
Missouri river, in Cole county. It is 128 miles by land, and 155 miles by 
water from St. Louis. The location being elevated, commands a fine view 
of the river, with the pleasant and picturesque scenery which is presented at 
this point on the Missouri. 

St. Louis, the great commercial city of Missouri, as well as of a large por- 
tion of the Korthwest, is situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, 
twenty miles below the mouth of the Missouri, and 174 above the mouth of 
the Ohio. It is 744 miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 1194 miles 
above New Orleans. The city enjoys many natural advantages as a com- 
mercial emporium, being situated nearly midway between the two oceans, 
and centrally in the finest agricultural region on the globe. With the 
greatest navigable river on the continent, afibrding her a water highway to 
the ocean, and to many of the large inland cities of the country, St!" Louis is 
rapidly and surely going forward to a grand future. Her already great and 
constantly improving system of railways, is tending every year to open up to 
her larger fields of business and commercial intercourse! Of late years a 
strong rivalry has sprung up between St. Louis and Chicago, in regard to 
population, etc., each claiming to be the third city in the Union. The in- 
crease of St. Louis since the war has been great, the ascendency being at an 
annual rate of about ten per cent. At thts increase she is fast earning the 
soubriquet of the " Future Great City.'' 

The site on which St. Louis stands was selected February 15th, 1764, by 
Laclede, as a post possessing peculiar advantages for collecting and trading 
in furs, as well as for defense against the Indians. For many years it was 
but a frontier village, the principal trade of which was in furs,'buffalo robes, 
and other collections of trappers and hunters. A great part of the popula- 
tion was absent during the hunting and trapping seasons, so that the in- 
fancy of this city was almost a struggle for existence. As late as 1820, the 
population Avas but 4,598. The first brick house was erected in 1813. In 



86 



THE NOKTHWEST TEKEITOKY. 



1822, St. Louis was chartered as a citj, under the title given by Laclede in 
in honor of Louis XV of France. In 1830 the population was 6,694, an 
increase of only 2,096 in ten years. In 1840 the population had reached 
16,469; in 1850 it was 77,950, including 2,650 slaves; in 1860 the popula- 
tion was 160,773 ; and in 1870 it was 312,963. 

Kansas City, one of the rapidly advancing young cities of the State, is 
situated on the Missouri river just below the mouth of the Kansas. In 
1870 the population was 32,260. Since that time there has been a rapid in- 
crease, both in population and business. 

St. Joseph is one of the flourishing cities, and is situated on the left, or 
east bank of the Missouri river, 496 miles by water from St. Louis. It was 
laid out in 1843, and became an important point' of departure for overland 
emigration to California and Oregon. In 1870 the population was 19,560, 
but has rapidly increased since then. 

Among the important and thriving towns and cities are Hannibal, Spring- 
field, Boonville, Lexington, Chillicothe, Independence, Palmyra, Canton, 
Iron Mount and Moberly. 

The following table shows the population of Missouri at the close of each 
decade, from 1810 to 1870 : 



COLORED. 



A6GKEGATE. 



1810. 

1820. 
1830. 
1840. 
1850. 
1860. 
1870. 



17,227 

55,988 

114,795 

323,888 

592,004 

1,063,489 

1,603,146 



3,618 
10,569 
25,660 
69,814 
90,040 
118,503 
118.071 



20,845 

66,557 

140,4.55 

383,702 

682,044 

*1, 182,012 

*1,721,295 



* The aggregate for 1860 includes 20 enumerated as Indians, and the aggregate for 1870 
includes 75 enumerated as Indians. 



:^XPEDITION OF LEWIS AND CLAEKE. 

Organization of Exploring Party — Departure — Osage Indians — Strange Tradition of the Ori- 
gin of the Osage Nation — ^The Missouris — Old French Fort— Artificial Mounds — The Ot- 
toes and Pawnees — Indian Graves — The Ayauway Indians — Council with Indians at Coun- 
cil Bluffs — Little Sioux River— Death of Sergeant Floyd — Great Sioux River — Red Pipe- 
stone Quarries — Buffalo and other Animals — Mountain of the Little Spirits — Council with 
the Sioux — Indian Idols — The Mandans — "Winter Quarters — White and Brown Bears — 
Antelopes — Black Hills — First View of Rocky Mountains— Natural Scenery — The Great 
Falls of the Missouri — Shoshones — Sources of the Missouri — Columbia River — The Tush- 
epaws — Short of Provisions — Pierced- Nose Indians — Down Lewis River — The Sokulks — 
Great Falls of the Columbia— The Echeloots — "Wooden Houses — Fingers as War Tro- 
pies— Sight of the Pacific — Fort Clatsop — Return — Arrival at St. Louis. 

In January, 1803, President Jefferson, in a confidential message to Con- 
gress in regard to Indian aflairs, took occasion to recommend, among other 
things, the organization of a party to trace the Missouri river to its source, 
and thence proceed to the Pacific ocean. The recommendation was favor- 
ably considered, and Capt. Merriwether Lewis, was, on his own application, 
appointed to take charge of the expedition. \Ym. Clarke was subsequently 
associated with him, so that this celebrated expedition is known in our his- 
tory as that of Lewis and Clarke. The incidents of this long, tedious, and 
romantic journey are worthy to be related as among the most interesting 



THE NOKTHWEST TEREITOEY. 87 

in the annals of American adventure. At that time all that vast region 
bordering on the Upper Missouri and its tributaries, as well as the regions 
bordering on tlie Pacihc, were unknown and unexplored by white men. By 
the latter part of the year 1803 the party comprising the expedition was 
made up and ready to start. The highest settlement of whites on the Mis- 
souri river at that time was at a place called La Charrette, sixty-eight miles 
above the mouth. At this place it had been the design of Capt. Lewis to 
winter, but the Spanish authorities of Louisiana had not yet received official 
information of the transfer of the country to the United States. For this 
reason the party remained in winter quarters at the mouth of Wood river, 
on the east side of the Mississippi. 

Besides Captains Lewis and Clarke, the party was made up nine young 
men from Kentucky, twelve soldiers of the regular army, two Frenchmen 
as watermen and interpreters, and a colored servant belonging to Captain 
Clarke — twenty-six persons in all. A corporal, six soldiers and nine water- 
men, in addition to the above, wei-e engaged to accompany the expedition as 
far as the country of the Mandans, as there was some apprehension of at- 
tacks by the Indians between AVood river and that tribe. 

Three boats were provided for the expedition. The largest was a keel- 
boat, iifty-five feet long, drawing three feet of water, carrying one large 
square sail, and twenty-two oars. The other two were open boats, one of 
six, and the other of seven oars. 

The expedition started from the encampment at the mouth of "Wood 
river on Monday, May 14, 1804. Captain Lewis, who was at that time in 
St. Louis, joined the expedition at St. Charles, twenty-one miles up the 
Missouri, which place they reached on the 16th. Here they remained until 
the 21st, when they proceeded on their voyage, reaching La Charrette, the 
last white settlement, on the evening of the 25th. The village consisted of 
but seven poor families. On the 1st of June they arrived at the mouth of 
the Osage, one hundred and thirty-three miles on their journey. The coun- 
try bordering on this river was inhabited by a tribe known as the Osage 
Indians. They had a remarkable tradition among them as to the origin of 
their nation. They believed that its founder was a snail passing a quiet ex- 
istence along the banks of the Osage, till a flood swept him down to the Mis- 
souri and thei'e left him exposed on the shore. By the heat of the sun he 
was changed to a man. The change, however, did not cause him to forget 
his native place away up on the banks of the Osage, and he immediately 
sought his old home. Being overtaken with hunger and fatigue, the Great 
Spirit appeared, gave him a bow and arrow, and taught him to kill deer and 
prepare its flesh for food and its skin for clothing. When he arrived at his 
original place of residence he was met by a beaver, who inquired who he 
was, and by what authority he came to disturb his possession. The Osage 
replied that he had once lived on the borders of that river and that it was 
his own home. While they were disputing the daughter of the beaver ap- 
peared, and entreated her father to be reconciled to the young stranger. The 
father yielded to her entreaties, and the Osage soon married the beaver's 
daughter. They lived happily on the banks of the Osage, and from them soon 
came the villages and nation of the Osages. Ever since they entertained a 
pious reverence for their ancestors, never killing a beaver, for by so doing they 
would slay a brother. It has been observed, however, that after the opening 
of the fur trade with the whites, the sanctity of their maternal relations was 
very much reduced. 



88 THE NORTHWEST TERBITOKY. 

The next tribe mentioned by the explorers was that of the Missouris, once 
a powerful nation, but then reduced to about thirty families. They finally 
united with the Osages and the Ottoes, and as a separate nation became ex- 
tinct. The Sauks, Ayauways (lowas), and the Sioux are mentioned as being 
the enemies of the Osages, and as making frequent excursions against them. 
On the 26th of June they arrived at the mouth of the Kansas, 340 miles 
from the Mississippi, where tliey remained two days for rest and repairs. 
Here resided the tribe of Indians of the same name, and had two villages 
not far from the mouth of the river. This tribe at tliat time had been re- 
duced by the Sauks and Ayauways to only about three hundred men. The 
party at this stage of their journey, saw numerous buftalo on the prairies. 
On the 2d of July the party passed Bear Medicine Island, near which were 
the remains of an old fort, built by the French, the ruins of the chimneys 
and the general outline of the fortification being visible. On the 8th of 
July they reached the mouth of the JS'odawa. The river is mentioned as 
navigable for boats some distance. On the 11th they landed at the mouth oi 
the Neinahaw. Mention is made of several artificial mounds on the Ne- 
mahaw, about two miles up the stream at the mouth of a small creek. 
From the top of the highest mound there was a fine view of the country. 
On the 14th they passed the Nishnahbatona river, finding it to be only three 
hundred yards from the Missouri at a distance of twelve miles from its 
mouth. Platte river and other streams, both in Iowa and Nebraska, are men- 
tioned and the country described with great accuracy. Along in this part 
of the country were the first elk they had seen. 

On the 22d of July the explorers encamped on the north (Iowa) side of 
the river, ten miles above the mouth of the Platte river, to make observa- 
tions and to hold an interview with the neighboring tribes. They remained 
here in camp until the 27th. Among the streams mentioned in this vicin- 
ity are the Papillon, Butterfly Creek and Moscheto Creek, the last named 
being a small stream near Council Bluffs. In mentioning them we use the 
orthography of the explorers, which in some instances differs from that now 
in use. The Indians who occupied the country about the mouth of Platte 
river at this time were the Ottoes and Pawnees. The Ottoes were much 
reduced, and formerly lived about twenty miles above the Platte on the 
Nebraska side of the river. They lived at this time under the protection 
of the Pawnees. The latter were also much dispersed and broken. One 
band of the nation formerly lived on the Republican branch of the Kanzas 
River. Another band were the Pawnee Loups, or Wolf Pawnees, who re- 
sided on the Wolf fork of the Platte. Another band originally i-esided on 
the Kanzas and Arkansaw, but in their wars with the Osages they were 
often defeated and retired to the Red river. Various other tribes living fur- 
ther west, are mentioned. On the 2Tth they continued their journey, and 
about ten leagues from their encampment, on the south (Nebraska) side of 
the river, they saw and examined a curious collection of graves, or mounds. 
They were of different heights, shapes and sizes. Some were of sand, and 
others of both earth and sand. They were supposed to indicate the position 
of the ancient village of the Ottoes before they retired to the protection of 
the Pawnees. On tlie 29th they passed the spot where the Ayauway Indians, 
a branch of the Ottoes, once lived, and who had emigrated from that place 
to the Des Moines. Mention is here made of an interview with one of the 
Missouri Indians who lived with the Ottoes, and the resemblance of his 
language to that of the Osages, particularly in calling a chief inca. 



THE NORTHWEST TEREITOKT. 89 

On the 30th of July the party encamped on the south (]N'ebraska) side ot 
the river. At tliat place next to the river was a plain, and back of it a 
wooded ridge, rising about seventy feet above the plain. At the edge of 
this ridge they formed their camp, and sent an invitation to the Indians to 
meet them. From the bluffs at this point they mention a most beautiful 
view of the river and adjoining country. The latitude of the camp was de- 
termined by observation to be 41 degrees 18 minutes and 14 seconds. The 
messenger sent to invite the Ottoes returned on the evening of the 2d of 
August, witli fourteen Ottoe and Missouri Indians, accompanied by a French- 
man who resided among them, and who acted as interpreter. Lewis and Clarke 
made them presents of pork, flour and meal, and the Indians returned presents 
of watermelons. The next morning (Aug. 3d) a council was held with the 
six chiefs who were of the party of Indians; they were told of tlie change 
in the government, and promised protection and advised as to their future con- 
duct. All the chiefs expressed their joy at the change in the government, 
and wished to be recommended to the Great Father (the President) that 
they might obtain trade and necsssaries. They asked the mediation of the 
Great Father between them and the Mahas (Omahas), with wliom they were 
then at war. At the conclusion of the council medals and other presents 
were given to the chiefs, and also some presents to the other Indians who 
were witli them. The grand chief of the Ottoes was not present, but to 
him was sent a flag, a medal, and some ornaments for clothing. The ex- 
plorers gave to the place where this council was held the name of Council 
Bluffs. The reader will remember, however, that it was above the present 
city of Council Bluffs, Iowa, and was on the Nebraska side of the river. 

On the afternoon of the 3d of August they resumed their journey, and on 
the 7th arrived at the inouth of a river on the north side, called by the Sioux 
Indians, Eaneahwadepon (Stone river), and by the French, Petite Riviere 
des Sioux, or in English, Little Sioux river. The explorers were informed 
by their interpreter (M. Durion) that this river rises within about nine miles 
oif the Des Moines; that within fifteen leagues of that river it passes through 
a large lake, nearly sixty miles in circumference, and divided into two parts 
by rocks, which approach each other very closely. Its width is various; it 
contains many islands, and is known by the name of Lao d? Esprit — Spirit 
Lake. The country watered by it is open and undulating, and may be visited 
in boats up the river for some distance. The interpreter further added that 
the Des Moines was about eighty yards wide where the Little Sioux ap- 
proaches it; that it was shoally, and that one of its principal branches was 
called Cat river. The interpreter claimed to have been to the sources of the 
Little Sioux, and those who are familiar with the country about Spirit Lake, 
will concede that he described it quite accurately. The explorers speak of a 
long island two miles above the mouth of the Little Sioux, which they named 
Pelican island, from the large number of pelicans which were feeding on it, 
one of which they killed. They also killed an elk. On the 10th they passed 
the first highland near the river, after leaving their encampment at Council 
Bluft's. I^ot far from tliis, on a high bluff, was the grave of Blackbird, one 
of the great chiefs of the Mahas, who had died of small-pox four years be- 
fore. The grave was marked by a mound twelve feet in diameter at the base, 
and six feet high, and was on an elevation about 300 feet above the water. 
In the center of the grave was a pole eight feet high. ISTear this the Mahas 
had a village, and lost four hundred men of their nation, and a like proportion 
of women and children by the small-pox at the time that Blackbird died. 



90 THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOEY. 

After this dreadful scourge they burned their village, which had consisted of 
. three hundred cabins. On a hill at the rear of the place where the village 
stood were the graves of the nation. On the evening of the 18th the ex- 
plorers were again visited at their camp by a party of Ottoes and Missouris, 
who entertained them with a dance. The professed object of their visit was 
to ask intercession for promoting peace between them and the Mahas, but 
probably the real object was to share a portion of the strangers' provisions 
and liquors. 

The next day, August 20th, after passing a couple of islands, they landed 
on the north side of the river, under some bluffs — the first near the river on 
that side after leaving the Ayauway village. It was here that the party had 
the misfortune to lose one of their men — Sergeant Charles Floyd. He had 
the day before been siezed with a billious colic. Before his death he said to 
Captain Clarke, " I am going to leave you; I want you to write me a letter." 
Soon after making this request the brave soldier passed away. He was buried 
on the top of the bluff, with honors due to a soldier. The place of his inter- 
ment was marked by a cedar post, on which his name and the day of his 
death were inscribed. About a mile further up on the same side of the Mis- 
souri, they came to a small river, to which they gave the name of Floyd river, 
in honor of their deceased companion. The place of the burial of Sergeant 
Floyd was but a short distance below where Sioux City now stands. During 
a great freshet in the spring of 1857, the Missouri river washed away a por- 
tion of the bluff, exposing the remains of the soldier. The citizens of Sioux 
City and vicinity repaired to the place, and with appropriate ceremonies, re- 
intorred them some distance back from the river on the same bluff. The 
same cedar post planted by his companions over his grave on that summer 
day more than half a century before, remained to mark the place of inter- 
ment up to 1857, although during nearly all this time the country had been 
inhabited only by savages. 

On the 21st of August the expedition passed the site where Sioux City 
now stands, and noted in their journal the confluence of the Great Sioux 
river with the Missouri. From their interpreter, M. Durion, they received 
an account of the Great Sioux river. He stated that it was navigable for 
more than two hundred miles, to the great falls, and even beyond them. The 
reader will remember that this was before the time of steamboats on western 
waters. He mentioned a creek that emptied into the Great Sioux below the 
falls, which passed through cliffs of red rock, out of which the Indians made 
their pipes; that the necessity for procuring that article had caused the intro- 
duction of a law among the nations, by which the banks of that creek were 
held to be sacred, and even tribes at war met at the quarries without hos- 
tility. These were what are now known as the " Ked Fipestone Quarries," 
in southwestern Minnesota. 

A few miles above the mouth of the Great Sioux, on the north, or Dakota 
side of the river, they killed a buffalo, a deer and a beaver. They also saw 
some elk. The place where the buffalo was killed they described as a beau- 
tiful prairie, and gave it the name of Buffalo Prairie. They mention on the 
south side of the river, a bluff of blue clay, rising to the height of 180 or 
190 feet. Several miles from this, on the south side of the river. Captains 
Lewis and Clarke, with ten of their men, went to see a mound regarded with 
great terror by the Indians, and called by them the Mountain of the Little 
Spirits. They believed it was the abode of little devils in human form, 
eighteen inches high, and having large heads; that they had sharp arrows, 



THE NORTHWEST TEKEITOEY. 91 

and were always on the watch to kill those who might approach their place 
of residence. The Sioux, Mahas and Ottoes never would visit the hill or 
mound for fear of the vengeance of the Little Spirits. The mound, though 
extraordinary in its formation, they did not regard as artificial. From its 
top they could see large herds of buffalo feeding at a distance. 

On the 26th they passed the mouth of Yankton river, and, on landing, 
were met by several Indians, who informed them that a large body of Sioiix 
were encamped near. On the 30th and 31st they held a council with the 
Sioux, and smoked with them the pipe of peace. The Indians exhibited 
their skill in dancing and various other amusements to entertain their vis- 
itors. These Indians were the Yankton tribe of the Sioux nation. Their 
grand chief was We-u-cha, or in English, Shake Hand. Speeches were 
made and presents exchanged. 

On the 1st of September the explorers passed Calumet Bluffs, and the 
next day Bonhomme Island, near which they visited some ancient earth- 
works, or fortifications, on the south, or Nebraska, side of the Missouri. 
They made a minute and careful examination of these works. They 
embraced nearly five hundred acres. A day or two after, on a hill to the 
south, near Cedar Island, they discovered the backbone of a fish, 45 feet 
long, in a perfect state of petrifaction. 

After several conferences with different tribes, and observations in reo-ard 
to the coimtry, its formation, and the different animals seen, on the 13th of 
October the}' reached a small stream on the north side, to which tliey gave 
the name of Idol Creek. Near its mouth were two stones resembling human 
figures, and a third like a dog. These were objects of great veneration among 
the Ricaras (Ricarees), who occupied the country in that vicinity. They had 
a legend that a young brave was deeply enamored with a girl whose parents 
refused their consent to the marriage. The young brave went out into the 
fields to mourn his misfortunes, and a sympathy of feeling led the lady to 
the same spot. The faithful dog would not cease to follow his master. The 
lovers wandered away together with nothing to subsist on but grapes, and 
they were at last changed into stone, with tlie lady holding in her hands a 
bunch of grapes. When the Ricaras pass these sacred stones, they stop to 
make ofterings of dress to propitiate the deities, as they regard them. Such 
was the account given to Lewis and Clarke, by tlie Ricara chief. As they 
found here a great abundance of fine grapes, they regarded one part of the 
story as very agreeably confirmed. 

On the 19t]i they reached the ruins of one of the Mandan villages. It 
had been fortified. This, they were informed by the Ricara chief, was one 
of several villages once occupied by the Mandans until the Sioux forced them 
forty miles higher up the river. In this vicinity they counted no less than 
52 herds of buffalo, and 3 herds of elk at a single view. 

About the 1st of November, 1804, the expedition reached the country of 
the Mandans, where they went into winter quarters. TJiese Indians had 
raised considerable corn, some of which they presented to the party. During 
the winter they obtained a great deal of information in regard to the history, 
traditions, and manners and customs, not only of this peculiar and remark- 
able nation, but of other tribes Their huts," or cabins, were all completed 
by the 20th of the month, and the place was named Fort Mandan. It was 
on the north side of the Missouri, in a grove of cottonwood. The place, as 
ascertained by observation, was in latitude 47 deg., 21 min. and 47 sec, and 
the computed distance from the mouth of the Missouri was 1600 miles. 



92 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

During the winter they were visited by a great many Indians of the Man- 
dan and other tribes. A few French and traders of the Northwest Fur 
Company also visited them. 

The party remained at Fort Mandan until April 7, 1805, when they 
resumed their journey. There were then thirty-two persons in the expe- 
dition, some of the party ha\dng returned to St. Louis. In this portion of 
the country they began to see numbers of white bear, antelope, and other 
animals, which they had not seer, lower down on the river. On the 12th 
they an-ived at the mouth of the Little Missouri, near which they found large 
quantities of small onions, about the size of a bullet, of an oval form and 
white. The next day they passed a small stream to which tliey gave the 
name of Onion Creek, from the great abundance of that vegetable growing 
near it. Along this part of the Missouri were large numbers of bald eagles, 
and also many geese and brant. Numerous deserted Indian lodges were 
noticed, which they supposed to have belonged to the Assiniboins, as there 
were the remains of small kegs. That tribe was the only one in this region 
that then used spirituous liquors. They obtained it from the traders of the 
Hudson Bay Comyjany, bartering their furs for it. Here many plants and 
aromatic herbs are mentioned, and some resembling in taste and smell sage, 
hyssop, wormwood and juniper. On the 26th they camped at the mouth of 
the Yellowstone, where game of various kinds was very abundant. Frequent 
mention is made of the burned hills along that part of the Missouri for some 
distance above and below the Yellowstone. Among l^e animals killed by 
the hunters of the expedition in this part of the voyage were several 
brown bears. On the evening of the 14tli of May the men in one of the 
canoes discovered a large brown bear lying in the open grounds about three 
hundred yards from the river. Six of them, all good hunters, went to attack 
him, and, concealing themselves by a small eminence, four of them fired at 
a distance of about forty paces. Each of them lodged a ball in the bear's 
body, two of them directly through the lungs. The animal sprang up and 
ran open-mouthed toward them. As he came near, the two hunters who had 
reserved their fire, gave him two more wounds, one of which, breaking his 
shoulder, retarded his motion for a moment. Before they could reload he 
was so near upon them that they were obliged to run to the river, the bear 
almost overtaking them. Two of the men sprang into the canoe, and the 
others concealed themselves in some willows and fired as fast as they could 
reload, striking him several times. The shots seemed only to direct him 
toward the hunters, till at last he pursued two of them so closely tliat they 
threw aside their guns and pouches, and jumped twenty feet down a perpen- 
dicular bank into the river. The bear sprang after them, and was within a 
few feet of the hindmost when one of the hunters on shore shot him in the 
head, and finally killed him. They dragged the bear to shore and found 
that eight balls had passed through his body in different directions. 

On the 20th of May the party reached the mouth of the Muscleshell, a 
river of considerable size from the south. They were then 2270 miles above 
the mouth of the Mississippi, in latitude 47 deg., 24 min. Mention is made 
of what the French traders called Cote Noire, or Black Hills. On the 2Gth 
of May they had the first view of the Eocky Mountains, " the object," as the 
journalist remarks, "of all our hopes, and the reward of all our ambition." 
The view was obtained from what they called one of the last ridges of the 
Black Mountains. On the 30th they had reached that part of the river 
which passes through between walls of rocks, presenting every form of 



THE NORTHWEST TEERITOET. 93 

sculptured ruins, and having the appearance of being the productions of art. 
Of these objects of natural scenery they give a most glowing description. 

On the 3d of June the expedition reached a junction of two branches of 
the river, when they were at a loss to determine which was the true Mis- 
souri river. Parties, one under Captain Lewis and the other under Captain 
Clarke, proceeded to explore both branches by land. The party under Cap- 
tain Lewis, on the 13th, reached the Great Falls of the Missouri on the 
southern branch, which determined the question. One of the men was 
sent to inform Captain Clarke of the discov^ery. The explorers give a vivid 
description of the wonderful and beautiful scenery which is here presented. 
In the vicinity of the faEs they saw a herd of at least a thousand buffalo, 
one of which they shot. Here Captain Lewis himself had an encounter 
mth a large brown bear, from which he escaped by plunging into the river. 
Mention is made of grasshoppers at the mouth of Medicine river, about 
twelve miles above the Great Falls, in such multitudes that the herbage on 
the plains was in part destroyed by them. At that point the Missouri is 
described as being three hundred yards wide, and Medicine river one hun- 
hundred and thirty-seven yards wide. The party remained here until the 
15th of July, examining the surrounding country, constructing canoes, and 
making general preparations for continuing the journey. On that day they 
again embarked with eiglit heavily loaded canoes, encountering man}- diffi- 
cult places for navigating, owing to the rapids. Toward the latter part of 
July they reached a point where the Missouri is formed of three branches, 
one of which they called Jefferson, one Madison, and one Gallatin. Here 
the party divide and explore the several branches, partly for the purpose of 
finding the Shoshones, the Indians that were known to inhabit that reo-ion. 
On the 11th of August they encountered a single Indian on horseback, wdio 
proved to be one of that tribe or nation. Captain Lewis, who had continued 
his course up the Jefferson, or principal branch forming the sources of the 
Missouri, reached a point where it had so diminished in width that one of 
his men in a fit of enthusiasm, with one foot on each side of the rivulet, 
thanked God that he had lived to bestride the Missouri. A few miles 
further on they reached the point where issues the remotest water — the 
hitherto hidden sources of that river, which had never before been seen by 
civilized man. They sat down by the brink of the little rivulet, and 
quenched their thrist at the chaste and icy fountain, which sends its modest 
tribute down to the great ocean thousands of miles away. Crossing over the 
the dividing line between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, at a 
distance of three-quarters of a mile, they stopped to taste for the first time 
the waters of the Columbia, here a stream of clear, cold water flowing west- 
ward. On the same day Captain Lewis succeeded in gaining a friendly in- 
terview with the Shoshones. Captain Clarke, with a part of the expedition, 
was at this time at the junction of the three branches of the Missouri, and 
Captain Lewis engaged a number of the Indians, with about thirty of their 
horses, to transport their merchandise and outfit to the Shoshone camp. 

The Shoshones are described as being a small tribe of the nation called 
the Snake Indians, an appellation which embraces the inhabitants of the 
southern parts of the Rocky Mountains and of the plains on either side. 
During the summer the Shoshones resided about the headwaters of the 
Columbia, where they lived chiefly on salmon. In their journal the explorers 
give a long and interesting account of the habits, traditions, and manner of 



94 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKY. 

life of tliis people. They found them honest, friendly, and ready to render 
them all assistance in their power. 

After purchasing twenty-nine horses from the Shoshones, the party on the 
30th of August resumed their journey toward the Pacific. On the 4th of 
September, after many difficulties in finding a practicable route, tliey came 
to a large encampment of Indians who received them with great cordiality. 
The pipe of peace was introduced and a council held. They represented 
themselves as a band of a nation called Tushepaws, a numerous people then 
residing on the headwaters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. The In- 
dians shared their berries and roots with the strangers and received some 
presents. Several horses were purchased from them. On the 6th they 
reached a stream to which they gave the name of Clarke river, Captain 
Clarke bein^ the first white man who ever visited its waters. The route 
was a rugged one, and in many places almost impracticable, and to add to 
the difficulties of the situation, snow had been fiilling, so that on the 16th it 
was six or eight inches deep. The difficulty of procuring game or other 
subsistence made it necessary for them to kill several of their horses on this 
part of their journey, for food. They had a little of what was called portable 
soup which they used by melting some snow. This, and about twenty 
pounds of bear's oil, was their only remaining subsistence. They were now 
in a region where their guns were of little service, for there was scarcely a 
living creature to be seen in those mountains. Captain Clarke and six 
hunters searched the mountains all day for game but found none, and at 
night encamped on a small stream to which they gave the name of Hungry 
Creek. Their only refreshment during the day was a little of the portable 
soup. On the 26th, Captain Clarke and his hunting party encountered three 
Indian boys, and sent them forward to the village with some presents. An 
Indian came out to meet them, and conducted them to a large tent in the 
village, which was the residence of the great chief. After some introductory 
ceremonies by signs, the Indians set before the strangers some buffalo meat, 
dried salmon, berries and several kinds of roots. This, after their long 
abstinence, was a sumptuous treat. One of the chiefs conducted them to 
another village, two miles away, where they were received with great kind- 
ness and passed the night. These Indians called themselves Chopunish, or 
Pierced-K ose (Nez Perces). With a few articles Captain Clarke chanced to 
have in his pockets he purchased some dried salmon, roots and berries and 
sent them by one of his men and a hired Indian back to Captain Lewis. 
The main body with Captain Lewis had been so fortunate as to kill a few 
pheasants and a prairie wolf. As soon as it was known in the villages that 
the wonderful strangers had arrived the people crowded in to see them. 
Twisted Hair, the chief, drew a chart or map of the country and streams on 
a white elk-skin, which was of great service in guiding them on their course. 
From these Indians as many provisions were purchased as could be carried 
on their horses. After proceeding dovm the river some distance, they 
determined to continue their journey in canoes, which they set about con- 
structing. By the 7th of October the canoes were launched and loaded. 
The horses were branded and left with the Indians to be kept until their 
return. Accompanied by some of the Indians down Lewis river, the ex- 
pedition finally reached the Columbia on the 16th, having stopped at a 
number of villages on the way. The Columbia at the mouth of Lewis river 
they found to be 960 yards wide, and Lewis river 675 yards wide. Here 
they found themselves among a nation who called themselves Sokulks, a 



.THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 95 

people of a mild and peaceable disposition. Fisli was their principal article 
of food. On the 18th they resumed their journey down the Columbia in the 
presence of many of the Sokulks who came to witness their departure. 
They passed many different tribes who inhabited the borders of the Colum- 
bia, all of whom they visited in their villages and encampments, learning 
their condition, habits, history and mode of living. Wherever they halted 
large numbers of Indians gathered to see them, and generally manifested tlie 
greatest kindness and hospitality. All of them had pierced noses. 

On the 22d of October the party reached the Great Falls of the Colum- 
bia. Many Indians inhabited this portion of the country, and some of them 
assisted the party in unloading the canoes, transporting the goods around 
the falls, and in bringing down the canoes. At one place it was necessary to 
haul the canoes over a point of land to avoid a perpendicular fall of seventy 
feet. Some distance below the falls they came to a village of another tribe, 
or nation, called the Echeloots. Here they found the hrst wooden houses 
they had seen after leaving the settlements near the Mississip]n. They were 
made of logs and poles, with poles for rafters and covered with white cedar, 
kept on by strands of cedar fibres. The inliabitants received the strangers 
with great kindness, invited them to their houses, and came in great num- 
bers to see them. They were surprised to find that these Indians spoke a 
language quite different from that of the tribes above the Great Falls. 
Some of their customs, however, were the same. Like the tribes they had 
recently visited, they flattened the heads of their children, and in nearly the 
same manner. Among the mountain tribes, however, this custom was con- 
fined to the females almost exclusively, whereas the Echeloots subjected 
both sexes to the operation. On the 18th they came to another tribe where 
they saw a British musket and several brass tea-kettles which the Indians prized 
very highly. In the interview with the chief he directed his wife to hand 
him his medicine-bag, from which he drew out fourteen forefingers, which 
he said had belonged to the same number of liis enemies whom he had 
killed in battle. These fingers were shown with great exultation, after which 
they were carefully replaced among the other valuable contents of the 
medicine-bag. This was the first instance in which the explorers had 
observed that any other trophy than the scalp was ever carried from the 
field in Indian warfare. 

On the 2d of November the party passed the rapids which form the last 
descent of the Columbia, and tide-water commences. On this part of the 
Columbia they began to meet with tribes who had some knowledge of the 
whites, and from articles in their possession, it was observed that they had 
maintained some sort of trade or barter with the whites. The Indians here 
also began to be troublesome and were disposed to pilfer whenever an oppor- 
tunity offered, showing that in their intercourse with the whites they had con- 
tracted some vices that they are free from in the absence of such intercourse. 

On the lC)th of November, 1805, the expedition encamped in full view of 
the Pacific Ocean, at Haley's Bay, as laid down by Vancouver. Their long, 
tedious and eventful journey to the Pacific having ended, they made prepa- 
rations for going into winter quarters. Some distance below the mouth of 
the Columbia, three miles above the mouth of a little river that empties into 
the bay, in a thick grove of lofty pines, they formed their winter encamp- 
ment. Game was exceedingly plenty, and during the winter they were vis- 
ited by a large number of the Indians inhabiting the coast region. They 
called the place Fort Clatsop, from the tribe of Indians inhabiting the imme- 



96 THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 

diate vicinity. Here thej remained until the 23d of March, 1806, when 
they commenced their return, by the same route. 

Before leaving, Captains Lewis and Clarke posted up in the fort a note 
to the following eifect: 

" The object of this is, that through the medium of some civilized person, 
who may see the same, it may be made known to the world that the party con- 
sisting of the persons whose names are hereto annexed, and who were sent 
out by the government of the United States to explore the interior ot the 
continent of North America, did cross the same by the way of the Missouri 
and Columbia rivers, to the discharge of the latter into the Paciiic ocean, 
Avhere they arrived on the 14th day of November, 1805, and departed the 
93d day of March, 1806, on their return to the United States, by the same 
route by which they came out." 

It is somewhat singular that this note a short time after fell into the hands 
of a Captain Hill, while on the coast near the mouth of the Columbia river. 
It was delivered to him by some Indians, and taken to Canton, China, from 
whence it was brought to the United States in January, 1807. On the 23d 
of September, 1806, the party reached the mouth of the Missouri, and 
decended the Mississippi to St. Louis, arriving at 12 o'clock. Having hred 
a salute, they went on shore, where they " received a most hearty and hos- 
pitable welcome from the whole village." 

This is but a very partial and hasty review of that romantic and extraor- 
dinary expedition — the first exploration by authority of the government of 
the United States, of that wonderful region which of late years has attracted 
so much attention. It gave to the world the first authentic account of the 
upper Missouri and its tributaries, and of the rivers that flow from the west- 
ern slopes of the Rocky Mountains and seek the Pacific Ocean through the 
great Columbia. It imparted to civilized man some definite knowledge of 
the strange tribes whose homes were on the borders of those rivers; of their 
habits, traditions and modes of life; of the fauna and flora of a region hith- 
erto unknown, and of natural scenery not surpassed in grandeur and sub- 
limity by that of any other part of the world. Other explorers have since 
revealed a portion of the hidden treasures of that part of oxr national do- 
main, but the pioneer expeditien of Lewis and Clarke, so successfully accom- 
plished, will always possess a peculiar and thrilling interest. 

SKETCH OF CHICAGO. 

First White Visitors — ^The Name — Jean Baptiste — John Kinzie — Ft. Dearborn — Evacuation — 
The Massacre — Heroic Women — Capt. Heald — Capt. Wells — Scalping the Wounded — Ft. 
Dearborn Re-built — Illinois and Michigan Canal — Chicago Laid Out — Removal of In- 
dians — City Organization — Pioneer ReUgious Societies — Public Improvements — Location 
of City — Growth — The Great Fire — Rise of the New Chicago. 

The history of so great a city as Chicago, like that of London, or Paris, 
or New York, by reason of its commercial, financial and other relations to 
the world at large, is a history of world-wide interest. Not that Chicago 
ma}'^ yet be compared in size, population or wealth witli the great cities 
named, would we mention it in connection with them, and yet, considering 
its age, it is greater than either of them. In its ratio of increase in popu- 
lation, commerce, and general progress, it is to-day outstripping them. In 
what civilized part of the globe is Chicago not heard of, read of, and known? 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 



9T 





PRESENT SITE OF LAKE STREET BRIDGE. 



98 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKT. 

If, SO many centuries after the founding of Rome, mankind still feel inter- 
ested in the mythical story of Romulus and Remus, may not the present 
and future generations read with equal interest the more authentic story of 
the founding of a great modern city? 

The Jesuit missionary and explorer, Marquette, first visited the place 
where Chicago is located, in 1673. Again, in the winter of 1674— 5, he 
camped near the site of the present city, from December until near the close 
of March. Upon his arrival, in December, the Chicago river was frozen 
over, and the ground covered with snow. The name is of Indian origin, and 
was applied to the river. By the French voyageurs it is variously sjjelled, 
the majority rendering it Chicagou. The place is mentioned by Berrot in 
1770. 

In 1796, Jean Baptiste, a trader from the West Indies, found his way to 
the moutli of the little stream known as Chicago river, and engaged in trad- 
ing with the Indians. Here for eight years, almost alone, he maintained 
trade and intercourse with the savages, until, in 1804, Fort Dearborn was 
erected, and a trading post was established by John Kinzie, who became 
the successor of Jean Baptiste. Fort Dearborn, as first constructed, was a 
very rude and primitive stockade, which cost the government only about 
fifty dollars. It stood on the south bank of Chicago river, half a mile from 
the lake. The few soldiers sent to erect and garrison it were in charge of 
Major Whistler. For a time, being unable to procure grain for bread, the 
soldiers were obliged to subsist in part upon acorns. The original settler, 
Jean Baptiste, or as his full name was Avritten, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, 
sold his cabin to Mr. Kinzie, and the latter erected on the site the building 
known to the early settlers as the *•' Kinzie House." This became a resort 
for the officers and others connected with the garrison. In 1812 the garrison 
had a force of 54 men, under the command of Capt. Nathan Ileald, Avith 
Lieutenant Lenai L. Flelm and Ensign Ronan. Dr. Voorhees was surgeon. 
The only white residents, except the ofticers and soldiers, at that time, were 
Mr. Kinzie and his family, the wives of Capt. Ileald and Lieut. Helm, and 
a few Canadians, with their families. Nearly up to this time the most 
friendly relations had been maintained with the Indians — the principal tribes 
by whom they were surrounded being the Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes. 
The battle of Tippecanoe had been fought the year before, and the influence 
of Tecumseh began to be observable in the conduct of the Indians. They 
were also aware of the difiiculties between tlie United States and Great 
Britian, and had yielded to the influences brought to bear by the latter. In 
April of tliis year, euspicious parties of Winnebagoes Ijegan to liover about 
the fort, remaining in the vicinity for several days. The inhabitants became 
alarmed, and the lamilies took refuge in the fort. On the 7th of August 
a Pottawattamie chief appeared at the fort with an order or dispatch from 
Gen. Hull, at Detroit, directing Capt. Ileald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, and 
distribute all the government property' to the neighboring Indians. The 
chief who brought the dispatch advised Capt. Ileald to make no distribution 
to the Indians. He told him it would be better to leave the fort and stores 
as they were, and that while the Indians were distributing tlie stores among 
themselves, the whites might escape to Fort Wayne. On the 12th of August 
Capt, Ileald held a council with the Indians, but the other officers refused to 
join him. They feared treachery on the part of the Indians, and indeed ]iad 
been informed that their intention was to murder the wliite people. In tlic 
council Capt. Ileald had taken the precaution to oj)en a port-hole displaying 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 99 

a cannon directed upon the council, and probably by that means kept the 
Indians from molesting him at that time. Acting under the advice of Mr. 
Kinzie, he withheld the ammunition and arms from the Indians, throwing 
them, together with the liquors, into the Chicago river. On that day Black 
Partridge, a friendly chiet^ said to Capt, Heald : " Linden birds have been 
singing in my ears to-day; be careful on the march you are going to take." 
On the 13th the Indians discovered the powder floating on the surface of the 
water, a discovery which had the effect to exasperate them the more, and 
they began to indulge in threats. Meantime preparations were made to 
leave the fort. 

Capt. Wells, an uncle of Mrs. Heald, had been adopted by the famous 
Miami warrior, Little Turtle, and had become chief of a band of Miamis. 
On the 14tli he was seen approaching with a band of his Miami warriors, 
coming to assist Capt. Heald in defending the fort, having at Fort Wayne 
heard of the danger which threatened the garrison and the settlers. But all 
means for defending the fort had been destroyed the night before. All, 
therefore, took up their line of march, with Capt, Wells and his Miamis in 
the lead, followed by Capt. Heald, with his wife riding by his side. Mr, 
Kinzie had always been on the most friendly terms with the Indians, and 
still hoped that his personal efforts might influence them to allow the whites to 
leave unmolested. He determined to accompany the expedition, leaving 
his family in a boat in the care of a friendly Indian. In case any misfor- 
tune should happen to him, his family was to be sent to the place where 
ISTiles, Michigan, is now located, where he had another trading post. Along 
tlie shore of Lake Michigan slowly marched the little band of whites, with a 
friendly escort of Pottawattamies, and Capt. Wells and his Miamis, the lat- 
ter in advance. When they had reached what were known as the " Sand 
Hills," the Miami advance guard came rushing back, Capt. Wells exclaim- 
ing, "They are about to attack; form instantly." At that moment a shower 
of bullets came whistling over the sand hills, behind which the Indians 
had concealed themselves for the murderous attack. The cowardly Miamis 
were panic-stricken, and took to flight, leaving their heroic leader to his fate. 
He was at the side of his niece, Mrs. Heald, when the attack was made, and, 
after expressing to her the utter hopelessness of their situation, dashed into 
the fight. There were 54 soldiers, 12 civilians and three women, all poorly 
armed, against 500 Indian warriors. The little band had no alternative but 
to sell their lives as dearly as possible. They charged upon their murder- 
ous assailants, and drove them from their position back to the prairie. 
There the conflict continued until two-thirds of the whites were killed and 
wounded. Mrs. Heald, Mrs Helm and Mrs. Holt, all took part in the combat. 
In a wagon were twelve children, and a painted demon tomahawked them 
all, seeing which, Capt. Wells exclaimed, "If butchering women and chil- 
dren is your game, I will kill too," and then spurred his horse toward the 
Indian camp, where they had left their squaws and papooses. He was pur- 
sued by several young warriors, who sent bullets whistling about him, killing 
his horse and wounding Capt Wells. They attempted to take him a prisoner, 
but he resolved not to be taken alive. Calling a young chief a squaw, an 
epithet which excites the fiercest resentment in an Indian warrior, the young 
chief instantly tomahawked him. 

The three women fought as bravely as the soldiers. Mrs. Heald was an 
expert in the use of the rifle, but received several severe wounds. During 
the conflict the hand of a savage was raised to tomahawk her, when she ex- 



100 



THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOKY. 



claimed in 
words had tlie ei 
warrior att€ 



blow on t 
bis scalpi 
moment 
in sp 
sam 



language, "^rely you will not kill a squaw." Her 

rto chanaj^^ns purpose, and ber life was spared. Another 

toii]S!fiawk Mrs. Helm. He struck ber a glancing 



re, at 
was 



ler so 
tended. Ti 
woman, ar 



ulder, w^n she sized Mm and attempted to wrest from him 
'knife, wJi^ was in i^i^heatb attached to his belt. At that 
friendlv/Blacik ParMdge dragged her from her antagonist, and 
ber^trpS^les CH^'i^i^uer to the lake and plunged her in, at the 
;ould not drown. By this means he saved 
third woman, Mrs. Holt, the wife of Sergeant 
s strong and brave as an amazon. She rode 
spirits horse, which more tlian once the Indians tried to take from 
_ i*. Her husband had been disabled in the light, and with his sword, whicli 
she bad taken, she kept the savages at bay for some time. She was finally, 
lowever, taken prisoner, and remained a long time a captive among the lu- 
ians, but was subsequently ransomed. 
After two-thirds of the whites had been slain or disabled, twenty-eight 
en succeeded in gaining an eminence on the prairie, and the Indians de- 
sisted from further pursuit. The chiefs held a consultation, and gave the 
sign that they were ready to parley. Capt. Heald went forward and met 
the chief. Blackbird, on the prairie, when terms of surrender were agreed 
upon. The whites were to deliver up their arms and become prisoners, to 
be exchanged or ransomed in the future. All were taken to the Indian 
camp near the abandoned fort, where the wounded Mrs. Helm had previ- 
ously been taken by Black Partridge. By the terms of surrender no pro- 
vision had been made as to the disposition of the wounded. It was the 
understanding of the Indians that the British general. Proctor, had oflered 
a bounty for American scalps delivered at Maiden. Here there was another 
scene of horror. Most of the wounded men were killed and scalped. 

Such is a hasty glance at scenes that were witnessed on this then wild 



shore of Lake Michigan. 



Such were the experiences and the struggles of 



the heroic men and women who ventured forth into the wilderness to plant 
the germs of civilization, and to lay the foundations of future cities and 
States. The site on which now stands a city which ranks among the great- 
est on the continent, is consecrated by the blood shed by heroes on that 
bright 15th day of August, 1812. 

Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1816, under the direction of Capt. Bradley, 
and was occupied until 1837, when, the Indians having removed from the 
country, it was abandoned. 

Congress, on the 2d of March, 1827, granted to the State of Illinois every 
alternate section of land for six miles on either side of the line of the then 
proposed Illinois and Michigan canal, to aid in its construction, from Chi- 
cago to the head of navigation of the Illinois river. The State accepted the 
grant, and on the 22d of January, 1829, organized a board of canal commis- 
sioners, with power to lay out towns along tlie line. Under this authority 
the commissioners employed Mr. James Thompson to survey the town of 
Chicago. His first map of the town bears date August 4, 1830. In 1831 
the place contained about a dozen families, not including the ofiicers and sol- 
diers in Fort Dearborn. On the 10th of August, 1833, it was organized by 
the election of five trustees — there being twenty-eight voters. On the 26th 
of September of the same year, a treaty was signed with the chiefs of the 
Pottawattamies, seven thousand of the tribe being ])resent, and on the 1st 
of October they were removed west of the Mississippi. The first charter of 



THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. 101 

the city was passed by the Legislature of Illinois, and approved March 4th, 
1837. Under this charter an election was held May 1st, of the same year. 
A coiisus was taken on the 1st of July, when the entire population was 
shown to be 4,170. The city then contained four ^varehouses, three hundred 
and twenty-eight dwellings, twenty-nine dry goods stores, five hardware 
stores, three drug stores, nineteen provision stores, ten taverns, twenty-six 
groceries, seventeen lawyers' offices, and five churches. It then embraced 
an area of 560 acres. At this date grain and flour had to be imported from 
the East to feed the people, for the iron arteries of trade did not then stretch 
out over the prairies of Illinois, Iowa, and other States. Tliere were no ex- 
portations of produce until 1839, and not until 1842 did the exports exceed 
the imports. Grain was sold in the streets by the wagon load, the trade 
being restricted to a few neighboring farmers of Illinois. 

Of religious organizations the Methodists were the pioneers, being repre- 
sented in 1831, 1832 and 1833, by Eev. Jesse Walker. Their first quarterly 
meeting was held in tlie fall of 1833, and in the spring of the next year the 
first regular class was formed. The first Presbyterian church was organized 
June 2(jth, 1833, the first pastor being Rev. James Porter. It consisted at 
the time of twenty -five members from the garrison and nine from the citi- 
zens of the town. The first Baptist church was organized October 19th, 
1833 ; and the first Episcopal church, St, James, in 1834. The first Cath- 
olic church was built by Rev. Schofler, in 1833-4. 

The first great public im])rovement projected was the Illinois and Mich- 
igan canal, one Imndred miles in length, and connecting Chicago with La 
Salle, at the head of navigation on the Illinois river. It was completed in 
the spring of 1848. 

To the eye of an observer, Chicago seems to be situated upon a level plain, 
but in reality the height of the natural surface above the lake varies from 
three to twenty-four feet, and the grade of the principal streets has been 
raised from two to eight feet above the original surface. A complete sys- 
tem of sewerage has been established. The surrounding prairie for many 
miles is apparentl}'- without much variation of surface. Though it cannot 
be observed by the eye, yet the city really stands on the dividing ridge be- 
tween the two great rivers that drain half the continent, and is about six 
hundred feet above the ocean. Chicago river, before being widened, deep- 
ened, and improved, was a very small stream. It has but very little per- 
ceptible current, and for several miles is very nearly on a level with the 
lake. It is formed by two branches, one from the north and the other from 
south, which unite about a mile from the lake. From this junction the 
stream flows due east to the lake. These streams divide the city into three 
parts, familiarly known as North Side, South Side, and AVest Side. Bridges 
constructed upon turn-tables, or pivots, are thrown across the streams at 
many places. By swinging the bridges round, vessels are allowed to be 
towed up and down the river by steam tugs, so that there is very little diffi- 
culty in the way of passing from one division of the city to another. The 
stream has been made navigable for several miles for sail vessels and pro- 
pellers, and immense warehouses and elevators have been constructed along 
its banks, where vessels are loaded and unloaded with great rapidity. 

We have seen that when the first census was taken in 1837, the city had 
a population of 4,170. By 1840 it had increased to only 4,470 ; in 1845 it 
was 12,088 ; in 1850 it was 28,269 ; in 1855 it was 83,509. The census of 
1870 showed a population 298,977. 



102 THE NORTHWEST TEEKITOEY. 

One of the gigantic public improvements of Chicago is that for supplying 
the city with water. Owing to the fact that the water in the lake, near the 
shore, was polluted by filth from the river, in 1865 a tunnel was cut under 
the lake, extending a distance of two miles from the shore. This tunnel is 
thirty-five feet below the bed of the lake. This work is regarded as an ex- 
ample of great engineering skill, and has proved to be successful. The con- 
tract price for this work was $315,139. Another great work is the tunnel 
under the Chicago river at Washington street, cut for the purpose of dis- 
pensing with the bridge over the river, and to ob^^ate the necessity of the 
public waiting for vessels to pass. The contract price for this great work 
was $200,000. 

There are other great public improvements of the city, which Math her rail- 
roads leading out in all directions, her immense lake shipping trade, and her 
population of nearly half a million people, show the greatness that Chicago 
has attained, all within so short a time. As she has been great in her prosper- 
ity, so also has she been great in her calamities. On the 8th and 9tli of Oc- 
tober, 1871, this city was the scene of one of the greatest conflagrations 
known in the annals of the world — greater than that of London in 160(i, 
when thirteen thousand buildings were burned. In Chicago twenty thou- 
sand buildings were swept away by the devouring element, with miles of 
magnificent business blocks, palatial residences, and costly ornamentations 
— all covering an area of over fi've thousand acres! In all that part of tlie 
city between Harrison street and the Chicago river, and on the ]N'orth Side 
for nearly four miles to Lincoln Park, there was nothing to be seen but the 
ruins of a city that had suddenly gone down at the merciless bidding of the 
fire-fiend. It was a scene of desolation and ruin, and its announcement at 
the time thrilled a sympathetic chord which vibrated throughout the whole 
civilized world. Like the fabled Phoenix, Chicago rose again from lier own 
ashes, but grander and more magnificent than she was before. Chicago is 
now, and has for some years been, the greatest pork packing and grain shipping 
market of the w^orld. Her commerce is of immense proportions and reaches 
to all lands where American trade is known. She is the commercial metrop- 
olis of the great ^Northwest, and the States of Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Wis- 
consin and Minnesota, pour their tributes of wealth over thousands of miles 
of railroads into her lap. 



THE NORTHWEST TEKKIIOUY. 



103 




OLD FOKT DEARBORN, 1S30. 




History of Iowa. 



DESCKIPTIYE AND GEOGKAPHICAL SKETCH. 

Extent — Surface — Rivers — Lakes — Spirit Lake — Lake Okoboji — Clear Lake — Timber — Cli- 
mate — Prairies — Soils . 

Extent. — Iowa is about tliree linndred miles in length, east and west, and 
a little over two hundred miles in breadth, north and south ; lia\'ing nearly 
the figure of a rectangular parallelogram. Its northern boundary is the par- 
allel of 43 degrees 30 minutes, separating it from the State of Minnesota. 
Its southern limit is nearly on the line of 40 degrees 31 minutes from the 
point where this parallel crosses the Des Moines river, westward. From 
this point to the southeast corner of the State, a distance of about thirty 
miles, the Des Moines river forms the boundary line between Iowa and Mis- 
souri. The two great rivers of the JSTorth American Continent form the 
east and west boundaries, except that portion of the western boundary ad- 
joining the Territory of Dakota. The Big Sioux river from its mouth, two 
miles above Sioux City, forms the western boundary up to the point where 
it intersects the parallel of 43 degrees 30 minutes. These limits embrace an 
area of 55,045 square miles; or, 35,228,800 acres. When it is understood 
that all this vast extent of surface, except that which is occupied by the riv- 
ers, and the lakes and peat beds of the northern counties, is susceptible of the 
highest cultivation, some idea may be formed of the immense agricultural re- 
sources of the State. Iowa is nearly as large as England, and twice as large 
as Scotland ; but when we consider the relative area of surface which may 
be made to yield to the wants of man, those countries of the Old World will 
bear no comparison with Iowa. 

Surface. — The surface of the State is remarkably uniform, rising to nearly 
the same general altitude. There are no mountains, and yet but little of 
the surface is level or flat. The whole State presents a succession of gentle 
elevations and depressions, with some bold and picturesque bluffs along the 
principal streams. The western portion of the State is generally more eleva- 
ted than the eastern, the northwestern part being the highest. Nature 
could not have provided a more perfect system of drainage, and at the same 
time leave the country so completely adapted to all the purposes of agricul- 
ture. Looking at the map of Iowa, we see two systems of streams or rivers 
running nearly at right angles with each other. The streams which dis- 
charge their waters into the Mississippi flow from the northwest to the 
southeast, while those of the other system flow towards the southwest, and 
empty into the Missouri. The former drain about three-fourths of the State, 
and the latter the remaining one-fourth. The water-shed dividing the two 



106 HISTOET OF IOWA. 

systems of streams, represents tlie highest portions of the State, and grad- 
ually descends as you follow its course from northwest to southeast. Low- 
water mark in the Missouri river at Council Bluffs is about 425 feet above 
low- water mark in the Mississippi at Davenport. At the crossing of the 
summit, or water-shed, 245 miles west of Davenport, the elevation is about 
960 feet above the Mississippi. The Des Moines river, at the city of Des 
Moines, has an elevation of 227 feet above the Mississippi at Davenport, and 
is 198 feet lower than the Missouri at Council Bluffs. The elevation of the 
eastern border of the State at McGregor is about 624 feet above the level of 
the sea, while the highest elevation in the northwest portion of the State is 
1,400 feet above the level of the sea. In addition to the grand water-shed 
mentioned above, as dividing the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri, 
there are between the principal streams, elevations commonly called " di- 
vides," which are drained by numerous streams of a smaller size tributary to 
the rivers. The valleys along the streams have a deep, rich soil, but are 
scarcely more fertile than many portions of those undulating prairie " di- 
vides." 

Rivers. — As stated above, the rivers of Iowa are divided into two systems, 
or classes — those flowing into the Mississippi, and those flowing into the 
Missouri. The Mississippi river, the largest on the continent, and one of the 
largest in the world, washes the entire eastern border of the State, and is most 
of "the year navigable for a large class of steamers. The only serious ob- 
struction to steamers of the largest size, are what are known as the Lower 
Eapids, just above the mouth of the Des Moines. The government of the 
United States has constructed a canal, or channel, around these rapids on 
the Iowa side of the river, a work which will prove of immense advantage 
to the commerce of Iowa for all time to come. The principal rivers which 
flow through the interior of the State, east of the water-shed, are the Des 
Moines, Skunk, Iowa, Wapsipinicon, Alaquoketa, Turkey, and Upper Iowa. 
One of the largest rivers in the State is Red Cedar, which rises in Minne- 
sota, and flowing in a southeasterly direction, joins its waters with Iowa 
river in Louisa county, only about thirty miles from its mouth, that portion 
below the junction retaining the name of Iowa river, although above the 
junction it is really the smaller stream. 

The Des Moines is the largest interior river of the State, and rises in a 
group or chain of lakes in Minnesota, not far from the Iowa border. It 
really has its source in two principal branches, called East and "West Des 
Moines, which, after flowing about seventy miles through the northern por- 
tion of the State, converge to their junction in the southern part of Hum- 
boldt county. The Des Moines receives a number of large tributaries, 
among which are Raccoon and Three Rivers (North, South and Middle) on 
the west, and Boone river on the east. Raccoon (or 'Coon) rises in the vi- 
cinity of Storm Lake in Buena Yista county, and after receiving several 
tributaries, discharges its waters into the Des Moines river, within the lim- 
its of the city of Des Moines, This stream aflbrds many excellent mill 
privileges, some of which have been improved. The Des Moines flows from 
northwest to southeast, not less than three hundred miles through Iowa, aiid 
drains over ten thousand square miles of territory. At an early day, steam- 
boats, at certain seasons of the year, navigated this river as far up as the 
" Raccoon Forks," and a large grant of land was made by Congress to the 
State for the purpose of improving its navigation. The land was subse- 
quently diverted to the construction of the Des Moines Yalley Railroad. 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 107 

Before this diversion several dams were erected on the lower portion of the 
river, which aflbrd a vast amount of hydraulic power to that portion of the 
State. 

The next river above the Des Moines is Skunk, which has its source in 
Hamilton county, north of the center of tlie State. It traverses a southeast 
course, having two principal branches— their aggregate lengtii being about 
four hundred and fifty miles. They drain about eight thousand square miles 
of territory, and afford many excellent mill sites. 

The next is Iowa river, which rises in several branches among the lakes 
in Hancock and Winnebago counties, in the northern part of the State. Its 
great eastern branch is Red Cedar, having its source among the lakes in 
Minnesota. The two streams, as before stated, unite and flow into the Mis- 
sissippi in Louisa county. In size. Red Cedar is the second interior river 
of the State, and both are valuable as affording immense water power. Shell 
Rock river is a tributary of Red Cedar, and is important to Northern Iowa, 
on account of its fine water power. The aggregate length of Iowa and Red 
Cedar rivers is about five hundred miles, and they drain about twelve thou- 
sand square miles of territory. 

The Wapsipinicon river rises in Minnesota, and flows in a southeasterly 
direction over two hundred miles through Iowa, draining, with its branches, 
a belt of territory only about twelve miles wide. This stream is usually 
called " Wapsie " by the settlers, and is valuable as furnishing good water 
power for machinery. 

Maquoketa river, the next considerable tributary of tlie Mississippi, is 
about one hundred and sixty miles long, and drains about three thousand 
square miles of territory. 

Turkey river is about one hundred and thirty miles long, and drains some 
two thousand square miles. It rises in Howard county, runs southeast, and 
empties into the Mississippi near the south line of Clayton county. 

Upper Iowa river also rises in Howard county, flows nearly east, and 
empties into the Mississippi near the northeast corner of the State, passing 
through a narrow, but picturesque and beautiful valley. This portion of 
the State is somewhat broken, and the streams have cut their channels deeply 
into the rocks, so that in many places they are bordered by blufls f]-om three 
to four hundred feet high. They flow rapidly, and furnish ample water 
power for machinery at numerous points. 

Having mentioned the rivers which drain the eastern three-fourths of the 
State, we will now cross the great "water-shed" to the Missouri and its 
tributaries. 

The Missouri river, forming a little over two-thirds of the length of the 
western boundary line, is navigable for large sized steamboats fora distance 
of nineteen hundred and fifty miles above the point (Sioux City) where it 
first touches our western border. It is, therefore, a highway of lio little im- 
portance to the commerce of Western Iowa. During the season of naviga- 
tion some years, over fifty steamers ascend tlie river above Sioux City, most 
of which are laden with stores for the mining region above Fort Benton. 
We will now refer to the larger tributaries of the Missouri, which drain the 
western portion of Iowa. 

The Big Sioux river forms about seventy miles of the western boundary 
of the State, its general course being nearly from north to south. It has 
several small tributaries draining the counties of Plymouth, Sioux, Lyon, 
Osceola, and O'Brien, in northwestern Iowa. One of the most important 



108 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

of these is Rock river, a beautiful little stream running through the coun- 
ties of Ljon and Sioux. It is supported by springs, and affords a volume 
of water sufficient for propelling machinery. 13 ig Sioux river was once re- 
garded as a navigable stream, and steamboats of a small size have on sev- 
eral occasions ascended it for some distance. It is not, however, now con- 
sidered a safe stream for navigation. It empties into the Missouri about 
two miles above Sioux City, and some four miles below the northwest cor- 
ner of AVoodbury county. It drains about one thousand square miles of 
Iowa territory. 

Just below Sioux City, Floyd river empties into the Missouri. It is a 
small stream, but flows through a rich and beautiful valle3^ Its length is 
about one hundred miles, and it drains some fifteen hundred square miles of 
territory. Two or three mills have been erected on this stream, and there 
are other mill sites which will doubtless be improved in due time. 

Little Sioux river is one of the most important streams of northwestern 
Iowa. It rises in the vicinity of Spirit and Okoboji lakes, near the Minne- 
sota line, and meanders through various counties a distance of nearly three 
hundred miles to its confluence with the Missouri near the northwest corner 
of Harrison county. With its tributaries it drains not less than five thou- 
sand square miles. Several small mills have been erected on this stream, 
and others doubtless will be when needed. 

Boyer river is the next stream of considerable size below the Little Sioux. 
It rises in Sac county and flows southwest to the Missouri in Pottawattamie 
county. Its entire length is about one hundred and fifty miles, and drains 
not less than two thousand square miles of territory. It is a small stream, 
meandering through a rich and lovely valley. The Chicago and Northwest- 
ern E-ailroad passes do^vn this valley some sixty miles. 

Going down the Missouri, and passing several small streams, which have 
not been dignified with the name of rivers, we come to the Nishnabotna, 
which empties into the Missouri some twenty miles below the southwest 
corner of the State. It has three principal branches, with an aggregate 
length of three hundred and fifty miles. These streams drain about five 
thousand square miles of southwestern Iowa. They flow through valleys of 
unsurpassed beauty and fertility, and furnish good water power at various 
points, though in this respect they are not equal to the streams in the north- 
eastern portion of the State. 

The southern portion of the State is drained by several streams that flow 
into the Missouri river, in the State of Missouri. The most important of 
these are Chariton, Grand, Platte, One Hundred and Two, and the three 
Nodaways — East, West and Middle. All of these afford water power for 
machinery, and present splendid valleys of rich farming lands. 

We have above only mentioned the streams that have been designated as 
rivers, but there are many other streams of great importance and value to 
different portions of the State, draining the country, furnishing mill-sites, 
and adding to the variety and beauty of the scenery. So admirable is the 
natural drainage of almost the entire State, that the farmer who has not a 
stream of living water on his premises is an exception to the general rule. 

LAKES OF NOKTHERN IOWA. 

In some of the northern counties of Iowa there are many small, but beau- 
tiful lakes, some of which we shall notice. They are a part of the system of 



HISTOKT OF IOWA. 109 

lakes extending far northward into Minnesota, and some of them present 
many interesting features which the limits of this work will not permit ns 
to give in detail. The following are among ^>he most noted of the lakes of 
northern Iowa: Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county; Rice Lake, Silver Lake 
and Bright's Lake, in Worth county; Crystal Lake, Eagle Lake, Lake Ed- 
ward and Twin Lakes, in Hancock county; Owl Lake, in Humboldt county; 
Lake Gertrude, Elm Lake and Wall Lake, in Wright county; Lake Caro, in 
Hamilton county; Twin Lakes, in Calhoun county; Wall Lake, in Sac 
county; Swan Lake, in Emmet county; Storm Lake, in BuenaYista county; 
and Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, in Dickinson county. _ Nearly all of these 
are deep and clear, abounding in many excellent varieties of fish, which are 
caught abundantly by the settlers at all proper seasons of the year. The 
name ' Wall Lake,' applied to several of these bodies of water, is derived from 
the fact that a line or ridge of boulders, extends around them, giving them 
somewhat the appearance of having been walled. Most of them exliibit the 
same appearance in this respect to a greater or less extent. Lake Okoboji, 
Spirit Lake, Storm Lake and Clear "Lake are the largest of the Korthern 
Iowa lakes. All of them, except Storm Lake, have fine bodies of timber on 
their borders. Lake Okoboji is about fifteen miles long, and from a quarter 
of a mile to two miles wide. Spirit Lake, just north of it, embraces about 
ten square miles, the northern border extending to the Minnesota line. Storm 
Lake is in size about three miles east and west by two north and south. 
Clear Lake is about seven miles long by two miles wide. The dry rolling 
land usually extends up to the borders of the lakes, making them delightful 
resorts for excursion or fishing parties, and they are now attracting attention 
as places of resort, on account of the beauty of their natural scenery, as well 
as the inducements which they afford to hunting and fishing parties. 

As descriptive of some of the lakes of Northern Iowa, the author would 
here introduce some former correspondence of his own on the occasion of a 
visit to Spirit and Okoboji Lakes, in Dickinson county. At that time he 
^vl•ote in regard to Spirit Lake: 

With a party of delighted friends — seven of us in all — we made the cir- 
cle of Spirit Lake, or Ifinne-Waukon as the Indians called it. Starting 
from the village of Spirit Lake early in the morning, we crossed the upper 
portion of East Okoboji on a substantial wooden bridge about three hundred 
feet in length, a half mile east of the village. Going around a farm or two, 
we proceeded up along the east shore of Spirit Lake to what is known as 
" Stony Point." Here a point of land has been gradually forming, for, we 
do not know how many years, or even centuries, but large trees have grown 
from the rocks, gravel and sand thrown together by various forces far back 
in the past. From the inner edge of the growth of timber, a ridge of rocks 
extends some forty rods into the lake, gradually lessening until, at the fur- 
ther extremity, it only afibrds a dry foot-way by stepping from rock to rock. 
This point is said to be constantly extending and it is not improbable that 
in time, two lakes may be formed instead of one. " Stony Point" is almost 
wholly composed of boulders of various sizes and shapes, brought together 
by the action of water, on either side. It is the resort of innumerable birds and 
water fowl of various kinds, including pelicans, black loons and gulls. When 
we approached they were holding high carnival over the remains of such un- 
fortunate fish as happened to be thrown upon the rocks by the dashing of the 
waves. Our presence, however, soon cleared the coast of its promiscuous 



110 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

gathering of feathered tenants, but after we left, they doubtless returned to 
their revelry. 

We continued our journey up the lake a mile further to the " inlet." Here 
a small stream makes its way in from the east, and, having higli steep banks, 
all we had to do was to go round its mouth through the lake, the water being 
very clear, with a fine gravel bottom, and sufficiently shallow for good ford- 
ing. Just above this, a sand-beach extends for some distance, jDortions of 
which are cov^ered with clumps of willows and other small trees. No heavy 
groves of timber border on the east side of the lake, but scattered trees and 
small groves extend all the way along. The adjoining prairie land is gener- 
ally dry, rolling and well adapted to farming purposes. Several farms are in 
cultivation along the banks of this part of the lake. 

Nearly east of the north end of the lake, we crossed the Iowa and Minne- 
sota line. Our road led us about a mile further north, where it diverged 
westerly to the south bank of a pleasant little sheet of water, known as Loon 
Lake. This has an outlet connecting it with other small lakes, which lie 
near the head of Spirit Lake, and which .were doubtless once a ];)art of the 
same. In a pretty little grove on the shore of Loon Lake, in the sovereign 
State of Minnesota, we paused for our nooning. 

From Loon Lake the road turns southward, passing several miles through 
groves of timber that border the west shore of Spirit Lake. A number of 
clear and quiet little lakes are nestled romantically in the groves west of 
Spirit Lake with only sufticient room in many places for a roadway between 
them and the latter. Of these charming little lakes, the three principal ones 
are Lake Augusta, Plum Lake, and Round Lake, In the formation of the 
last named, nature has indulged in one of her most singular and interesting 
freaks. It is something over a quarter of a mile in diameter, and so nearly 
round that the eye can detect no irregularity. The bank, all around, rises 
to the uniform height of about thirty feet, sloping at an angle of forty-five 
degrees, and giving the lake the appearance of a huge basin. A dense Ibrest 
approaches on all sides, with large trees bending over the water, which is so 
deep down in its reservoir that the wind rarely ruffles its surface. There is 
no visible inlet or outlet, but the water is always deep and clear. It is 
indeed worth a day's journey to see this charming little gem of a lake, 
reposing so quietly in the midst of its wild surroundings of lofty trees, 
tangled vines and wild flowers. 

Plum Lake is so called from the fact that there are many groves of wild 
plums around it. It lies between Lake Augusta and Pound Lake. Near 
the north end of Plum Lake is a commanding elevation called "Grandview 
Mound." From the summit of this mound there is a fine view of Spirit 
Lake, and a portion of the surrounding country. There is every appearance 
that these little lakes were once a portion of the greater one that lies east of 
them, and they are now separated from it by a strip of land only wide enough 
in many places for a good wagon road, but it is gradually increasing in width 
from year to year. It is covered with a groAvth of cottonwood, soft maple, 
elm, wild plum, and other trees, with a dense profusion of wild grape vines 
clinging among the branches. The beach along the edge of Spirit Lake 
here is composed of gravel, sand and shells, with a ridge of boulders, rising 
and extending up to the timber, through which the road passes. 

Round Lake, above mentioned, is situated in what is known as "Marble 
Grove," one of the finest bodies of timber to be found about the lakes, and is 
so named from its early occupant, who was killed by *the Indians. It was in 



HISTORY OF IOWA. < HI 

this grove, after the massacre, that the Indians peeled the bark from a tree, 
and with a dark paint, made a picture-record of what tliej had done. Tlie 
killed were represented by rude drawings of persons in a prostrate position, 
corresponding with the number of victims. Pictures of cabins, with smoke 
issuing from their roofs, represented the number of houses burned. In the 
murder of Marble and his child, and the capture of Mrs. Marble, the Indians 
completed the annihilation of the settlement at the lakes, and thus left a 
record of their fiendish work. •' Marble Grove " at that time was doubtless 
a scene of savage rejoicing over the perpetration of deeds which cast a gloom 
over all Northwestern Iowa, and which the lapse of years only could remove. 

From the south end of " Marble Grove " to the village of Spirit Lake, the 
road passes over undulating prairies for some three or four miles, with 
several new farms now being improved on either side. The principal groves 
of timber about this lake are at the west side and the north end, while a 
narrow belt extends around the other portions. The water is deep, and the 
wind often dashes the waves against the banks with great violence. At 
other times the surface is smooth and placid. 

There is a legend which we give briefly, for the beneflt of those who may 
be curious to know the origin of the name of Spirit Lake. Many moons 
before the white man took up his abode or built liis cabin on the shores of 
the lake, a band of Dakota warriors brought a pale-faced maiden here, a 
captive taken in one of their expeditions against the whites who had ven- 
tured near their hunting grounds. Among the warriors was a tall young 
brave, fairer than the rest, who had been stolen from the whites in infancy 
by the wife of Um-pa-sho-ta, the chief. The pale-faced brave never knew 
his parentage or origin, but the chief's wife called him Star of Day, and he 
knew not but that she was his own mother. All the tribe expected that he 
would sometime become their chief, as no warrior had proved so brave and 
daring as he. Star of Day, only, had performed deeds which entitled him 
to succeed to the honors of the aged Um-pa-sho-ta. But all the distinctions 
or titles that his nation might bestow, possessed no attraction for him wdiile 
he beheld the grief of the beautiful pale-faced captive. He therefore deter- 
mined to rescue her, and also made up his mind to flee with her from the 
tribe and make her his wife. The maiden had recognized in the blue eyes 
and fair face of her lover, something which told her that he, like herself, 
was a captive. One night, while all the warriors were asleep in their lodges. 
Star of Day and the maiden slumbered not. He silently unbound the 
thongs which fastened her to the lodge frame. Only a few paces through 
the thick forest brought them to the lake shore, where, under the willows, 
liis light canoe was in readiness. Soon the lovers were midway across the 
lake, but the Great Spirit who ruled in the wind and the water, as well as in the 
forest, willed that tlieir home should be together beneath the waters where 
no Dakota should henceforth ever disturb them. And so a breath of the 
Great Spirit in the wind dashed a wave over the little canoe, and it went 
down with the lovers. Since that time no Indian's canoe has ever dared to 
venture upon the lake. Only the white man's canoe is always safe, for the 
spirits of Star of Day and the maiden still abide under the water, in a 
beautiful cave of shells, guarding only the white man's canoe from danger, 
as spirits ever know their own. From that time the Dakotas called the lake 
2fin7ie-Waukon, or Spirit-Water. 

Ohohoji. — Okoboji is the most beautiful of all the lakes of Northwestern 
Iowa. Walter Scott could not invest the historic lakes of Scotia with more 



112 HISTOKY OF IOWA. 

of the wild beauty of scenery suggestive of poetry and romance, tlian we here 
find around this loveliest of Iowa lakes. 

Okoboji lies immediately south of Spirit Lake, and is of very irregular 
shape. Its whole length is at least fourteen miles, but it is nearly separated 
into two parts. The two parts are called, respectively, East and West Okoboji. 
A wooden bridge has been erected across the straits, on the road from the 
village of Spirit Lake to that of Okoboji, the water here being ordinarily not 
over a couple of hundred feet wide and about fifteen feet deep. West Okoboji 
is much the larger body of water, stretching west and northwest of the straits 
some eight miles, and varying in width from one to two miles. As you pass 
around this lake, the scene constantly changes, and from many different 
points the observer obtains new views, many of which might furnish inspira- 
tion to the pencil of the artist. The water has a deep sky-blue appearance, 
and the surface is either placid or boisterous, as the weather may happen to 
be. The dry land slopes down to the margin on all sides. 

Huge boulders are piled up around the shores several feet above the 
water, forming a complete protection against the action of the waves. 
These rocks embrace the different kinds of granite which are found scat- 
tered over the prairies, with also a large proportion of limestone, from which 
good quick-lime is manufactured. This rock protection seems to be charac- 
teristic of all that portion of the lake-shore most subject to the violent beat- 
ing of the waves. But there are several fine gravel beaches, and one on the 
north side is especially resorted to as being the most extensive and beautiful. 
Here are immense wind-rows of pebbles, rounded and polished by the vari- 
ous processes that nature employs, and in such variety that a single handful 
taken up at random would constitute a miniature cabinet for the geologist. 
Agates, cornelians, and other specimens of exquisite tint and beauty, are 
fonnd in great profusion, being constantly washed up by the water. The 
east end of West Okoboji, at the straits, is some five miles south of Spirit 
Lake, but the extreme west portion extends up to a point west of Spirit 
Lake. East Okoboji is not so Made or deep as the other part, but is nearly 
as long. It extends up to within a quarter of a mile, or less, of Spirit Lake, 
and is now connected with it by a mill-race, being some four or five feet 
lower than that lake. At a narrow place near the upper end of this lake, a 
bridge some three hundred feet long has been erected on the road leading to 
Estherville. The Okoboji outlet heads at the south end of East Okoboji, 
and in its passage flows through three lakes called Upper, Middle and Lower 
Gar Lakes. These little lakes are so named because large quantities of the 
peculiar long-billed fish designated by that name, are found therein. This 
outlet has a rapid fall all the way to its junction with the Little Sioux river, 
some five miles below, and is about being turned to good account by the 
erection of machiner}'- on it. This outlet is also the greatest of the fishing 
resorts about the lakes 

The groves around Lake Okoboji embrace over one thousand acres of good 
timber. The larger groves are found on the south side, where the principal 
settlement was at the time of the Indian massacre. There are two or three 
fine bodies of timber on the north side of West Okoboji, and a narrow fringe 
of timber borders nearly all the lake shore between the larger groves. On 
the north side of West Okoboji, near the west end, is a splendid grove of 
hard maple, of large size, while none of this kind of timber is fouTid else- 
where about the lake. On the same side in another grove, we observed 
many red cedars of large growth. We noticed one nearly three feet in 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 113 

diameter, and a fine crop of young cedars, from three to ten inches higli, 
liave taken root along tlie shore. Burr oak seems to predominate ann)iig 
tlie various kinds of timber, and the groves on the soutli side are mainlj- 
composed of this kind, with considerable ash, elm and walnut. In many 
places the ground is covered with a dense growth of wild gooseberry and 
wild currant bushes, all now giving promise of a fine yield of fruit. Many 
plum groves are scattered about the lake, and grapes also grow in profusion. 
We noticed, however, that the wild crab-apple, so plentiful in other parts of 
the State, was wanting. =■ 

The land rises from the lake nearly all the way round, with a gradually 
sloping bank, to the height of some thirty feet, and then stretches away in 
undulating prairie or woodland, as the case may be. In some places, the 
unbroken prairie extends to the beach without a tree or shnib. A s])lendid 
body of prairie, embracing several thousand acres, lies in the peninsula 
formed by Lake Okoboji with its outlet and the Little Sioux river. Between 
Okoboji and Spirit Lakes, there is also a good body of prairie with some 
well improved farms. A lake of considerable size, called Center Lake, with 
a fine body of timber surrounding it, lies between Okoboji and Spirit Lakes. 

In point of health, as well as in the beauty of its natural scenery, this 
locality far surpasses many others that have become fashionable and famous 
resorts. A month or two in the summer season might be spent here with 
constant change, and a pleasing variety of attractions. The invalid or 
pleasure seeker might divide the time between hunting, fishing, driving, 
bathing, rowing, sailing, rambling, and in various other ways adapted to his 
taste or fancy. lie could pay homage to Nature in her playful or her 
milder moods; for sometimes she causes these little lakes to play the role of 
miniature seas by the wild dashing of their surges against their rocky shores, 
and then ajjain causes them to become as calm and placid as slumberin"* 
intancy. 

Clear Lake. — Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county, is among the better 
known lakes of the State, on account of its easy accessibility by rail, as well 
as its many and varied attractions. It is a beautiful little sheet of water, 
and as a pleasure resort has for several years been constantly growing in 
favor. This, and Storm Lake, in Buena Vista county, as well as some 
others, are deserving of special description, but what is already given will 
afford some idea of the lakes of Northern low^a. 

Timber. — One of the peculiar features of the topography of the north- 
west, is the predominance of pra.iries, a name of French origin, which sig- 
nifies grass-land. It has been estimated that about nine-tenths of the sur- 
face of Iowa is prairie. The timber is generally found in heavy bodies skirt- 
ing the streams, but there are also many isolated groves standing, like islands 
in the sea, far out on the prairies. The eastern half of the State contains a 
larger proportion of timber than the western. The following are the leading 
varieties of timber: White, black and burr oak, black walnut, butternut, 
hickory, hard and soft maple, cherry, red and white elm, ash, linn, haekberry, 
birch, honey locust, cottonwood and quaking asp. A few sycamore trees are 
found in certain localities along the streams. Groves of red cedar also pre- 
vail, especially along Iowa and Cedar rivers, and a few isolated pine trees are 
scattered along the bluffs of some of the streams in the northern part of the 
State. 

Nearly all kinds of timber common to Iowa have been found to grow rap- 



]14 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 



idly when transplanted upon the prairies, or when propagated from the plaTit- 
ing of seeds. Only a few years and a little expense are required for the 
settler to raise a grove sufficient to aiford him a supply of fuel. The kinds 
most easily propagated, and of rapid growth, are cottonwood, maple and wal- 
nut. All our prairie soils are adapted to their growth. 

Prof. C. E. Bessey, of the State Agricultural College, who supervised the 
collection of the different woods of Iowa for exhibition at the Centennial 
Exposition, in 187(3, has given a most complete list of the native woody 
plants of the State. , Below we present his list. When not otherwise stated, 
they are trees. The average diameters are given in inches, and when the 
species is a rare one, its locality is given : 



Papaw — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. 

Moonseed— cUmbingr shrub; J^inch. 

Basswood. Lynn or Linden — 20 inches. 

Prickly Ash — shrub; 2 inches. 

Smooth Sumach— shrub ; 2 inches. 

Poison Ivy — cUmbing shrub; 1 inch. 

Fragrant Sumach — shnib; 2 inches. 

Frost Grape — vine; 2 inches. 

River Bank Grape— vine; 2 inches. 

Buckthorn— shrub; river bluffs; 2 to 3 inches. 

New Jersey Tea — low shrub; % inch. 

Red Root— low shrub; 3^ inch. 

Bitter-sweet — cUmbing shrub; 1 inch. 

Wahoo — shrub; 2 inches. 

Bladder Nut— shrub; 2 inches. 

Buckeye — 20 to 30 inches. 

Sugar "Maple — 20 to 24 inches. 

Black Maple— 12 to 18 inches. 

Silver or Soft Maple— 20 to 30 inches. 

Box Elder— 3 to 12 inches. 

False Indigo — shrub; %mch. 

Lead Plant— low shrub ; % inch. 

Red Bud— fi to 8 inches. 

Kentucky Coffee Tree— 3 to 12 inches. 

Honey Locust— 12 to 20 inches. 

Wild Plum— shrub or tree; 2 to 5 inches. 

Wild Red Cherry— shrub or tree; 2 to 6 
inches. 

Choke Cherry— shrub ; 2 to 3 inches. 

Wild Black Cherry— 12 to 18 inches. 

Wine Bark— shrub; ^^ inch. 

Meadow Sweet — shrub; 14, inch. 

Wild Red Raspben-y- shrub; % inch. 

Wild Black Raspberiy— shrub! i^ inch. 

Wild Blackberry— shrub; % inch. 

Dwai-f Wild Rose— low shrub; 3^ inch. 

Early Wild Rose— low shrub; % inch. 

Black Thorn — 3 to 5 inches. 

AV^hite Thorn— 3 to 5 inches. _ 

Downy-leaved Thorn — 2 to 3 inches. 

Wild Crab Apple— 3 to 5 inches. 

Sei-vice Berry or June BeiTy — 3 to 5 inches. 

Small June Berry — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. 

Prickly Wild Gooseberry — shrub; J^ inch. 
* Smooth Wild Gooseberry— shrub ; % inch. 

Wild Black Cm-rant— shrub ; }4, inch. 

Witch Hazel — shrub ; 1 to 2 inches ; said to 
grow in N. E. Iowa. 

Kinnikinnik — shrub; 2 mches. 

Rough-leaved Dogwood — shrub; 1 to 3 
mches. 

Panicled Cornel — shrub; 2 inches. 



Alternate-leaved Cornel — shrub; 2 inches. 

Wolf berry — low shrub; 3=^ inch. 

Coral BeiTy — low shrub; % inch. 

Small Wild Honeysuckle — climbing shrub; J^ 
inch. 

Blackberried Elder — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. 

Red-berried Elder — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. 
Tliis one I have not seen, but feel quite 
sure that it is in the State. 

Sheep Berry — shrub; 2 inches. 

Downy Arrow-wood — shrub 2 inches. 

High CranbeiTy Bush — shrub; 1 inch. 

Button Bush — shrub; 1 inch. 

Black Huckleberry — low shrub ; % inch ; near 
Davenport, according to Dr. Parry. 

White Ash — 12 to 18 inches. 

Green Ash — 8 to 12 inches. There is some 
doubt as to the identity of tliis species. 

Black Ash — 12 to 16 inches. 

Sassafras — 3 to 18 inches. Said to grow in 
the extreme southeastern part of the 
State. 

Spice Bush — shi-ub; 1 inch. Said to grow in 
Northeastern Iowa. 

Leatherwood or Moosewood — shrub; 1 to 2 
inches. In Northeastern Iowa. 

Buffalo Berry — shrub; 1 to 2 inches. Possi- 
bly this may be found on our western 
borders, as it occurs in Nebraska. 

Red Elm — 12 to 14 inches. 

White Elm— 18 to 30 inches. 

Corky Elm — 10 to 15 inches. I have seen no 
specimens which could certainly be re- 
ferred to this species, and yet I think 
there is little doubt of its being a native 
of this State. 

Hackberry — 10 to 16 inches, 

Red Mulberry — 6 to 10 inches. 

Sycamore, or Button wood— 10 to 30 inches. 

Black Walnut — 24 to 48 inches. 

Butternut — 12 to 20 inches. 

SheU-bark Hickory — 12 to 24 inches. 

Pecan Nut— 12 to 20 inches. 

Large Hickory Nut— 18 to 24 inches. 

Pig Nut Hickorj^- 12 to 20 inches. 

These three last species I have not seen 
in the State, but from their known dis- 
tribution, I have no doubt that they are 
to be found in the southern portions of 
the State. 

Butternut Hickory — 12 to 18 inches. 

White Oak— 20 to 30 inches. 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 115 

Burr Oak — 24 to 36 inches. Petioled Willow — shrub; 2 inches. 

Chestnut Oak — 5 to 10 inches. Heart-leaved Willow — small tree; 3 to 4 in- 

Laurel Oak — 5 to 10 inches. ches. 

Scarlet Oak — 12 to 16 inches. Black Willow — 3 to 12 inches. 

Red Oak— 15 to 20 inches. Almond Willow — 3 to 8 inches. 

Hazel Nut — shrub; 1 inch. Lon^-leaved Willow — shrub; 2 to 3 inches. 

Iron Wood — 4 to 7 inches. Aspen — 6 to 12 inches. 

Blue Beech — 3 to 4 inches. _ Cottonwood — 24 to 36 inches. 

White Birch — 3 to 6 inches. Said to grow in White Pine — a few small trees grow in North- 
Northeastern Iowa. eastern Iowa. 

Speckled Alder — shrub or small tree ; 2 to 3 Red Cedar — 6 to 8 inches. 

inches. Northeastern Iowa. Ground Hemlock — traihng' shrub; 1 inch. 

Prairie Willows — low shrub; % inch. Green Briar — climbing shrub; 3^ inch. 

Glaucous Willow — small tree; 2 to 3 inches. 

Total number of species, 104; of these, fifty-one species are trees, while 
the remaining ones are shrubs. The wood of all the former is used for 
economic purposes, while some of the latter furnish more or less valuable 
fuel. 

GUmate. — Prof. Parvin, who has devoted great attention to the climatol- 
ogy of Iowa, in a series of observations made by him at Muscatine, from 1839 
to 1859, inclusive, and at Iowa City, from 1860 to 1870, inckisive, deduces 
the following general results : That the months of ]^ovember and March 
are essentially winter months, their average temperatures rising but a few 
degrees above the freezing point. Much of the former month is indeed mild 
and pleasant, but in it usually comes the first cold spell, followed generally 
by mild weather, while in March the farmer is often enabled to commence 
his spring plowing. September has usually a summer temperature, and 
proves a ripening season for the fall crops, upon Avhich the farmer may rely 
with safety if the spring has been at all backward. May has much more 
the character of' a spring month than that of summer, and " May day" is 
not often greeted with a profusion of flowers. The average temperature of 
May during thirty-two years was 59.06 degrees, while that of September 
was 63.37 degrees. Prof. Parvin states that during thirty-five years the 
mercury rose to 100 degrees only once within the region of his observations 
in Iowa, and that was during the summer of 1870. It seldom rises above 
ninety-five degrees, or falls lower than fifteen degrees below zero. The 
highest temperature, with very few exceptions, occurs in the month of Au- 
gust, while July is the hottest month as indicated by the mean temperature 
of the summer months. January is the coldest month, and in this, only 
once in thirty-two years did tlie mercury fall to thirty degrees below zero. 
The prevailing winds are those of a westerly direction, not for the year alone, 
but for the several months of the year, except June, July, August and Sep- 
tember. August is the month in which the greatest amount of rain falls, 
and in January the least. The greatest fall of I'ain in any one year, was in 
1851—74.49 inches, and the least in 1854—23.35 inches. The greatest fall 
of snow for any one year, was in 1868 — 61.97 inches. The least was in 
1850 — 7.90 inches. The earliest fall of snow during twenty-two years, from 
1848 to 1869, inclusive, was October 17th, 1859, and the latest, April 29th, 
1851. The greatest fall was December 21st, 1848 — 20.50 inches. During 
that time no snow fell during the months of May, June, July, August and 
September, but rain usually occurs in each of the winter months. 

The clear days during the time embraced in Prof Parvin's observations, 
were thirty-two per cent; the cloudy twenty-two per cent, and the variable 
forty-six per cent. 



116 HISTOKY OF IOWA. 

The year 1863 was very cold, not only in Iowa, but throughout the coun- 
try, and there was frost in every month of the year, but it only once or twice 
during thirty years seriously injured the corn crop. When the spring is 
late the fall is generally lengthened, so that the crop has time to mature. 
The mean time for late spring frosts is May 4th; that of early fall frost is 
September 24th. The latest irost in the spring during thirty-one years, from 
1839 to 1869, inclusive, was May 26th, 1847; and the earliest, August 29th, 
1863. 

Prairies. — The character of surface understood by the term lyrairie^i is not 
a feature peculiar to Iowa, but is a characteristic of the greater portion of 
the Northwest. Dr. C. A. White, late State Geologist of Iowa, in his re- 
port says : 

" By the word prairie we mean any considerable surface that is free from 
forest trees and shrubbery, and which is covered more or less thickly with 
grass and annual plants. This is also the popular understanding of the 
term. It is estimated that about seven-eighths of the surface of Iowa is 
prairie, or was so when the State was first settled. They are not confined to 
the level surface, but are sometimes even quite hilly and broken; and it has 
just been shown that they are not confined to any particular variety of soil, 
for they prevail equally upon Alluvial, Drift, and Lacustral soils. Indeed, 
we sometimes find a single prairie whose surface includes all these varieties, 
portions of which may be respectively sandy, gravelly, clayey or loamy. 
rTeither are they confined to the region of, nor does their character seem at 
all dependent upon, the formations which underlie them, for within the State 
of Iowa they rest upon all formations, from those of Azoic to those of Cre- 
taceous age inclusive, which embraces almost all kinds of rocks, such as 
quartzites, friable sandstone, ma^nesian limestone, common limestone, im- 
pure chalk, clay, clayey and sandy sliales, etc. Southwestern Minnesota is 
almost one continuous prairie upon the drift wliich rests directly upon, not 
only the hard Sioux quartzite, but also directly upon the granite. 

"Thus, whatever the origin of the prairies migiit have been, we have the 
positive assurance that their present existence in Iowa and immediate vicin- 
ity is not due to the influence of climate, tlie character or composition of 
tlie soil, nor to the character of any of the underlying formations. It now 
remains to say without the least hesitation, that the real cause of the pres- 
ent existence of prairies in Towa, is the prevalence of the annual fires. 
If these had been prevented fifty years ago Iowa would now be a timbered 
instead of a prairie State. 

" Then arises questions like the following, not easily answered, and for 
wliich no answers are at present proposed: 

"When was fire first introduced upon the prairies, and how? Could any 
but human agency have introduced annual fires upon them ? If they could 
have been introduced only by the agency of man why did the forests not 
occupy the prairies before man came to introduce his fires, since we see 
their great tendency to encroach upon the prairies as soon as the fires are 
made to cease ? The prairies, doubtless, existed as such almost immediately 
after the close of the Glacial epoch. Did man then exist and possess the 
use of fire that he might have annually burnt the prairies of so large a part 
of the continent, and thus have constantly prevented the encroachments of 
the forests ? It may be that these questions Avill never be satisfactorily an- 
swered; but nothing is more evident than that the forests would soon occupy 
a very large proportion of the prairie region of North America if the prai- 



HISTOKY OF IOWA. 117 

rie fires were made to cease, amd no artificial efforts were made to prevent 
their s^rowth and encroachment." 

iSoits. — Dr. White has separated the soils of Iowa into three general di- 
visions, viz : the Drift, Bluff, and Alluvial. The drift soil occupies the 
greater portion of the State, the bluff next, and the alluvial the least. Tlie 
drift is derived primarily from the disintegration of rocks, to a considerable 
extent perhaps from those of Minnesota, which were subject to violent gla- 
cial action during the glacial epoch. This soil is excellent, and is generally 
free from coarse drift materials, esj)ecially near the surface. 

The bluff soil occupies an area estimated at about five thousand square 
miles, in the western part of the State. It has many peculiar and marked 
characteristics, and is believed to be lacustral in its origin. In some places 
the deposit is as great as two hundred feet in thickness, all portions of it 
l)eing equal in fertility. If this soil be taken from its lowest depth, say two 
hundred feet below the surface, vegetation germinates and thrives as readily 
in it as in the surface deposit. It is of a slightly yellowish ash color, ex- 
cept when mixed with decaying vegetation. It is composed mainly of si- 
lica, but the silicious matter is so finely pulverized that the naked eye is un- 
able to perceive anything like sand in its composition. The bluffs along the 
Missouri river, in the western part of the State, are composed of this ma- 
terial. 

The alluvial soils are the " bottom " lands along the rivers and smaller 
streams. They are the washings of other soils mixed with decayed vege- 
table matter. They vary somewhat in character and fertility, but the best 
of them are regarded as the most fertile soils in the State. 

As to the localities occupied by each of these difterent soils, it may be 
stated that the drift forms the soil of all the higher plains and woodlands 
of the State, except a belt along the western border, which is occupied by 
the bluff soil, or bluff deposit, as it is generally called. The alluvial occu- 
pies the low lands, both prairie and timber, along the streams. It may be 
remarked that the alluvial soil composing the broad belt of " bottom " along 
the Missouri, partakes largely of the bluff soil, owing to continued wash- 
ings from the high lands or bluffs adjacent. 

GEOLOGY OF IOWA. 

Classification of Rocks — Azoic System — Huronian Group — Lower Silurian System — Primordial 
Group — Trenton Group — Cincinnati Group — Upper Silurian System — Niag'ara Group — 
Devonian System — Hamilton Group — Carboniferous System — Sub-Carboniferous Group — 
Kinderhook Beds — Burlington Limestone — Keokuk Limestone — St. Louis Limestone — 
Coal-Measure Group — Cretaceous System — Nishnabotany Sandstone — Woodbury Sand- 
stones and Shales — Inoceramus Beds. 

In January, 1855, the General Assembly passed an act to provide for a 

feological survey of the State. Under authority given by this act, Prof, 
ames Hall, of New York, was appointed State Geologist, and Prof. J. D. 
Whitney, of Massachusetts, State Chemist. During the years 1855, 1856, 
and 1857, the work progressed, but was confined chiefly to the eastern coun- 
ties. A large volume was published in two parts, giving in detail the results 
of the survey up to the close of the season of 1857, when the work was dis- 
continued. In 1866 it was resumed under an act of the General Assembly 
passed in March of that year, and Dr. Charles A. White, of Iowa City, was 
appointed State Geologist. He continued the work, and in December, 1869, 



118 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 



submitted a report to the Governor in two large volumes. From tliese 
reports we derive a pretty thorough knowledge of the geological character- 
istics in all portions of the State. 

In the classification of Iowa rocks, State Geologist "White adopted the 
following definitions: 

The term " formation " is restricted to such assemblages of strata as have 
been formed within a geological epoch; the term "group," to such natural 
groups of formation as were not formed within a geological period; and the 
term " system," to such series of groups as were each formed within a geolog- 
ical age. 

The terms used in this arrangement may be referred to two categories — 
one applicable to geological objects^ and the otlier to geological time. Thus: 
Formations constitute Groups; groups constitute Systems; Epochs consti- 
tute Periods; periods constitue Ages. 

In accordance with this arrangement the classification of Iowa rocks may 
be seen at a glance in the following table constructed by Dr. White: 



SYSTEMS. 

AGES. 



GROUPS. 

PERIODS. 



FORMATIONS. 

EPOCHS. 



THICKNESS. 

IN FEET. 



Cretaceous 



Carboniferous 



Devonian 

Upper Silurian. 



Lower Silurian 
Azoic 



Post Tertiary 

Lower Cretaceous 

Coal Measures . . 
Subcarboniferous - 



Hamilton . . . 

Niagara 

' Cincinnati 



Trenton 



Primordial 
Huronian — 



Drift 

Inoceramus bed 

Woodbury Sandstone and Shales 

Nishnabotany Sandstone 

Upper Coal Measures 

Middle Coal Measures 

Lower Coal Measures 

St. Louis Limestone 

Keokuk Limestone 

Burlington Limestone 

Kinderhook beds 

Hamilton Limestone and Shales . 

Niagara Limestone 

Maquoketa Shales 

Galena Limestone 

Trenton Limestone 

St. Peter's Sandstone 

Lower Magnesian Limestone 

Potsdam Sandstone 

Sioux Quartzite 



10 to '200 

50 
130 
100 
200 
200 
200 

75 

90 
196 
175 
200 
350 

80 
250 
200 

80 
250 
300 

50 



AZOIC SYSTEM. 

Huronian Group. — The Sioux Quartzite Formation in this Group is 
found exposed in natural ledges only on a few acres in the northwest corner 
of the State. The exposures in Iowa are principally upon the banks of the 
Big Sioux river, for which reason the specific name of Sioux Quartzite is 
given to it. It is an intensely hard rock, breaking with a splintery fracture, 
and a color varying in diflferent localities from a bright to a deep red. 
Although it is so compact and hard the grains of sand of which it was 
originally composed are yet distinctly to be seen, and even the ripple marks 
upon its bedding surfaces are sometimes found as distinct as they were when 
the rock was a mass of incoherent sand in the shallow waters in which it was 
accumulated. The lines of stratification are also quite distinct, but they are 
not usually sufiiciently definite to cause the mass to divide into numerous 
layers. It has, however, a great tendency to break up by vertical cracks 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 119 

and fissures into small angular blocks. The process of metamorphism lias 
been so complete throughout the whole formation that the rock is almost 
everywhere of uniform texture, and its color also being so nearly uniform 
there is no difiiculty in identifying it wherever it may be seen. 

In a few rare cases this rock may be quarried readily, as the layers are 
easily separated, but usually it is so compact throughout that it is quarried 
with the greatest difficulty into any forms except those into which it naturally 
cracks. It has a great tendency, however, upon its natural exposures, to 
break up by vertical fissures and cracks into angular blocks of convenient size 
for handling. Except this tendency to crack into angular pieces, the rock 
is absolutely indestructible. No traces of fossil remains of any kind have 
been found in it. As shown by the table its exposure in Iowa is fifty feet in 
thickness. 

LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 

Primordial Grotip. — The Potsdam Sandstone Formation of this Group 
has a geographical range extending throughout the northern portion of the 
United States and Canada, and in Iowa reaches a known thickness of about 
300 feet, as shown in the table. It forms, however, rather an inconspicuous 
feature in the geology of Iowa. It is exposed only in a small portion of 
the northeastern part of the State, and has been brought to view there by 
the erosion of the river valleys. Tlie base of the formation does not appear 
anywhere in Iowa, consequently its full thickness is not certainly known, nor 
is it known certainly that it rests on the Sioux Quartzite. The rock is 
everywhere soft; usually a very friable sandstone, but sometimes containing 
some clayey material, and approaching in character a sandy shale. It is 
nearly valueless for any economic purpose, not being of sufficient hardness 
to serve even the commonest purposes of masonry. No fossils have been 
discovered in this formation in Iowa, but in Wisconsin they are found quite 
abundantly in it. 

The Lower Magnesian Limestone Formation has but little greater geo- 
graphical extent in Iowa than the Potsdam Sandstone has; because, like 
that formation, it appears only in the bluft's and valley-sides of the same 
streams. It is a more conspicuous formation, however; because, being a 
firm rock, it presents bold and often picturesque fronts along the valleys. 
Its thickness is about 250 feet, and is quite uniform in composition, being a 
nearly pure buif-colored dolomite. It lacks a uniformity of texture and 
stratification which causes it to weather into rough and sometimes grotesque 
shapes, as it stands out in bold relief upon the valley-sides. It is not gener- 
ally valuable for building purposes, owing to its lack of uniformity in texture 
and bedding. Some parts of it, however, are selected which serve for such 
uses at Lansing and McGregor. It has also been used to some extent for 
making lime, but it is not equal to the Trenton limestone, near Dubuque, 
for that purpose. The only fossils that have been found in this formation in 
Iowa, are, so far as known, a few traces of the stems of Crinoids found near 
McGregor. 

The St. Peter's Sandstone Formation is remarkably uniform in thickness 
throughout its known geographical extent. It is a clean grit, light colored, 
very friable rock; so pure in its silicious compostion that it is probable some 
portions of it may be found suitable for the manufacture of glass. It occu- 
pies the surface of a large portion of the north half of Allemakee county, 
immediately beneath the drift, and it is also exposed a couple of miles 



120 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

below McGregor, where it is much colored by oxide of iron. It contains no 
fossils. 

Trenton Group. — The lower formation of this group is known as the 
Trenton Limestone. With the exception of this all the limestones of both 
Upper and Lower Silurian age in Iowa, are magnesian limestones — nearly- 
pure dolomites. The rocks of this formation also contain much magnesia, 
but a large part of it is composed of bluish compact common limestone. It 
occupies large portions of both Winneshiek and Allamakee counties, together 
with a portion of Clayton. Its thickness as seen along the bluffs of the 
Mississippi is about eighty feet, but in Winneshiek county we find the 
thickness is increased to upward of 200 feet. The greater part of this 
formation is worthless for economic purposes, but enough of it is suitable 
for building purposes and for lime to meet the wants of the inhabitants. 
The worthless portions of the formation consists of clayey shales and shaly 
limestone. Fossils are abundant in this formation. In some places the 
rock is made up of a mass of shells, corals, and fragments of trilobites, 
together with other animal remains, cemented by calcareous matter into 
compact form. 

The upper portion of the Trenton Group, known as the Galena Limestone 
Formation, occupies a narrow strip of country, seldom exceeding 12 miles in 
width, but it' is fully 150 miles long. It is about 250 feet thick in the 
vicinity of Dubuque, but diminishes in thickness as it extends northwest, so 
that it does not probably exceed 100 feet where it crosses the northern 
boundary of the State. The outcrop of this formation traverses portions of 
the counties of Howard, Winneshiek, Allamakee, Fayette, Clayton, Dubuque, 
and Jackson. It exhibits its greatest development in Dubuque county. It 
is not very uniform in texture, which causes it to decompose unequally, and 
consequently to present interesting forms in the abrupt bluffs of it, which 
border the valleys. It is usually unfit for dressing, but affords good enough 
stone for common masonry. It is the source of the lead ore of the Dubuque 
lead mines. The full thickness of this formation at Dubuque is 250 feet. 
Fossils are rare in it. 

Cincinnati Group. — The Maquoketa Shale Formation of this group, so- 
called by Dr. White, is synonymous with the Hudson River Shales, of Prof. 
Hall. It is comprised within a long and narrow area, seldom reaching more 
than a mile or two in width, but more than a hundred miles long, in the State. 
Its most southerly exposure is in the bluffs of the Mississippi river, near 
Bellevue, in Jackson county, and the most northerly one yet recognized is in 
the western part of Winneshiek county. The whole formation is largely 
composed of bluish and brownish shales. Its economic value is very slight, 
as it is wholly composed of fragmentary materials. The fossils contained in 
this formation, together with its position in relation to the underlying and 
overlying formations, leave no doubt as to the propriety of referring it to the 
same geological period as that in which the rocks at Cincinnati, Ohio, were 
formed. Several species of fossils which characterize the Cincinnati group 
are found in the Maquoketa Shales, but they contain a large number of 
species that have been found nowhere else than in these shales in Iowa, and 
it is the opinion of Dr. White that the occurrence of these distinct fossils in 
the Iowa formation would seem to warrant the separation of the Maquoketa 
Shales as a distinct formation from any others of the group, and that its true 
position is probably at the base of the Cincinnati group. 



HISTOEY OF IOWA. 121 

UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. 

Niagara Group. — The area occupied by the Niagara limestone Formation 
is nearly 160 miles from north to south, and between 40 and 50 miles wide 
ill its widest part. At its narrowest part, which is near its northern limit in 
Iowa, it is not more than four or five miles wide. This formation is entirely 
magnesian limestone, with, in some places, a considerable proportion of sili- 
cious matter in the form of chert or coarse flint. Some of the lower portions 
resemble both the Galena and Lower Magnesian Limestones, having the 
same want of uniformity of texture and bedding. It affords, however, 
a great amount of excellent quarry rock. The quarries at Anamosa, in Jones 
county, are remarkable for the uniformity of the bedding of its strata. 
Wlierever this rock is exposed there is always an abundance of material for 
common masonry and other purposes. In some places excellent lime is 
made from it. 

DEVONIAN SYSTEM. 

Hamilton Group. — The Hamilton Limestone and Shales Formation occu- 
pies an area of surface as great as those occupied by all the formations of 
both Lower and Upper Silurian age in the State. The limestones of the De- 
vonian age are composed in part of magnesian strata, and in part of common 
limestone. A large part of the material of this formation is quite worthless, 
yet other portions are very valuable for several economic purposes. Having 
a very large geographical extent in Iowa, it constitutes one of the most im- 
portant formations. Wherever any part of this formation is exposed, the 
common limestone portions exist in sufficient quantity to furnish abundant 
material for common lime of excellent quality, as well as good stone for com- 
mon masonry. Some of the beds furnish excellent material for dressed stone, 
for all works requiring strength and durability. The most conspicuous and 
characteristic fossils of this formation are brachipod mollusks and corals. 

CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. 

The Suh-Carhoniferous Group. — This group occupies a very large sur- 
face in Iowa. Its eastern border passes from the northeastern portion of 
Winnebago county in a southeasterly direction, to the northern jiart of Wash- 
ington county. Here it makes a broad and direct bend nearly eastward, 
striking the Mississippi river at the city of Muscatine. The southern and 
western boundary of the area is to a considerable extent the same as that 
which separates it from the coalfield. From tlie southern part of Pocahontas 
county, it passes southeastward to Fort Dodge, thence to Webster City, 
thence to a point three or four miles northeast of Eldora, in Hardin county, 
thence southward to the middle of the north line of Jasper county, thence 
southeastward to Sigourney in Keokuk county, thence to the northeast corner 
of Jefferson county, and thence, by sweeping a few miles eastward to the 
southeast corner of Van Buren county. The area as thus defined, is nearly 
250 miles long, and from 20 to 40 miles wide. The general southerly and 
westerly dip has carried tlie strata of the group beneath the lower coal- 
measure along the line last designated, but after passing beneath the latter 
strata for a distance of from 15 to 20 miles, they appear again in the valley 
of the Des Moines river, where they have been bared by the erosion of that 
valley. 

The Kinderhook Bed 8, the lowest Formation of the sub-carboniferous group, 



122 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

presents its principal exposures along the bluffs whicli border the Mississippi 
and Skunk rivers, wliere they form the eastern and northern boundary of Des 
Moines county; along English river in Washington county; along Iowa river 
in Tama, Marshall, Hardin and Franklin counties, and along the Des Moines 
river in Humboldt county. The southern part of the formation in Iowa 
has the best development of all in distinguishing characteristics, but the 
width of area it occupies is much greater in its northern part, reaching a 
maximum width of eighty miles. The Kinderhook formation has consider- 
able economic value, particularly in the northern portion of the region it 
occupies. The stone which it furnishes is of practical value. There are no 
exposures of stone of any other kind in Pocahontas, Humboldt and some 
other counties embraced in the area occupied by it, and therefore it is of very 
great value in such places for building material. It may be manufactured 
into excellent lime. The qnari'ies in Marshall county and at Le Grand are 
of this formation ; also the oolitic limestone in Tama county. This oolitic 
limestone is manufactured into a good quality of lime. The principal fossils 
appearing in this formation are the remains of fishes; no remains of vegeta- 
tion have as yet been detected. The fossils in this formation, so far as Iowa 
is concerned, are far more numerous in the southern than in the northern 
part. 

The Burlington Limestone is the next Formation in this group above the 
Kinderhook Beds, the latter passing gradually into the Burlington Lime- 
stone. This formation consists of two distinct calcareous divisions, which 
are separated by a series of silicious beds. The existence of these silicious 
beds suggests the propriety of regarding the Burlington Limestone as really 
two distinct formations. This is strengthened also by some well marked 
palaeontological differences, especially in the crinoidal remains. The south- 
erly dip of the Iowa rocks carries the Burlington Limestone down, so that 
it is seen for the last time in this State in the valley of Skunk river, near 
the southern boundary of Des Moines county. Northward of Burlington 
it is found frequently exposed in the bluffs of the Mississippi and Iowa riv- 
ers in the counties of Des Moines and Louisa, and along some of the smaller 
streams in the same region. Burlington Limestone forms a good building 
material ; good lime may also be made from it, and especially from the up- 
per division. Geologists have given to this formation the name of Burling- 
ton Limestone because its peculiar characteristics are best shown at the city 
of Burlington, Iowa. The great abundance and variety of its character- 
istic fossils — crinoids — have attracted the attention of geologists and nat- 
uralists generally. The only remains of vertebrates reported as being found 
in it are those of fishes. Remains of articulates are rare in it, and confined 
to two species of trilobites. Fossil shells are common but not so abundant 
as in some of the other formations of the Sub-Carboniferous Group. 

The Keokuk Limestone is the next Formation in this group above the 
Burlington Limestone. In Iowa it consists of about fifty feet in maximum 
thickness. It is a grayish limestone, having usually a blueish tinge. It oc- 
cupies in Iowa a more limited area than any other formation of the sub- 
carboniferous group. It is well developed and largely exposed at the city 
of Keokuk. It is synonymous with the Lower Archimedes Limestone of 
Owen and other geologists. The most northerly point at which it has been 
recognized is in the northern part of Des Moines county, where it is quite 
thinned out. It is only in the counties of Lee, Van Buren, Henry and Des 
Moines that the Keokuk Limestone is to be seen; but it rises again and is 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 123 

seen in the banks of the Mississippi river some seventj-five or eighty miles 
below Keokuk, presenting there the same characteristics that it has in Iowa. 
The upper silicious portion of this formation is known as the Geode bed. 
These geodes are more or less spherical masses of silex, usually hollow and 
lined with crystals of quartz. The Keokuk Limestone formation is of great 
economic value, as some of its layers furnish a fine quality of building ma- 
terial. The principal quarries of it are along the Mississippi from Keokuk 
to Nauvoo, a distance of about hfteen miles. The only vertebrated fossils 
in it are those of fishes, consisting both of teeth and spines. Some of these 
are of great size, indicating that their owners probably reached a length of 
twenty -five or thirty feet. Several species of articulates, mollusks and ra- 
diates are also found in this formation. Among the radiates the crinoids 
are very abundant, but are not so conspicuous as in the Burlington Lime- 
stone. A small number of Protozoans, a low form of animal life, related 
to sponges, have also been found in the Keokuk Limestone. 

The next Formation in the Sub-Carboniferous Group, above the Keokuk 
Limestone, is what Dr. White calls the St. Louis Limestone, and is synon- 
ymous with the Concretionary Limestone of Prof. Owen, and the Warsaw 
Limestone of Prof. Hall, It is the upper, or highest formation of what Dr. 
White classifies as the Sub-Carboniferous Group, appearing in Iowa, where 
the lower coal-measures are usually found resting directly upon it, and where 
it forms, so to speak, a limestone floor for the coal-bearing formations. To 
this, however, there are some exceptions. It presents a marked contrast 
with the coal-bearing strata which rest upon it. This formation occupies a 
small superficial area in Iowa, because it consists of long narrow strips. 
Its extent, however, within the State is known to be very great, because it is 
found at points so distant from each other. Commencing at Keokuk, where 
it is seen resting on the geode division of the Keokuk limestone, and pro- 
ceeding northward, it is found forming a narrow border along the edge of 
the coal-field in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefierson, Washington, Keokuk 
and Mahaska counties. It is then lost sight of beneath the coal-measure 
strata and overlying drift until we reach Hamilton county, where it is found 
in the banks of Boone river with the coal-measures resting upon it, as they 
do in the counties just named. The next seen of the formation is in the 
banks of the Des Moines river at and near Fort Dodge. These two last 
named localities are the most northerly ones at which the formation is ex- 
posed, and they are widely isolated from the principal portion of the area it 
occupies in Iowa; between which area, however, and those northerly points, 
it appears by a small exposure near Ames, in Story county, in the valley of 
a small tributary of Skunk river. This formation as it appears in Iowa, 
consists of three quite distinct sub-divisions — magnisian, arenaceous and 
calcareous, consisting in the order named of the lower, middle and upper sub- 
divisions of the formation. The upper division furnishes excellent material 
for quicklime, and in places it is quarried to serve a good purpose for ma- 
sonry. The middle division is of little economic value, being usually too 
soft for practical use. The lower, or magnesian division, furnishes some ex- 
cellent stone for heavy masonry, and has proved to be very durable. This 
formation has some well marked fossil characteristics, but they do not stand 
out with such prominence as some of those in the two preceding formations. 
The vertibrates, articulates, mollusks, and radiates, are all more or less rep- 
resented in it. Some slight vegetable remains have also been detected in it. 
The Coal-measure CrTOu;p.-—T\iQ formations of this group are divided 



124 HISTOKT OF IOWA. 

into the Lower, Middle, and Upper Coal-measures. Omitting particular 
reference to the other strata of the Lower Coal-measure, we refer only to 
the coal which this formation contains. Far tlie greater part of that indis- 
pensible element of material prosperity is contained in the strata of the 
Lower Coal-measures. Beds are now being mined in this formation that 
reach to the thickness of seven feet of solid coal. Natural exposures of 
this formation are few, but coal strata are being mined in a number of local- 
ities. 

The area occupied by the Middle Coal-measure is smaller than that of 
either of the others, and constitutes a narrow region between them. The 
passage of the strata of the Lower with the Middle Coal-measure is not 
marked by any well defined line of division. 

The area occupied by the Upper Coal-measure formation in Iowa is very 
great, comprising thirteen whole counties in the southwestern part of the 
State, together with parts of seven or eight others adjoining. It ad- 
joins by its northern and eastern boundary the area occupied by the Middle 
Coal-measures, The western and southern limits in Iowa of the Upper 
Coal-measures are the western and southern boundaries of the State, but the 
formation extends without interruption far into the States of Missouri, Ne- 
braska and Kansas. It contains but a single bed of true coal, and that very 
thin. Its principal economic value is confined to its limestone. "Wherever 
this stone is exposed it furnishes good material for masonry, and also for 
lime. The prevailing color of the limestone is light gray, with usually a 
tinge of blue. The sandstones of this formation are usually shaly, and quite 
worthless. 

CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. 

The Nishndbotany Sandstone. — This formation is well exposed in the 
valley of the East Nishnabotany river, from which circumstance Dr. White 
has so named it. It is found as far east as the southeastern part of Guthrie 
county, and as far south as the southern part of Montgomery county. To 
the northwestward it passes beneath the "Woodbury sandstones and shales, 
the latter in turn passing beneath the Inoceramus, or chalky beds. It 
reaches a maximum thickness in Iowa, so far as known, of about 100 feet, 
but the exposures usually show a much less thickness. It is a soft sandstone, 
and, with few exceptions, almost valueless for economic purposes. The most 
valuable quarries in the strata of this formation, so far as known, are at 
Lewis, Cass county, and in the northeastern part of Mills county. Several 
buildings have been constructed of it at Lewis, but with some the color is 
objectionable, being of a dark brown color. A few fossils have been found 
in it, being leaves too fragmentary for identification. 

The Woodbury Sandstones and Shales. — These are composed of alternat- 
ing sandstones and shales, as the name implies, and rest upon the Nislma- 
botany sandstone. They, have not been observed outside of the limits of 
"Woodbury county, but they are found there to reach a maximum of about 
150 feet. ' Some layers are firm and compact, but the larger part is impure 
and shaly. Tlie best of it is suitable for only common masonrj^ but it fur- 
nishes the only material of that kind in that part of the State. Some slight 
fossil remains have been found in this formation. 

The Inoceramus Beds. — These beds constitute the upper formation of the 
Cretaceous System in Iowa, and have a maximum thickness of about .50 feet. 
They rest directly upon the Woodbury sandstones and shales. They are 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 125 

observed nowhere in Iowa except along the bluffs of the Big Sioux river, in 
"Woodbury and Plymouth counties. They are composed of calcareous mate- 
rial, but are not a true, compact limestone. The material of the upper por- 
tion is used for lime, the quality of which is equal to that of common 
limestone. No good building material is obtained from these beds. Some 
fossil fish have been found in them. 

Above all the formations above-mentioned rests the Post-Tertiary, or Drift 
deposit, which is more fully mentioned in connection with the Soils of Iowa. 

ECOE^OMIC GEOLOGY. 

Coal — Peat — Building Stone — Lime — Lead — Gypsum — Spring and Well Water — Clays — 
Mineral Paint. 

COAL. 

Every year is adding to our knowledge of, and attesting the importance 
and value of our vast coal deposits. In some unknown age of the past, long 
before the history of our race began, Nature by some wise process, made a 
bountiful provision for the time when, in the order of things, it should 
become necessary for civilized man to take possession of these broad rich 
prairies. As an equivalent for the lack of trees, she quietly stored away 
beneath the soil those wonderful carboniferous treasures for the use and 
comfort of man at the proper time. The increased demand for coal has in 
many portions of the State led to improved methods of mining, so that in 
many counties the business is becoming a lucrative and important one, 
especially where railroads furnish the means of transportation. The coal 
field of the State embraces an area of at least 20,000 square miles, and coal 
is successfully mined in about thirty counties, embracing a territory larger 
than the State of Massachusetts. Among the most important coal produc- 
ing counties may be mentioned Appanoose, Boone, Davis, JefiTerson, Ma- 
haska, Marion, Monroe, Polk, Van Buren, "Wapello, and Webster. Within 
the last few years many discoveries of new deposits have been made, and 
counties not previously numbered among the coal counties of the State are 
now yielding rich returns to the miner. Among these may be mentioned 
the counties of Boone, Dallas, Hamilton, Hardin, and Webster. A vein of 
coal of excellent quality, seven feet in thickness, has been opened, and is 
now being successfully worked, about five miles southeast of Fort Dodge, in 
Webster county. Large quantities of coal are shipped from that point to 
Dubuque and the towns along the line of the Dubuque and Sioux City Rail- 
road. A few years ago it was barely known that some coal existed in 
Boone county, as indicated by exposures along the Des Moines river, and 
it is only within the last few years that the coal mines of Moingona have 
furnished the vast supplies shipped along the Chicago and Northwestern Eail- 
road, both east and west. The great productive coal field of Iowa is embraced 
chiefly within the valley of the Des Moines river and its tributaries, extend- 
ing up the valley from Lee county nearly to the north line of Webster 
county. Within the coal field embraced by this vallc}' deep mining is 
nowhere necessary. The Des Moines and its larger tributaries have gener- 
ally cut their channels down through the coal measure strata. 

The coal of Iowa is of the class known as bituminous, and is equal in 
quality and value to coal of the same class in other parts of the world. 
The veins which have so far been worked are from three to eight feet in 



126 



HISTOKT OF IOWA. 



thickness, bnt we do not have to dig from one thousand to two thousand 
feet to reach the coal, as miners are obliged to do in some countries. But 
little coal has in this State been raised from a depth grea<"er than one hun- 
dred feet. 

Prof. Gustavus Hinrich, of the State University, who also officiated as 
State Chemist in the prosecution of the recent Geological Survey, gives an 
analysis showing the comparative value of Iowa coal with that of other 
countries. The following is from a table prepared by him — 100 represent- 
ing the combustible: 



NAME AKD LOCAUTY. 



o 

o 
O 



> 



Brown coal, from Arbesan, Bohemia. . . 

Brown coal, from Bilin, Bohemia 

Bituminous coal, from Bentheu, Silisia 
Cannel coal, from Wigan, England . . . 

Anthracite, from Pennsylvania 

Iowa coals — average 



36 
40 
61 
61 
94 
50 



64 
67 
49 
39 
6 
50 



3 

16 

21 

10 

2 

5 



11 

00 
5 
3 
2 
5 



114 
123 
126 
113 
104 
110 



81 
80 
87 
96 
90 



In this table the excess of the equivalent above 100, expresses the amount 
of impurities (ashes and moisture) in the coal. The analysis shows that the 
average Iowa coals contains only ten parts of impurities for one hundred 
parts combustible (carbon and bitumen), being the purest of all the samples 
analyzed, except the Anthracite from Pennsylvania. 



PEAT. 



Extensive deposits of peat in several of the northern counties of Iowa have 
attracted considerable attention. In 1866, Dr. White, the State Geologist, 
made careful observations in some of those counties, including Franklin, 
Wright, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, Winnebago, Worth, and Kossuth. It is 
estimated that the counties above named contain an average of at least four 
thousand acres each of good peat lands. The depth of the beds are from 
four to ten feet, and the quality is but little, if any, inferior to that of Ireland. 
As yet, but little use has been made of it as a fuel, but when it is considered 
that it lies wholly beyond the coal-field, in a sparsely timbered region of the 
State, its prospective value is regarded as very great. Dr. Wliite estimates 
that 160 acres of peat, four feet deep, will supply two hundred and thirteen 
families with fuel for upward of twenty-five years. It must not be inferred 
that the presence of these peat beds in that part of the State is in any degree 
prejudicial to health, for such is not the case. The dry, rolling prairie land 
usually comes up to the very border of the peat marsh, and the winds, or 
breezes, which prevail through the summer season, do not allow water to 
become stagnant. Nature seems to have designed these peat deposits to 
supply the deficiency of other material for fuel. The penetration of this 
portion of the State by railroads, and the rapid growth of timber may leave 
a resort to peat for fuel as a matter of choice, and not of necessity. It there- 
fore remains to be seen of what economic value in the future the peat beds 
of Iowa may be. Peat has also been found in Muscatine, Linn, Clinton, and 
other eastern and southern counties of the State, but the fertile region of 



HISTOKY OF IOWA. ' 127 

l^orthern Iowa, least favored with other kinds of fuel, is peculiarly the peat 
region of the State. 

BUILDING STONE. 

Thore is no scarcity of good building stone to be found along nearly all the 
streams east of the Des Moines river, and along that stream from its mouth 
lip to the north lino of Humboldt county. Some of the counties west of tlie 
Des Moines, as Cass and Madison, as well as most of the southern counties 
of the State, are supplied with good building stone. Building stone of 
peculiarly fine quality is quarried at and near the following places: Keosau- 
qua, Yan Buren county; Mt. Pleasant, Henry county; Fairfield, Jefferson 
county; Ottumwa, "Wapello county; Winterset, Madison county; Ft. Dodge, 
Webster county; Springvale and Dakota, Humboldt county; Marshalltown, 
Marshall county; Orford, Tama county; Yinton, Benton county; Charles 
City, Floyd county; Mason City, Cerro Gordo county; Mitchell and Osage, 
Mitchell county; Anamosa, Jones county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county; 
Hampton, Franklin county; and at nearly all points along the Mississippi 
river. In some places, as in Marshall and Tama counties, several species of 
marble are foand, which are susceptible of the finest finish, and are very 
beautiful. 

LIME. 

Good material for the manufacture of quick-lime is found in abundance in 
nearly all parts of the State. Even in the northwestern counties, where there 
are but few exposures of rock "in place," limestone is found among the 
boulders scattered over the prairies and about the lakes. So abundant is 
limestone suitable for the manufacture of quick-lime, that it is needless to 
mention any particular locality as possessing superior advantages in furnish- 
ing this useful building material. At the following points parties have been 
engaged somewhat extensively in the manufacture of lime, to-T;\nt: Ft. Dodge, 
Webster county; Springvale, Humboldt county; Orford and Indian town, 
Tama county; Iowa Falls, Hardin county; Mitchell, Mitchell county; and 
at nearly all the towns along the streams northeast of Cedar river. 

LEAD. 

Long before the permanent settlement of Iowa by the whites lead was 
mined at Dubuque by Julien Dubuque and others, and the business is still 
carried on successfully. From four to six million pounds of ore have been 
smelted annually at the Dubuque mines, yielding from 68 to 70 per cent of 
lead. So far as Icnown, the lead deposits of Iowa that may be profitably 
worked, are confined to a belt four or five miles in width along the Missis- 
sippi above and below the city of Dubuque. 

GYPSUM. 

One of the finest and purest deposits of gypsum known in the world exists 
at Fort Dodge in this State. It is confined to an area of about six by three 
miles on both sides of the Des Moines river, and is found to be from twenty- 
five to thirty feet in thickness. The main deposit is of uniform gray color, 



128 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 

but large masses of almost pure white (resembling alabaster)^ have been 
found embedded in the main deposits. The quantity of this article is prac- 
tically inexhaustible, and the time will certainly coine when it will be a 
source of wealth to that part of the State. It has been used to a consider- 
able extent in the manufacture of Plaster-of-Paris, and has been found equal 
to the best in quality. It has also been used to a limited extent for paving 
and building purposes. 

SPRING AKD WELL WATER. 

As before stated, the surface of Iowa is generally drained by the rolling or 
undulating character of the country, and the numerous streams, large and 
small. This fact might lead some to suppose that it might be difficult to 
procure good spring or well water for domestic uses. Such, however, is not 
the case, for good pure well water is easily obtained all over the State, even 
on the highest prairies. It is rarely necessary to dig more than thirty feet 
deep to find an abundance of that most indispensible element, good water. 
Along the streams are found many springs breaking out from the banks, 
attbrding a constant supply of pure water. As a rule, it is necessary to dig 
deeper for well water in the timber portions of the State, than on the 
prairies. Nearly all the spring and well waters of the State contain a small 
proportion of lime, as they do in the Eastern and Middle States. There are 
some springs which contain mineral properties, similar to the springs often 
resorted to by invalids and others in other States. In Davis county there 
are some " Salt Springs," as they are commonly called, the water being found 
to contain a considerable amount of common salt, sulphuric acid, and other 
mineral ingredients. Mineral waters are found in different parts of the 
State. No one need apprehend any difficulty about finding in all parts of 
Iowa an abundant supply of good wholesome water. 

CLAYS. 

In nearly all parts of the State the material suitable for the manufacture 
of brick is found in abundance. Sand is obtained in the blufi*s along the 
streams and in their beds. Potter's clay, and fire-clay suitable for fire-brick, 
are found in many places. An excellent article of fire-brick is made at 
Eldora, Hardin county, where there are several extensive potteries in opera- 
tion. Fire-clay is usually found underlying the coal-seams. There are 
extensive potteries in operation in the counties of Lee, Yan Buren, Des 
Moines, Wapello, Boone, Hamilton, Hardin, and perhaps others. 

MINERAL PAINT. 

In Montgomery county a fine vein of clay, containing a large proportion 
of ochre, was several years ago discovered, and has been extensively used in 
that part of the State for painting barns and out-houses. It is of a dark red 
color, and is believed to be equal in quality, if properly manufactured, to the 
mineral paints imported from other States. The use of it was first introdneed 
by Mr. J. B. Packard, of Red Oak, on whose land there is an extensive de- 
posit of this material. 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 



129 




130 HISTOET OF IOWA. 

HOW THE TITLE TO IOWA LANDS IS DERIVED. 

Right of Discovery— Title of France and Spain— Cession to the United States— Territorial 
Changes— ITreaties with the Indians— The Dubuque Grant- The Giard Grant— The Hon- 
ori Grant— ITie Half-Breed IVact— System of Public Surveys. 

The title to the soil of Iowa was, of course, primarily vested in tlie origi- 
nal occupants who inhabited the country prior to its discovery by the whites. 
But the Indians, being savages, possessed but few rights that civilized nations 
considered themselves bound to respect, so that when they found this coun- 
try in the possession of such a people they claimed it in the name of the 
King of France, by the right of discovery. It remained under the juris- 
diction of France until the year 1763. 

Prior to the year 1T63, the entire continent of North America was divided 
between France, England, Spain, and Eussia. France held all that portion 
of what now constitutes our national domain west of the Mississippi river, 
except Texas and the territory which we have obtained from Mexico and 
Russia. This vast region, while under the jurisdiction of France, was 
known as the " Province of Louisiana," and embraced the present State of 
Iowa. At the close of the " Old French War," in 1763, France gave up her 
share of the continent, and Spain came into possession of the territory west 
of the Mississippi river, while Great Britain retained Canada and the 
regions northward, having obtained that territory by conquest in the war 
with France. For thirty-seven years the territory now embraced within the 
limits of Iowa remained as a part of the possession of Spain, and then went 
back to France by the treaty of St. Idlefonso, October 1, 1800. On the 
30th of April, 1803, France ceded it to the United States in consideration 
of receiving $11,250,000, and the liquidation of certain claims held by citi- 
zens of the United States against France, which amounted to the further 
sum of $3,750,000, and making a total of $15,000,000. It will thus be seen 
that France has twice, and Spain once, held sovereignty over the territory 
embracing Iowa, but the financial needs of Napoleon aiforded our govern- 
ment an opportunity to add another empire to its domain. 

On the 31st of October, 1803, an act of Congress was approved author- 
izing the President to take possession of the newly acquired territory and 
provide for it a temporary government, and another act approved March 26, 
180-1, authorized the division of the "Louisiana Purchase," as it was then 
called, into two separate Territories. All that portion south of the 33d 
parallel of north latitude, was called the "Territory of Orleans," and that 
nortli of the said parallel was known as the "District of Louisiana," and 
was placed under the jurisdiction of what was then known as "Indiana 
Territory." 

By virtue of an act of Congress, approved March 3, 1805, the " District 
of Louisiana" was organized as the "Territory of Louisiana," with a Terri- 
torial government of its own, which went into operation July 4tli, of the 
same year, and it so remained until 1812. In this year the "Territory of 
» Orleans" became the State of Louisiana, and the "Territory of Louisiana" 
was organized as the "Territory of Missouri." This change took place 
under an act of Congress approved June 4, 1812. In 1819, a portion of this 
territory was organized as " Arkansaw Territory," and in 1821 the State of 
Missouri was admitted, being a part of the former "Territory of Missouri." 
This left a vast domain still to the north, including the present States of 
Iowa and Minnesota, which was, in 1834, made a part of the " Territory of 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 131 

Michigan." In July, 1836, the territory embracing the present States of 
Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin was detached from Michigan, and organized 
with a separate Territorial government under the name of " Wisconsin Ter- 
ritory." 

By virtue of an act of Conorress, approved June 12, 1838, on the 3d of 
July of the same year, the " Territory of Iowa " was constituted. It em- 
braced the present State of Iowa, and the greater portion of what is now 
the State of Minnesota. 

To say nothing of the title to the soil of Iowa that may once have vested 
in the natives who claimed and occupied it, it is a matter of some interest 
to glance at the various changes of ownership and jurisdiction through 
which it has passed within the time of our historical period: 

1. It belonged to France, with other territory now belonging to our na- 
tional domain. 

2. In 17G3, with other territory, it was ceded to Spain. 

3. October 1, 1800, it was ceded with other territory from Spain back to 
France. 

4. April 30, 1803, it was ceded with other territory by France to the 
United States. 

5. October 31, 1803, a temporary government was authorized by Con- 
gress for the newly acquired territory. 

6. October 1, 1804, it was included in the "District of Louisiana," and 
placed under the jurisdiction of the Territorial government of Indiana. 

T. July 4, 1805, it was included as a part ot the " Territorj^ of Louis- 
iana," then organized with a separate Territorial government. 

8. June 4, 1812, it was embraced in what was then made the " Territory 
of Missouri." 

9. June 28, 1834, it became part of the "Territory of Michigan." 

10. July 3, 1836, it was included as a part of the newly organized " Ter- 
ritory of Wisconsin." 

11. June 12, 1838, it was included in, and constituted a part of the newly 
organized "Territorj^ of Iowa." 

12. December 28, 1846, it was admitted into the Union as a State. 

The cession by France, April 30, 1803, vested the title in the United 
States, Subject to the claims of the Indians, which it was very justly the 
policy of the government to recognize. The several changes of territorial 
jurisdiction after the treaty with France did not affect the title to the soil. 

Before the government of the United States could vest clear title to the 
soil in its grantees it was necessary to extinguish the Indian title by pur- 
chase. The treaties vesting the Indian title to the lands within the limits 
of what is now the State of Iowa, were made at different times. The fol- 
lowing is a synopsis of the several treaties by which the Indians relinquished 
to the United States their rights in Iowa: 

1. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes^ Aug. ^, 18^ Ij.. — This treaty between 
the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, was made at the City of Wash- 
ington, William Clark being commissioner on the part of the United States. 
By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes relinquished their title to all lands in 
Missouri, Iowa then being a part of Missouri. In this treaty the land in 
the southeast corner of Iowa known as the " Half-Breed Tract," was re- 
served for the use of the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding 
the title to the same in the same manner as Indians. This treaty was rati- 
fiad January 18, 1825. 



132 IIISTOEY OF IOWA. 

2. Treaty with varioiMS tribes^ Aug. 19, 1825. — This treaty was also made 
at the city of Washington, by William Clark as Commissioner on the part 
of the United States," with the Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Menomonees, 
Winnebaffoes and a portion of tlie Ottawas and Pottawattamies. This treaty 
was intended mainly to make peace between certain contending tribes as to 
the limits of their respective hunting grounds in Iowa. It was agreed that 
the United States should run a boundary line between the Sioux on the 
north and the Sacs and Foxes on the south, as follows: Commencing at the 
mouth of the Upper Iowa river, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and 
ascendino- said Iowa river to its west fork; thence up the fork to its source; 
thence crossing the fork of Red Cedar river in a direct line to the second or 
upr)er fork of the Des Moines river; thence in a direct line to the lower fork 
of the Calumet (Big Sioux) river, and down that to its junction with the 
Missouri river. 

3. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, July 15, 1830. — By this treaty the 
Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country twenty miles 
in width lying directly south of the line designated in the treaty of Aug. 19, 
1825, and extending trom the Mississippi to the Des Moines river. 

4. Treaty with the Sioux, July 15, 1830. — By this treaty was ceded to 
the United States a strip twenty miles in width, on tlie north of the line 
desio-uated by the treaty of Aug. 19, 1825, and extending from the Missis- 
sippi to the Des Moines river. Bj these treaties made at the same date the 
United States came into possession of a strip forty miles wide from the 
Mississippi to the Des Moines river. It was known as the "Neutral 
Groimd," and the tribes on either side of it were allowed to use it in com- 
mon as a fishing and hunting ground until the government should make 
other disposition of it. 

5. Treaty with various tribes, July 15, 1830. — This was a treaty with the 
Sacs and Foxes, Sioux, Omahas, lowas and Missouris, by which they ceded 
to the United States a tract bounded as follows: Beginning at the upper 
fork of the Des Moines river, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux 
and Floyd rivers, to the fork of the first creek that falls into the Big Sioux, 
or Calumet river, on the east side; thence do^vn said creek and the Calumet 
river to the Missouri river; thence do"\vn said Missouri river to the Missouri 
State line above the Kansas ; thence along said line to the northeast corner 
of said State; thence to the highlands between the waters falling into the 
Missouri and Des Moines, passing to said highlands along the dividing 
ridge between the forks of the Grand river; thence along said highlands or 
ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, 
to a point opposite the source of the Boyer river, and tlience in a direct line 
to the upper fork of tlie Des Moines, the place of beginning. The lands 
ceded by this treaty were to be assigned, or allotted, under the direction of 
the President of the United States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to 
such other tribes as the President might locate thereon for hunting and 
other purposes. In consideration of the land ceded by this treaty the United 
States stipulated to make certain payments to the several tribes joining in 
the treaty. The treaty took efiect by jDroclamation, February 24, 1831. 

6. Treaty with the Winnehagoes, Sept. 15, 1832. — This treaty was made at 
Fort Armstrong, by Gen. Winfield Scott, and Gov. John Eeynolds, of Illinois. 
By the treaty the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands on 
the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor the United 
States granted to the Winnebagoes as a reservation the lands in Iowa known 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 133 

as the ISTeutral Ground. The exchange of the two tracts was to take place 
on or before June 1, 1833. The United States also stipulated to make pay- 
ment to tlie Winnebagoes, beginning in September, 1873, and to continue 
for twentj'-seven successive years, $10,000 annually in specie, and also to 
establish a school among them, with a farm and garden. There were also 
other agreements on the part of the government. 

7. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Sept. 21, 1832. — This was the treaty 
known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," which opened the first lands in 
Iowa for settlement by the whites. In negotiating this treaty Gen. Win- 
fiold Scott and Gov. John Reynolds represented the United States. By it 
the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a tract of land on the eastern 
border of Iowa fifty miles wide, and extending from the northern boundary 
of Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa river, containing about six 
millions of acres. The United States stipulated to pay annually to the Sacs 
and Foxes $20,000 in specie, and to pay certain indebtedness of the Indians, 
amounting to about $50,000, due chiefly to Davenport & Farnham, Indian 
traders, at Rock Island. By the terms of the treaty four hundred square 
miles on Iowa river, including Keokuk's village, were reserved, for the use and 
occupancy of the Indians. This treaty was imftle on the ground where the 
city of Davenport is now located. The government conveyed in fee simple 
out of this purchase one section of land opposite Rock Island to Antoine 
LeClaire, the interpreter, and another at the head of the first rapid above 
Rock Island, being the first title to land in Iowa granted by the United 
States to an individual. 

8. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, 1836. — This treaty was also made on 
the banks of the Mississippi, near where the city of Davenport now stands. 
Gen. Henry Dodge, Governor of Wisconsin Territory, represented the 
United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States 
" Keokuk's Reserve," as it was called, for which the government stipulated 
to pay $30,000, and an annuity of $10,000 for ten successive years, together 
with certain indebtedness of the Indians. 

9. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Oct. 21, 1837. — This treaty was made 
at Washington; Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Afiairs, repre- 
senting the United States. By this treaty the Sacs and Foxes relinquished 
their title to an additional tract in Iowa, described as follows: "A tract of 
country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the tract con- 
veyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21, 1832. 
It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession shall 
be the northern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey 
made under the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be 
drawn between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the 
angle of said tract nearly opposite to Rock Island, as laid down in the above 
survey, so far as may be necessary to include the number of acres hereby 
ceded, which last mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five 
miles." The tract ceded by this treaty lay directly west of the "Black 
Hawk Purchase." 

10. Treaty with Sacs and Foxes, same date. — At the same date the Sacs 
and Foxes ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the 
country south of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and the 
Sioux, as described in the treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mis- 
sissippi and Missouri rivers, the United States paying for the same $160,000. 



134 HISTOKY OF IOWA. 

The Sacs and Foxes by this treaty also relinquished all claims and interest 
under the treaties previously made with them. 

11. Treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, Oct. 11, ISJ^Q. — This treaty was 
made at the Sac and Fox Agency, by John Chambers, as Commissioner, on 
behalf of the United States. By it the Sacs and Foxes relinquished to the 
United States all their lands west of the Mississippi to which tJiey had any 
claim or title, and agreed to a removal from the country, at the expiration of 
three years. In accordance with this treaty, a part of them were removed 
to Kansas in the fall of 1845, and the remainder in the spring of 1846. 

The treaty of 1803 with France, and these several treaties with the Indian 
tribes, vested in the United States, the title to all the lands in the State of 
Iowa — subject, however, to claims set up under certain Spanish grants, and 
also, the claim to the " Half-Breed Tract," in Lee county, which claims were 
afterward adjudicated in the courts or otherwise adjusted. The following 
is a brief explanation of the nature of these claims: 

The Dubuque Claim. — Lead had been discovered at the site of the present 
city of Dubuque as early as 1780, and in 1788 Julien Dubuque, then resid- 
ing at Prairie du Chien, obtained permission from the Fox tribe of Indians 
to engage in mining lead, onfthe west side of the Mississippi. Dubuque, 
with a number of other persons, was engaged in mining, and claimed a large 
tract, embracing as he supposed all the lead bearing region in that vicinity. 
At that time, it will be remembered, the country was under Spanish juris- 
diction, and embraced in the " Province of Louisiana." In 1796 Dabuque 
petitioned the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Carondelet, for a grant of 
the lands embracing the lead mines, describing in his petition a tract con- 
taining over twenty thousand acres. The" Spanish governor granted the 
petition, and the grant was confirmed by the Board of Land Commissioners 
of Louisiana. Dubuque, in 1804, transferred the larger part of his claim to 
Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis. On the 17th of May, 1805, Dubuque and 
Choteau filed their joint claims with the Board of Land Commissioners, and 
the claim was decided by them to be a clear and regular Spanish grant, hav- 
ing been made and completed prior to October 1st, 1800, and while it was 
yet Spanish territory. Dubuque died March 24, 1810. After the death of 
Dubuque the Indians resumed occupancy of the mines and engaged them- 
selves in mining to some extent, holding that Dubuque's claim was only a 
permit during his lifetime, and in this they were sustained by the military 
authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the Land 
Commissioners. In the treaty afterward between the United States and the 
Sacs and Foxes, the Indians made no reservation of this claim, and it was 
therefore included as a part of the lands ceded by them to the United States. 
In the meantime Au^iste Choteau also died, and his heirs began to look 
after their interests. They authorized their agent to lease the privilege of 
working the mines, and under this authority miners commenced operations, 
but the military authoi-ities compelled them to abandon the work. But little 
further was done in the matter until after the town of Dubuque was laid 
out, and lots had been sold and were occupied by purchasers, when Henry 
Choteau brought an action of ejectment against Patrick Malony, who held 
land under a patent from the United States, for the recover}' of seven undi- 
vided eighths of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste Choteau in 
1804. The case was decided in the United States District Court adversely 
to the plaintift". It was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States 
on a writ of error, where the decision of the lower court was affirmed. The 



HISTOET OF IOWA. 135 

Supreme Court held that Dubuque asked, and the Governor of Louisiana 
granted, nothing more than peaceable possession of certain lands obtained 
from the Indians, and that Carondelet had no legal authority to make such 
a grant as claimed. 

The Giard Claim. — The Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, in 
1795, granted to one Basil Giard 5,760 acres in what is now Claj'ton county. 
Giard took possession and occupied the land until after the territory passed 
into the possession of the United States, after which the government of the 
United States granted a patent to Giard, for the land which has since been 
known as the " Giard Tract." His heirs subsequently sold the whole tract 
for $300. 

The Honori Claim. — On the 30th day of March, 1700, Zenon Trudeau, 
Acting Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori 
a tract of land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows: "It 
is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Henori, or Louis Honori Fesson, to 
establish himself at the head of the rapids of the River Des Moines, and his 
establishment once formed, notice of it shall be given to the Governor Gen- 
eral, in order to obtain for him a commission of a space sufficient to give 
value to such establishment, and at the same time to render it useful to the 
commerce of the peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them 
in the fidelity which they owe to His Majesty." Honori retained possession 
until 1805, but in 1803 it was sold under an execution obtained by one 
Joseph Robedoux, who became the purchaser. The tract is described as being 
" about six leagues above the Des Moines." Auguste Choteau, the executor 
of Robedoux, in April, 1805, sold the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck. 
In the grant from the Spanish government it was described as being one 
league square, but the government of the United States confirmed only one 
mile square. Attempts were subsequently made to invalidate the title of 
the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by the Supreme Court of the 
United States, in 1839. 

The Half-Breed Tract. — By a treaty made with the Indians, August 
4, 1824, the United States acquired possession of a large tract of land 
in the northern portion of Missouri. In this same treaty 11 0,000 acres 
were reserved for the use of the half-breeds of the Sac and Fox nation. 
This reservation occupied the strip between the Mississippi and Des Moines 
rivers, and south of a line drawn from a point on the Des Moines river, 
about one mile below the present town of Farmington, in Van Buren county, 
east to the Mississippi river at the lower end of Fort Madison, including all 
the land between the two rivers south of this line. By the terms of the 
treaty the United States had a reversionary interest in this land, which de- 
prived the Indians of the power to sell. But, in 1835, Congress relinquished 
to the half-breeds this reversionary interest, vesting in them a fee simple 
title, and the right to sell and convey. In this law, however, the right to 
sell was not given to individuals by name, but to the half-breeds as a class, 
and in this the subsequent litigation in regard to the " Half-Breed Tract " 
originated. A door was open lor innumerable frauds. The result was that 
speculators rushed in and began to buy the claims of the half-breeds, and, 
in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or a few quarts of whisky was 
sufficient for the purchase of large estates. There was a deal of sharp prac- 
tice on both sides; Indians would often claim ownership of land by virtue 
of being ' half-breeds, and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by 
the Indians, and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to 



136 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

which they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often 
claimed land in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut dia- 
mond, until at last things became badly mixed. There were no authorized 
surveys, and no boundary lines to claims, and, as a natural result, numerous 
conflicts and quarrels ensued. To settle these difficulties, to decide the va- 
lidity of claims or sell them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the 
Legislature of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, I808, Edward 
Jolmstone, Thomas S. Wilson and David Brigham were appointed commis- 
sioners, and clothed with power to eiFect these objects. The act provided 
that these commissioners should be paid six dollars a day each. The com- 
mission entered upon its duties and continued until the next session of the 
Legislature, when the act creating it was repealed, invalidating all that had 
been done and depriving the commissioners of their pay. The repealing 
act, however, authorized the commissioners to commence action against the 
owners of tlie Half-Breed Tract, to receive their pay for their services, in the 
District Court of Lee county. Two judgments were obtained, and on exe- 
cution the whole of the tract was sold to Hugh T. Reid, the sheriff executing 
the deed. Mr. Reid sold portions of it to various parties, but his own title 
was questioned and he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor 
of Reid and those holding under him were made by both District and Su- 
preme Courts, but in December, 1850, these decisions were finally reversed 
by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph Webster, 
plaintiff in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment titles failed. About 
nine years before the •'•'judgment titles" were finally abrogated, as above, 
another class of titles was brought into competition with them, and in the 
conflict between the two, the final decision was obtained. These were the 
titles based on the " decree of partition " issued by the United States District 
Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the Stli of May, 1841, and certified to by 
the clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Edward Johnstone and Hugh 
T. Reid, then law partners at Fort Madison, filed the petition for the decree 
in behalf of the St. Louis claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, 
author of the " Star Spangled Banner," who was then attorney for the ISTew 
York Lancf Company, which held heavy interests in these lands, took a lead- 
ing part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was pre- 
sented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, presided. The 
plan of partition divided the tract into 101 shares, each claimant to draw his 
proportion by lot,and to abide the result. The plan was agreed to and the 
lots drawn. The plat of the same was filed for record, October 6th, 1841. 
The title under this decree of partition, however, was not altogether satis- 
factory. It was finally settled by a decision of the Supreme Court of the 
United States, in January, 1855. 

SYSTEM OF PUBLIC LAND SURVEYS. 

In connection with the subject of land titles, an explanation of the method 
of public surveys will prove interesting to all land owners. These explana- 
tions apply, not only to Iowa, but to the Western States generally, and to 
nearly all lands the title to which is derived from the Government! 

Soon after the organization of our government, Virginia and other 
States, ceded to the United States extensive tracts of wild land, which, 
Together with other lands subsequently acquired by purchase and treaty, 
constituted what is called the public lands, or public domain. Up to the 
year 1802, these lands were sold without reference to any general or uniform 



mSTORT OF IOWA. 137 

plan. Each person who desired to purchase any portion of the public do- 
main, selected a tract in such shape as suited liis fancy, designatino- his 
boundaries by prominent objects, such as trees, rocks, streams, the banks of 
rivers and creeks, cliffs, ravines, etc. But, owing to the frequent indefinite- 
ness of description, titles often conflicted with each other, and in many cases 
several grants covered the same premises. 

To obviate these difficulties, in 1802, Col. Jared Mansfield, then surveyor- 
general of the Northwestern Territory, devised and adopted the present mode 
of surveying the public lands. This system was established by law, and is 
uniform in its application to all the i^ublic lands belonging to the United 
States. 

By this method, all the lines are run by the cardinal points of the com- 
pass; the north and south lines coinciding with the true meridian, and the 
east and west lines intersecting them at right angles, giving to the tracts 
thus surveyed the rectangular form. 

In the first place, certain lines are established running east and west, called 
Base Lines. Then, from noted points, such as the mouths of principal riv- 
ers, lines are run due north and south, which are called Priiicipal Meri- 
dians. The Base Lines and Principal Meridians together, are called 
Standard Lines , as they form the basis of all the surveys made therein. 

In order to distinguish from each other the system or series of surveys thus 
formed, the several Principal Meridians are designated by progressive 
numbers. The Meridian running north from the mouth of the Great Miami 
river, is called the First Principal Meridian ; that running north through 
the State of Indiana, the Second Principal Meridian; that running north 
from the mouth of the Ohio river through the State of Illinois, the Third 
Principal Meridian; that running north from the mouth of the Illinois 
river, through the States of Illinois and Wisconsin, the Fourth Principal 
Meridian; and that running north from the mouth of the Arkansas river, 
through the States of Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, the 
Fifth Principal Meridian. 

Having established the Standard Lines as above described, the country 
was then divided into equal squares as nearly as practicable, by a system of 
parallel meridians six miles distant from each other, crossed or intersected 
by lines east and west, also six miles from each other. Thus the country 
was divided into squares, the sides of which are six miles, and each square 
containing 36 square miles. These squares are called Toionships. The 
lines of the townships running north and south are called Range Lines; and 
the rows or tiers of townships running north and south are called Ranges; 
tiers of townships east and west are called Townships; and the lines di- 
viding these tiers are called Township Lines. Townships are numbered 
from the Base Line and the Principal Meridians. Thus the township in 
which Sioux City, Iowa, is located, is described as township No. 89 north, 
in range No. 47 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. The situation of this 
township is, therefore, 528 miles (making no allowance f>r fractional town- 
ships) north of the Base Line, as there are 88 townships intervening between 
itand the Ease Line; and being in range No. 47, it is 276 miles west of the 
Fifth Principal Meridian, as there are 46 ranges of townships intervening 
between it and the said Principal Meridian. The township adjoining on the 
north of 89 in range 47, is 90 in range 47; but the township adjoining on 
the west of 89 in range 47, is numbered 89 of range 48, and the one north 
of 89 of range 48, is 90 of range 48, and so on. 



138 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 



Some of the townships mentioned in this illustration, being on the Mis- 
souri and Big Sioux rivers, are fractional. 

The lines and corners of the townships being estabhshed by competent 
surveyors, under the authority of the government, the next work is to sub- 
divide the townships into sections of one square mile each, making 36 sec- 
tions in each full township, and each full section containing 640 acres. The 
annexed diagram exhibits the 36 sections of a township: 



6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


18 


17 


16 


15 


14 


13 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


30 


29 


28 


27 


26 


25 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 



The sections are numbered alternately west and east, beginning at the 
northeast corner of the township, as shown by the diagram. 

The lands are sold or disposed of by the government, in tracts of 640 
acres, 320 acres, 160 acres, 80 acres and 40 acres; or by the section, half 
section, quarter section, half quarter section and quarter of quarter section. 
The annexed diagram will present a section and its sub-divisions: 



N 



W 



160 A 


40 A 


80 A 


40 A 


160 A 


160 A 



The corners of the section, and the comers at K., E., S. and W. hare all 
been established and marked by the government surveyor in making his 
sub-division of the township, or in sectionizing, as it is termed. He does 



mSTOET OF IOWA. 139 

not establisli or mark any of the interior lines or corners. Tliis work is 
left for the county surveyor or other competent person. Suppose the last 
diagram to represent section 25, in township 89, north of range 47 west, 
then the sub-divisions shown may be described as the northwest quarter of 
section 25 ; the southwest quarter of section 25 ; the southeast quarter of 
section 25, all in township 89 north of range 47 west of the 5th Principal 
Meridian. But these descriptions do not include any portion of the north- 
east quarter of the section. That we wish to describe in smaller sub-divis- 
ions. So we say, the east half of the northeast quarter of section 25 ; the 
northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section ^5, and the southwest 
quarter of the northeast quarter of section 25, all in township 89 north of 
range 47 west of the 5th Principal Meridian. The last three descriptions 
embrace all the northeast quarter of the section, but described in three 
distinct tracts, one containing 80 acres, and two containing 40 acres each. 

Tlie Base Lines and Principal Meridians have been established by astro- 
nomical observations; but the lines of sub-divisions are run with the com- 
pass. The line indicated by the magnetic needle, when allowed to move 
freely about the point of support, and settle to a state of rest, is called the 
iTfiagnetic variation. This, in general, is not the true meridian, or north 
and south line. The angle which the magnetic meridian makes with the 
true meridian, is called the variation of the needle at that place, and is east 
or west, according as the north end of the needle lies on the east or west 
side of the true meridian. The variation of the needle is different at dif- 
ferent places, but in Iowa the magnetic needle points about 9^ degrees east 
of the true meridian. The lines of the lands are made to conform as nearly 
as practicable to the true meridian, but owing to the imperfections of instru- 
ments, topographical inequalities in the surface of the ground, and various 
other causes, it is absolutely impossible in practice to arrive at perfection ; 
or, in other words, to make the townships and their sectional sub-divisions 
exactly square and their lines exactly north and south and east and west. 
A detailed statement of the manner of sub-dividing a township into sec- 
tions would be too lengthy for this article. SuiSice it to say, that the frac- 
tional tracts are all thrown on the north and west sides of the townships. The 
last tiers, or rows, of quarter sections on the north and west sides of a town- 
ship generally fall either below or in excess of even quarter sections. Where 
there is a large district of country of uniform level surface, the errors of 
measurement "are not likely to be so great, and the fractions in that case 
may not vary much from even quarter sections. 

All measurements are made in chains. A chain is a measure of four 
rods, each link being the hundredth part of a chain, and is so used in the 
field notes and calculations. For convenience in practice, however, the sur- 
veyor generaly uses a half chain., equal to two rods, or fifty links, but the 
surveyor's reckoning is kept, and all his calculations are made in full chains 
of four rods, and decimal parts thereof. In the measurement of lines, every 
five chains are called an " out," because at that distance, the last of the ten 
tally rods or pins, with which the forward chainman set out, has been set to 
mark the measurement. The other chainman then comes forward, counts 
and delivers to him the ten tally rods which he has taken up in the last 
"out," the forward chainman likewise counting the pins as he receives them. 
At the end of every five chains, the forward chainman as he sets the tenth 
or last tally rod, calls, " out," which is repeated by the other chainman, 
and by the marker and surveyor, each of whom keeps a tally of the " outs," 



140 HISTOET OF IOWA. 

and marks tlie same as lie calls them. Sixteen " outs," or eighty chains, 
make a mile. 

The corners of townships, sections and quarter sections, are marked in the 
following manner: 

On the exterim* township lines, corner posts are set at the distance of 
every mile and half mile from the township corner. The mile posts are for 
the corners of sections, and the half-mile posts for the corners of quarter 
sections. They are required to be driven into the ground to the depth of 
from fifteen to' twenty inches, and to be made of the most durable wood to 
be had. The sides of the posts are squared oif at the top, and the angles 
of the square set to correspond with the cardinal points of the compass. 
All the mile posts on the township lines are marked with as many notches 
cut in one of the angles as they are miles distant from the township corner 
where the line commenced. But the township corner posts are notched with 
six notches on each of the four angles. The mile posts on the section lines 
are notched on the south and east angles of the square, respectively, with as 
many notches as they are miles distant from the south and east boundaries 
of the township. If it so happens that a tree is situated to supply the 
place of a corner post, it is "blazed" on four sides facing the sections to 
which it is the corner, and notched in the same manner that the corner posts 
are. At all corners in the timber, two or more bearing trees in opposite 
directions are required to be noted, and the course of each tree noted and 
recorded. The trees are "blazed" on the side facing the post, and the let- 
ters B. T. (Bearing Tree) cut in the wood below the blaze. At the qimrter 
section corners, the post is flattened on ojDposite sides, and marked "^," and 
the nearest suitable tree on each side of the section line is marked to show 
the township, range and section in which such tree is situated. More recent 
regulations require four witnesses, or bearing trees, at the townshij^ and 
section corners, and two at the quarter section corners, if within convenient 
distance. 

In the prairies, and other places where bearing trees could not be noted, 
quadrangular mounds of earth are raised around the posts, the angles of the 
mounds corresponding with the cardinal points of the compass. The 
mounds are required to be two and a-half feet high and four feet square at 
the base. The earth to form the mound at the section corner is taken from 
one place to form the pit directly south of the mound ; and at the quarter 
section corner it is taken directly east of the mound. The posts are squared 
and notched as heretofore described. More recent regulations require 
stones or charcoal to be buried in the mound. 

In the timber the lines are marked in the following manner: All those 
trees which the line cuts have two notches on each side of the tree where 
the line cuts it. These are called "station trees," and sometimes "line 
trees," or " sight trees." All trees within ten or fifteen links on each side 
of the line are marked with two spots or "blazes," diagonally or quartering 
toward the line. The names and estimated diameters of all the " station 
trees," with their distances on the lines, are noted. 

In the northwest part of Iowa, where the prairie so largely predominates, 
the landmarks, of course, are chiefly mounds and pits. The original stakes 
set by the surveyors have mostly been destroyed by the fires, but occasion- 
ally one may be found. Many of the mounds and pits have also been par- 
tially obliterated, but the experienced surveyor will generally identify them 
with very little trouble. A person in search of the landmarks on the prai- 



HISTOKY OF IOWA. 14-1 

rie should provide himself with a compass with which to trace the lines. A 
small one will answer the purpose of ascertaining lines approximately, but 
for jfinding the sub-divisions accurately, a good compass or transit and chain 
are required. 

The field notes of the original surveys furnish primajj^ly the material 
from which the plats and calculations of the public lands are made, and the 
source from whence the description and evidence of the location and boun- 
daries of those surveys are drawn and j)erpetuated. The surveyors of the 
public lands were, therefore, required to keep an accurate record of the 
topography of the country, with a description of everything which might 
afford useful information. The crossings of streams, lakes, ponds, sloughs, 
etc., with their location on the lines, were all required to be carefully noted. 

EAELY SETTLEMENTS, AND TEEEITORIAL OEGANIZATIOX. 

Julien Dubuque — Spanish Lead Mines — Early Settlement at Dubuque — Settlement at Mont- 
rose— Old Apple Trees — Fort Madison — Keokuk — First Settlement at Burlinj^ton — First 
Settlement in Scott County — Organization of Scott County — Murder of Col. Davenport — 
Band of Outlaws broken up — Some First Things — Territorial Convention — Subject of 
Pre-emptions — Missouri Boundary — Question of Separate Territorial Organization — Me- 
morials to Congress. 

The first white men who are known to have set their feet upon the soil of 
Iowa, were James Marquette and Louis Joliet, in 1673, as we have seen in 
a former part of this work. It was 115 years after the visit of these cele- 
brated French voyageurs before any white man established a settlement, 
during which time several generations of the Indian tribes occupied the val- 
leys of the beautiful rivers of Iowa, or roamed over lier broad prairies. Dur- 
ing all this time they doubtless kept alive among them the tradition of the 
strange Black-Eobe Chief and his pale-faced companions who came in their 
canoes to see their fathers so many years before. It was likewise a French- 
man, Julien Dubuque, who had the honor of making the first permanent 
white settlement. In 1788, having obtained permission from the Indians, 
he crossed the Mississippi with a small party of miners for the purpose of 
working lead mines at the place where the city is now located which bears 
his name, the lead having been discovered a short time before by the wife 
Peosta, a Fox warrior. Dubuque was a native of France, but had emigrated 
to Canada and become an Indian trader. While engaged in that business 
he reached Prairie du Chi en about the year 1785, and with two other French- 
men, laid out a village which now constitutes the northern part of that city. 
As a trader he acquired great influence with the Sac and Fox Chiefs. Six 
years after he engaged in mining (1796), he wrote a very diplomatic peti- 
tion to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Baron de Carondelet, to con- 
firm the Indian grant. The governor referred the petition to a merchant 
and trader named Andrew Todd, who recommended that the grant be con- 
firmed, with a restriction prohibiting Dubuque from trading with the 
Indians, without first obtaining Todd's consent in writing. With this re- 
striction the petition was granted. Dubuque, as was a common custom 
among the French traders, had married an Indian woman. He gave to the 
district embraced in his grant the name of the Mines of Spain, in 1796, in 
compliment to the Spanish governor. He remained engaged in mining, 
until his death, which occurred March 24, 1810. He was buried on a bluff 
near the present city, and at liis grave was placed a cedar cross, hewn square. 



142 HISTOKT OF IOWA. 

and about twelve feet liigli. On the arms of the cross there was, in French, 
an inscription, of which the following is a translation: 

JULIEN DUBUQUE, 

MINER OF THE IQNES OF SPAIN, 
» DIED MAECH 24tH, 1810, 

AGED FORTY-FIVE AJSTD A-HALF YEARS. 

A number of Indians were afterward buried at the same place, and among 
them the chief Kettle and his wife, who both died some eighteen years after 
Dubuque. Kettle had requested his tribe to bury him and his wife in the 
vault with Dubuque. In 1828 their bodies were on the surface of the 
ground, wrapped in buffalo robes, protected from animals by closed walls 
and a roof. The cross and vault of Dubuque, it is said, were torn down 
about the year 1854, by some thoughtless boys, or perhaps men. The vault 
was built of roughly dressed limestone taken from the edge of the bluff only 
a few feet distant. But little more than is here stated is known of the first 
white man who settled on Iowa soil. 

At the death of Dubuque the Indians claimed that the right, or lease of 
the whites to work the mines had expired, and but little more mining seems 
to have been done there until after the Black Hawk War, When attempts 
were made to engage in mining the military authority interfered to prevent 
intrusion upon the rights of the Indians. In 1829, James L. Langworthy, 
a native of Vermont, who had been engaged in lead mining at Galena, Illi- 
nois, crossed over the river for the purpose of working the mines known 
then as the " Spanish Lead Mines." The Indians refused to give him per- 
mission, but allowed him to explore the country. With two young Indians 
as guides, he traversed the region between Maquoketa and Turkey rivers. 
When he returned to the Sac and Fox village, he secured the good will of 
the Indians, and formed his plans for operating the mines. The next year, 
with his brother, Lucius IT. Langworthy, and some other miners, he crossed 
over the river and engaged in mining. In June, 1830, the miners adopted a 
code of laws or rules, reported by a committee consisting of James L. Lang- 
worthy, 11. F. Lander, James McPhetres, Samuel Scales and E. M. Wren. 
They erected an independent civil government of their own, the first gov- 
ernment established by white men in Iowa. Some time after this the War 
Department issued an order to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in command of the 
military post at Prairie du Chien, to cause the miners to leave the west side 
of the river. Notice was accordingly given them and the order was reluc- 
tantly obeyed, but not until a detachment of troops was sent to enforce it. 
After the close of the Black Hawk War, and the treaty went into effect which 
allowed settlement, on and after June 1, 1833, the Langworthy brothers and 
some others returned and resumed their claims, and soon there was a con- 
siderable settlement at Dubuque. The first school house in Iowa was 
erected there the same year, and before the close of the year there were five 
hundred white people in the mining district. At a meeting of the settlers, 
in 1834, the place was named Dubuque. 

Except the mining settlement at Dubuque, the first traces of the 
white man in Iowa, are to be found in Lee county. On the 30tli of 
March, 1799, Louis Honori Fesson obtained permission of the Span- 
ish government to establish himself at the head .of the rapids of the 
river Des Moines for the purpose of trading with the Indians. The 
place was at this time occupied by a half-breed Indian named Eed Bird, 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 143 

but known among tlie whites as Thomas Abbott. Subsequently the town 
of Montrose was located on the ground where Fesson had his trading post 
and lied Bird his wick-e-up. Settlers of a later day have felt much interest 
in the existence here of some full grown apple trees which must have been 
planted by some hand long before the Black Hawk War. It has been 
claimed by some that they were planted by Fesson as early as the beginning 
of the present century. Hon. D. W. Kilbourne, one of the early settlers of 
Lee county, claimed that they were planted by Red Bird some time between 
the years 1795 and 1798. Mr. Kilbourne was personally acquainted with 
Red Bird as well as with Black Hawk and other noted Indians of the Sac 
and Fox tribes, and from them he received what he believed to be an authen- 
tic account of the origin of the " ancient apple orchard " at Montrose. It 
was the custom of the Indians once a year to visit St. Louis for the purpose 
of obtaining supplies of blankets and other articles. The half-breed, Red 
Bird, then a young man, made his customary pilgrimage in the early spring, 
and on his return stopped a few days at St. Charles on the Missouri river. 
There a white man made him a present of about twenty small apple trees 
and gave him instructions how to plant them. Red Bird carried the trees 
home with him and planted them near his wick-e-up, placing stakes around 
them. ISTearly all of them grew and remained to excite the wonder and 
curiosity of succeeding generations of white men. 

In 1809 a military post was established where Ft. Madison is now located, 
but of course the country was not open to white settlers until after the 
" Black Hawk Purchase." In 1834 troops were stationed at the point where 
Montrose is now located, but at that time the place was called " Fort Des 
Moines." They remained until 1837, when they were removed to Fort 
Leavenworch. At first they were under the command of Lieut. Col. S. W. 
Kearney, who was afterward relieved by Col. R. B. Mason. The command 
consisted of three companies of the 1st United States Dragoons, Co. C, 
Capt. E. Y. Sumner, Co. H, Capt. Nathan Boone, and Co. I, Capt. J. B. 
Browne. Capt. Browne resigned his position in the regular army in 1837, 
and remained a citizen of Lee county. In 1838 he was appointed by Gov. 
Lucas as Maj. Gen. of Militia. He was also elected as a member of the first 
Territorial Legislature which convened at Burlington, and had the honor of 
being the first President of the Council and afterward Speaker of the House 
of Representatives. At the " Foot of The Lower Rapids " there was a place 
which, prior to 1834, was known as " Farmers' Trading Post." In Septem- 
ber of that year a meeting of half-breed Indians and their assigns was held 
in the old trading house then owned by Isaac C. Campbell. The object of 
the meeting was to petition Congress for the passage of a law granting them 
the privilege to sell and convey their respective titles to wliat was then 
known as the " Half-breed Reservation," according to the laws of Missouri. 
In attendance at this meeting were representatives from Prairie du Chein 
and St. Louis. At this time there were about nine families residing in the 
vicinity, and after the adjournment of the meeting the resident citizens re- 
paired to the saloon of John Gaines to talk over their prospects when the 
half-breed title should become extinct. They looked forward to the time 
when a city should grow up at that point. John Gaines called the meeting 
to order and made a speech in which he said the time had now come to 
agree upon a name for the town. He spoke of the chief Keokuk as the 
friend of the white man, and proposed his name for the future town. The 
proposition met with favor and the name was adopted. In the spring of 



144 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

1837 the town was laid out and a public sale of lots took place in June. 
Only two or three lots were sold, although many attended from St. Louis 
and other points. Jn 1840 the greater portion of Keokuk was a dense for- 
est, the improvements being only a few cabins. In 1847 a census of the 
place gave a population of b20. During the year 1832 Capt. James White 
made a claim on the pi-esent site of Montrose, and in tlie same year, soon 
after the close of the I31ack Hawk war, Zachai'iah Hawkins, Benjamin Jen- 
nings, Aaron White, Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson 
and Peter Williams made claims at Ft. Madison. In 1833 these claims 
were purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835, they 
laid out the town. The next summer lots were sold. The lots were subse- 
quently re-surveyed and platted by the United States Government. 

The first settlement made at Burlington and in the vicinity, was 
in the fall of 1833, Daniel Tothero came with his family and settled 
on the prairie about three miles from the Mississippi river. About the 
same time Samuel White, with his family, erected his cabin near the river 
at what is known as the upper blujff, within the limits of the present city 
of Burlington, This was before the extinction of the Indian title, for that 
did not take place before June 1st, 1833, when the government acqidred the 
territory under what was known as the " Black Hawk Purchase." There 
was then a government military post at Rock Island, and some dragoons 
came down from that place during the next winter and drove Tothero and 
and White over the river, burning their cabins. White remained in Illinois 
until the first of the following June, when the Indians surrendered posses- , 
sion of the "Black Hawk Purchase," and on that very day was on the ground 
and built his second cabin. His cabin stood on what is now Front street, 
between Court and High streets, in the city of Burlington, Soon after Mr. 
White's return his brother-in-law, Doolittle, joined him, and in 1834 they 
laid out the original town, naming it Burlington, for the town of that name 
in Vermont. The name was given at the request of John Gray, a Yer- 
monter and a friend of the proprietors. Thus White and Doolittle became 
the Romulus and Remus of one of the leadina; cities of Iowa. Durincr the 
year 1833 there was considerable settlement made in the vicinity, and soon a 
mill was erected by Mr. Donnell, on Flint creek, three miles from Burling- 
ton. In 1837 Major McKell erected a saw-mill in the town. In June, 
1834, Congress passed an act attaching the " Black Hawk Purchase " to the 
Territory of Michigan for temporary government. In September of the 
same year the Legislature of Michigan divided this purchase into two coun- 
ties, Des Moines and Dubuque. The boundary between them was a line 
running due west from the lower end of Rock Island. They also organized 
a county court in each county, and for Des Moines county made the seat 
of justice at Burlington. The first court was held in April, 1835, in a log 
house. In 1838 Iowa was made a separate Territory and Burlington was 
made the capital and so remained until after the admission into the Union 
as a State. The Territorial Legislature met for several years in the first 
church erected in Burlington, kno^vn as " Old Zion." In this same building 
the supreme judicial tribunal of the Territory also held its sessions, as well 
as the district court. 

The first white man to settle permanently within the limits of Scott 
county, was Capt. B. W. Clark, a native of Virginia. He had settled and made 
some improvement on the Illinois side of the Mississipj^i, but in 1833 he 
moved across the river and made a " claim and commenced an improvement 



HISTOKT OF IOWA. 



145 




146 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

wliere the town of Buffalo was laid out. His nearest white neighbors on the 
west side of the Mississippi, were at Burlington and Dubuque. David H. 
Clark, a son of Capt, Clark, born April 21, 1834, was the first white child 
born within the limits of what is now Scott county. 

Before the time, June 1, 1833, that the Indians were to give possession 
to the whites, Geo. L. Davenport had been permitted to make a claim. He 
had been a favorite with the Indians from boyhood, and for this reason he 
was permitted to go upon the lands while others were kept off. The land 
upon which a part of the city of Davenport is located, and adjoining or near 
Le Claire's reserve, was claimed by R. H. Spencer, and a man named Mc- 
Cloud. Mr. Le Claire afterward purchased their claim interest for $150. 

The project of laying out a town upon Mr. Le Claire's claim Avas first dis- 
cussed in the autumn of 1835, at the residence of Col. Davenport, on Eock 
Island. The persons interested in the movement were Aiitoine Le Claire, 
Maj. Thos. Smith, Maj. Wm. Gordon, Phillip Hambaugh, Alexander W. 
McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt. James May and Col. Geo. Davenport. In 
the spring of 1836, the enterprise was carried into effect by the purchase of 
the land from Mr. Le Claire, and the laying out of a town to which the 
name of Davenport was given, in honor of Col. Davenport. The survey 
was made by Maj. Gordon. Some improvement had been made upon the 
ground by Mr. Le Claire, as early as 1833, but none of a substantial character 
until 1836. 

During this year Messrs. Le Claire and Davenport erected a building 
which was opened as a public house or tavern, by Edward Powers. During 
the same year John Litch from Newburypoi"*, N. H., opened the pioneer 
wliisky shop in a log shanty on Front street. A ferry across the Mississippi 
was established by Mr. Le Claire, who was also the same year appointed the 
first postmaster, and carried the mails in his ])ocket while ferrying. The 
first white male child born in Davenport was a son of Levi S. Colton, in 
the autumn of 1836. The child died in August, 1840, at the Indian village 
on Iowa river. The first female child was a daughter of D. C. Eldridge. 
Alex. W. McGregor, opened tlie first law oflice in 1836. Rev A. M. Gavit, 
a Methodist minister, preached the first sermon in the house of D. C. Eld- 
ridge. At the close of the year 1836 there were some six or seven houses 
in the town. The Indians still lingered about the place. Col. Davenport 
still kept a trading house open on Rock Island, and furnished supplies. 

When the Sacs and Foxes removed from the lands embraced in the first 
purchase they settled for a short time on Iowa river, and after the second 
purchase removed to the Des Moines river, where they remained until the 
last sale of their lands in Iowa when they were removed by the government 
to Kansas, 

Scott county was organized and named in honor of Gen. Winfield Scott at 
the session of the Legislature of Wisconsin in December, 1837. Major 
Frayer Wilson was appointed sheriff. The election for county commission- 
ers was held on the third Monday in February, 1838, when" the following 
were elected : Benj. F. Pike, Andrew ^¥. Campbell, and Alfred Carter. On 
the 4th of July, 1838, by an act of Congress, Iowa became a separate Terri- 
tory, and Robert Lucas, of Ohio, was appointed the first Territorial Governor. 
He made the following appointments for Scott county: Williard Barrows, 
notary public; Ebenezer Cook, judge of probate; Adrian H. Davenport, 
sheriff; Isaac A. Hedges and John Porter, justices of the peace. D. C. 
Eldridge received the appointment of postmaster at Davenport. The first 



HISTOET OF IOWA, 147 

District Court met in Davenport in October, 1838, Hon. Thomas S. Wilson, 
of Dubuque, presiding. 

For two years a contest had been going on between Davenport and a place 
called Rockingham as to which should have the honor of the county seat. 
The fourth Monday of August, 1840, was fixed for holding an election to 
decide the vexed question. It resulted favorably to Davenport, the citizens 
of the successful town building a court house and jail free of expense to the 
connty. 

On the 7th of July, 1838, Andrew Logan, from Pennsylvania, arrived 
with a printing press, and on the 17th of September following' issued the 
first number of a paper called louoa Sun arid Davenport and Hock Island, 
News^ the first newspaper published in the county. On the 26th day of 
August, 1841, the first number of the Davenport Weekly Gazette was issued 
by Alfred Sanders. 

One of the most exciting incidents connected with the early history of 
Davenport and Scott county was the murder of Col. George Davenport on 
Rock Island, July 4, 1845. The country on both sides of the river had been 
infested by a lawless band of freebooters, with their supposed headquarters 
at Nauvoo. They had organized themselves into bands and engaged in 
horse stealing, counterfeiting, burglary, robl)er3^, and murder. In some 
places men in official positions and of good standing in community were 
associated with them. On the fatal 4th of July, Col. Davenport's family was 
away at Stephenson attending a celebration when three men attacked him in 
his house, one of whom shot him with a pistol through the thigh. They 
then bound him with strips of bark and blindfolded him. They then made 
a search for the key of his safe but were unable to find it. Returning to the 
wounded man, they carried him up-stairs where the safe was and compelled 
him to unlock it. The booty obtained was about $600 in money, a gold 
watch-chain and seals, a double-barrelled gun, and a few articles of minor 
value. Col. Davenport lived long enough to relate the incidents of the rob- 
bery. For several weeks no trace could be found of the murderers. Edward 
Bonney, of Lee county, Iowa, undertook to ferret out their place of conceal- 
ment. About the middle of August he went to Nauvoo where he obtained 
trace of them by representing himself as one of the gang. On the 8th of 
September he arrested a man named Fox at Centerville, Indiana, and com- 
mitted him to jail there. On the 19th he arrested two others, Birch and 
John Long, at Sandusky, Ohio, and brought them to Rock Island by way of 
the lakes and Chicago. These three men were known at the west as leaders 
of gangs of desperadoes, but operated under different names. Three others 
were also arrested as accessories, Richard Baxter and Aaron Long, near 
Galena, Illinois, and Granville Young, at Kauvoo. Aaron was a brother of 
John Long. On the 6th of October all of them were indicted by the grand 
jury of Rock Island county, except Fox, -who had escaped from jail in Indi- 
ana on the 17th of September. On the 14th of October the two Longs were 
put upon trial, found guilty, and sentenced to be hung on the 27th of the 
same month. Birch, the greatest villain, turned State's evidence. Baxter 
was tried separately, convicted and sentenced to be hung on the 18th of JS"©- 
vember. In his case a writ of error was obtained and a new trial granted, 
when he was again found guilty and sentenced to the penitentiary for life, 
where he died two years after. Birch took a change of venue to Knox 
county, and while awaiting trial escaped from jail. Upon the gallows John 
Long confessed all, but died a hardened wretch without sign of repentance 
or fear of death. 



148 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

During tlie year 1834 settlements were made at various points besides 
those mentioned, in what are now the counties bordering on the Mississippi 
river, and soon other settlements began to extend to the western limit of the 
Black Hawk Purchase. 

The first post-office in Iowa was established in Dubuque in 1833. Milo 
H. Prentice was appointed postmaster. 

The first justice of the peace was Antoine Le Claire, appointed in 1833, as 
" a very suitable person to adjust the difiiculties between the white settlers 
and the Indians still remaining there." 

The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Dubuque on 
the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was held June 1st of that 
year. 

The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. 

The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory was cele- 
brated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quigley, in the fall of 1833. 

The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Dubuque miners 
in 1833. 

The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the summer 
of 1834. 

The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a view to 
permanent residence was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the fall of 1832. 

The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of Hosea T. Camp, 
in 1832. 

The first meeting-house was built by the Methodist Episcopal Church, at 
Dubuque, in 1834. 

The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued May 11th, 
1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor, and William C. 
Jones, printer. 

By the year 1836 the population had increased so that the people began 
to agitate for a separate Territorial organization. There were also several 
other matters in which they were deeply interested. In IS^ovember, 1837, a 
convention was called at Burlington to take action. Some account of this 
first Iowa convention, and the action taken by it, will be of interest to every 
citizen of the State. 

TEEEITOEIAL CONTENTION. 

On Monday the 6th of November, 1837, a convention of delegates from the 
several counties in that portion of Wisconsin Territory west of the Missis- 
sippi river, then sometimes called Western Wisconsin, convened in the town 
of Burlington. Among the principal purposes for which this convention 
was called were: 1. To memoralize Congress for the passage of an act 
granting the right of pre-emption to actual settlers on government lands; 
2. To memoralize Congress on the subject of the attempt then being made 
by the State of Missouri to extend lier northern boundary line so as to 
embrace territory claimed as being a part of Wisconsin; 3. To memoralize 
Congress for the organization of a separate territorial government in that 
part of the Territory of Wisconsin west of the Mississippi river. 

The following were the accredited delegates in the convention from the 
several counties: 

Dubuque County.—'?. H. Engle, J. T. Pales, G. W. Harris, W. A. War- 
ren, W. B. Watts, A. F. Russell, W. H. Patton, J. W. Parker, J. D. Bell, and 
J. H. Rose. 

Des Moines County. — David Rorer, Robert Ralston, and Cyrus S. Jacobs. 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 149 

Van Buren County. — Yan Caldwell, J. G. Kenner, and James Hall. 

Henry County. — W. H. Wallace, J. D. Payne, and J. L. Myers. 

MuscaUne County. — J. R. Struthers, M, Couch, Eli Reynolds, S. C. 
Hastings, James Davis, S. Jenner, A. Smith, and E. K. Fay. 

Louisa County. — J. M. Clark, Wm. L. Toole, and J. J. Rinearson. 

Lee County. — Henry Eno, John Claypool, and Hawkins Taylor. 

The officers of the convention were: President, Cyrus S. Jacobs; Yice 
Presidents, J. M. Clark, and Wm. H. Wallace; Secretaries, J. W. Parker, 
and J. R. Struthers. 

The following committees were appointed: 

To draft and report a memorial in relation to the right of pre-emption — 
Messrs. Engle, Kenner, Payne, Struthers, Patton, Rorer, and Smith. 

To draft and report a memorial on the subject of the boundary line — 
Messrs. Eno, Clay]:>ool, Kenner, Ralston, Davis, Watts, and Toole. 

To draft and report a memorial on the subject of a separate territorial 
organization — Messrs. Rorer, Hastings, Caldwell, Myers, Claypool, Rinear- 
son, and Harris. 

The convention continued in session three days, and on the afternoon of the 
last day all the committees reported, and their reports were unanimously 
adopted. 

MEMORIAL ON THE SUBJECT OF PRE-EMPTIONS. 

To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives : 

A convention of citizens representing all the counties in that part of Wis- 
consin Territory lying west of the Mississippi river, have assembled at Bur- 
lington, the present seaf of government of said Territory, for the purpose of 
taking into consideration several measures immediately affecting their in- 
terests and prosperity. Among the most important of these is the passage 
by your honorable bodies, at the session about to be commenced, of a pre- 
emption law by which the settlers on the public land shall have secured to 
them at the minimum price, the lands on which they live, which they have 
improved and cultivated without fear of molestation, or over-bidding on the 
part of the rich capitalist and speculator. It is a fact well known to your hon- 
orable bodies, that none of the land in Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, 
in what is called the " Iowa District," has yet been offered for sale by the 
government. It is equally true that that tract of country is now inhabited 
by twenty-five thousand souls, comprising a population as active, intelligent, 
and worthy as can be found in any other part of the United States. The 
enterprise of these pioneers has converted what was but yesterday a solitary 
and uncultivated waste, into thriving towns and villages, alive with the en- 
gagements of trade and commerce, and rich and smiling farms, yielding 
their bountiful return to the labors of the husbandman. This district has 
been settled and improved with a rapidity unexampled in the history of the 
country; emigrants from all parts of the United States, and from Europe, 
are daily adding to our numbers and importance. An attempt to force these 
lands thus occupied and improved into market, to be sold to the highest bid- 
der, and to put the money thus extorted from the hard earnings of an indus- 
trious and laborious people into the coffers of the public treasury, would be 
an act of injustice to the settlers, which would scarcely receive the sanction 
of your honorable bodies. In most cases the labor of years and the accu- 
mulated capital of a whole life has been expended in making improvements 
on the public land, under the strong and firm belief that every safeguard 
would be thrown around them to prevent their property, thus dearly earned 



;J^50 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

by years of suffering, privation and toil, from being unjustly wrested from 
tlieir hands. Shall they be disappointed? Will Congress refuse to pass 
such laws as may be necessary to protect a large class of our citizens from 
systemized plunder and rapine? The members comprising this convention, 
representing a very large class of people, who delegated them to speak in 
their stead,'^do most confidently express an opinion that your honorable 
bodies will at your present session, pass some law removing us from danger, 
and relievino- us from fear on this subject. The members of this conven- 
tion, for themselves, and for the people whose interests they are sent here to 
represent, do most respectfully solicit that your honorable bodies will, as 
speedily as possible, pass a pre-emption law, giving to every actual settler 
on the public domain, who has made improvements sufficient to evince that 
it is honafide his design to cultivate and occupy the land, the right to enter 
at the minimum government price, one-half section for that purpose, before 
it shall be offered at public sale. 

MEMORIAL ON THE SUBJECT OF THE MISSOURI BOUNDARY LINE. 

To the Honorable, the Senate and Souse of Bepresentatives of the United 

States in Congress assembled: 

The Memorial of a Convention of Delegates from the several counties in 
the Territory of Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, convened at Bur- 
lington, in said Territory, November 6, 1837, respectfully represent: 

That your memorialists are desirous of asking the attention of Congress 
to the adjustment of the boundary line between the State of Missouri and 
the Territory of Western Wisconsin. Much excitement already prevails 
among the inhabitants situated in the border counties of the State and Ter- 
ritory, and it is much to be feared that, unless the speedy action of Congress 
should be had upon the subject, difficulties of a serious nature will arise, 
militating against the peace and harmony which would otherwise exist 
among them. At the last session of the legislature of Missouri, commis- 
sioners were appointed to run the northern boundary line of the State. They 
have recently been engaged in the work, and, according to the line run by 
them, there is included within the limits of the State of Missouri a consid- 
erable tract of country hitherto supposed to belong to the Territory of AVis- 
consin, and which is still believed of right to belong to it. The northern 
boundary line of Missouri was run several years ago by commissioners ap- 
pointed by the State of Missouri, and will cross the Des Moines river at a 
point about twenty -five miles from its mouth. This line, if continued on 
due east, would strike the Mississippi river near the town of Fort Madison, 
about ten miles above the rapids in said river, long since known as the Des 
Moines rapids; and this line, so run by the commissioners, has always been 
considered as the boundary line between the State and Territory. The pres- 
ent commissioners, appointed by the State of Missouri, giving a different 
construction to the act defining the boundary line of the State, passed up 
the Des Moines river in search of rapids, and have seen proper to find them 
some twelve or fourteen miles further up the river than the other commis- 
sioners of Missouri formerly did, and, selecting a point which they call 
the rapids in the Des Moines river, have from thence marked out a line 
which is now claimed as the northern boundary line of the State. Were 
this line extended due east, it would strike the Mississippi river at the town 
of Burlington, some thirty miles above the rapids known, as stated above, as 
the Des Moines Rapids. 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 151 

Missouri was created into an independent State, and lier boundary line 
defined, in June, 1820. At that time the country bordering on the Des 
Moines river was a wildernesii, and little was known, except from the Indi- 
ans who lived on its banks, of its geographical situation. There was at that 
time no point on the river known as the Des Moines rapids, and at the 
present time between the mouth of the river and the Raccoon forks, a dis- 
tance of two hundred miles, fifty places can with as much propriety be desig- 
nated as the one selected by the commissioners of the State of Missouri. 

Your memorialists conceive that no action of the State of Missouri can , 
or ought to, afiect the integrity of the Territory of Wisconsin; and standing 
in the attitude they do, they must look to the general government to protect 
their rights and redress their wrongs, which, for so long a period of time, 
existed between tlie Territory of Michigan and the State of Ohio relative to 
their boundaries, will, it is hoped, prompt the speedy action of Congress on 
this existing subject. Confidently relying upon the wisdom of the general 
government, and its willingness to take such means as will settle this ques- 
tion, the people of Wisconsin will peaceably submit to an extension of the 
northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, if so be that Congress 
shall ordain it; but until such action, they will resist to the utmost extrem- 
ity any attempt made by the State of Missouri to extend her jurisdiction 
over any disputed territory. 

We, therefore, pray that Congress will appoint commissioners, whose duty 
it shall be to run the line between the State of Missouri and the Territory 
of Wisconsin according to the spirit and intention of the act defining the 
boundary lines of the State of Missouri, and to adopt such other measures 
as in their wisdom they shall deem fit and proper. 

MEMORIAL PRAYING FOR A DIVISION OF THE TERRITORY. 

To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 

States in Congress asseinbled: 

The memorial of a general convention of delegates, from the respective 
counties in the Territory of Wisconsin, west of the Mississippi river, con- 
vened at the capitol at Burlington, in said Territory, l^ovember 6, 1837, 
respectfully represents : 

That the citizens of that part of the Territory west of the Mississippi river, 
taking into consideration their remote and isolated position, and the vast 
extent of country included within the limits of the present Territory, and 
the utter impracticability of the same being governed as an entire whole, by 
the wisest and best administration of our municipal affairs, in such manner 
as to fully secure individual right and the right of property, as well as to 
maintain domestic tranquility, and the good order of society, have by their 
respective representatives, convened in general convention as aforesaid, for 
availing themselves of their right of petition as free citizens, by representing 
their situation and wishes to your honorable body, and asking for the organ- 
ization of a separate Territorial government over that part of the Territory 
west of the Mississippi river. 

Without in the least designing to question the official conduct of those in 
whose hands the fate of our infant Territory has been confided, and in whose 
patriotism and wisdom we have the utmost confidence, your memorialists 
cannot refrain from the frank expression of their belief that, taking into 
consideration the geographical extent of her country, in connection with the 
probable population of Western Wisconsin, perhaps no Territory of the 



152 HISTOKT OF IOWA. 

United States has been so mucli neglected by the parent government, so illy 
protected in the political and individual rights of her citizens. 

Western Wisconsin came into the possession of our government in June, 
1833. Settlements were made, and crops grown, during the same season; 
and even then, at that early day, was the impulse given to the mighty throng 
of emigration that has subsequently filled our lovely and desirable country 
with people, intelligence, wealth and enterprise. From that period until the 
present, being a little over four years, what has been the Territory of West- 
ern Wisconsin ? Literally and practically a large portion of the time with- 
out a government. With a population of thousands, she has remained 
ungoverned, and has been quietly left by the parent government to take care 
of herself, without the privilege on the one hand to provide a government ot 
her own, and without any existing authority on the other to govern her. 

From June, 1833, until June, 1834, a period of one year, there was not 
even the shadow of government or law in all Western Wisconsin. In June, 
1334, Congress attached her to the then existing Territory of Michigan, of 
which Territory she nominally continued a part, until July, 1836, a period 
of little more than two years. During the whole of this time, the whole 
country west, sufficient of itself for a respectable State, was included in two 
counties, Dubuque and Des Moines. In each of these two counties there 
were holden, during the said term of two years, two terms of a county court 
(a court of inferior jurisdiction), as the only sources of judicial relief up to 
the passage of the act of Congress creating the Territory of Wisconsin. That 
act took eftect on the third day of July, 1836, and the first judicial relief 
afforded under that act, was at the April term following, 1837, a period of 
nine months after its passage; subsequently to which time there has been a 
court holden in one solitary county in Western Wisconsin only. This, your 
memorialists are aware, has recently been owing to the unfortunate disposi- 
tion of the esteemed and meritorious judge of our district; but they are 
equally aware of the fact, that had Western Wisconsin existed under a sep- 
arate organization, we should have found relief in the services of other mem- 
bers of the judiciary, who are at present, in consequence of the great extent 
of our Territory, and the small number of judges dispersed at two great a 
distance, and too constantly engaged in the discharge of the duties of their 
own district, to be enabled to afford relief to other portions of the Territory. 
Thus, with a population of not less than twenty-five thousand now, and of 
near half that number at the organization of the Territorj^, it will appear 
that we have existed as a portion of an organized Territory, for sixteen 
months, witli but one term of courts only. 

Your memorialists look upon those evils as growing exclusively out of the 
immense extent of country included within the present boundaries of the 
Territory, and express their conviction and belief, that nothing would so 
effectually remedy the evil as the organization of Western Wisconsin into a 
separate territorial government. To this your memorialists conceive them- 
selves entitled by principles of moral right— by the same obligation that 
rests upon their present government, to protect them in the free enjoyment 
of their rights, until such time as they shall be permitted to provide protec- 
tion for themselves; as well as from the uniform practice and policy of the 
government in relation to other Territories. 

The Territory of Indiana, including the present States of Indiana, Illinois, 
and Michigan, and also much of the eastern portion of the present Territory 
of Wisconsin, was placed under one separate territorial government in the year 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 153 

1800, at a time that the population amounted to only five thousand six hun- 
dred and forty, or thereabouts. 

The Territory of Arkansas was erected into a distinct Territory, in 1820, 
with a population of about fourteen thousand. The Territory of Illinois was 
established in 1809, being formed by dividing the Indiana Territory. The 
exact population of Illinois Territory, at the time of her separation from In- 
diana, is not known to your memorialists, but her population in 1812, one 
year subsequent to that event, amounted to but eleven thousand five hun- 
dred and one whites, and a few blacks— in all, to less than twelve thousand 
iniiabitants. 

The Territory of Michigan was formed in 1805, by again dividing the 
Indiana Territory, of which, until then, she composed a part. The popula- 
tion of Michigan, at the time of her separation from Indiana, your memo- 
rialists have been unable to ascertain, but in 1810, a period of five years sub- 
sequent to her separate organization, her population amounted to but about 
four thousand seven hundred and sixty; and in the year 1820, to less than 
nine thousand — so that Michigan existed some fifteen years, as a distinct 
Territory, with a population of less than half of Western Wisconsin at pres- 
ent; and each of^the above named Territories, now composing so many 
proud and flourishing States, were created into separate territorial govern- 
ments, with a much less population than that of Western Wisconsin, and 
that too at a time when the parent government was burdened with a 
national debt of millions. Your memorialists therefore pray for the organ- 
ization of a separate territorial government over that part of the Territory of 
Wisconsin west of the Mississippi river. 

TEREITOEY OF IOWA. 

Territorial Organization — Members of First Legislative Assembly — Its Presiding OfBcers — 
Important Acts — The Great Seal of the Territoiy — Provision for Locating Seat of Gov- 
ernment — Some Prominent Members — The Boundary Dispute — Its Settement — Delegate 
to Congress — Territorial Governors — Death of Wm. B. Conway — Various Incorporations. 

Congress considered the prayer of the memorial favorably, and " An Act 
to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish the Territorial govern- 
ment of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take efiect and be in force 
on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory embraced "all that part of 
the present Territory of Wisconsin which lies west of the Mississippi River, 
and west of a line drawn due north from the head water or sources of the 
Mississippi to the territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor 
whose term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Jus- 
tice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who should serve 
four years, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate. The act also provided for the election, by the white 
male inhabitants, citizens of the United States, over twenty-one years of 
age, of a House of Representatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and 
a Council, to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000 for a 
public library, and $20,000 for the erection of public buildings. President 
van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of Ohio, to be the first 
Governor of the new Territory. William B. Conway, of Pittsburg, was 
appointed Secretary of the Territory; Charles Mason, of Burlington, Chief 
Justice; and Thomas S. Wilson, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of 
Pennsylvania, Associate Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. 
Van Allen, of New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; 



15i 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 



Augustus C. Dodge, Eegister of the Land Office at Burlington, and Thom- 
as McKnight, Eeceiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr. Yan Al- 
len, the District Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after his appointment, 
and Col. Charles Weston was appointed to fill his vacancy. Mr. Conway, 
the Secretary, also died at Burlington, during the second session of the 
Legislature, and James Clarke, editor of the Gazette^ was appointed to suc- 
ceed him. Immediately after his arrival, Governor Lucas issued a procla- 
mation for the election of members of the first Territorial Legislature, to be 
held on the 10th of September, dividing the Territory into election districts 
for that purpose, and ap]3ointing the 12th day of I^ovember for the meeting 
of the Legislature to be elected, at Burlington. 

The following were the names, county of residence, nativity, age, and 
occupation, of the members of that first Territorial Legislature: 

COUNCIL. 



E. A. M. Swarzy. . . 

J. Kieth 

A. Ingram 

Robert Ralston 

C. Whittlesey 

George Hepner 

Jesse B. Browne. . . . 

Jesse D. Payne 

L. B. Hughes 

J. W.Parker 

Stephen Hempstead. 

Warner Lewis 

J.M.Clark 



COUNTY. NATIVITY. AGE 



OCCUPATION. 



Van Buren. 

Des Moines. 

Cedar. 
Des Moines. 
Lee. 
Henry. 

Scott. 
Dubuque. 

Louisa. 



Vermont. 


28 


Virginia. 


52 


Penn. 


60 


Ohio. 


81 


New York. 


31 


Kentucky. 


83 


Kentucky. 


40 


Tennessee. 


35 


Virginia. 


34 


Vermont. 


28 


Conn. 


26 


Virginia. 


32 


New York. 


25 



Farmer. 

Gunsmith. 

Farmer. 

Merchant. 

Merchant. 

Farmer. 

Foi-merly in U.S. A 

Physician. 

Merchant. 

Lawyer. 

Lawyer. 



Farmer. 



HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 



NAME. 



COXJNTY. 



NATIVITY. 



OCCUPATION. 



Wm. H. Wallace Henry. 

Wm. G. Coop 

A. B. Porter 

La.urel Summers Scott. 

Jabez Burchard 

James Brierly Lee. 

Wm. Patterson 

H.Taylor 

Harden NowUn Dubuque. 

Andrew Bankston 

Thomas Cox 

C. Swan 

C. J. Price Lee. 

J. W. Grimes Des Moines, 

George Temple 

George H. Beeler 

V. B. Delashmutt 

Thomas Blair 

James HaU Van Buren. 

Samuel Parker 

G.S.Bailey 

Levi Thornton Tinm'tsn 

Wm. L.Toole 

Robert G. Roberts Cedar. 

John Frierson Muscatine. 

b. C. Hastmgs 



Ohio. 

Virginia. 

Kentucky. 

Kentucky. 

Penn. 

Ohio. 

Virginia. 

Kentucky. 

Illinois. 

N. C. 

Kentucky. 

New York. 

N. C. 

N. H. 

N. H 

Virginia. 

Virginia. 

Kentucky. 

Maryland. 

Virginia. 

Kentucky. 

Penn. 

Virginia. 

Penn. 

Ohio. 

New York. 



27 
33 
30 
24 
34 
29 
37 
27 
34 
51 
51 
39 
37 
22 
34 
39 
37 
49 
27 
34 
27 
42 
35 
42 
34 
25 



Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Farmer 

Farmer 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Miner. 

Farmer. 

Lawyer. 

Farmer. 

Merchant. 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 



Farmer. 

Physician. 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Farmer. 

Surveyor. 

Lawyer. 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 155 

Jesse B. Browne, of Lee county, was elected president of the council. He 
had been an officer in the regular army, was a gentleman of dignified 
appearance and commanding stature, being six feet and seven inches in 
height. William H. Wallace, of Henry county, was elected speaker of the 
House. Some years after he held the position of receiver at the United 
States land office located at Fairfield. He subsequently removed to Wash- 
ington Territory, and at one time served as a delegate in Congress from 
that Territory. 

Among the acts passed were those for organizing the counties of Linn, 
Jefferson and Jones; for changing the name of Slaiighter county to Wash- 
ington; providing for the election in each county of a board of commission- 
ers, to consist of three persons, to attend to all county business, and acts 
providing for the location of the capital and the penitentiary. The Terri- 
tory was divided into three judicial districts, in each county of which court 
was to be held twice a year. The counties of Lee, Yan Buren, Henry and 
Des Moines constituted the first district, to which Charles Mason, of Bur- 
lington, was assigned as judge. Tlie counties of Louisa, Washington, John- 
son, Cedar and Muscatine constituted the second district, with Joseph 
Williams, of Muscatine, as judge. The counties of Jackson, Dubuque, 
Scott and Clayton constituted the third district, with Thomas S. Wilson, of 
Dubuque, as judge. 

Among the proceedings was the passage of a resolution by the council, 
instructing Wm, B. Conway, the secretary of the Territory, to procure 
a seal. In compliance with this instruction, on the 23d of November, 
Mr. Conway submitted to the inspection of tlie council what became the 
" great seal of the Territory of Iowa." The design was that of an eagle 
bearing in its beak an Indian arrow, and clutching in its talons an unstrung 
bow. The seal was one inch and five-eighths in diameter, and was engraved 
by William Wagner, of York, Pennsylvania. The council passed a resolu- 
tion adopting the seal submitted by the secretary, but it does not appear 
that it was adopted by the other branch of the legislature. In his communi- 
cation to the council presenting the seal, Mr. Conway calls it the " great 
seal of the Territory of Iowa," but the word "great" did not appear upon 
it. This old territorial seal appears to have been lost in the removal from 
Iowa City to Des Moines. 

Under the act passed for the location of the capital, Chauncey Swan, of 
Dubuque county, John Ronalds, of Louisa county, and Robert Ralston, of 
Des Moines county, were appointed commissioners, and were required to 
meet at the town of Napoleon, in Johnson county, on the first Monday of 
May, 1839, and proceed to locate the seat of government at tlie most suit- 
able point in that county. They proceeded at that time to discharge the duties 
of their trust, and procured the title to six hundred and forty acres. They 
had it surveyed into lots, and agreed upon a plan for a capitol, selecting one 
of their number, Chauncey Swan, to superintend the work of erecting the 
building. The site selected was about two miles northwest of what was 
then the town of Napoleon, a place which now is not known as a town. 
The new town was named Iowa City, and the first sale of lots took place 
August 16, 1839. In November, 1839, the second Territorial Legislature 
assembled in Burlington, and passed an act requiring the commissioners to 
adopt a plan for a building, not to exceed in cost $51,000, On the 4tli day 
of July, 1840, the corner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies, Sam- 



156 HI8T0KT OF IOWA. 

ael 0. Trowbridge acting as marslial of the daj, and Governor Robert Lucas 
as orator. 

This first legislative body which enacted laws for the government of the 
new Territory of Iowa held its sessions in tlie then unfinished Methodist 
church in Burlington, the lower story or basement being built of stone, and 
the upper story of brick. It was known in later years as " Old Zion." Of 
the members of that legislature several afterward held prominent official 
positions in the State. Two of them, Stephen Hempstead, of Dubuque, 
and James W. Grimes, of Burlington, held the office of Governor. The 
latter also became prominent in the United States Senate, and in the 
National Cabinet. 

William G. Coop continued to be returned as a member of one or the other 
branch of almost every General Assembly, up to the change of parties in 
the election of James W. Grimes, as Governor. His later legislative career 
was as a member of the State Senate from JeiFerson county. He was the 
Democratic candidate in that county against James F. Wilson in 1856, for 
member of the constitutional convention, but was defeated by the latter. He 
was a man of strong party attacliments, being a Democrat in the strictest 
sense, but was faithful to his constituents, and honest in his discharge of duty. 
We recognize other names that were familiar in the subsequent history of the 
Territorj^ or State, and among them, the following: Asbury B. Porter, who 
became the first colonel of the Fourth Iowa Cavalry during the Rebellion ; 
Hawkins Taylor, of Lee county, who, during later years, has resided most 
of the time in Washington City; Warner Lewis, of Dubuque, who afterward 
held the position of Surveyor General for Iowa and Wisconsin ; William L. 
Toole, of Louisa county, after whom the town of Toolesboro in that county 
was named ; Laurel Summers, of Scott county, and others. In the organi- 
zation of this first Territorial Legislature party ties do not seem to have 
been very strictly drawn, for General Browne, who was chosen president of 
the council without opposition, and Colonel Wallace, who was elected 
speaker of the house, with but little opposition, were both Whigs, while 
both branches of the legislature were largely Democratic. Party lines were 
not tightly drawn until the campaign of 1840, when the young Territory 
caught the enthusiasm wliich characterized that contest throughout the 
country. 

THE BOUNDAUT DISPUTE. 

One of the exciting questions with which the Territory of Iowa had to deal 
was that in relation to the southern boundary. The constitution of Missouri 
in defining the boundaries of that State had defined her northern boundary to 
be the parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the Des Moines, 
river. In the Mississippi river, a little above the mouth of tlie Des Moines 
river, are the rapids, which had been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or the 
Rapids of the Des Moines river. Just below the town of Keosauqua, in Yau 
Buren county, there are rapids (though very slight and inconsiderable) also 
in the Des Moines river. The Missouri authorities claimed that the latter 
rapids were referred to in the definition of her boundary, and insisted on ex- 
ercismg jurisdiction over a strip of territory some eight 'miles in width which 
Iowa claimed as being a part of her territory. At the first court held in Far- 
mington Van Luren county, in April, 1837, by David Irwin, Judge of the 
Second Judicial District of Wisconsin, an indictment was found against one 
David Doose tor exercising the office of constable in Yan Buren county 



HTSTOEY OF IOWA. 157 

under authority of the State of Missouri. This, and other similar acts 
by Missouri officials, were tlie origin of the despute which resulted in demon- 
strations of hostilities, and very nearly precipitated a border war. Governor 
Boggs, of Missouri, called out the militia of that State to enforce its claims, 
and Governor Lucas, of Iowa, called out the militia of the Territory to main- 
tain its rights. About 1200 men were enlisted and armed. There was no 
difficulty in raising volunteers, for the war spirit ran high. At this stage, 
however, it was considered best to send peace commissioners to Missouri 
with a view of adjusting the difficulties. Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington ; 
Gen, Churchman, of Dubuque, and Dr, Clark, of Fort Madison, were ap- 
pointed and proceeded to discharge the duties of their mission. When they 
arrived they found that the county commissioners of Clarke county, Mis- 
souri, had rescinded their order for the collection of taxes in Iowa, and the 
Governor of Missouri had sent messengers to Governor Lucas with a propo- 
sition to submit an agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States, 
This proposition was declined, but afterward both Iowa and Missouri 
petitioned Congress to authorize a suit to settle the question. This was 
done, and the decision was adverse to the claims of Missouri. Under an 
order of the Supreme Court of the United States, William G. Miner, of 
Missouri, and Henry B. Ilendershott, of Iowa, acted as commissioners to sur- 
vey and establish the boundary line. They discharged the duties assigned 
them, and peace was restored. 

In September, 1838, the election was held for delegate to Congress. 
There were four candidates in the field, to-wit: William W. Chapman 
and David Rorer, of Des Moines county; B, ¥. Wallace, of Henry county, 
and Peter H. Engle, of Dubuque county. William W. Chapman was elected 
by a majority of thirty-six votes over P. H. Engle. During the time that 
Iowa remained a separate Territory, from 1838 to 1846, the office of Gov- 
ernor was held successively by Robert Lucas, John Chambers, and James 
Clarke. Robert Lucas had been one of the early Governors of Ohio, and 
was appointed the first Governor of the Territory of Iowa by President Van 
Buren, John Chambers had been a Representative in Congress from Ken- 
tucky, and a warm supporter of Gen, Wm, H, Harrison for President in 
1840. After the change of the National administration he was appointed to 
succeed Governor Lucas, James Clarke had been the editor of the Gazette 
at Burlington, but at the death of Wm, B, Conway, Secretary of the Terri- 
tory, which occurred at Burlington, November G, 1839, Mr, Clarke was ap- 
pointed his successor, and afterward succeeded John Chambers as the last 
Territorial Governor. 

The death of Wm, B, Conway, Secretary of the Territory, was an event 
which cast a gloom over the Territory, Prior to his appointment by Presi- 
dent Yan Buren he had been a resident of Pittsburg, Penn, His remains 
were taken to Davenport for interment, and on the 9th of November a pub- 
lic meeting of the citizens of that place passed resolutions expressing the 
highest esteem both for his character as a citizen and as an officer of the 
Territory, His remains were taken to St, Anthony's Church where the 
solemn services for the dead were performed by Rev. Father Pelamorgues. 
On the 11th a meeting of the members of the bar of the Territory was held 
at Burlington, in which his associates in the profession also passed resolutions 
of respect for the deceased. Of this meeting Charles Mason was chairman, 
and David Rorer was appointed to present the resolutions to the Supreme 



/ 



168 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 

Court of the Territory, for the ptirpose of having them entered on the record 
of the court. The deceased left a wife and one child. 

The first Territorial Legislature provided by law that " no action commenced 
by a single woman, who intermarries during the pending thereof, shall abate 
on account of such marriage; secured religious toleration to all; vested the 
judiciary power in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and 
Justices of the Peace; made real estate divisible by will, and intestate prop- 
erty to be divided equitably among heirs; made murder punishable by death, 
and pro'^'ided proportionate penalties for other crimes; established a system 
of free schools, open to all classes of white children; provided for a system 
of roads and highways; enacted a law to prevent and punish gambling, and 
in fact enacted a pretty complete .code of laws, many of which still remain in 
force. 

Among the various institutions and associations incorporated were the fol- 
lowing: The Wapello Seminary, in Louisa county; the Bloomington and 
Cedar River Canal Company; the Des Moines Mill Company, in Van Buren 
county; the Burlington Steam Mill Company; seminaries of learning in Fort 
Madison, West Point, Burlington, Augusta, Farmington, Bentonsport, 
Bockinghara, Keosauqua, Dubuque, and Davenjjort; the Burlington and 
Iowa Ei ver Turnpike Company ; the Burlington and Des Moines Transpor- 
tation Company; the Keosauqua Lyceum, and the Iowa Mutual Fire Insur- 
ance Company at Burlington. 

STATE ORGANIZATION". 

First Constitution— Proposed Boundaries— Ciianged by Congress— Rejection of Constitution 
by the People— Congress Repeals its former Provision as to Boundaries and Fixes the 
Present Limits— The Second Constitution— Its Adoption by the People— Election of State 
Offiers— First General Assembly— Seat of Government— Monroe City— Fort Des Moines— 
Fmal Permanent Location— Removal— Third Constitutional Convention— New Capitol — 
Case of Attempted Bribery in First General Assembly. 

By the year 1844 the population of the Territory had reached 75,152, and 
the people began to desire a State organization. In October of that year a 
constitutional convention was held at Iowa City, which formed a constitution 
defining the boundaries of the State as follows: 

"Beginning in the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river, 
opposite the mouth of the Des Moines river; thence up the said river Des 
Momes in the middle of the main channel thereof, to a point where it is in- 
tersected by the Old Indian Boundary Line, or line run by John C. Sullivan 
m the year 1816; thence westwardly along said line to the 'Old northwest 
corner ol Missouri'; thence due west to the middle of the main channel of 
the Missouri river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the river 
last mentioned to the mouth of the Sioux or Calumet river; thence in a 
direct line to the middle of the main channel of the St. Peter's river, where 
the Watonwan river (according to Nicollet's map) enters the same; thence 
down the middle of the main channel of said river to the middle of the main 
channel ot the Mississippi river; thence down the middle of the main chan- 
nel ot said river to the place of beginnino-." 

• ^^ ?^ ^^V^^ March, 1845, Congress parsed an act providing for the admis- 
sion ot the State into the Union, but with boundaries different from those 
dehned in the proposed constitution. By this act the State was to extend 
north to the parallel passing through Maiikato, or Blue Earth river, in the 



" mSTOEY OF IOWA. 159 

present State of Minnesota, and west to the meridian of 17 deg. 30 min. west 
from Washington, These boundaries would have deprived the State of the 
Missouri Slope and of one of the grand rivers by which it is now boxmded, 
while in shape it would have been long and comparatively narrow. As a 
result, at an election held August 4, 1845, tlie j^eople of the Territory rejected 
the constitution with the change of boundaries as projDosed by Con'o-ress. 
The vote stood 7,235 for, and 7,656 against it, being a majority of 421 against 
the adoption. On the 4th of August, 1846, Congress passed an act repealing 
so much of the act of March, 3, 1845, as related to the boundaries of Iowa, and 
fixing the boundaries as now defined. On the 4th of May of that year a sec- 
ond constitutional convention had convened at Iowa City, and after a session 
of fifteen days formed the constitution which was sanctioned by the people 
at an election held August 3, 1846. The popular vote stood 9,492 for, and 
9,036 agaijist the constitution at this election, being a majority of 456 in favor 
of it. A copy of this constitution was presented in Congress, and on the 
28th of December, 1846, an act was passed and apj^roved for the admission 
of the State of Iowa into the Union. 

On the 26th of October, 1846, an election had been held for State officers, 
when the following were elected: Ansel Briggs, Governor; Elisha Cutler, 
Jr., Secretary of State; Joseph T. Tales, Auditor, and Morgan Eeno, Treas- 
urer. At this time there were twenty-seven organized counties with a popu- 
lation, according to the census, of 96,088. 

The first General Assembly under the State organization, convened at 
Iowa City, November 30, 1846. Thomas Baker was elected President of 
the Senate, and Jesse B. Browne, Speaker of the House of Representatives. 
As the latter had been President of the first Territorial Council, so he was 
the first Speaker of the House when Iowa became a State. 
• The capitol building at Iowa City being at this time still in an unfinished 
condition, an appropriation of $5,500 was made to complete it. The boun- 
dary being so much extended west of the limits of the Territory when the 
capital was located at Iowa City, the question of removal and permanent loca- 
tion at some point further west began to be agitated, and the first General 
Assembly appointed commissioners to locate the seat of government, and to 
select five sections of land which had been granted by Congress for the erec- 
tion of public buildings. The commissioners in discharge of their duties 
selected the land in Jasper county, lying between the present towns of 
Prairie City and Monroe. The commissioners also surveyed and platted a 
town, to which they gave the name of Monroe City. Four hundred and fif- 
teen lots were sold, the cash payments yielding $1,797.43, being one-fourth 
of the price for which they sold. When the commissioners ma^le their re- 
port to the next General Assembly, it was observed that their claim for 
services and expenses exceeded the cash received by $409.14. The report 
was referred to a committee without instructions, but the location was never 
sanctioned by the General Assembly, The money paid by purchasers was 
mostly refunded. Meantime the question of re-location continued to be 
agitated at each session. In 1851 bills were introduced in the House for 
removal to Pella and Fort Des Moines, but both of them failed to pass. At 
the next session a bill was introduced in the Senate for removal to Fort Des 
Moines, which was also defeated on a final vote. In January, 1855, the ef- 
fort proved successful, and on the 15th of that month the Governor ap- 
proved the bill re-locating the seat of government within two miles of the 
Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and providing for the appointment of com- 



IQQ HISTOKT 'OF IOWA. 

missioners for that purpose. Under this act the commissioners made selec- 
tion of the present site. A temporary building was erected by an associa- 
tion of citizens of Dos Moines, or Fort Des Moines, as it was then called. 
On the 19th of October, 1857, Governor Grimes, having "been advised that 
the building was completed and ready for occupancy, issued a proclamation 
declaring the city of Des Moines the capital of Iowa. The officers with 
the archives of the State removed during the fall and winter, and on the 
11th day of January, 1858, the Seventh General Assembly convened at Des 
Moines. 

Meantime a third constitutional convention had been called to frame a 
new State constitution. It convened at Iowa City, January, 19, 1857, and 
adjourned March 5th of the same year. Francis Springer, of Louisa county, 
was chosen President. The constitution as adopted by this convention was 
approved by the people at an election held August 3d of the same year, the 
vote beino- 40,311 for, and 38, 681 against it. It took effect by proclamation 
of the Governor, September 3, 1857. In this constitution the location of 
the seat of government at Des Moines was made a part of the fundamental 
law. In 1868 an amendment was made to this constitution, striking the 
word " white " from the clause defining the qualification of electors. The 
whole vote cast by the people on this amendment was 186,503, with a ma- 
jority in favor of striking out, of 24,265. 

The first capitol building erected in Des Moines being inadequate for the 
growing wants of the State, being too small and not sufficiently safe, an act 
was passed and approved April 13, 1870, providing for the erection of a 
new one. The following were constituted a Board of Commissioners to 
have charge of the erection: Grenville M. Dodge, of Pottawattamie county; 
James F. Wilson, of Jefferson county; James Dawson, of "Washington 
county; Simon G. Stein, of Muscatine county; James O. Crosby, of Clay- 
ton county; Charles Dudley, of Wapello county; John I^. Dewey, of Polk 
county, and William L. Joy, of Woodbury county. The Governor was 
also constituted a member of the Board, and President ex-officio. A. R, 
Fulton was elected Secretary of the Board. It was provided in the act that 
the plan to be selected should not be for a building exceeding in cost $1,500- 
000, and the sum of $150,000 was appropriated to commence the work. 
In the fall of 1870 excavation for the foundation was commenced, 
and on the 23d of November of the next year, the ceremony of 
laying the corner stone took place. Gen. N. B. Baker was chief marshal 
of the day, and Governor Samuel Merrill delivered an appropriate address. 

The Board of commissioners experienced many difficulties in finding 
stone, especially within the limits of the State, that had been suffi<5iently 
tested for a building of such magnitude. The law required them to give 
preference to material obtained in the State, price and quality being equal, 
and they desired to comply with the spirit of the law. As 'a result, how- 
ever, some material was placed in the foundation, which being exposed, dur- 
ing the next winter, was affected by the weather, and the next season it was 
neccessary to remove a portion of the foundation, involving a large addi- 
tional expense. 

Tlie Fourteenth General Assembly convened in January, 1872, and in 
March a joint committee was authorized to examine and report upon the 
character of the material used. They reported that unfit material had been 
placed in the foundation, and recommended its removal. An act was 
passed at this session appropriating $100,000 for tlie work in 1872, and 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 161 

$125,000 to be used annually thereafter for the prosecution of the work, 
but the whole cost not to exceed the limit of $1,380,000. The Board were 
required, however, to direct all their action with a view to the completion 
of the building for $1,500,000. The same act placed the work in charge 
of a Board of commissioners consisting of five members, including the 
Governor, who was also to be President, ex-officio. The following were con- 
stituted tlie members of the new Board: John Gr. Foote, of Des Moines 
county; Maturin L. Fisher, of Clayton county; Robert S. Finkbine, and 
Peter A. Dey, of Johnson county, and the Governor, as above stated. Ed. 
"Wright was appointed Secretary by the Board. This Board proceeded with 
the work in accordance with the general plan adopted by the former Board, 
and when completed Iowa will have one of the finest and most substantial 
capitol buildings in the Union. 

Having presented a brief review of the legislation in regard to seat of gov- 
ernment, which, as we have seen, was inaugurated by the first General As- 
sembly, we return to that session. The contest between the two political 
parties for ascendency was at that time a very earnest one, and especially in 
view of the election of U. S. Senators. The two political parties in the 
legislature were nearly equally divided. The friends of the several candidates 
were present at the opening of the session to take part in the lobby branch, 
in behalf of their respective favorites. Keokuk county was represented in 
the House by ITelson King, a Whig, although his county at that time was 
regarded as Democratic. Gen. A. G Dodge, of Burlington, was the prom- 
inent Democratic candidate for Senator, and the name of J. C. Hall, also 
of Burlington, was likewise favorably mentioned. On the aft'jrnoon of 
December 9th, Mr. King, of Keokuk county, by consent of the House, rose 
in his place and made a statement to the following efiect: That since he had 
presented his credentials, and taken his seat as a member, he had been ap- 
proached by several different persons relative to the casting of his vote for 
United States Senators ; that several distinct propositions for the payment of 
money and other reward had been oftered him, if he would vote for certain 
candidates, or either of them, as might be determined upon, which deter- 
mination was to be made known to him previous to casting his vote for 
United States Senator; and that the said parties oflering thus to reward him 
for his vote, had promised to secure him from all blame or suspicion, by 
procuring wi'itten instructions from his constituents, urging him so to vote. 
He further stated that one Marshall had the day previously given him a five 
dollar note on the State Bank of Ohio, and told him to call on him at any 
future time, and he would give him one hundred dollars, or any amount he 
wanted. He said that Marshall had also surrendered to him two receipts 
for indebtedness — one for legal service while he (King) had resided in Lee 
county, and the other in discharge of a claim of two dollars and fifty cents, 
held against him by one William Stotts. Mr. King having concluded his 
statement, Mr. Stewart Goodrell, then a member of the House from Wash- 
ington county, moved the appointment of a committee of five to investigate 
the charges made by Mr. King. Tlie committee was subsequently increased 
to seven, as follows: W. J. Cochran, of Lee connty; Stewart Goodrell, of 
Washington county; Alfred Ilebard, of Des Moines county; Andrew 
Leech, of Davis county; Samuel Whitmore of Jefferson county; John L. 
Morton, of Henry county, and Robert Smyth, of Linn county. The com- 
mittee commenced their investigations on the same day that Mr. King made 
his statement. Marshal] was arrested, and various witnesses were com^ 
11 



1^2 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 

manded to appear before the committee to give evidence in the case, and tlie 
investigation which was commenced on the 9th of December, 1846, appears 
not to have ended until tlie 19th of January, 1847. Not until the 4th of 
February was any report made to the House, and then it did not show that 
tlie committee had arrived at any conclusions. The report and testimony 
were ordered to be laid on the table, subject to the further order of the 
House. The report was never called up. On the same day that Mr. King 
made his original statement to the House of the attempted bribery, a resolu- 
tion tendering him a vote of thanks, was laid on the table. ISTear the close of 
the session (Feb. 24) this resolution was called up, and a substitute oifered for 
it by Mr. Smyth, of Linn, censuring both King and Marshall. The original 
resolution and the substitute were both laid on the table, and that was the 
end of the bribery case, which excited a great deal of interest among the pol- 
iticians and people of the State at that early day in her political history. It 
should be stated that Mr. Marshall was not a member of either branch of 
the General Assembly. The developments on investigation were generally 
understood at the time to be quite as damaging to the party making the 
charge as to any other person. The legislature adjourned without electing 
United States Senators at that session. The next General Assembly elected 
George W. Jones, of Dubuque, and Augustus C Dodge, of Burlington. A, 
Clinton Hastings, and Shepherd Leffler, represented the State in the 29th 
"Congress, 1846 to 1847, being the first Representatives in Congress from 
Iowa. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

Public Schools — How Supported — State University — Its Presidents — Faculty — University 
Fund — Agricultural College — State Normal School — Other State Educational Institutions 
— Public and Private Colleges and Schools. 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

We have seen that the first territorial legislature made provision for gen- 
eral education by organizing a system of common schools. The famous or- 
dinance of 1787 required that " schools and the means of education shall be 
forever encouraged," and this has been the policy of the government in the 
admission of every new State since that time, as evinced by the liberal 
grants of the public lands for educational purposes. 

The public schools are supported by funds arising from several different 
sources. In the first place, the sixteenth section of every congressional town- 
ship was set apart by the government for school purposes - being one thirty- 
sixth ynxt of all the land in the State. Congress also made to the State an 
additional donation of 500,000 acres, and an appropriation of five per cent 
on all the sales of public lands in the State. The State also gives the pro- 
ceeds of the sales of all lands which escheat to it. The money derived from 
these sources constitutes the pemiansnt school fund, and,' including the 
. proceeds of the land still unsold, will amount to oxer four millions o? dol- 
lars. The interest on this fund is apportioned by the State Auditor semi- 
aimually to the several counties of the State, in proportion to the number 
of persons between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also 
levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to the several 
district townships in the same way. A district tax is also generally levied 
for the same purpose. The money arising from these several sources consti- 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 163 

tiites the support of the public schools, and is sufficient to enable every sub- 
district in the State to afford from six to nine months school each year. 

While Iowa is fostering and building up many excellent institutions of a 
higher order, the glory of her educational work consists in her admirable 
system of common schools — her peoples' colleges. The superintendent of 
public instruction is the highest school officer of the State, and exercises a 
general supervision over its educational interests, so far as relates to the pub- 
lic schools. Each county has a county superintendent, who examines appli- 
cants for teachers' certificates, visits the schools, reports annually to the State 
Superintendent, and exercises a general charge over the schools of the county. 
Each civil township constitutes what is called a district township, which is 
divided into sub-districts, and each sub-district elects a sub-director. The 
several sub-directors in the district township constitute a board of directors. 
In towns and cities there are independent districts, which elect officers to 
manage their affairs independently of the district townships. 

The common school system has recently been greatly improved by the in- 
auguration of normal institutes, under the auspices of the superintendent 
of public instruction, and also by the establishment of a permanent State 
normal school at Cedar Falls. The total permanent school fund, November 
1, 1877, was $3,460,348.76. This is being augmented from different sources, 
and the interest only is applied toward the support of the common schools. 

STATE UNIVERSITY. 

By an act of Congress of July 20, 1840, the secretary of the treasury was 
authorized to set apart and reserve from sale not exceeding two entire town- 
ships of land in Iowa, for the use and support of a university. The consti- 
tution under which Iowa was admitted into the Union contained a provision 
requiring the General Assembly to take measures for the protection, im- 
provement, or other disposition of the land granted by Congress for the 
university, and to create from the proceeds of the same a permanent fund 
for the use of a university, A bill was passed by the first General Assembly, 
establishing at Iowa City an institution to be called the " State University," 
with such branches as, in the opinion of the General Assembly, the public 
convenience might thereafter require. The same act also granted for the 
use of the university the public building, with ten acres of ground, at Iowa 
City, the same to be used, however, for the purposes of the State government 
until the removal of the capital. By acts of January 15, 1849, and January 
16, 1849, two branches of the university, located respectively at Fairfield 
and Dubuque, were established, and placed upon equal footing, " in respect 
to funds and other matters," with the university established at Iowa City by 
the act of 1847. The branch at Fairfield was organized May 6, 1849. A 
site of twenty acres of ground was purchased and a building erected, upon 
which twenty -five hundred dollars had been expended. The building was 
almost destroyed by a hurricane in 1851. No aid from the State or the 
University fund was ever given in support of the branches. The board at 
Fairfield requested the termination of its relation to the State, and, in ac- 
cordance with this request, an act was passed January 24, 1853, severing the 
connection. The branch at Dubuque was never organized. The new con- 
stitution, which took effect September 3, 1857, provided that " the State 
University shall be established at one place, without branches at any other 
place, and the university fund shall be applied to that institution and no 
other." 



164: HISTORY OF IOWA. 

At a special meeting of the board, February 21, 1850, it recognized the 
"College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper Mississippi," an institu- 
tion at Davenport established under the laws of the State as the " College 
of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa," but with the 
express stipulation that such recognition should not render the university 
liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the board to acquire any control^ over 
the property or management of the medical association. Soon after this the 
medical college removed to Keokuk. This arrangement was terminated by 
the operation of the new constitution. 

In March, 1855, the University was partially opened for a term of sixteen 
weeks, and there was an attendance of from seventy-five to one hundred 
students during the terra. The first regular catalogue was published for the 
year lS5d-7. At a meeting of the board, August 4, 1858, the degree of 
"Bachelor of Science was conferred upon Dexter Edson Smith, being the first 
degree conferred upon a student of the University. 

From 1860 to 1877, inclusive, the total number of ladies in the collegiate 
department was 2,991, and gentlemen 3,941 ; total number of ladies in the 
law department since its organization, 6, and gentlemen, 632 ; total number 
of ladies in the medical department since its organization 48, and gentlemen 
469. 

The presidents since its organization have been : 

Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., elected July 16, 1855. 

Silas Totten, D. D., LL.D., elected Oct. 25, 1859. 

Professor Oliver M. Spencer, elected August 19, 1862. 

Professor Nathan R. Leonard, elected June 26, 1866, as president pro 
tern., during absence of President Spencer in Europe fifteen months by leave 
of the board. 

James Black, D.D., elected March 4, 1868. 

Rev. George Thacher, elected March 1, 1871. 

C W. Slagle, of Fairfield, elected president j^ro fern., June, 1877. 

J. L. Pickard, elected in 1878. 

The faculty of the University consists of the president, nine professors in 
the collegiate department, one professor and six instructors in military sci- 
ence; chancellor, three professors and four lecturers in the law department; 
eight professor demonstrators of anatomy; professor of surgery and two 
lecturers in the medical department, and two professors in the homeopathic 
medical department. 

The law department was established in June, 1868; the medical depart- 
ment in 1869; the chair of railtary instruction in June, 1874, and the depart- 
ment of homeopathy in 1876. 

^ From 1858 to 1876, inclusive, the General Assembly has made appro])ria- 
tions for buildings, and for the support of the University, sums aggregating 
$264,757. The Seventeenth General Assembly, by an act approved March 
22, 1878, made an appropriation, as an endowment fund, of $20,000 annually, 
and an additional appropriation of $10,000 for repairs of buildings, fences, 
walks and other purposes. On the 30th of September, the University held 
interest bearinj^ mortgage notes amounting to $195,423.13; contract notes 
amounting to $10,357.74, and a fund loiown as the Saline fund, amounting 
to $4,106.85. These amounts, aggregating $209,887.72, constitute a per- 
manent fund, the interest of which goes to the support of the University. 
There were also, September 30, 1877, remaining unsold, 2,059.70 acres of 
University lands, and 3887.10 acres of Saline lands, making a total of 5,946.80 



mSTOET OF IOWA. 165 

acres, the proceeds of which when sold, will go to increase the permanent 
University fund. At five dollars per acre these lands will add to the perma- 
nent fund $29,734, which amount added to the above will give to the Uni- 
versity a permanent endowment fund of $239,621.72. 

AGKICTJLTUEAL COLLEGE. 

By an act of Congress passed in 1862, a grant of 240,000 acres of land 
was made to the State for the endowment of schools of agriculture and the 
mechanical arts. Under this act 240,000.96 acres were appropriated to the 
State; but as 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which were 
computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual number of acres in the 
grant was 204,309.30. In addition to this grant Congress also gave its 
assent to the State to use for the same purpose the five sections of land in 
Jasper county, which had been selected for the seat of government of the 
State. There were also donated in Story and Boone counties for the use of 
the institution 921 acres, making a grand total of 208,430.30 acres. This 
hist donation of 921 acres was made by citizens of Story and Boone counties. 

The General Assembly passed an act which was approved March 22, 1858, 
establishing the Iowa Agricultural College and Model Farm. Under this 
act a board of trustees was appointed, which at a meeting in June, 1859, 
received propositions for the location, and in July the offer of the present 
location in Story county, was accepted. In 1864 the General Assembly ap- 
propriated $20,000 for the erection of a College building, and in 1866 
an additional appropriation of $91,000 was made. The building was com- 
pleted in 1868. An office was opened in Fort Dodge for the sale of the Col- 
lege lands, and Hon. George W. Bassett was appointed agent for their sale. 
From the establishment of this agency in August, 1865, to JSTovember 1, 
1867, the amount received on sales of lands was $68,782.81, and the amount 
of interest collected on leases for the same time was $338,931.78, making a 
total of $406,714.65, which is a permanent endowment fund. 

The courses of study in the College, as revised in 1877, are as follows: 
1 — The Course in Science as related to Agriculture. 2 — The Course in 
Mechanical Engineering. 3 — The Course in Civil Engineering. 4 — The 
Ladies' Course in Science. 5 — Course for Juniors and Seniors" in Special 
Industrial Sciences. 6 — Post-graduate Courses of Study. 7 — The Prepar- 
atory Course. From 1872 to 1877, inclusive, the number of graduates of 
the College was 123. 

By the terms of the law, tuition in the Agricultural College is made for- 
ever free to pupils from the State, over sixteen years of age, who have re- 
sided in the State six months prior to their admission. Each county in the 
State has a prior right of tuition for three pupils, and additional pupils to 
the extent of the capacity of the College, are distributed by the board of 
trustees among the counties in proportion to the population. 

The following constitute the Faculty: — A. S. Welch, LL. D., President 
and Professor of Psychology and Philosophy of Science; Gen. J. L. Geddes, 
Professor of Military Tactics and Engineering; W. H. Wynn, A. M., Ph. 
D., Professor of English Literature; C. E. Bessey, M. S., Professor of Bot- 
any, Zoology, Entomology; A. Thompson, C. E., Mechanical Engineering 
and Superintendent of Workshops; F. E. L. Beal, B. S., Civil Engineering; 
T. E. Pope, A. M., Chemistry; M. Stalker, Agricultural and Veterinary 
Science; J. L. Budd, Horticulture; J. K. Macomber, Physics; E. W. Stan- 
ton, Mathematics and Political Economy; Mrs. Margaret P. Stanton, Pre- 



166 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 



ceptress, Instructor in French and Mathematics; J. S. Lee, B. S , Assistant 
Professor of Chemistry; Mrs. M. B. Welch, Instructor of the English Lan- 
guage, and Lecturer on Domestic Economy; J. C. Arthur, M.S., Librarian, 
and Demonstrator of Botany and Zoology. There are also instructors in 
Vocal and Instrumental Music. 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

The State Normal School was established by the General Assembly, at Iowa 
Falls, in 1870, and under the law the property of the Orphans' Home, at that 
place, was transferred for the use of the Normal School. The first Board of 
Directors organized June 7th, of that year. II. C. Ilemenway, was chosen 
President; J. J. Tolerton, Secretary, and E. Townsend, Treasurer. At the 
same meeting Prof. J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., was elected Principal of the 
school. 

The following constitute the Faculty: — J. C. Gilchrist, A. M., Professor 
of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Didactics; M. W. Bartlett, A. M., 
Professor of Languages and Natural Science; D. S. Wright, A. M., Profes- 
sor of Mathematics; Miss Frances L. Webster, Teacher of Geography and 
History; E. W. Burnham, Professor of Music. 

During the second year 105 ladies and 50 gentlemen were in attendance, 
33 counties of Iowa being represented. By an act of the General Assem- 
bly, approved March 25, 1878, the sum of $13,500 was appropriated for the 
maintenance of the school for the next biennial period of two years, By 
the same act the board of directors were empowered to charge pupils a tui- 
tion fee of not exceeding six dollars per term, if necessary, in order to prop- 
erly support the school. 



COLLEGES, SEMINARIES AND ACADEMIES. 

There are also in Iowa the following educational institutions: 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 



COUNTY, 

Des Moines . 
Payette .... 

Fremont 

Henry 

Henry 

Humboldt . . 
Jefferson . . . , 

Linn 

Linn 

Mahaska . . . 
Mahaska . . . 

Marion 

Mills 

Paffe 

Polk 

Poweshiek . . 

Scott 

Warren 

Winneshiek. 



liOCATION. 



Burlington .... 

Fayette 

Tabor 

Mount Pleasant 

Salem 

Humboldt 

Fairfield 

Mount Vernon. 

Western 

Oskaloosa 

Oskaloosa 

Pella 

Malvern 

College Springs 

Des Moines 

Grinnell 

Davenport 

Indianola. . . . . . 

Decorah 



Burlington University 

Upper Iowa University 

Tabor College 

Iowa Wesleyan University. 

Whittier College 

Humboldt College 

Parson's College 

Cornell College 

Western College 

Oskaloosa College 

Penn College 

Central University of Iowa. 

Baptist CoUege 

Amity CoUege 

University of Des Moines . . 

Iowa College 

Griswold College 

Simpson Centenary College. 
Luther College 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 
ACADEMIES AND OTHER PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. 



1C7 



COUNTY. 



LOCATION. 



TITLE. 



Allamakee . . 
Allamakee . . 
Allamakee. . . 
Appanoose . . . 
Appanoose. . . 

Benton 

Benton 

Benton 

Benton 

Black Hawk. 
Black Hawk. 
Black Hawk . 
Black Hawk . 
Buchanan . . . . 
Chickasaw . . . 
Chickasaw . . . 

Clarke 

Clarke 

Clayton 

Clayton 

Clayton 

Clayton 

Clmton 

Clinton 

Clinton 

Clinton 

Clinton 

Clinton 

Davis 

Davis 

Delaware. . . . 

Delaware 

Des Moines. . 
Des Moines. 
Des Moines.. 
Des Moines . . 
Des Moines. . 
Des Moines . . 
Des Moines.. 
Des Moines . . 
Des Moines . . 
Des Moines., 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . . 

Dnbuque 

Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque ... 

Dubuque 

Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . , 
Dubuque . . . . 
Dubuque . . . , 

Greene 

Grundy 

Guthrie 

Hamilton . . . 
Hardin , 



Waukon 

Lansing. . . 

Lansing 

Moulton 

C enter ville 

Vinton 

West Irving. . . 

Blairstown 

Vinton 

Waterloo 

Waterloo 

Waterloo 

Waterloo 

Independence . . . 

Bradford 

Fredericksburg. . 

Murray 

Osceola 

Elkader 

Guttenburg 

McGregor 

Clayton Center. . 

Lyons 

Lyons 

Lyons 

Clinton 

De Witt 

Olive Township. 

Bloomfield 

Troy 

Hopkinton 

Petersburg 

Burlington 

Kossuth 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Burlington 

Dubuque 

Dubuque 

Dubuque 

Dubuque 

Dubuque 

Dubuque 

Dubuque 

Dubuque 

Dubuque 

Dyersville 

New Vienna 

Cascade 

Table Mound. . . 

Dubuque 

Sherrill's Mount. 

Epworth 

Farley 

■lefFerson 

Grundy Center. . 

Panora 

Webster City. . . 



Ackley ICatholic School 



Waukon Seminary 

Sisters' School 

Mrs. Houghton's School 

Moulton Normal School 

Centerville Academy 

Tilford Academy 

Irving Institute 

Blairstown Academy 

Eclectic Institute 

Conservatory of Music 

Cedar Valley Institute 

Prame Home Seminary 

Our Lady of Victory 

Notre Dame 

Bradford Academy 

Select School 

Graded School 

Osceola Private School 

Sisters' School 

Sisters' School 

Sisters' School 

German School 

Riverside Institute 

Seminary of Our Lady of Angels 

Latin School 

Business College .• . . 

Sisters' School 

Norwegian 

Southern Iowa Normal and Scientific Institute. 

Troy Normal and Classical Institute 

Lenox Collegiate Institute 

! Petersburg Catholic School 

Mr. Gordon's School for both sexes 

Kossuth Academy 

Graff's School 

Young Ladies' School 

German-American School 

German Evangelical Zion School 

First German Evangelical School 

St. John's Convent 

St. Paul's School 

St. Patrick's School 

German Theological Seminary 

St. Joseph's College 

St. Joseph's Academy 

St. Mary's School 

St. Patrick's School 

Academy of Visitation 

St. Maria, (German) 

Private Primary 

Private Boarding School 

St. Francis 

St. Boniface 

Church School 

Church School 

Church School 

St. Peters'. 

Epworth Seminary 

Church School 

Jefferson Academy 

Grundy Center Academy 

Guthrie County High School 

Webster City Academy 



168 __.■ HISTOKT OF IOWA. 

ACADEMIES AND OTHER PRIVATE INSTIUTIONS— Conf/nwefi. 



COUNTY. 



LOCATION. 



TITLE. 



Hardin 

Hardin 

Hardin 

Henry 

Henry 

Henr}' 

Henry 

Howard 

Iowa 

Iowa 

Jasper 

Jasper 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Jefferson 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Johnson 

Jones 

Jones 

Keokuk 

Keokuk 

Keokuk 

Kossuth 

Lee 

Linn 

Louisa 

Lucas 

Mahaska 

Mahaska 

Mahaska 

Marion 

Marshall 

Marshall 

Marshall 

Marshall 

Mills 

Mitchell 

Muscatine 

Muscatine 

Muscatine 

Pocahontas .... 

Polk 

Polk 

Polk 

Polk 

Pottawattamie . 
Pottawattamie . 
Pottawattamie . 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Van Bnren 

Van Buren 

Wapello 

Wapello 

Warron 

Washington . . . 

Webster 

Webster 

Winneshiek. . . . 
Winneshiek .... 
Woodbury 



Alden . 

New Providence. 

Eldora. 

Mt. Pleasant. 

Mt. Pleasant. 

Mt. Pleasant. 

New London. 

Cresco . 

Marsngo. 

LytleCity. 

Lyimville . 

Prairie City. 

Newton. 

Pleasant Plaine. 

Fairfield. 

Fairfield. 

Iowa City . 

Iowa City. 

Anamosa. 

Olin. 

Baden 

Coal Creek 

German Township. 

Algona 

Denmark 

Cedar Rapids 

Grand View 

Chariton 

Hopewell 

Oskaloosa 

RoseHUl 

Knoxville 

Albion 

Le Grand 

Le Grand 

Stanford 

Glenwood 

Osage 

Wilton 

Muscatine 

Muscatine 

Fonda 

Des Moines 

Des Moines 

Des Moines 

Mitchellviile 

Council Bluffs 

Council Bluffs 

Council Bluffs 

Davenport 

Davenport 

Davenport 

Birmingham 

Farraington 

Ottuniwa 

Ottumwa 

Ackworth 

Washington 

Fort Dodge 

Fort Dodge 

Decorah 

SpiUville 

Sioux City 



Private School 

New Providence Academy 

Eldora Academy , 

Female Seminary, and Howe's Academy 

German College 

German Primary , 

Academy 

Private School 

Root's Winter School 

Catholic School 

Lynnville Seminary 

South Side Academy 

Hazel Dell Academy 

Pleasant Plaine Academy 

Fail-field Academy, and Private School 

High School 

McClain's Academy, and St. Joseph's Institute. 

St. Agatha's Seminary 

Anamosa Academy 

Olin High School 

Baden Select School 

Friends' Select School 

German Lutheran School 

Algona College 

Denmark Academy 

Collegiate Institute 

Eastern Iowa Normal School 

Chariton Academy 

Hopev/ell Academy 

Select School 

Select School 

Knoxville Academy 

Albion Seminary 

Le Grand Christian Institute 

Le Grand Institute 

Stanford Institute 

Private School 

Cedar Valley Seminary 

Wilton Seminary, and Collegiate Institute 

Sisters' School, and German School 

Business College 

Teachers' Normal 

St. Ambrose School 

St. Mary's School, (German) 

Business College 

Mitchell Seminary 

St. Francis' Boys' School 

St. Francis' Girls' School 

German School 

St. Margaret's, and Sisters' Academy 

St. Cunigundns' 

St. Anthony's, and Business College 

Birmingham Academy. 

Select School 

Convent of St. Joseph, and Commercial College. 

Female Seminary, and Pecks' Normal 

Ackworth Seminary 

Washington Academy 

Convent of Our Lady of Lourdes 

Gennan School 

Decorah Institute, and Business College 

Catholic School 

German School 



HISTOKT OF IOWA. 169 

STATE INSTITUTIONS. 

Hospitals for the Insane — College for the Blind — Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb — Or- 
phans' Homes — Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children — The Penitentiary — The Additional 
Penitentiary — State Reform School — State Historical Society. 

HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, MT. PLEASANT, HENRY COUNTY. 

The General Assembly, by an act approved January 24, 1855, appropri- 
ated $4,425 to purchase a site for a Hospital for the Insane, and $50,000 for 
the erection of a building. Edward Johnston, of Lee county; Charles S. 
Clarke, of Henry county, and the Governor (Grimes), were appointed to se- 
lect the location and superintend the erection of a building. They made 
the location at Mt. Pleasant, Henry county, and adopted a plan with suffi- 
cient capacity to accommodate three hundred patients. Henry Win slow 
was appointed to superintend the erection of the building. The building 
was not ready for occupancy until March, 1861. Witliin the first three 
months about one hundred patients were admitted. Richard J. Patterson, 
M. D., of Ohio, was appinted Superintendent, and in 1865 he was succeeded 
by Dr. Mark Ranney. From the opening of the Hospital to the 1st of No- 
vember, 1877, there had been admitted 3,584 patients, of whom 1,141 had 
been discharged recovered, 505 improved, 589 nnimproved, and one died. 
The total number discharged was 2,976, leaving 608 under treatment. 

HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, INDEPENDENCE, BUCHANAN COUNTY. 

In 1868 a bill passed the General Assembly making an appropriation of 
$125,000 for the erection of an additional Hospital for the Insane, at Inde- 
pendence, Buchanan county. A board of commissioners was appointed, 
who commenced their duties June 8, 1868. They made the location about 
a mile from Independence, on the west side of the Wapsipinicon river, and 
about one mile from the river. The building was ready for occupancy 
April 21, 1873. On the 1st of October, 1877, the Superintendent, Albert 
Reynolds, M. D., reported 322. patients in the hospital. 

COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND, VINTON, BENTON COUNTY. 

In August, 1852, Prof. Samuel Bacon, himself blind, established an in- 
stitution at Keokuk for the instruction of the blind. In January, 1853, the 
General Assembly j^assed an act by which the State adopted the institution 
at Keokuk, and on the 4th of April, of the same year, it was opened for the 
reception of pupils, at Iowa City. A board of trustees was appointed, with 
authority to receive propositions and make a permanent location. Liberal 
donations were made by citizens of Yinton, Benton county, and that place 
was selected. In "October, 1862, the institution was opened at Yinton with 
twenty-four pupils. Up to 1878 about $285,000 have been expended in 
buildings and improvements connected with this institution. During the 
period of two years, ending November 6, 1877, about 135 pupils were 
in attendance. The faculty is presided over by Rev. Robert Carothers, A. 
M., as Principal. 



170 HISTOKY OF IOWA. 

INSTITUTION FOR THE DE.iF AND DUMB, COUNCIL BLUFFS, POTTAWATTAMIE 

COUNTY. 

This institution was established first at Iowa City, bj an act of the Gen- 
eral Assembly, approved January 24, 1855. W. E. Ijams was the first 
Principal. He resigned in 1862, and the board of trustees appointed Ben- 
jamin Talbot his successor. In 1868 commissioners were appointed to re- 
locate the institution and superintend the erection of a building, and the 
sum of $125,000 was appropriated to commence the work. It was located 
about two miles south of Council Bluffs, and connected with it is a tract ot 
about ninety acres of ground. The main building and one wing were com- 
pleted October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied. On the 25th of Feb- 
ruary, 1877, the main building and east wing were destroyed by fire, and 
and on the 6th of August, of the same year, the roof of the new west wing 
was blown off and tlie walls partially injured by a tornado. About 150 
pupils were in attendance at the time of the fire. About half of the classes 
were dismissed, reducing the number to about sevent3^ The institution re- 
mains in charge of Benjamin Talbot as Superintendent. By an act of the 
General Assembly, approved March 25, 1878, the sum of $40,000 was ap- 
propriated for the purpose of rebuilding and completing in a plain and sub- 
stantial manner the main building. 

soldiers' orphans' homes, davenport, cedar falls, glenwood. 

In 1866 the General Assembly passed an act establishing three Homes 
for the soldiers' orphans, as follows: located at Davenport, Cedar Falls, 
and Glenwood. This was the result of a movement inaugurated by Mrs. 
Annie Wittenmeyer, during the civil war. In October, 1863, she 
called a convention at Davenport, to devise measures for the support and 
education of the orphan children of Iowa soldiers who had fallen in the na- 
tional defense. An association was formed, and provision made for raising 
funds. A sufficient amount of funds was raised to open the Home, and 
at a meeting of the Trustees in March, 1864, they decided to commence op- 
erations at once. A large brick building in Van Buren county was secured, 
and on the 13th of July, of the same year, the executive committee re- 
ported that they were ready to receive pupils. In little more than six 
months seventy pupils were in attendance. The Home continued to be sus- 
tained by voluntary subscriptions until 1866, when it was assumed by the 
State and the three Homes established as above stated. In 1876 the Homes 
at Cedar Falls and Glenwood were discontinued, and the pupils remaining 
in them removed to the Home at Davenport. The buildings at Cedar Falls 
were appropriated to the use of the State Normal School, and those at Glen- 
wood to the use of the Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children. September 
30, 1877, there were in attendance at the Home in Davenport 139 sol- 
diers' orphans, and forty-one indigent children, the Sixteenth General As- 
sembly having passed an act opening the Home for the admission of in- 
digent children. 

ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, GLENWOOD, MILLS COUNTY. 

By an act approved March 17, 1876, an Asylum for Feeble-Minded 
Children was established at Glenwood, Mills county. The buildings and 
grounds for the Soldiers' Orphans' Home were by the same act transferred 



HISTOKT OF IOWA. 171 

to the use of the new institution, whicli was placed under the management 
of three trustees, who held their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 18T6. 
The property having been repaired, the Asylum was opened September 1, 
1876, and the school organized on the 6th with only five pupils. In Novem- 
ber, 1877, the number had increased to eighty-seven. 

THE PENITENTIABY, FORT MADISON, LEE COUNTY. 

The Territorial Legislature by an act approved January 25, 1839, provided 
for the election by joint ballot of the Council and House of Representa- 
tives of the Territory, of three directors to locate the Penitentiary within 
one mile of the public square in the town of Fort Madison, and provided 
further, limiting the cost of the Penitentiary to an amount not exceeding 
forty thousand dollars. The same act authorized the Governor to draw the 
sum of twenty thousand dollars which had been appropriated by Congress 
for the erection of public buildings ici the Territory of Iowa, to pay for 
materials and work on the building. The location at Fort Madison, how- 
ever, was coupled witli a proviso that the citizens of that place and Lee 
county should execute to the directors a deed for ten acres of ground. All 
the conditions were complied with, and the erection of the building was 
commenced July 9, 1839. The main building and warden's house were 
completed in the autumn of 1841. Since that time additions and other im- 
provements have been made. 

ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY, ANAMOSA, JONES COUNTY 

The Additional Penitentiary at Anamosa was established under an act of 
the General Assembly approved April 3, 1872. Three commissioners were 
appointed to make the location and provide for the erection of the necessary 
buildings. They met at Anamosa, June 4, 1872, and made selection of a 
site donated by the citizens. Work was commenced on the building Sep- 
tember 28th of the same year, and May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were 
transferred from the Penitentiary at Fort Madison to Anamosa. The entire 
enclosure embraces fifteen acres. 

THE STATE REFORM SCHOOL, ELDORA, HARDIN COUNTY. 

On the 31st of March, 1868, an act of the General Assembly was approved 
establishing a State Reform School near the town of Salem, Henry county. 
A board of trustees, consisting of one from each Congressional district, was 
appointed. A proposition was accepted for the lease of W hite's Iowa Man- 
ual Labor Institute at Salem, the buildings fitted up, and on the 7th of Octo- 
ber, 1868, the first inmate was received from Jasper county. In 1872, an act 
was passed and approved providing for the permanent location, and $45,000 
appropriated for erecting the necessary buildings. The permanent location 
was made at Eldora, Hardin county. Inmates are admitted at ages over 
seven and under sixteen years. The object of this school is the reformation 
of juvenile offenders. 

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in 1856, under an act of the Sixth General As- 
sembly, "for the purpose of collecting, arranging and preserving books, 
pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other 



172 HISTOET OF IOWA. 

materials illustrative of the history of this State; and also to preserve the 
memorj of tlie early pioneers of Iowa, their deeds, exploits, perils, and adven- 
tures; to secure facts relative to our Indian Tribes; to exhibit faithfully the 
antiquities, and to mark the progress of our rapidly increasing common- 
wealth; to publish such of the collections of the society as it shall from time 
to time deem of value and interest; to bind such publications and other 
books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers as they may publish or collect; 
and to aid in all respects as may be within its province, to develop the his- 
tory of this State in all its departments." At that time the sum of $3,000 
per annum for two years was appropriated. The society is under the man- 
ao-ement of a board of Curators, consisting of one member appointed by the 
governor from each congressional district, and of nine additional members 
elected by the society. The officers consist of a president, secretary, treasurer 
and librarian. 

RAILROADS. 

In May, 1854, the first rail was laid in Iowa, at or near high water mark 
on the bank of the Mississippi, in the city of Davenport. That year the road 
was completed to Iowa City, a distance of about 54|^ miles. The first loco- 
motive in Iowa was landed at Davenport in July of the same year, and was 
called the "Antoine LeClaire." The road was then called the Mississippi 
& Missouri Railroad. The first rail was laid at Keokuk, on what was then 
called the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, on the 9th day 
of September, 1856, and in October of the same year two locomotives for the 
road were landed at Keokuk from a barge which arrived from Quincy. 
They were called the "Keokuk" and the "Des Moines." 

In the meantime several lines of railroad had been projected to cross the 
State from points on the Mississippi. On the 15th of May, 1756, an act of 
Congress was approved making a grant of land to the State to aid in the 
construction of railroads from Burlington to the Missouri river, near the 
mouth of Platte river; from Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines 
to Council Bluffs; from Lyons northeasterly to a point of intersection with 
the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad, near Maquoketa 
thence on said main line, running as near as practicable on the forty-second 
parallel across the State to the Missouri river, and from Dubuque to a point on 
the Missouri river at or near Sioux City. The grant embraced the sections 
designated by odd numbers six miles in width on each side of the four roads 
named. Where lands had been sold the State was authorized to select other 
lands equal in quantity from alternate sections or parts of sections within 
fifteen miles of the lines located. The law provided certain conditions to be 
observed by the State in disposing of the lands to the railroads for which 
they were granted. In consequence of this grant the governor called a spe- 
cial session of the General Assembly which convened at Iowa City in July of 
that year, and on the 14th of the same month an act was approved accepting 
the grant, and re^ranting the lands to the railroads named, on certain speci- 
fied conditions. The roads, with the exception of the Iowa Central Air Line, 
accepted the several grants, and located their lines before April 1, 1857, that 
being a stipulation in the act of July 14th. The lands granted to the Iowa 
Central Air Line road were again granted to the Cedar Rapids & Missouri 
River Railroad Company. The act of Congress making this grant named 
no companies, but designated certain lines, in aid of which they should be 



HISTOET OF IOWA. 173 

applied, leaving the State free to dispose of the lands to such companies as 
would comply with the conditions. The state granted the lands to the fol- 
lowing companies: Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company; Mis- 
sissippi & Missouri River Railroad Company; Cedar Rapids & Missouri 
River Railroad Company, and Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company, 
These became the first land grant roads in Iowa. Sev^eral subsequent acts 
of Congress modified the conditions of the first act, especially with reference 
to changes in the lines of the several roads. On the 12th of May, 1864, 
Congress made another grant of land to the State to aid in the construction 
of a railroad from McGregor to Sioux City. This grant embraced every 
alternate section ten miles on each side of the proposed road, with the right 
to receive other lands for such as might be sold or pre-empted. 

By an act approved August 8, 1846, Congress granted to Iowa the alter- 
nate sections on each side of the Des Moines river for the purpose of improv- 
ing the navigation of that river from the mouth to the Raccoon Fork. In 
1847 the State organized a board of public works. The board constructed, 
or partially constructed, dams and locks at some four or five points on the 
river, when with the approval of Congress, the lands were transferred to a 
company styled the Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company. At 
this time (1854) the board of public works had disposed of most of the lands 
below the Raccoon Fork, and 58,000 acres above it, and had incurred an 
indebtedness of $70,000 over and above the proceeds of the sales made. 
This indebtedness was assumed by the company. In the meantime there 
were different and conflicting rulings as to whether the lands above the 
Raccoon Fork were intended to be included in the grant. This led to a 
compromise with the Des Moines Navigation and Railroad Company. The 
company took all the land certified to the State prior to 1857, and paid the 
State $20,000 in addition to what they had expended, and abandoned the 
work. Congress, in 1862, settled the question as to the extent of the grant 
by a definite enactment extending the grant to the north line of the State, 
and the General Assembly granted the remainder of the lands to the Des 
Moines Valley Railroad Company to aid in building a railroad up and along 
the Des Moines valley, and thus this road also became a land grant road. 

Under the several acts of Congress there have been granted to the State 
to aid in building railroads, an aggregate of 4,394,400.63 acres of land, 
including the grant of August 8, 1846, for the Des Moines river improve- 
ment, as follows: 

Burlington and Missouri River Railroad 292,806.41 

Mississippi and Missouri River (now C. R. I. & P.) 482,374.36 

Iowa Central Air Line (now Cedar Rapids & Missouri) 735,997.80 

Dubuque & Sioux City & Branch 1,232,359.15 

McGregor & Sioux City (now McGregor & Missouri River). . 137,572.27 

Sioux City & St. Paul 407,910.21 

Des Moines Yalley 1,105,380.43 

Total number of acres 4,394,400.63 

On the 1st of January, 1877, there were in Iowa 3,938 miles of railroad. 
Since that time the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, as it is now called, has 
been extended from Algona to Sheldon, and several other lines have been 
constructed or extended, making over 4,000 miles of railroad in the State, 
with an aggregate assessed valuation of over $23,000,000. Several very 



174 mSTOEY OP IOWA. 

important roads in the State have been constructed without the aid of land 
grants, while others are projected and will be completed in due time. 

OFFICIAL KECOKD. 

TERRITOKIAL OFFICERS. 

Governors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41; John Chambers, 1841-45; James 
Clarke, 1845. 

Secretaries — ^William B. Conwaj, 1838, died 1839; James Clarke, 1839; 
O. H. W. Stull, 1841; Samuel J. Burr, 1843; Jesse Williams, 1845. 

Auditors — Jesse Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843; Robert M. 
Secrest, 1845. 

Treasurers —^\i.oxvLi(ya. Bajliss, 1839; Morgan Reno, 1840. 

Judges — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838; Joseph Williams, 1838; 
Thomas S. Wilson, 1838. 

Presidents of Council — Jesse B. Browne, 1838-9; Stephen Hempstead, 
1839-40; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan AV. Parker, 1841-2; John D. 
Elbert, 1842-3; Thomas Cox, 1843-4; S. Clinton Hastings, 1845; Stephen 
Hempstead, 1845-6. 

Speakers of the House — William H. Wallace, 1838-9; Edward John- 
ston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2; James M. 
Morgan, 1842-3; James P. Carleton, 1843-4; James M. Morgan, 1845; 
George W. McCleary, 1845-6. 

First Constitutional Convention^ 18 ^Jf, — Shepherd Leffler, President; 
Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary. 

Second Constitutional Convention^ 18J(.6 — Enos Lowe, President; T/"il- 
liam Thompson, Secretary. 

OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT. 

Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850; Stephen Hempstead, 1850 to 
1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe, 1858 to 1860; 
Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864; William M. Stone, 1864 to 1868; 
Samuel Merrill, 1868 to 1872; Cyrus C. Carpenter, 1872 to 1876; Samuel 
J. Kirkwood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; 
John H. Gear, 1878 to . 

Lieutenant Governors — Office created by the new Constitution September 

3, 1857— Oran Faville, 1858-9; Nicholas J. Rusch, 1860-1; John R. 
Needhara, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5; Benjamin F. Gue, 1866- 
67; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden, 1870-1; H. C. Bulls, 1872-3; 
Joseph Dysart, 1874-5; Joshua G. Newbold, 1876-7; Frank T. Campbell, 
1878 to . 

Secretaries of State— EX\Q\i^ Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 4, 1848; 
Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W. McCleary, 
Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 1, 1856; Elijah Sells, Dec. 1, 1856, to Jan. 5, 1863; 
James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Ed. Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to 
Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6, 1873, to 1879; J. A. T. Hull, 1879 
to . 

Auditors of State— ^o^e^h. T. Fales, Dec. 6, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850 
William Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854; Andrew J. Stevens, Dec 

4, 1854, resigned in 1855; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to Jan. 3, 1859 



I 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 175 

Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859 to 1865; John A. Elliott, 1865 to 1871; John 

Russell, 1871 to 1875; Buren R. Sherman, 1875 to . 

Treasurers of State —Wovgwsx Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2,1850; 
Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852; Martin L. Morris, Dec. 4, 
1852, to Jan. 2, 1859; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863; William H. Holmes, 
1863 to 1867; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to 1873; William Christy, 1873 to 
1877; George W. Bemis, 1877 to . 

Superintendents of Public Instruction — OflSce created in 1847 — 
James Harlan, June 5, 1847 (Supreme Court decided election void); 
Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1847, to June 7, 1854; James D. Eads, 
1854-7; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857; Maturin L. Fisher, 1857 
to Dec, 1858, when the office was abolished and the duties of the office de- 
volved upon the Secretary of the Board of Education. 

Secretaries of Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr., 1859- 
1863; Gran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March 23, 1864. 

Superintendents of Puhlic Instruction — Office re-created March 23, 
1864— Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867; D, Franklin 
Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870; A. S. Kissell, 1870 to 1872; Alonzo 
Abernethy, 1872 to 1877; Carl W. von Coelln, 1877 to . 

Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to May 
13, 1857; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13, 1857, to Jan. 3, 1859; Amos B. 
Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell, Oct. 31, 1862, to 
Jan. 5, 1863; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Cyrus C. 
Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871; Aaron Brown, January, 1871, 
to January, 1875; David Secor, January, 1875 to 1879; J. K. Powers, 1879 
to . 

State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — William M. Coles, 
May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867; James S. 
Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A. Perkins, 1874 to 
1875; James J. Smart, 1875 to 1876; H. A. Perkins, 1876 to 1879;' Matt. 
C. Parrott, 1879 to . 

State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer and 
George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; William A. Horn- 
ish. f853 (resigned Ivlay 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr, 1853 to 1855; Peter 
Moriarty, 1855 to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857 to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 
1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869 to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 
1872; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to 1879; Frank M. Mills, 1879 to . 

Adjutants General — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5; Geo. AV, McCleary, 1855- 
7; Elijah Sells, 1857; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel B.Baker, 1861 to 

1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to 1878; Koble Warwick, resigned; 

G. L. Alexander, 1878 to . 

Attorneys General — David C. Cloud, 1853-56; Samuel A. Rice, 1856- 
60; Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned January, 
1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867); Henry O'Connor, 
1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6; John F. McJunkin, 1877 to . 

Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7; Thomas Hughes, 
1848; John J. Sclman, 1848-9; Enos Lowe, 1850-1; William E. Leffing- 
well, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William W. Hamilton, 1856-7. 
Under the new Constitution, the Lieutenant Governor is President of the 
Senate. 

Speakers of the Hoiise — Jesse B. Browne, 1847-8; Smiley H. Bonhan, 
1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2: James Grant, 1853-4; Reuben Noble, 



176 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

1855-6; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7; Stephen B. Sheledy, 1858-9; John 
Edwards, 1860-1; Paish Clark. 1862-3; Jacob Butler, 1864-5; Ed. Wright, 
1866-7; John Kussell, 1868-9; Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1; James Wilson, 
1872-3; John 11. Gear, 1874-7; John Y. Stone, 1878. 

New Constitutional Convention^ 1857 — Francis Springer, President; 
Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary. 

STATE OFFICEKS, 1878, 

John H. Gear, Governor ; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant Governor; Josiah 
T. Young, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sheaman, Auditor of State; Geo. 
W. Bemis Treasurer of State; David Secor, Register of State Land OflBce; 
John H. Looby, Adjutant-General; John F. McJunken, Attorney-General; 
Mrs. Ada North, State. Librarian ; Edward J. Holmes, Clerk Supreme Court; 
John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl W. von CeoUn, Superin- 
tendent Public Instruction; Richard P. Clarkson, State Printer; Henry A. 
Perkins, State Binder; Prof. Nathan R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights 
and Measures; William H. Fleming, Governor's Private Secretary; Fletcher 
W. Young, Deputy Secretary of State; John C. Parish, Deputy Auditor of 
State; Erastus G. Morgan, Deputy Treasurer of State; John M. Davis, 
Deputy Register Land Office; Ira C. Kling, Deputy Superintendent Pub- 
lic Instruction. 

STATE OFFICEKS, 1879. 

John H. Gear, Governor; Frank T. Campbell, Lieutenant-Governor; 
J. A. T. Hull, Secretary of State; Buren R. Sherman, Auditor of State; 
George W. Bemis, Treasurer of State; J. K. Powers, Register of State Land 
Office; G. L. Alexander, Adjutant-General; John F. McJunken, Attor- 
ney-General; Mrs. Sadie B. Maxwell, State Librarian; Edward J. Holmes, 
Clerk Supreme Court; John S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme Court; Carl 
W. von Coelln, Superintendent Public Instruction; Frank M. Mills, State 
Printer; Matt C. Parrott, State Binder. 

THE JUDICIARY. 

9 

SUPREME COURT OF IOWA. 

Chief Justices. — Charles Mason, resigned in June, 1847; Joseph Wil- 
liams, Jan., 1847, to Jan., 1848; S. Clinton Hastings, Jan., 1848, to Jan., 
1849; Joseph Williams, Jan., 1849, to Jan. 11, 1855; George G. Wright, 
Jan. 11, 1855, to Jan., 1860; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan., 1860, to Jan. 1, 1862; 
Caleb Baldwin, Jan., 1862, to Jan., 1864; George G. Wright, Jan., 1864, to 
Jan., 1866; Ralph P.Lowe, Jan., 1866, to Jan., 1868; John F. Dillon, 
Jan., 1868, to Jan., 1870; Chester C. Cole, Jan. 1, 1870, to Jan. 1, 1871; 
James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1871. to Jan. 1, 1872; Joseph M. Beck, Jan.l, 1872, 
to Jan. 1, 1874; Wm. E. Miller, Jan. 1, 1874, to Jan. 1, 1876; Chester C. 
Cole, Jan. 1, 1876, to Jan. 1, 1877; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 1877, to Jan. 1, 
1878; James H. Rothrock, Jan. 1, 1878. 

Associate Judges. — Joseph Williams; Thomas S. Wilson, resigned Oct., 
1847; John F. Kinney, June 12, 1847, resigned Feb. 15, 1854; George 
Greene, Nov. 1, 1847, to Jan 9, 1855; Jonathan C. Hall, Feb. 15, 1854, to 
succeed Kinney, resigned, to Jan., 1855; William G. Woodward, Jan. 9, 
1855; Norman W. Isbell, Jan. 16, 1855, resigned 1856; Lacen D. Stockton, 



HISTOKY OF IOWA. 177 

June 3, 1856, to succeed Isbell, resigned, died June 9, 1860; Caleb Bald- 
win, Jan. 11, 1860, to 1864; Ralph P. Lowe, Jan. 12, 1860; Geo. G. Wright, 
June 26, 1860, to succeed Stockton, deceased; elected U. S. Senator, 1870; 
John F. Dillon, Jan. 1, 1864, to succeed Baldwin, resigned, 1870; Chester 
C. Cole, March 1,1864, to 1867; Joseph M. Beck, Jan. 1, 1868; W. E. Mil- 
ler, October 11, 1864, to succeed Dillon, resigned; James G. Day, Jan. 1, 
1871, to succeed Wright. 

SUPEEME COURT, 1879. 

Joseph M. Beck, Lee county. Chief Justice; Austin Adams, Dubuque 
county. Associate Justice ; William H. Seevers, Mahaska county. Associate 
Justice; James G. Day, Fremont county. Associate Justice; Jas. H. Roth- 
rock, Cedar county, Associate Justice. 



CONGRESSION'AL REPRESENTATION". 

UNITED STATES SENATORS. 

(The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.) 

George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 1848-1858; Augustus C. Dodge, Bur- 
lington, Dec. 7, 1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, Jan. 6, 1855-1865; 
James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26, 1858 — died 1870; Samuel J. Kirk- 
wood, Iowa City, elected Jan 13, 1866, to fill vacancy occasioned by resig- 
nation of James Harlan; James Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872; 
James B. Howell, Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by 
the death of J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3d; George G. Wright, 
Des Moines, March 4, 1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque, March 4, 
1872; Samuel J. Kirkwood, March 4, 1877. 

MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

Twenty-ninth Congress — 181^.6 to 181^7 — S. Clinton Hastings ; Shepherd 
Leffler. 

Thirtieth Congress — 181^,7 to 18 l^B — First District, William Thompson; 
Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 

Thirty-first Congress — 181^9 to 1851 — First District, First Session, Wm. 
Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives on a contest, and 
election remanded to the people. First District, Second Session, Daniel F. 
Miller; Second District, Shepherd Leffler. 

Thirty-second Congress — 1851 to 1853 — First District, Bernliart Henn ; 
Second District, Lincoln Clark. 

Thirty-third Congress— 1853 to 1855 — First District, Bernhart Henn; 
Second District, John P. Cook. 

Thirty -fourth Congress — 1855 to 1857 — First District, Augustus Hall ; 
Second District, James Thorington. 

Thirty -fifth Congress — 1857 to 1859 — First District, Samuel R. Curtis; 
Second District, Timothy Davis. 

Thirty-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861 — First District, Samuel R. Curtis; 
Second District. William Yandever. 

12 



178 HISTOEY OF IOWA. 

Thirty -seventh Congress — 1861 to 1863 — First District, First Session, 
Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Sessions, Jas. F. Wil- 
son; Second District, Wm. Yandever. 

Thirty -eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865 — First District, James F. Wilson; 
Second District, Iliram Price; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth 
District Josiah B. Grinnell; Fifth District, John A. Kasson; Sixth Dist,, 
Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865 to 1867 — First District, James F. Wilson; 
Second District Hiram Price; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth 
District Josiah B. Grinnell; Fifth District John A. Kasson; Sixth District, 
Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Fortieth Congress — 1867 to 1869 — First District, James F. Wilson; Sec- 
ond District, Hiram Price; Third District, William B. Allison; Fourth 
District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth 
District, Asahel W. Hubbard. 

Forty-first Congress— 1869 to 1871— Fiv&t District, Geo. W. McCrary; 
Second District William Smyth; Third District, William B.Allison; Fourth 
District, William Loughridge; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth 
District, Charles Pomeroy. 

Forty-second Congress — 1871 to 1873 — First District, George W. Mc- 
Crary; Second District, Aylett R.Cotton; Third District W. G. Donnan; 
Fourth District, Madison M. Walden; Fifth District, Frank W. Palmer; 
Sixth District, Jackson Orr. 

Forty-third Congress — 1873 to 1875 — First District, Geo. W. McCrary; 
Second District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third District, William G. Donnan; 
Fourth District, Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth Dis- 
trict, William Loughridge; Seventh District, John A Kasson; Eighth Dis- 
trict, James W. McDill; Ninth District, Jackson Orr. 

Forty-fourth Congress — 1875 to 1877 — First District George W. Mc- 
Crary; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L. L. Ainsworth; 
Fourth District, Henry O. Pratt; Fifth District, James Wilson; Sixth Dis- 
trict, Ezekiel S. Sampson; Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth Dis- 
trict, James W. McDill; Ninth District, Addison Oliver. 

Forty-fifth Congress— 1877 to i<575— First District, J. C. Stone; Second 
District, Hiram Price; Third District, T. W. Bnrdick; Fourth District, H. 
C. Deering; Fifth District, Rush Clark; Sixth District, E. S. Sampson; 
Seventh District, H. J. B. Cummings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; Ninth 
District, Addison Oliver, 

Forty -sixth Congress — 1879 to 1881 — First District, l^Ioses A. McCoid; 
Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, Thomas UpdegrafF; Fourth 
District, H. C. Deering; Fifth District, Rush Clark; Sixth District, J. B. 
Weaver; Seventh District, E.H.Gillette; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; 
Ninth District, Cyrus C. Carpenter. 

STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

On the 14th of April, 1853, the following editorial appeared in the Fair- 
jleld Ledger: 

" State Fair. — Iowa is an Agricultural State, but as yet her agricultural 
resources are bat in the infancy ot their development. In some counties, 

* Vacated seat by acceptance of commission of Bngadier General, and J. F. Wilson 
chosen his successor. 



HISTOKT OF IOWA. 179 

however, some attention has been paid to the organization of societies for the 
promotion of the interests of agriculture. These several societies have had 
their annual fairs, and in this way much good has been done, but the growing 
importance of our agricultural and industrial interest now demands a more 

feneral and extensive arrangement. Let us then have a State Agricultural 
air sometime in next October or November. Let some central point be 
fixed upon for an exhibition which will be an honor to our young State. It 
would not be expected that the first exhibition of the kind would vie with 
those of older States, where societies have long been established. But in a 
few years a well organized State Society with its annual fairs, would accom- 
plish the same good results that have attended them in other States. The 
mechanical arts, as well as the raising of stock or grain, might be brought 
to a high state of perfection. We suggest that this matter be taken into 
consideration in time, and let there be a union of all the county societies 
that are organized, with such as may be organized, for the purpose of hold- 
ing a general Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition next fall." 

The suggestions of the foregoing article Ave re heartily seconded by several 
papers of the State, and especially by the Iowa Farmer and Horticulturist^ 
at Burlington, 

No definite action was taken until the 14th day of October, 1853, when 
at the close of the Second Annual Exhibiton of tlie Jefferson County Agri- 
cultural Society, that Society met for the election of a board of ofiicers. 
At this meeting C. W. Slagle oftered the following resolution: 

Resolved^ That the officers of the Society be instructed to take immediate 
steps to effect the organiztion of a State Agricultural Society and use their 
influence to have said Society hold its first exhibition at Fairfield, in Octo- 
ber, 1854. 

This resolution was adopted, and on the 21st of November, a notice signed 
by P. L. Huyett, O. Baldwin, and J. M. Shatter, was issued to the different 
county societies, inviting them to send delegates to a meeting to be held at 
Fairfield, December 28, 1853, to take part in the organization of a State 
Society. Pursuant to this call, the meeting was held, and delegates were 
present from the counties of Henry, Jefferson, Lee, Yan Buren and Wap- 
ello. Communications from officers of societies, and one from Hon. James 
W. Grimes, were read, heartily approving of the movement. D. P. Ins- 
keep, of Wapello county, was chairman of the meeting, and David Sheward, 
of Jefferson county, secretary. A committee was appointed which reported 
a constitution for the society. The society was duly organized with the fol- 
foUowing officers: Thomas W. Claggett, Lee county, President; D, P. Ins- 
keep, Wapello county. Vice President; J, M, Shaffer, Jefferson county, 
Secretary ; C. W, Slagle, Jefferson county. Corresponding Secretary, and W. 
B. Chamberlin, Des Moines county. Treasurer, 

In addition to the above officers, the following were appointed a Board of 
Managers : 

Lee County. — Arthur Bridgeman, Reuben Brackett, and Josiah Hinkle. 

Van Buren County. — Timothy Day, Dr. Elbert, and William Campbell. 

Henry County. — Thomas Siviter, Amos Lapham, and J W. Frazier. 

Jeiferson County. — P, L. Huyett, John Andrews, and B, B. Tuttle. 

Wapello Caunty. — P. H. Warden, Gen. Ramsay, and Uriah Biggs. 

Mahaska County.—Wm. McKinley, Sr., Johii White, and M. T. Wil- 
liams. 

Polk County. — Dr. Brooks, Thomas Mitchell, and William McKay. 



180 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

Des Moines County. — J. F. Tallant, A. K. Avery, and G. Neelj, 
Louisa County.— (jQOY^e Kee, Francis Springer, and Joshua Marshall. 
Muscatine County. — J. H. Wallace, James Weed, and John A. Parvin. 
Duhuque County. — W, Y. Lovel, Orlando McCraney, and L. H. Lang- 
worthy. 

Johnson County. — R. H. Sylvester, LeGrand Byington, and C. Saunders. 
Scott County. — J. A. Burchard, James Thoringtou, and Laurel Summers. 

A resolution was adopted providing that the first State Fair be held at 
Fairfield, commencing Wednesday, October 25, 1854. A resolution was 
also adopted for the appointment of a committee of five to memorialize the 
General Assembly for pecuniary aid, and the following were appointed: 
George W. McCleary, of Johnson county; George S. Hampton, of Johnson 
county; David Rorer, of Des Moines county; Ralph F. Lowe, of Lee 
county, and George Gillaspy, of Wapello county. 

At this meeting the following fourteen persons affixed their signatures to 
the Constitution, agreeing to become members: Charles Negus, J. M. 
Shafier, D. P. Inskeep, Amos Lapham, J. W. Frazier, Josiali Hinkle, J. T. 
Gibson, Stephen Frazier, Evan Marshall, Thomas Siviter, John Andrews, 
B. B. Tuttle, Eli Williams, and P. L. Huyett. 

This meeting was held in the court house at Fairfield, and was not very 
largely attended, for at that time there was not a mile of railroad in the 
State. 

THE FIRST STATE FAIR. 

In accordance with the arrangement made at the organization of the So- 
ciety, the first annual fair was held at Fairfield, commencing October 25th, 
1854, and continued three days. The number of people in attendance was 
estimated at the time at from 7,000 to 8,000. The exhibition was consid- 
ered a grand success. All portions of the State at that time settled, were 
represented by visitors. The fair was held on the grounds which have for 
many years been occupied as the depot grounds of the Burlington & Mis- 
souri River Railroad. There was a fine display of stock, agricultural imple- 
ments, farm products, and articles of domestic manufacture. In the ladies' 
department there was an attractive exhibit of their handi-work. The nat- 
ural history of the State was illustrated by Dr. J. M. Shaffer's collection of 
reptiles and insects, and by a fine collection of birds shown by Mr. Moore, 
of Des Moines. The dairy was well represented, and a cheese weighing 
three hundred and sixty pounds was presented to Gov. Grimes by his Lee 
county friends. 

The most exciting incident of the fair was the equestrian exhibition by 
ten ladies. This took place on the afternoon of the second and the forenoon 
of the third day. The first prize was a gold watch, valued at one hundred 
dollars. It was awarded by the committee to Miss Turner, of Keokuk. 
One of the fair contestants was Miss Eliza J. Hodges, then only thirteen 
years of age. She rode a splendid and high-spirited horse, the property of 
Dr. J. C. Ware, of Fairfield. The daring style of her riding, and the per- 
fect control of the animal which she maintained, enlisted the favor and 
sympathy of the throng present in her behalf. The popular verdict would 
have awarded the prize to Miss Hodges. A purse of $165, and some other 
presents, were immediately contributed for the " Iowa City girl," as the 
neroine of the day was called. Provision was also made for her attendance, 



HISTORY OF IOWA. 181 

free of all charge, for three terms, at the Ladies' Seminary at Fairfield, and 
one term at Mt. Pleasant, all of which she gracefully accepted. 

George C. Dixon, of Keokuk, delivered the first annual address. Thomas 
"W. Claggett was re-elected President, and Dr. J. M. Shaffer, Secretary. The 
second annual fiiir was appointed also to be held at Fairfield, commencing 
on the second Wednesday in October, 1855, and continuing three days. 

Such is a brief account of the humble beginning, and first exhibition 
of the Iowa State Agricultural Society, which has since grown to be one of 
the important institutions of the State, attracting to its annual exhibits 
many thousands of people, not only from all parts of Iowa, but from other 
States. 

THE FISH COMMISSION. 

The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to provide for 
the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for the construction of 
Fishways for the protection and propagation of Fish," also " An act to pro- 
vide for furnishing tlie rivers and lakes with fish and fish spawn." This 
act appropriated $3,000 for the purpose. In accordance with the provisions 
of the first act above mentioned, on the Otli of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of 
Ottumwa, Wapello county; B. F. Shaw of Jones county, and Charles 
A. Haines, of Black Hawk county were appointed to be Fisli Commission- 
ers by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des Moines, May 10, 
1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans, President; Mr. Shaw, 
Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr. Haines, Treasurer. During the 
first year the Commissioners erected a "hatching house" near Anamosa, 
and distributed within the State 100,000 shad, 300,000 California salmon, 
10.000 bass, 80,000 Penobscot salmon, 5,000 land-locked salmon, and 20,- 
000 of other kinds. 

The next General Assembly amended the law, reducing the commission 
to one member, and B. F. Shaw was appointed. During the second year 
there were distributed 533,000 California salmon, and 100,000 young eels; 
in 1877, there were distributed 303,500 lake trout in the rivers and lakes 
of tlie State, and several hundred thousands of other species. During the 
years 1876 and 1877, the total number of different kinds distributed, and 
on hand, was over five and a half million. The Seventeenth General As- 
sembly, by an act approved Marcli 23, 1878, appropriated $6,000 for con- 
tinuing the promotion of fish culture in the State. B. F. Shaw was con- 
tiimed as Commissioner. 

STATE ENCOUEAGEMENT OF IMMIGRATION. 

The first legislative act in Iowa designed to promote immigration, was 
passed in Marcli, 1860. The law provided for the appointment by the Gov- 
ernor of a Commissioner of Immigration to reside and keep an office in the 
city of New York, from tlie first of May until the first of December of 
each y«ar. It was made the duty of the Commissioner to give to immi- 
grants information in regard to the soil and climate of the State, branches 
of business to be pursued with advantage, the cheapest and best routes by 
which to reach the State, and to protect them from imposition. To carry 
out the objects of the law, the sum of $4,500 was appropriated to be ap- 
plied as follows: for the payment of the Commissioner two years, $2,400; 



182 HISTORY OF IOWA. 

for printing documents in English, German, and sucli other languages as 
the Gov^ernor might deem advisable, $1,000, and for office and office ex- 
penses for the Commissioner, $1,100. Under this law, Hon. N. J. Rnsch, of 
Scott county, who had previously been Lieutenant Governor, was appointed 
Immigration Commissioner, and in May, 1860, established an office in oS^ew 
York. The object of the law seems to have had special reference to foreign 
immigration. The Commissioner in his report to the Governor, in Decem- 
ber, 1861, gave it as his opinion, that the establishment of an agency in 
New York was not the most successful method of inducing immigration to 
a particular State. He thought far more could be accomplished at less ex- 
pense by the distribution ot documents. In February, 1862, the law was 
repealed, and the office of Commissioner of Immigration was discontinued 
May 1st of that year. 

The next effijrt put forth by the State to promote immigration was under 
an act passed by the Thirteenth General Assembly, in 1870. Hon. M. J. 
Rohlfs, of Scott county, had at the previous session introduced a bill in the 
House of Representatives for the purpose, but the measure did not then 
succeed. At the next session he renewed his effi)rts with success. The law 
provided for the appointment by the Governor of a Board of Immigration, 
to consist of one member from each Congressional district, and the Gov- 
ernor, who was ex-officlo President of the Board. It also provided for a 
Secretary, to be ex-officio Commissioner of Immigration, and to be chosen 
by the Board. Provision was also made for the appointment of agents in 
the Eastern States and in Europe, and for the publication and distribution 
of documents. To carry out its objects an appropriation of $5,000 was 
made. This was designed to pay expense of documents, salary of Secre- 
tary, and compensation of agents, the members of the Board receiving no 
compensation, except mileage for two meetings each year, to be paid out of 
the general fund. Under this law the following persons were appointed by 
Governor Merrill: Edward Mumm, of Lee county; M. J. Rohlfs, of Scott 
county; C. L. Clausen, of Mitchell county; C. Rhynsburger, of Marion 
county; S. F. Spolford, of Polk county, and Marcus Tuttle, of Cerro Gordo 
county. At their first meeting, held in April, 1870, they elected A. R. 
Fulton their Secretary, and authorized him to prepare a pamphlet for dis- 
tribution, in the English, German, Holland, Swedish and Norwegian lan- 
guages. Many thousands of copies of a pamphlet entitled "Iowa: The 
Home for Immigrants," were printed in the several languages named, and 
distributed throughout the East and in European countries. Many other 
pamphlets and documents were also distributed, and several agents com- 
missioned. So successful were the efforts of the Board that the next Gen- 
eral Assem^bly appropriated $10,000 for continuing the M'ork. The amend- 
atory law, however, reduced the Board to five members, including the Gov- 
ernor. The Board, as reduced, was composed of the following members: 
M. J. Rohlfs, of Scott county; S. F. Spofford, of Polk county; Marcus 
Tuttle, of Cerro Gordo county; C. Y. Gardner, of Pottawattamie county, 
and the Governor. The new Board continued the former Secretary, and 
pursued its work by the distribution of documents, through agents and by 
correspondence. After four years existence the Board of Immigration was 
discontinued, but not until it had doubtless been the means of inducing 
thousands to find homes within the borders of Iowa. 



Statistics. 



NUMBEK OF TKOOPS FUKNISHED BY THE STATE OF IOWA 

DUEING THE WAE OF THE EEBELLION, 

TO JANUAEY 1, 1865 * 



No. Regiment. 



No. of 
men. 



No. Regiment. 



No. of 
men. 



1st 

2d 

3d 

4th 

5th 

6th 

7th 

8th 

9th 

10th 

11th 

12th 

l:3th 

14th 

15th 

16th 

17th 

18th 

19th 

20th 

21st 

22d 

23d 

24th 

25th 

26th 

27th 

28th 

29th 

Both 

31st 

32d 

33d 

34th 

35th 

36th 

37th 

38th 



Iowa Infantry 



959 
1/247 

1,074 

1,184 

1,037 

] ,013 

1,138 

1,027 

1,090 

1,027 

1,022 

981 

989 

840 

1,196 

919 

956 

875 

985 

925 

980 

1,008 

961 

979 

995 

919 

940 

956 

1,005 

978 

977 

925 

985 

953 

984 

986 

914 

910 



39th Iowa Infantry 

40th " _ " 

41st Battalion Iowa Infantry 

44th Infantry (100-davs men) 

45th " " ■" " 

46th " " " 

47th " " " 

48th Battalion " " 

1st Iowa Cavalry 

2d " " 

3d " " 

4th " " 

5th " " 

6th " " 

7th " " 

8th " " 

9th " " 

Sioux City Cavahy f 

Co. A, 11th Penn. Cavalry 

1st Battery Artillery 

2d " " 

3d " " 

4th " " 

1st Iowa African Inf y, 60th U. S.t 

Dodge's Brigade Band 

Band of 2d Iowa Infantry 

Enlistments as far as reported to Jan. 
1 , '64, for the older Iowa regiments 
Enlistments of Iowa men in regi- 
ments of other States, over 



Total 

Re- enlisted Veterans for different 

regiments 

Additional enlistments 



Grand total as far as reported up to 
Jan. 1, 1865 



933 

900 

294 

867 

912 

892 

884 

346 

1,478 

1,394 

1,360 

1,227 

1,245 

1,125 

562 

1,234 

1,178 

93 

87 

149 

123 

142 

152 

903 

14 

10 

2,765 

2,500 

61,653 

7,202 
6,664 

75,519 



* This does not include those Iowa men who veteranized in the regiments of other States, 
nor the names of men who enlisted during 1864, in regiments of other States. 
t Afterward consolidated with Seventh Cavalry. 
If. Only a portion of this regiment was credited to the State. 



184: 



STATISTICS. 



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cocoiOt— ir-Oi— ('*io-*0'*cD 

^co'^ococ^ooc-iococo 

COCOCOCOi— I T— lr-(i— 1 



cooo-^ic-aiooo^cococDO 
1— icoi-(cocoi— ioicoioc~-oococ- 

I— ( 1—1 CO rH -H i—( 1—1 CO 1—1 



•SmaAvoip A.Q 



■*coccitJ<co-<*i:^-<*co 



CO i'Ht— It— I 



•appms ifg 



•as'BSSTp JO 



l>.r-l-<#CDC^O5C0i— iCOi— (O5C01O 
OOOJCOOOCOiOOSOSCDiOCOCO 
1— I 1— ( CO T— H 1— 4 r— I 



Oi— I CO OS 



CO 1— I 1—1 1—1 CO rH 



•spnnoA JO 



•F^OX 



■* -^ CD-^ -^ I 



•^|(T3:}U8ppDY 

•noip'B nj 



i30CO^-*CDCO00COi 









a <^ > ei fZ 
<^ _- O - r ^ 



->5 33 53 cS.-^, 



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c3 ?^ — 1; SH.cd-e-S-t5,cS 



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^fq;S«« 






CJ 



STATISTICS. 



187 



i^<MC'iO(Mr-i--«;ooon-*<M<M'*a50i»cicot-i>-c<Jcooo(M 
co(Mcooci oa oa OJ r-H -<ji CO "0 ■* -^ lO 5D CO -^ ■* CO •* c~ CO CJ oa 




lOCOCCKMlOCO 
0(M i-(i-i(M 




i-i 






rH 




.-icoiooi-(-^cc>coiococciiiOcar-i'x>oo •ioocor-i •■x>o • 

1— ( 1— I T— 1 1— ( I— 1 • 1— I • I— 1 • 




1—1 










•; 


l-H 
§5 


eoasO'CCi— lOf'— icoior^ocROi— lOOcooiOcoT— icoc<it^G0 7<i 
CQi— ir-Hi-H I— Kjqoj (M CO •<**-*■*■>* 1-H ix> -^ CO CO -* c- oa T-i oa 




>-ir-oaoo(MO 




^^ 






l-H 




Oi-M-^CS •00 0-T*C0'*OO05C0C<lI>--rti(M0;c00iC0C0C0C0 
iOOOOO^ • l:-^«>^0.-iCqc- C- T-H (M CO 00 lO >-t 1-H Oi I^- 
CO (M • (M<M (M 








•CO 






03 



(0;C:-*a^'Ma^-H-rtiO-H-*'MOi:Ort«DOC50'— icDCOOOlCOr-HCOr-^C^i-'tiC^IOOt^-'tiCO 

<^>-Hr-i^cDocorrit-ococDcoc3i—i^^cO'X)0 !:o^^hocoo';0'— irioaca-* oo 

Cr> 00 CD •* "0 CO lO to O C~ Id "t> iO «D "0 CO lO lO iO "0 lO «0 iJO Tt< -<* CO CO 



OQO'^ao 
>— I ':o '-0 O-l 
coc-ooo 



■^ . CO,— I • r-'^oo 



• Cq-^ • iXiOi-KM 



(M O 05 CO 



-^OiO-^1— lCOO>-OCOCO-^COiOC002iCI>-0"OOCO 
OiOi 0.1lr~Ci'*iO-*(M-*C0^ CO "*050t^COCOr-( 

COOJOa I— I i-HC^]r-lC^li— Ir-lT-HOa (M rn?— I 



(Mt-h -r-i,— iCOCO • CO CO (M CO CO -* <M CO 



ooooo-i •oacsocoocor-iocoocaot^a'Mt^c^ir^fMcoco 
COOC3CO •Oiooo^ic— ai-»ti-*-^c<i'*ico^cit"+i030c-o*cD-^ 
OJC^iccii— I •cocac^i I— I t-hc<i,— lOJi— (T—ii— (C<i ca >— ii— i 



r-Ht^aso^^cMOioaXjQOcocoooc^-^ooi— ic<ioa-*oaiococococococrjr-(coc~cC'r-Hio 
lO'Ocooi,— iOO'(MC>aoocoio»Oii>'Oco-*ococ<i-*r~cO'*i— I cooooiiCi— icaC'S'— i 

,— lOaOar-l OtiOaOaOar-lT— I^Hi— Ir-lC^lT-Hi— lOarHr-HrHi— IT— IrHCO ,— II— (COi— Ir-li— I 



ocot^co-^oaoscocoiCico-^'Xico-^oo,— ioococ-cocoo->*c^ •c-i>--»tioc5-^-^ 
cocot^io co-^oi r-t T— ( cot-( 1— (COi— icooa • <— i co co 



•ooc5oacot~aiOi— looo-^cor-oir-cooicocoosc^ir-coooojc-o 

C-CO<MOaoOiCCO<Or-OC<l-^COCOi— iCvICOiCC'OO CQt^OOOaOOOi— irn 

oa 1— 1 1— I oa f-H ,— I T— 1 1— I ^H oa I— I T-H ,— 1 1— I r-i ,— I ,— I T-(i-( oa .— ii— icoi— i r-i 



i-iC<ioaT-i 



'*aicDOiO'^aoooIX)Coa2CDOcocoI>■I:^l^^co^Hcocacc^H(^^,— I,— i-*(>a-*Oi-*co-^r^ 
c^-"*'— I,— ico-^oooocvio— ^cc^ooocooc^coccoti »-(0».o-*^H-^a3 ,— n— loa--* co 
c^ojt— II— i.-ir-iT-(r-ic^oaoa<Mi-ic<ic<iC'](Moacaoa c<ioai-icoi— 1.-1 co 



oa • r-i CO CO c- c<i CN oa CO 






1—1 • I— I -I/O 



-*t~r-a5T— iotr-cocot~Oi-'*<oaoooco,— icocoGOCOOoacDr-ioo3Cioa-*c~coiO"^^H 
oi-Hoiocicti-oiNOiOiaiocooo-^cocoocDoa 1— looci-rjii— i,— il-- ,— i,_i(^-^ co 
f-i CO I— I .— 1 1-;! .-1 1— 1 1-1 T-H oa i-i r-i (>a oa c<i oa r-i o] -h oa r-i co 1— 1 1-1 co 



coco cvjoa 
-«ti -^oc' ca 

I— I (M 1—1 1—1 




sh -S ^ >> >ra -e -2 ?"• 

r- r-r :- !_ 2 C ^ 
'•-I ^ ClI^CC'<-i'«-;>— 1", Th 

'"'"a r- ^ — '"' '"^ -1^ -S _s _ 
fi-kjir;iDiuS>r"-*jii;a', 



H C C3 R K K S H c-p-ti-tJ-p-p-kJ-ti-ti^-u-ii -.j'.S -P >i >j P>i C>i >i , 

cja>ai'X)a>a)ajaja)'-''-i'-i'-i'-i'-''-''-''-'^'-''-'"t^??"t^"^"p-^-*^1 

n_.!:_.rL_i'L_jCL-iCL_,C_.CL_iCL_iCl_iCL_iCL_iCLjCL_.Cl_:CL_.n_,Il_,Cl_,'L_,Cl_il 



188 



STATISTICS. 



TABLE. 

SHOWING THE DATE Ot ORGANIZATION, AND THE POPULATION OP THE SEVERAL COUNTIES 
OP IOWA, POB THE TEARS NAMED. 



COUNTIES. 



bo 



AGGREGATE. 



1875. 



1870. 



1860. 



1850. 



1840. 



Voters. 



Adair 

Adams 

Allamakee . . , 
Appanoose. . 

Audubon 

Benton 

Black Hawk. 

Boone 

Bremer 

Buchanan. . • 
Buena Vista. 

Butler 

Calhoun 

CarroU 

Ca'ss 

Cedar 

Cerro Gordo. 
Cherokee . . . . 
Chickasaw. . . 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clayton 

Clinton 

Crawford. . . . 

Dallas 

Davis 

Decatur 

Delaware. . . 
Des Moines. . 
Dickinson . . 

Dubuque 

Emmett 

Fayette 

Fl6yd 

Franklin 

Fremont. . . . 

Greene. . . .. . 

Grundy. . . . 

Guthrie 

Hamilton. . . , 
Hancock .... 

Hardin 

Harrison .... 

Henry 

Howard 

Humboldt. . . 

Ida 

Iowa 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson .... 

Johnson 

Jones 



1854 


7045 


1853 


7832 


1849 


19158 


1846 


2370 


1855 


17405 


1846 


28807 


1853 


22913 


1849 


17251 


1853 


13220 


1847 


17315 


1858 


3561 


1854 


11734 


1855 


3185 


1856 


5760 


1853 


10552 


1836 


17879 


1855 


6685 


1856 


4249 


1853 


11400 


1851 


10118 


1858 


3559 


1838 


27184 


1840 


34295 


1855 


6039 


1847 


14.386 


1844 


15757 


1850 


13249 


1840 


16893 


1834 


35415 


1857 


1748 


1834 


43845 


1859 


1436 


1850 


20515 


1854 


13100 


1855 


6558 


1849 


13719 


1854 


7028 


1856 


8134 


1851 


9638 


1857 


7701 


1858 


1482 


1853 


15029 


1853 


11818 


1836 


21594 


1855 


7875 


1857 


3455 


1858 


794 


1845 


17456 


1838 


23061 


1846 


24128 


1839 


17127 


1838 


24654 


1839 


19168 



3982 

4614 

17868 

16456 

1212 

22454 

21706 

14584 

12528 

17034 

1585 

9951 

1602 

2451 

5464 

19731 

4722 

1967 

10180 

8785 

1523 

27771 

35357 

2530 

12019 

15565 

12018 

17432 

27256 

1389 

38969 

1392 

16973 

10768 

4738 

11173 

4627 

6399 

7061 

6055 

999 

13684 

8931 

21463 

6282 

2596 

226 

16644 

22619 

22116 

17839 

24898 

19731 



984 

1533 

12237 

11931 

454 

8496 

8244 

4232 

4915 

7906 

57 

3724 

147 

281 

1612 

12949 

940 

58 

4336 

5427 

52 

20728 

18938 

383 

5244 

13764 

8677 

11024 

19611 

180 

31164 

105 

12073 

3744 

1309 

5074 

1374 

793 

3058 

1699 

179 

5440 

3621 

18701 

3168 

332 

43 

8029 

18493 

9883 

15038 

17573 

13306 



777 
3131 



672 
135 

735 



517 



3941 



79 



3873 

2822 



854 
7264 

965 

1759 

12988 



10841 

' " '825 



1244 



8707 



822 
7210 
1280 
9904 
4472 
3007 



1253 



1101 

821 



168 
5577 



3059 



3772 



1411 



2773 

1491 

471 



1616 
1727 
3653 

527 
3679 
4778 
4877 
3515 
2656 
3890 

817 
2598 

681 
1197 
2422 
393^. 
1526 
1001 
2392 
2213 

868 
5272 
5569 
1244 
3170 
3448 
2882 
3662 
6654 

394 
8759 

299 
4637 
2884 
1374 
2998 
1622 
1525 
2339 
1455 

303 
3215 
2658 
4641 
1712 

695 

172 
3576 
4901 
5239 
3721 
5225 
4180 



STATISTICS. 



189 



TABLE 

SHOWING THE DATE OF ORGANIZATION, AND THK POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES 
OF IOWA, FOR THE YEARS NAMED. 

Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



AGGREGATE. 



1875. 



1870. 



1860. 1850. 



1840. 



Voters. 



Keokuk 

Kossuth 

Lee 

Linn 

Louisa 

Lucas 

Lyon 

Madison 

Mahaska 

Marion 

Marshall 

MiUs 

Mitchell 

Monona 

Monroe 

Montgomery. . . 

Muscatine 

O'Brien 

Osceola. ..... 

Page 

Palo Alto 

Plymouth 

Pocahontas . . . 

Polk 

Pottawattamie. 

Poweshiek 

Ringgold .... 

Sac 

Scott 

Shelby 

Sioux. . 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 

Union 

Van Buren .... 

WapeUo 

Warren 

Washington. . . 

Wayne 

Webster 

Winnebago . . . 
Winneshiek. . . . 

Woodbury 

Worth 

Wright 



1844 

1855 

1837 

1839 

1839 

1849 

1872 

1850 

1844 

1845 

1850 

1851 

1854 

1854 

1851 

1858 

1838 

1860 

1872 

1851 

1857 

1858 

1859 

1846 

1848 

1848 

1855 

1858 

1838 

1853 

1860 

1853 

1854 

1851 

1853 

1837 

1844 

1849 

1839 

1851 

1853 

1857 

1851 

1853 

1857 

1855 



20488 

3765 

33913 

31815 

12499 

11725 

1139 

16030 

23718 

24094 

19629 

10555 

11523 

2267 

12811 

10389 

21623 

2349 

1778 

14274 

2728 

5282 

2249 

31558 

21665 

16482 

7546 

2873 

39763 

5664 

3720 

13111 

18771 

10418 

8827 

17980 

18541 

19269 

23865 

13978 

13114 

24233 

2986 

8568 

4908 

3244 



Total 1353118 1191792| 674913 192214 43112 284557 



194:34 
3351 

38210 

28852 

12877 

10:388 

221 

13884 

22508 

24436 

17576 

8718 

9582 

3654 

12724 

5934 

21688 

715 



9975 

13:36 

2199 

1446 

27857 

16893 

15581 

5691 

1411 

38599 

2540 

576 

11651 

16131 

6989 

6986 

17672 

22346 

17980 

18952 

11287 

10484 

1562 

23570 

6172 

2892 

'2392 



13271 
416 

29232 

18947 

10:370 

5766 



4822 



7339 

14816 

16813 

6015 

4481 

3409 

832 

8612 

1256 

16444 



4419 
1:32 

148 

103 

11625 

4968 

6668 

2923 

246 

25959 

818 

10 

4051 

5285 

3590 

2012 

17081 

14518 

10281 

142:35 

6409 

2504 

168 

13942 

1119 

756 

653 



18861 

5444 

4939 

471 



1179 

5989 

5482 

338 



6093 
1373 
1927 



2884 



5731 
"55! 



4513 

7828 
615 



5986 



1942 



2140 



204 



12270 
8471 

961 
4957 

340 



546 



6146 



1594 



4202 
773 

5709 
7274 
2899 
2464 

287 
2632 
5287 
4988 
4445 
2365 
2338 
1292 
2743 
2485 
6588 

595 

498 
3222 

556 
1136 

464 
6842 
4392 
3634 
1496 

657 
7109 
1084 

637 
2574 
3911 
2282 
1924 
3893 
3923 
4168 
5346 
2947 
3747 
4117 
406 
1776 
763 
694 



190 



STATI8TI0S. 



YOTE FOR GOYERNOR, 1877, AND PRESIDENT, 1876. 



eouNTiEa. 



Adair 

Adams 

Allamakee 

Appanoose . . 

Audubon 

Benton 

Black Hawk . . . 

Boone 

Bremer 

Buchanan 

Buena Vista. . . 

Butler 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Cass 

Cedar 

Cerro Gordo . . 

Cherokee 

Chickasaw 

Clarke 

Clay. 

Clayton 

CUnton 

Crawford 

Dallas 

Davis 

Decatur 

Delaware 

Des Moines . . 

Dickinson 

Dubuque 

Emmett 

Fayette 

Floyd 

Franklin 

Fremont 

Greene 

Grundy 

Guthrie 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardin 

Harrison 

Henry 

Howard 

Humboldt. ... 

Ida 

Iowa 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Total vote, 



1877. 

GOVERNOB. 



Kep. 



982 

876 
1547 
1165 

410 
1433 
178C 
1612 
1180 
1390 

747 
1453 

418 

633 
1592 
1315 

903 

562 
1279 
1054 

517 
1873 
2444 

898 
1541 

893 
1269 
1326 
2315 

197 
1587 

213 
1933 
1233 
1311 
1250 
1031 

909 
1160 

843 

340 
1492 
1348 
1770 

551 

383 

321 
1132 
1619 
1977 
1396 



161 

397 

1540 

1049 

352 

712 

1111 

981 

582 

769 

192 

758 

75 

744 

839 

1093 

348 

74 

1107 

267 

16 

1770 

2327 

651 

215 

1231 

961 

1143 

1384 

8 

3415 

28 

1067 

208 

336 

1331 

215 

504 

496 

265 

95 

661 

863 

424 

647 

149 

54 

1130 

1966 

1154 

753 



581 
485 

69 
729 

26 
567 

95 
466 
196 
725 
161 

19 
171 
141 
116 
206 

72 
383 

37 
813 

20 

66 
286 

19 

1241 

803 

310 

32 
767 



406 



162 

16 

334 

551 



364 
422 
29 
238 
523 

1041 
201 
115 
104 
642 
224 

1018 
576 



Pro. Rep, 



1876. 

PBE8IDENT. 



449 

244 

10 

1 

223 
20 
95 
74 
11 
30 

446 
40 
86 
94 
19 
67 

167 
66 

111 
80 
12 
19 

525 
6 
12 
53 



27 
8 

21 

57 

2 

154 

19 
140 
519 

64 



228 

15 

268 

109 



1334 
1376 
1709 
1711 

427 
2901 
2979 
2018 
1737 
2227 

770 
1828 

622 

799 
1876 
2328 
1274 

864 
1574 
1405 

567 
2662 
3654 
1043 
2136 
1586 
1647 
2233 
3325 

259 
2798 

246 
3029 
2032 
1178 
1658 
1310 
1099 
1434 
1187 

281 
2152 
1557 
2809 
1194 

523 

212 
1870 
2126 
3375 
2166 



Dem. 



593 

626 

1646 

1419 

352 

1356 

1592 

1305 

757 

1416 

200 

780 

196 

771 

979 

1445 

448 

175 

1090 

816 

94 

26211 

3398! 

638 

752 

1631 

1282 

1466 

2917 

48 

4977 

36 

1709 

751 

379 

1682 

510 

417 

629 

425 

99 

980 

1386 

1485 

600 

183 

57 

1348 

2485 

1804 

1449 



Johnsoa 

Jones 

Keokuk 

Kossuth 

Lee 

Linn 

Louisa 

Lucas . . 

Lyon 

Madison 

Mahaska 

Marion 

Marshall 

Mills 

MitcheU 

Monona 

Monroe 

Montgomery . . 

Muscatine 

O'Brien 

Osceola 

Page 

Palo Alto 

Plymouth . . . . 
Pocahontas.. .. 

Polk 

Pattawattamie . 
Poweshiek . 

Ringgold 

Sac 

Scott 

Shelby 

Sioux 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 

Union 

Van Buren 

Wapello 

Warren 

Washington. . 
Wayne. .... . . . 

Webster 

Winnebago. . . . 
Winneshiek. .. 
Woodbury . . . 

Worth 

Wright 



Totals 

Majorities. . 



1877. 

GOVERNOB. 



Rep. 



188 1 

1868 

1772 

463 

2157 

2524 

1328 

1203 

261 

1792 

1823 

1976 

1448 

1435 

1396 

580 

1034 

1122 

1753 

306 

295 

1166 

311 

779 

370 

3171 

2223 

1496 

964 

656 

3031 

888 

436 

1260 

1426 

1325 

899 

1490 

1710 

1726 

1687 

1316 

850 

544 

2074 

1109 

628 

391 



Dem. 



2345 

1218 

1538 

236 

2863 

2316 

817 

804 

17 

1077 

1086 

1866 

837 

1102 

459 

119 

928 

441 

1775 

21 

40 

508 

357 

487 

93 

1885 

2059 

882 

71 

128 

1963 

639 

132 

344 

833 

293 

516 

1305 

1029 

944 

1221 

832 

127 

40 

1009 

867 

132 

166 



18 

14 

322 

13 

350 

75 

89 

103 

9 

616 

1011 

760 

389 

98 

35 

432 

247 

532 

171 

201 

13 

348 



77 
44 

1353 
218 
420 
671 
177 
309 
3 
49 
644 
196 
868 
830 
301 

1265 
742 
303 
404 

1421 



279 
226 



273 
68 

105 
89 

299 

585 

108 
12 
14 
56 

596 
95 

504 
28 
36 
9 
26 
47 

387 
14 
33 

293 

3 

39 

36 

94 

121 

346 
47 
13 
37 
16 



187 
133 



63 
130 
296 
101 
112 
3 

47 



238 
9 
14 



121.546 79353 34228 10639 171332 112121 
42193 69211 



1876. 

PBESIDENT. 



Rep. Dem. 



2345 

2591 

3364 

638 

3160 

4331 

1920 

1478 

262 

2246 

3221 

2736 

3056 

1452 

1663 

713 

1418 

1749 

2533 

463 

329 

2243 

343 

835 

374 

4321 

2565 

2509 

1246 

661 

3819 

897 

439 

1843 

2337 

1727 

1238 

2113 

2582 

2439 

2467 

1692 

1299 

498 

2759 

1034 

703 

574 



3563 

1763 

1862 

227 

3682 

i917 

1008 

1044 

46 

1538 

1701 

2304 

1189 

1165 

671 

304 

1246 

759 

2075 

116 

59 

861 

333 

502 

141 

2382 

2414 

1083 

422 

166 

2853 

631 

220 

579 

1317 

676 

795 

1661 

2412 

1315 

1508 

1341 

987 

39 

1617 

997 

149 

184 



I 



1877, 245,766; 1876 (inclading 9,U01 Greenback), 292,454. 



Centennial Awards. 



TO IOWA EXHIBITORS. 

Undee the system of awards adopted at the Centennial Exposition of 1876, 
every article exhibited was placed in one of thirty-six groups, numbering 
from 1 to 36. The examination was not of a competitive character, but 
upon the merit of the article. Each article of merit was entitled to receive 
a diploma and a bronze medal of uniform value. The following awards 
were made to Iowa exhibitors: 

GEOUP 1^0. I. 

Wesley Redhead and Mahaska Coal Mining Company are accredited with 
samples of coal. The committee says: "Commended as samples of bitum- 
inous coal of Iowa." 

LEAD OKE. 

John Harvey, of Dubuque. — Report says a large and instructive exhibit 
of Galena lead ores of Iowa. 

W. P. Fox, of Des Moines. — Commended for an instructive exhibit of the 
stratified deposits of the State of Iowa. 

[Note. — In this group were shown fifty -five varieties from stone quarries 
in Iowa, prepared by Donahue & McCosh, of Burlington, in blocks six by 
nine inches square; also were shown samples of building and moulding 
sands, and three specimens of glass sands, twelve of fire and potters' clay, 
six or eight samples of mineral paint, and one sample of peat; also some 
line samples of geodes from Keokuk. Judge Murdock, of Clayton county, 
exhibited a collection of relics of the mound builders. The most prom- 
inent one was his large collection of mound builders' skulls.] 

GROUP KO. IV. 

State of Iowa. — Commended as a very fine collection of cereals in the 
straw, beautifully cleansed; also grasses and seeds — sixty varieties — a fine 
collection beautifully arranged; also a collection of Indian corn, seventy 
varieties. 

BUTTER. 

Stewart & McMillen, of Manchester, Delaware count}^, Entry No. 
880. — Commended for the best samples of 200 lbs. and 30 lbs. respectively, 
made at Newberg factory, Edgewood and Hebran. 



192 . CENTENNIAL AWARDS. 

Stewart & McMillen, Entry No. 895. — Commended for clean, sweet 
flavor, firm texture and superior excellency generally, comprising samples 
ofdiilterent creameries. 

[jSTote. — The general report of the committee on butter puts the yield of 
the United States for 1870 at 710,000,000 lbs. Messrs. Stewart & McMil- 
len had about ninety competitors, among whom were the best butter makers 
of the world. In addition to the centennial awards, they got the golden 
medal awarded by the national butter and eo;g association. Iowa creamery 
butter sells in the Philadelphia market readily with the gilt edged brand. 
The butter crop in Iowa is an item of interest, and the State owes Stewart 
& McMillen a debt of gratitude for their very active exertion at the centen- 
nial in raising Iowa butter to a level with the gilt edge manufacturers of 
the eastern States. Delaware county, Iowa, is to our State what Chester 
county is to Pensylvania.] 

Bryan & Curtis' butter. Strawberry Point, Clayton county. — Commended 
for tine quality and superior skill in manufacturing. 

GKOUP NO. VI. 

Collection of woods by Prof. McAfee, Agricultural College. — Commended 
as a good State exhibit, containing 160 specimens arranged in vertical and 
transverse sections. 

J. C. Arthur, Charles City, No. 185. — Herbarium of plants. The her- 
barium contains species named and clasitied, neatly mounted, labeled and 
one in duplicate. The duplicate collection ingeniously arranged for exhi- 
bition on large sliding frames within a glass case. The whole accompan- 
ied with a printed catalogue. 

AWAEDS ON COLLECTIVE STATE EXHIBITS. 

State of Iowa, No. 11. — Commended for a large display of its minerals, 
soils, native and cultivated grasses, its pomology in large variety, and col- 
lection of woods and a valuable collection of mound builders' relics. 



GKOUP NO. XXYIII. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

Board of Education, Burlington, No. 76. — Commended for a creditable 
display of the work of pupils. 

State Educational Department, No. 77. — Report good exhibit of the sta- 
tistics of State school system and work of public schools. 

Board of Education of West Des Moines, No. 78. — A creditable exhibit 
of work of pupils. 

GROUP XXII. 

PLOWS. 

Skinner Bros., Des Moines, No. 63. — Commended for excellence of ma- 
terial, good workmanship and beauty of form. 



CENTENNIAL AWARDS. 193 

GEOUP XO. XXIII. 

BOOK BINDING AND PAPER INDUSTRY. 

John D. Metz, Dubuque, No. 94. — Blank books with patent ends and 
mode of stitching. Report an admirable made book aside from the patent 
improvement claimed. 

GROUP XXX. 

HORSES AND CATTLE. 

Eli Elliot, West Libert3\— Short Horn bull, Baron French, No. 8.— Re- 
port in form, quality and useful characteristics he is entitled to rank as a 
superior specimen of the Short Horn breed. 

State of Iowa, Short Horn Herd, No. 12. — One bull and four cows. The 
animals composing this herd, in high excellence of form, quality and useful 
characteristics, are entitled to be ranked as lirst-class specimens of the 
Short Horn breed. 

J. W. Jacobs, West Liberty, No. 13. — Two cows. Maid of Honor and 
Lucy Napier, commended for high excellence of form and useful charac- 
teristics, entitled to rank as lirst-class specimens of the Short Horn breed. 

E. S. Wilson, West Liberty, No. 35. — Heifer, Louden Mirvine, for high 
excellence in form, quality and useful characteristics is entitled to rank as 
a first-class specimen of the Short Horn breed. 

E. S. Wilson, No. 36. — Emma Down and heifer calf Centennial Mine. 
In form and useful characteristics they are entitled to be ranked as first- 
class specimens of the Short Horn breed. 

GROUP XXXYL 

Henry Avery, Burlington. — Commended for a collection of apples, 
among which Grimes' Golden Pippin, an excellent kind, is especially mer- 
itorious in size and flavor. 

David Leonard, Burlington, No. 16. — Commended for a valuable selec- 
tion of varieties very well grown, and especially for a seedling named 
Robinson, which promises well for the northwest, both as respects to tree 
and fruit. 

No. 27. — Polk County, by James Smith, Des Moines. Commended for 
160 varieties of apples, and for the very large number of valuable varieties 
and for the very superior manner in which they are grown; also for great 
care and correctness in naming. 

No. 30. — E. H. Caulkens commended for twenty varieties and their val- 
uable characteristics; also great excellence and beauty in growth. 

R. S. Willet, Malcolm, — Commended for 40 varieties of apples of gen- 
eral value and the superior manner of growth. 

No. 39, L. Hollingsworth, Montrose. — Seventy-five varieties of apples, 
commended for a large number of useful sorts and for the meritorious 
manner in which they are grown. 

No. 65, G. B. Brackett, Denmark. — Pears are Plate White Doyenne. 

13 



194 CENTENNIAL AWARDS. 

These specimens of this old and important variety reach the highest stan- 
dard of excellence of large size and beautifully colored. 

!No. 81, Wilson T. Smith, Des Moines. — Twenty varieties of pears 
commended for being well grown,^nd handsome collection. The Flemish 
Beauty and Beaurae Clangean being superior. 

No. 83, White Elk Vineyard, Keokuk. — Eighteen varieties, creditable 
display of pears. The Beaurae Clangean having brilliant coloring. 

Iowa State Horticultural Society wax models of fruit. No. 209. — Three 
hundred varieties of apples in wax, of perfect accuracy and beautifully dis- 
played — the work of the Iowa State Horticultural Society. 

[Note. — There were in all 1020 specimens. The fruit furnished as 
models was by various members of the State Horticultural Society, crop of 
1875, the greatest number of which was by James Smith, of Des Moines, 
and to whom the nomenclature is mainly due; 610 of the casts were made 
by Mrs. Wm. Greenland, of Des Moines, and 410 of them by Col. G. B. 
Brackett, of Denmark. This was the most attractive display made by 
Iowa, and was universally admired; and in this line Iowa can boast of as 
line talent for accuracy as to model and coloring as is found anywhere. 
Two hundred of these casts were sold to and exchanged with the Japanese 
authorities, and are now doing duty in the archives of their government.] 

Iowa State Horticultural Society, No. 217. — September collection, report 
a very good collection, containing many varieties. 

[Note. — ^The Horticultural Society showed in May thirty-five varieties 
of apples of late keepers, also the summer varieties were shown in their 
season. The fall display was very tine, covering seven tables 35x6, and 
numbering about 335 varieties of apples, and filling over 2,000 plates.] 

W. W.'vVinterbotom, Fort Madison, No. 191. — Timothy grass seed. The 
seed is remarkably clean, and every way meritorious. 

H. C. Gordon, Davis county. No. 204. — His yellow corn was of peculiar 
weight and good quality, one ear weighing one pound and thirteen ounces. 

L. T. Chute, Manchester, No. 207. — The cereals and roots in the Iowa 
collection exhibited are a well grown collection of twenty-five varieties. 
Potatoes especially meritorious. 

State of Iowa, September exhibits of the crop of 1876, No. 208. — They 
make a collection of cereals, grasses and roots, exhibiting the ability of the 
State to produce these articles in the highest degree. 

The information contained in the notes is additional to that given in the 
official reports of the Exposition, and is furnished by Dr. Alex. Shaw, of 
Des Moines, who held an official position in connection with Iowa exhibits 
up to August 18, 1876. 



Abstract of Iowa State Laws. 



BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES. 

Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall be al- 
lowed according to the law merchant. All the above mentioned paper fall- 
ing due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, Christmas, or any 
day appointed or recommended by the President of the tJnited States or the 
Governor of the State, as a day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as 
due on the day previous. No defense can be made against a negotiable in- 
strument (assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice, 
except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indorser, due dili- 
gence must be used by suit against the maker or his representative. Notes 
payable to person named or to order, in order to absolutely transfer title, 
must be indorsed by the payee. Notes payable to bearer may be transferred 
by delivery, and when so payable, every indorser thereon is held as a guar- 
antor of payment, unless otherwise expressed. 

In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a month 
shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and for less than 
a month, a day shall be figured a thirtieth part of a month. Notes only 
bear interest when so expressed; but after due, they draw the legal interest, 
even if not stated. 

INTEREST. 

The legal rate of interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in writing, 
on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of interest greater than ten 
per cent is contracted for, it works a forfeiture of ten per cent to the school 
fund, and only the principal sum can be recovered. 

DESCENT. 

The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary for pay- 
ment of debts and expenses of administration; (2) property set apart to 
widow, as exempt from execution ; (3) allowance by court, if necessary, of 
twelve months' support to widow, and to children under fifteen years of age), 
including life insurance, descends as does real estate. 

One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property, possessed by the 
husband at any time during marriage, which have not been sold on execution 
or other judicial sale, and to which the wife has made no relinquishment 
of her right, shall be set apart as her property, in fee simple, if she survive 
him. 

The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a deceased 
wife. 



196 ABSTKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

The widow's sliare cannot be affected by anj will of her husband's, unless 
she consents, in writing thereto, within six months after notice to her of 
provisions of the will. 

The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving husband 
or surviving wife. 

Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the decedent died 
siezed, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, descend 

First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal parts; the 
descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking the share of their 
deceased parents in equal shares among them. 

Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child, and no 
widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the deceased in equal 
parts; the surviving parent, if either be dead, taking the whole ; and if there 
is no parent living, then to the brothers and sisters of the intestate and their 
descendants. 

Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no child or 
children, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the estate shall descend 
to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely; and the other half of the 
estate shall descend as in other cases where there is no widow or surviving 
husband, or child or children, or descendants of the same. 

Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or descendants of 
either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs, if dead, according 
to like rules. 

Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister, or de- 
scendants of either of them, and no widow or surviving husband, and no 
child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of either of them) of such 
widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat to the State. 

WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS. 

No exact form of words are necessary in order to make a will good at law. 
Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, and every female of the age 
of eighteen years, of sound mind and memory, can make a valid will; it must 
be in writing, signed by the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, 
and by liis or her express direction, and attested by two or more competent 
witnesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested in the 
will. Inventory to be made by executor or administrator within fifteen 
days from date of letters testamentary or of administration. Executors' and 
administrators' compensation on amount of personal estate distributed, and 
for proceeds one-half per cent on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and 
one per cent of sale of real estate, five per cent for first one thousand dol- 
lars, two and one-half on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such 
additional allowance as shall be reasonable for extra services. 

Within ten days after the receipt of letters of administration, the executor 
or administrator shall give such notice of appoi/ntment as the court or clerk 
shall direct. 

Claims (other than preferred) must be filed within one year thereafter, or are 
forever h^vra^, sinless the claim is pending in the District or Supreme Court, 
or unless peculiar circuinstances entitle the claimant to equitable relief. 

Claims are classed snd payable in the following order: 

1. Expenses of administration. 

2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral. 



ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 197 

3. Allowance to widow and children, if made bj the court. 

4. Debts preferred under the laws of the United States. 

5. Public rates and taxes. 

6. Claims filed within six months after the Jlrst j[niblieation of the notice 
given bj the executors of their appointment. 

7. All other debts. 

8. Legacies. 

The award, or property which must be set apart to the widow ^ in her own 
right, by the executor, includes all personal property which, in the hands of 
the deceased, as head of the family, would have been exempt from execution. 

TAXES. 

The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of each year, 
and the owners of real property on the first day of November of each year, 
are liable for the taxes thereon. 

The following property is exempt from taxation, viz, : 

1. The property of the United States and of this State, including uni- 
versity, agricultural, college and school lands, and all property leased to the 
State; property of a coimty, township, city, incorporated town or school dis- 
trict when devoted entirely to the public use and not held for pecuniary 
profit; public grounds, including all places for the burial of the dead; fire 
engines, and all implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used 
exclusively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire companies; 
all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific, benevolent, 
agricultural and religious institutions, and societies devoted solely to the 
appropriate objects of the^e institutions, not exceeding 6i0 acres in extent, 
and not leased or otherwise used with a view of pecuniary profit; and all 
property leased to agricultural, charitable institutions and benevolent soci- 
eties, and so devoted during the terra of such lease; provided, that all deeds, 
by which such property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the 
property therein described shall be omitted from the assessment. 

2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above institutions; 
used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the like property of 
students in any such institutions, used for their education. 

3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions and de- 
voted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount or income the 
sum prescribed by their charter, 

4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep, belongino- 
to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested within one year 
previous to the listing; private libraries not exceeding three hundred dol- 
lars in value; family pictures, kitchen furniture, beds and bedding requisite 
for each family, all wearing apparel in actual use, and all food provided for 
the family; but no person from whom a compensation for board or lodging 
is received or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within 
the intent of this clause. 

5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age or in- 
firmity, may, in the opinion of the assessor, be unable to contribute to the 
public revenue; such opinion and the fact upon which it is based being in 
all cases reported to the Board of Equalization by the Assessor or any other 
person, and subject to reversal by them. 

6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood by farm- 



198 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

ing, and the tools of any meclianic, not in either case to exceed three hun- 
dred dollars in value. 

T. Government lands entered or located or lands purchased from this 
State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, location or pur- 
chase is made. 

There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit trees or 
forest trees or hedges. 

Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado, or other unavoidable cas- 
ualty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Supervisors may rebate 
taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if same has not been sold for 
taxes, and if said taxes have not heen delinquent for thirty days at the 
time of destruction of the property, and the rebate shall be allowed for such 
loss only as is not covered by insurance. 

All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of full age 
and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all taxable property of 
which he is the owner, or which he controls or manages, either as agent, 
guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor, accounting officer, partner, 
mortagor or lessor, mortgagee or lessee. 

Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners of ad- 
jacent property, but shall be considered the property of the companies for 
purposes of taxation; nor shall real estate used as a public highway be as- 
sessed and taxed as part of adjacent lands whence the same was taken for 
such public purpose. 

The property of railway, telegraph and express companies shall be listed 
and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual would be listed 
and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made as in the case of an in- 
dividual. 

The Township Board of Equalization shall meet the first Monday in April 
of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 

The County Board of Equalization (the Board of Supervisors) meet at 
their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court. 

Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable, without in- 
terest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each year. 

Tax sale is held on first Monday of October in each year. 

Redemption may be made at any time within three years after date of 
sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale, and twenty per 
centum of such amount immediately added as penalty, with ten per cent, 
interest per annum on the whole amount thus made from the day of sale, 
and also all subsequent taxes, interest and costs paid by purchaser after 
March 1st of each year, and a &\rm\2iV penalty of twenty per centum added 
as before, with ten per cent interest as before. 

If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the redemp- 
tion is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption money. Ninety 
days' notice is required, by the statute, to be published by the purchaser or 
holder of certificate, to terminate the right of redemption. 

JURISDICTION OF COURTS. 

District Courts have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and 
criminal, except in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdic- 
tion. District Courts have exchisive supervision over courts of Justices 
of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and writs of 
error. 



ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA 199 

Circuit Courts have jurisdiction, general and original, with the Dis- 
trict Courts, in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jn- 
risdiction in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil 
matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and general 
probate business. 

Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 
or less is involved. Bj consent of parties, the jurisdiction may be ex- 
tended to an amount not exceeding $300. They have jurisdiction to try 
and determine all public offense less than felony, committed within their 
respective counties, in which the fine, by law, does not exceed %100 or the 
imprisonment thirty days. 

LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 

Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a statute penalty; 
and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two (2) years. 

Those against a public officer within three (3) years. 

Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property; for 
relief on the ground of fraud; and all other actions not provided for, 
within five (5) years. 

Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court (except 
those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of real property, 
within ten (10) years. 

Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the United States, 
within twenty (20) years. 

All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are extended 
in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year after the disability is 
removed — time during which defendant is a non-resident of the State shall 
not be included in computing any of the above periods. 

Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment of taxes, 
must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's Deed is executed 
and recorded, except where a minor or convict or insane person is the 
owner, and they shall be allowed five years after disability is removed, in 
which to bring action. 

JURORS. 

All qualified electors of the State, of good moral character, sound judg- 
ment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing and seeing, are compe- 
tent jurors in their respective counties. 

United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and clergymen, 
acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning, and persons dis- 
abled by bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of age, are exempt from 
liability to act as jurors. 

Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his own inter- 
ests or the public's will be materially injured by his attendance, or when the 
state of his health or the death, or sickness of his family requires his ab- 
sence. 

CAPITAL PUNISHlvrENT 

was restored by the Seventeenth G-eneral Assembly, making it optional 
with the jury to inflict it or not. 



200 ABSTKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

A MAKRIED WOMAN 

may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonp^ing to her; 
may control the same or contract with reference tliereto, as other persons 
may convey, encumber, control or contract. 

She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her husband 
may. 

Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her. 

She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey to her. 

She may constitute her husband her attorney iu fact. 

EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION. 

A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the following 
property exempt from execution: All wearing apparel of himself and 
family kept for actual use and suitable to the condition, and the trunks or 
other receptacles necessary to contain the same; one musket or rifle and 
shot-gun; all private libraries, family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical in- 
struments, and paintings not kept for the purpose of sale; a seat or pew 
occupied by the debtor or his family in any house of public worship; an 
interest in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre; two 
cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as hereinafter pro- 
vided; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the materials manufactured 
from said wool; six stands of bees; five hogs and all pigs under six 
months; the necessary food for exempted animals for six months; all flax 
raised from one acre of ground, and manufactures therefrom ; one bedstead 
and necessary bedding for every two in the family; all cloth manufactured 
by the defendant not exceeding one hundred yards ; household and kitchen 
furniture not exceeding two hundred dollars in value; all spinning wheels 
and looms; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic labor 
kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for the use of the 
family for six months; the proper tools, instruments, or books of the debtor, 
if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or 
professor; the horse or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or 
mules, or two yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the 
proper harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician, 
public ofiicer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns his living; 
and to the debtor, if a printer, there shall also be exempt a printing press 
and the types, furniture and material necessary for the use of such printing 
press, and a newspaper oflftce to the value of twelve hundred dollars; the 
earnings of such debtor, or those of his family, at any time within ninety 
days next preceding the levy. 

Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-residents, have 
exempt tlieir own ordinary wearing apparel and trunks to contain the same. 

There is also exempt, to a heacl of a family, a homestead, not exceeding 
forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with improveinents, value 
not' limited. The homestead is liable for all debts contracted prior to its 
acquisition as such, and is subject to mechanics' liens for work or material 
furnished for the same. 

An article, otherwise exempt, is liable, on execution, for the purchase 
money thereof. 

Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the State, he 



ABSTKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 201 

shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of himself and family, 
and other property in addition, as he may select, in all not exceeding seventy- 
five dollars in value. 

A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the husband 
or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her creditors. 

WOLF SCALPS. 

A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps. 

MARKS AND BRANDS. 

Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic animals, 
or have a description thereof recorded by the township clerk. 

No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any person residing 
in his township. 

DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS. 

When any person's lands are enclosed by a lawful fence, the owner of 
any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the damages, and the 
damages may be recovered by suit against the owner, or may be made by 
distraining the animals doing the damage; and if the party injured elects 
to recover by action against the owner, no appraisement need be made by 
the trustees, as in case of distraint. 

When trespassing animals are distrained within twenty-four hours, Sun- 
day not included, the party injured shall notify the owner of said animals, 
if known; and if the owner fails to satisfy the party within twenty-four 
hours thereafter, the party shall have the township trustees assess the dam- 
ages, and notice shall be posted up in three conspicuous places in the town- 
ship, that the stock, or part thereof, shall, on the tenth day after posting 
the notice^ between the hours of 1 and 3 p. m., be sold to the highest bidder, 
to satisfy said damages, with costs. 

Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the trustees to the 
circuit court. 

Where stock is restrained, by police regulation or by law, from running 
at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated lands by any do- 
mestic animal, may, by action against the owner of such animal, or by dis- 
training such animal, recover his damages, whether the lands whereon the 
injury was done were inclosed by a lawful fence or not. 

ESTRAYS. 

An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between May 1st 
and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found within the law- 
ful enclosure of a householder, who alone can take up such aniinal, unless 
some other person gives him notice of the fact of such animal coming on 
his place; and if he fails, within five days thereafter, to take up such estray, 
any other householder of the township may take up such estray and pro- 
ceed with it as if token on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the 
Justice of the Peace such notice, and shall make aflidavit where such estray 
was taken up. 



203 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

Any swine, slieep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal distrained (for 
damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is not known, shall be 
treated as an estray. 

Within five days after taking up an estray, notice containing a full de- 
scription thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most public places in 
the township; and in ten days, the person taking up such estray shall go 
before a Justice of the Peace in the township and make oath as to wliere 
such estray was taken up, and that the marks or brands have not been al- 
tered, to his knowledge. The estray shall then be appraised, by order of 
the Justice, and the appraisement, description of the size, age, color, sex, 
marks and brands of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book 
kept for that purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certi- 
fied copy thereof to the County Auditor, 

When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dollars, the 
Justice need not proceed further than to enter the description of the estray 
on his book, and if no owner appears within six months, the property shall 
vest in the finder, if he has complied with the law and paid all costs. 

Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten dollars, 
if no owTier appears in nine months, the finder has the property, if he has 
complied with the law and paid costs. 

An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care and mod- 
eration. 

If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray and fail 
to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work it contrary to 
above, or work it before having it appraised, or keep such estray out of the 
county more than five days at one time, before acquirhig ownership, such 
ofiencier shall- forfeit to the county twenty dollars, and the owner may re- 
cover double damages with costs. 

If the owner of any estray fail to claim and prove his title for one year 
after the taking up, and the tinder shall have complied with the law, a com- 
plete title vests in the tinder. 

But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the taking up, 
prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the tinder shall pay him 
the appraised value of such estray, or may, at his option, deliver up the es- 
tray. 

FENCES. 

A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or boards, 
with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are used, and eight feet 
where boards are used, substantially built and kept in good repair; or any 
other fence, in the opinion of the fence viewers, shall be declared a lawful 
fence — provided the lower rail, wire or board be not more than twenty nor 
less than sixteen inches from the ground. 

The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall maintain parti- 
tion fences between their own and next adjoining enclosure so long as they 
improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise agreed between them. 

If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should main- 
tain, the fence viewers (the township trustees), upon complaint of aggrieved 
party, may, upon due notice to both parties, examine the fence, and, if 
found insufficient, notify the delinquent party, in writing, to repair or re- 
build the same within such time as they judge reasonable. 

If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complainant may 



ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 203 

do SO, and the same being adjudged sufficient bj the fence viewers, and the 
value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained and certified under their 
hands, the complainant may demand of the delinquent the sum so ascer- 
tained, and if the same be not paid in one month after demand, may recover 
it with one per cent a month interest, by action. 

In case of disputes, the fence viewers may decide as to who shall erect or 
maintain partition fences, and in what time the same shall be done; and in 
case any party neglect to maintain or erect such part as may be assigned to 
him, the aggrieved party may erect and maintain the same, and recover 
double damages. 

No person, not wishing his land enlosed, and not using it otherwise than 
in common, shall be compelled to maintain any partition fence; but when 
he uses or incloses his land otherwise than in common, he shall contribute 
to the partition fences. 

Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one of the 
owners desire to occupy his separate and apart from the other, and the other 
refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient fence on the line when di- 
vided, the fence viewers may divide and assign, and upon neglect of the 
other to build as ordered by the viewers, the one may build the other's part 
and recover as above. 

And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must pay for 
one-half of each partition fence between himself and his neighbors. 

Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands, adjoining 
his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he must give his 
neighbor six months' notice thereof. 

Where a fence has been built on the land of another through mistake, the 
owner may enter upon such premises and remove his fence and material 
within six months after the division line has been ascertained. Where the 
material to build such a fence has been taken from the land on which it was 
built, then, before it can be removed, the person claiming must first pay 
for such material to the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor 
shall such a fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open 
or expose the crops of the other party; a reasonable time must be given be- 
yond the six months to remove crops. 

ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. 

Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the minor 
child of another. The consent of both parents, if living and not divorced 
or separated, and if divorced or separated, or if unmarried, the consent of 
the parent lawfully having the custody of the child ; or if either parent is 
dead, then the consent of the survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the 
child have been and remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the 
Mayor of the city where the child is living, or if not in the city, then of the 
Clerk of the Circuit Court of the: county shall be given to such 
adoption by an instrument in writing, signed by parties consenting, and stat- 
ing the names of the parties, if known, the name of the child, if known, 
the name of the person adopting such child, and the residence of all, if 
known, and declaring the name by which the child is thereafter to be called 
and known, and stating, also, that such child is given to the person adopting, 
for the purpose of adoption as his own child. 

The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the parties 



204 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

ehall acknowledge tlie same in the manner that deeds conveying lands shall 
be acknowledged. 

The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County Recorder. 



SURVEYOKS AND SURVEYS. 

There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as a County Surveyor, 
who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official acts he is responsible. 
It is the duty of the Count}'' Surveyor, either by himself or his deputy, to 
make all surveys that he may be called upon to make within his county as 
Boon as may be after application is made. The necessary chainmen and 
other assistance must be employed by the person requiring the same to be 
done, and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed; but the chainmen 
must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and sworn by 
him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any survey, he shall 
furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of the original survey of the 
same land, if there be any in the office of the County Auditor, and his sur- 
vey shall be made in accordance therewith. 

Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field notes, 
twenty-five cents. 

mechanics' liens. 

Every mechanic, or other person who shall do any labor upon, or furnish 
any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building, erection or other im- 
provement upon land, including those engaged in the construction or repair 
of any work of internal improvement, by virtue of any contract with the 
owner, his agent, trustee, contractor, or sub-con trrctor, shall have a lien, on 
complying with the forms of law, upon the building or other improvement 
for his labor done or materials furnished. 

It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a sub-con- 
tractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days after the last of the 
labor was performed, or the last of the material shall have been furnished, 
with the clerk of the District Court a true account of the amount due him, 
after allowing all credits, setting forth the time when such material was fur- 
nished or labor performed, and when completed, and containing a correct 
description of the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the whole 
verified by affidavit. 

A principal contractor must file such an affidavit within ninety days, as 
above. 

Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to secure a 
mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is acustomed to managing 
such liens, to consult at once an attorney. 

Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days for a prin- 
cipal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as above; and that actions 
to enforce these liens must be commenced within two years, and the rest can 
much better be done with an attorney. 

ROADS AND BRIDGES. 

Persons meeting each other on the public highways, shall give one-half of 
the same by turning to the right. All persons failing to observe this rule 
shall be liable to pay all damages resulting therefrom, together with a fine, 
not exceeding five dollars. 



ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 205 

The prosecution must be instituted on tbe complaint of the person 
wronged. 

Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public highway, 
in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives of others, shall, on 
conviction, be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned not 
exceeding thirty days. 

It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road Supervisor, 
to break upon, plow or dig within, the boundary lines of any public high- 
way. 

The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in each town- 
ship (except the general Township Fund, set apart for purchasing tools, ma- 
chinery and guide boards), whether collected by the Road Supervisor or 
County Treasurer, shall be expended for highway purposes in that district, 
and no part thereof shall be paid out or expended for the benefit of another 
district. 

The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads and 
bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his disposal will permit; 
to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of highways in his district; and 
when notified in writing that any portion of the public highway, or any 
bridge is unsafe, must in a reasonable time repair the same, and for this pur- 
pose may call out any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not 
more than two days at one time, without their consent. 

Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada thistles upon 
vacant or non-resident lands or vacant lots, within his district, the owner, 
lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause the same to be destroyed. 

Bridges when erected and maintained by the public, are parts of the high- 
way, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide. 

A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster than a walk 
across any such bridge. 

The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so well 
known to all township oflScers, that it sulficient here to say that the first step 
is by petition, filed in the Auditors' office, addressed in substance as follows: 

The Board of Supervisors of County: The undersigned asks that 

a highway, commencing at and running thence and terminating 

at , be established, vacated or altered (as the case may be). 

When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeding steps will be shown 
and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor. 

SUPPORT OF POOR. 

The father, mother and children of any poor person who has applied for 
aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work, shall, jointly or sev- 
erally, maintain such poor person in such manner as may be approved by 
the Township Trustees. 

In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability shall ex- 
tend to the grandparents, iif of ability without personal labor, and to the 
male grandchildren who are of ability, by personal labor or otherwise. 

The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relatives to main- 
tain a poor person, who has made application for relief, apply to the Circuit 
Court for an order to compel the same. 

Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be charged, a 
hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or partial support of the 
poor person. 



206 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judgments of 
the Circuit Court. 

"When any person, having any estate, abandons either children, wife or 
husband, leaving them chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, upon the 
public for support, upon proof of above fact, an order may be had from the 
Clerk of tlie Circuit Court, or Judge, authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff 
to take into possession such estate. 

The court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be applied, as 
well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to the support of 
children, wife or husband. 

If the party against whom the order is issued return and support the per- 
son abandoned, or give security for the same, the order shall be discharged, 
and the property taken returned. 

The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the Township 
Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is so well known to 
every township officer, and the circumstances attending applications for re- 
lief are so varied, that it need now only be said that it is the duty of each 
county to provide for its poor, no matter at what place they may be. 

LANDLORD AND TENANT. 

A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named, and 
afterward holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully holding over 
the premises after the term, and after notice to quit, shall pay double rent. 

Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of the owner, 
is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is shown. 

Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either party 
before he can terminate a tenancy at will; but when, in any case, a rent is 
reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty days, the length of notice 
need not be greater than such interval between the days of payment. In 
case of tenants occupying and cultivating farms, the notice must fix the ter- 
mination of the tenancy to take place on the Ist of March, except in cases 
of field tenants and croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when the 
crop is harvested; provided, that in a case of a crop of corn, it shall not be 
later, than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise agreed upon. But 
when an express agreement is made, whether the same has been reduced to 
writing or not, the tenancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without 
notice. 

But where an express agreement is made, whether reduced to writing or 
not, the tanancy shall cease at the time agreed upon, without notice. 

If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above required 
may be given to any sub-tenant or other person in possession of the prem- 
ises; or if the premises be vacant, by affixing the notice to the principal door 
of the building, or on some conspicuous position on the land, if there be no 
building. 

The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops grown on the 
premises, and upon any other personal property of the tenant used on the 
premises during the term, and not exempt from execution, for a period of 
one year after a year's rent or the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due; 
but such lien shall not continue more than six months after the expiration 
of the term. 

The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action, within the 



ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 



207 



period above described, for rent alono; and the landlord is entitled to a writ 
of attachment, upon filing an affidavit that the action is commenced to re- 
cover rent accrued within one year previous thereto upon the premises de- 
scribed in the affidavit. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



"Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for, or sold or 
delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be made to the con- 
trary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows, to wit: 



Apples, Peaches or Quinces 48 

Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Gooseber's, 40 
Strawberries, Raspberries or Blackber's, 32 

Osage Ot-angc Seed 32 

Millet Seed 45 

Stone Coal 80 

Lime. 80 

Corn in the ear 70 

Wheat 60 

Potatoes 60 

Beans 60 

Clover Seed 60 

Onions 57 

Shelled Com 56 

Rye 56 

Flax Seed 56 

Sweet Potatoes 46 



Sand 130 

Sorgum Seed 30 

Broom Com Seed 30 

Buckwheut 52 

Salt 60 

Barley 48 

Com Meal 48 

Castor Beans 46 

Timothy Seed 45 

Hemp Seed 44 

Dried Peaches 33 

Oats 33 

Dried Apples 24 

Bran 20 

Blue Grass Seed 14 

Hungarian Grass Seed 45 



Penalty for giving less than the above standard is treble damages and 
costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine. 

NOTES. 

Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the amount 
and time of payment are mentioned: 

$100. Chicago, III, Sept. 15, 1876. 

Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order, one hun- 
dred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowey. 

A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only the facts 
substituted for money in the above form. 



OKDERS. 



Orders should be worded simply, thus: 
Mr. F. H. Coats: Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 

Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty -five dollars, and charge to 

F. D. SiLVA. 



bills of PURCHASE. 



W. N. Mason, 



Salem, Illinois, Sept. 18, 1876. 
Bought of A. A. Graham. 

4 Bushels of Seed Wheat, at $1.50 $6 00 

2 Seamless Sacks " 30 60 



Received payment, 



A. A. Graham. 



$6 60 



208 ABSTEACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

RECEIPTS. 

Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus: 
$100. Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876. 

Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for ser- 
vices rendered in grading his Jot in Fort Madison, on account. 

Thomas Bkadt. 
If receipt is in full, it should be so stated. 

DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS. 

$ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly 

placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it means now, 
United States Currency. 

£ means pounds, English money. 

@ stands for at or to', fi) tor pounds, and bbl. for barrels; '^ for per or 
br/ the. Thus, Butter sells at 20@30c f ft), and Flour at $8@$12 f) bbl. 

"/o for per cent, and jj for number. 

May 1. Wheat sells at $1.20@$1.25, " seller Jime." Seller June means 
that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any 
time during the month of June. 

Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock, 
at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the seller has not 
the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the person selling " short " to 
depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy and till 
his contract at a profit. Hence the "shorts " are termed " bears." 

Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain or 
shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, ex- 
pecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed 
" bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " so as to " toss " the prices 
upward as much as possible. 



CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. 



Iowa, , 18 — . 



after date — promises to pay to the order of , dollars, 

at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent per annum after 

until paid. Interest payable , and on interest not paid when due, 

interest at same rate and conditions. 

A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due, shall cause the 
whole note to become due and collectible at once. 
If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall be allowed as attorney fees. 

No.—. P.O. , . 

CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT. 

— vs. — In Court of County, Iowa, , of 



County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted to , in the 

sum of dollars, and the further sum of $ as attorney fees, with 

interest thereon at ten per cent from , and — hereby confess judg- 
ment against as defendant in favor of said , for said sum of 

and $ as attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the 



Court of said county to enter up judgment for said sum against 



with costs, and interest at 10 per cent from , the interest to be paid — . 

Said debt and judgment being for . 



ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 209 

It is especially agreed, however, Tliat if this judginent is paid within 

twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And hereby sell, 

convey and release all right of homestead we now occupy in favor of said 

so far as this judgment is concerned, and agree that it shall be liable 

on execution for this judgment. 

Dated , 18—. . 



The State of Iowa, 
-County. 



being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that the fore- 
going statement and Confession of Judgment was read over to , and 

that — understood the contents thereof, and that the statements contained 
therein are true, and that the sums therein mentioned are justly to become 

due said as aforesaid. 

Sworn to and subscribed before me and in my presence by the said 
this day of , 18 — . , Notary Public. 

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 

An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a certain 
thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good business men always 
reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly always saves misunderstand- 
ings and trouble. No particular form is necessary, but the facts must be 
clearly and explicitly stated, and there must, to make it valid, be a reason- 
able consideration. 

General Form of Agreement. — This agreement, made the second day of 
June, 1878, between John Jones, of Keokuk, county of Lee, State of Iowa, 
of the first part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second 
part — 

Witnesseth: That the said John Jones, in consideration of the agreement 
of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained, contracts and agrees 
to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that he will deliver in good and 
marketable condition, at the village of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of 
November, of this year, one hundred tons of prairie hay, in the following 
lots, and at the following specified times; namely, twenty-five tons by the 
seventh of November, twenty -five tons additional by the fourteenth of the 
month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first, and the entire one hun- 
dred tons to be all delivered by the thirtieth of November. 

And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt fulfill- 
ment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first part, contracts to 
and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for said hay five dollars per 
ton, for each ton as soon as delivered. 

In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto, it is hereby 
stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall pay to the other, one 
hundred dollars, as fixed and settled damages. 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day and year first 
above written. John Jones, 

Thomas Whiteside. 

Agreement with Clerk for Services. — This agreement, made the first day 
of May, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben 
Stone, of Dubuque, county of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first 

14 



210 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

part, and Georf^e Barclay, of McGregor, county of Clayton, State of Iowa, 
party of the second part — 

Witnesseth: That the said George Barclay agrees faithfully and diligently 
to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben Stone, for and during the 
space of one year from the date hereof, should both lire such lengtii of time, 
without absenting himself from his occupation; during which time he, the 
said Barclay, in the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and 
honestly attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman 
aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired by the 
said Stone. 

In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the said Barclay, 
the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the annual sum of one thousand 
dollars, payable in twelve equal monthly payments, each upon the last day 
of each month; provided that all dues for days of absence from business by 
said Barclay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement 
due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay 

Witness our hands. Reuben Stone. 

George Barclay, 
bills of sale. 

A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a consideration 
to convey his right and interest in the personal property. Tho purchaser 
■must take, actual possession of the property, or the bill of sale inust he ac- 
knowledged and recorded. 

Coinmou Form of BUI of Sale. — Know all men by this instrument, that 
I, Louis Clay, of Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration 
of five hundred and ten dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the same place, 
of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have sold, 
and by this instrument do convey unto the said Flo^^d, party of the second 
part, his executors, administrators and assigns, my undivided half of ten 
acres of corn, now growing on the farm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above 
mentioned; one pair of horses, sixteen sheej), and five cows, belonging to me 
and in my possession at the farm aforesaid ; to have and to hold the same unto 
the party of the second part, his executors and assigns forever. And I do, 
for myself and legal representatives, agree with the said party of the second 
part, "and his legal representatatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the 
aforementioned property and chattels unto the said party of the second part, 
and his legal representatives, against all and any person whomsoever. 

In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth day of 
October, one thousand eight hundred and soventy-six. 

Louis Clay. 

notice to quit. 

To John Wontpay: You are hereby notified to quit the possession of 
the premises you now occupy, to-wit: 

[Insert Description.] 

on or before thirty days from the date of this notice. 

Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord. 

[Reversed for Notice to Landlord. J 



ABSTKACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 211 

GENERAL FOEM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

I, Charles Mansfield, of the town of Bellevue, county of Jackson, State of 
Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in failing health, bnt of 
sound mind and memory, do make and declare this to be my last will and 
testament, in manner following, to-wit: 

J^tf'st. I give, devise and bequeath unto to my eldest son, Sydney II. 
Mansfield, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars, of bank stock, now in the 
Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned by myself, 
in the township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and sixtj' acres, with all 
the houses, tenements and improvements thereunto belonging; to have and 
to hold unto my said son, his heirs and assigns forever. 

Second. I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daughters, Anna 
Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two Thousand Dollars, in 
bank stock, in the Third National Bank of -Cincinnati, Ohio; and also each 
one quarter section of land, owned by myself, situated in the township of 
Fairfield, and recorded in my name in the recorder's oflice in the county 
where such land is located. The north one Inmdred and sixty acres of said 
half section is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise. 

Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, Frank Alfred Mansfield, 
five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and my one 
hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill thereon, situated in Manistee, 
Michigan, with all the improvements and appurtenances thereunto belong- 
ing, which said .real estate is recorded in my name, in the county where 
situated. 

Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all my house- 
hold furniture, goods, chattels and personal property, about my home, not 
hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thousand Dollars of bank stock in 
the Third National Bank of Cincinnati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Balti- 
more & Ohio Railroad, and the free and unrestricted use, possession and 
benefit of the home farin so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to 
which she is entitled by law — said farm being my present place of residence. 

Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah II. Mansfield, the income 
from rents of my store building at 145 Jackson street, Chicago, Illinois, 
during the term of his natural life. Said building and land therewith to 
revert to my said sons and daughters in equal proportion, upon the demise 
of my said father. 

Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my wife, Vic- 
toria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may arrange to relin- 
quish her life interest in the above mentioned homestead, the same may re- 
vert to my above named children, or to the lawful heirs of each. 

And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this, my last 
will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, and my eldest 
son, Sidney II, Mansfield. 

I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses shall be 
paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of Bellevue, the 
residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, 
for her use forever. 

In witness whereof, I, Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and testa- 
ment, have hereimto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of April, eight- 
een hundred and seventy-two. 

Charles Mansfield. 



213 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

Signed, and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for liis last will and 
testament, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in his presence, 
and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our names hereunto as 
witnesses thereof, 

Petek a. Schenck, Dubuque, Iowa. 

Fkank E, Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, 

CODICIL. 

Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April, one 
thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will and testament, 
1 do now, by this writing, add this codocil to my said will, to be taken as a 
part thereof 

Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna Louise, 
has deceased, November fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-three; and 
whereas, a son has been born to me, which son is now christened Richard 
Albert Mansfield, I give and bequeath unto him my gold watch, and all 
right, interest and title in lands and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to 
ray deceased daughter, Anna Louise, in the body of this will. 

In witness whereof. I hereunto place my hand and seal, this tenth day of 
March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, 

Charles Mansfield, 

Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator, Charles 
Mansfield, as and for a codicil to be annexed to his last will and testament. 
And we, at his request, and in his presence, and in the presence of each 
other, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, at the date hereof, 

Frank E, Dent, Bellevue, Iowa, 
John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa, 

{Form No. 1.) 

satisfaction of mortgage. 
State of Iowa, ] 

County, ) 

I, , of the county of , State of Iowa, do hereby acknowledge 

that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the day of , A, D. 

18 — , made and executed by and , his wife, to said on 

the following described Real Estate, in the county of , and State of 

Iowa, to-wit: (here insert description) and filed for record in the office of 

the Recorder of the county of , and State of Iowa, on the — — day of 

, A. D. 18 — , at o'clock . M, ; and recorded in Book of 

Mortgage Records, on page , is redeemed, paid off", satisfied and dis- 
charged in full, . [seal,] 

State of Iowa, ) 

County, \ 

Be it Remembered, That on this day of , A, D. 18 — , before 

me the undersigned, a in and for said county, personally appeared 

, to me personally known to be the identical person who executed the 

above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grantor, and acknowledged 

signature thereto to be voluntary act and deed. 

Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last above 

written. . 



ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 213 

ONE FORM OP REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. 

Know all Men by these Presents: That , of county, and 

State of , in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by of 

county, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said 

the following described premises, situated in the county of , and 

State of , to-wit: (here insert description) and do hereby covenant 

with the said that lawfully seized of said premises, that they 

are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful authority 

to sell and convey the same; and do hereby covenant to warrant and 

defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever. To 

be void upon condition tliat the said shall pay the full amount of 

principal and interest at the time therein specified, of certain promis- 
sory note for the "sum of dollars. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ — ■ — , due , 18, — with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

And the said Mortgagee agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied upon 
the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mortgagor that if 
it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a reasonable amount shall 

be allowed as an attorney's fee for foreclosing. And the said hereby 

relinquishes all her right oi dower and homestead in and to the above de- 
scribed premises. 

Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . 



[Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.] 

SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE. 

This Indenture, made and executed ■ by and between of the 

county of and State of , part of the first part, and of the 

county of and State of part of the second part, Wiinesseth, that 

the said part of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of 

dollars, paid by the said part of the second part, the receipt of which is 
hereby acknowledged, have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, 
bargain, sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, 
heirs and assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real estate, sit- 
uated in the county of and State of , described as follows, to-wit: 

{Here insert description?) 

The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with the part 
of the second part, that he have good right to sell and convey said prem- 
ises, that tliey are free from incumbrance, and that he will warrant and de- 
fend them against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever, and do ex- 
pressly hereby release all rights of dower in and to said premises, and relin- 
quish and convey all rights of homestead therein. 

This instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the following con- 
ditions, to-wit: 

First. Said first part agree to pay said or order 

Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said note, that 



214 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due, it shall bear interest 
at the rate of ten per cent, per anmim, from the time the same becomes due, 
and this mortgage shall stand security for the same. 

Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all taxes and 
assessments levied upon said real estate before the same become delinquent, 
and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may declare the wliole sum of 
money herein secured due and collectable at once, or he may elect to pay 
such taxes or assessments, and be entitled to interest on the same at the 
rate of ten per cent, per annum, and this mortgage shall stand as security 
for the amoimt so paid. 

Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay any of 

said money, either principal or interest, within days after the same 

becomes due; or fail to conform or comply with any of the foregoing con- 
ditions or agreements, the whole sum herein secured shall become due and 
payable at once, and this mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immedi- 
ately for the whole of said money, interest and costs. 

Fifth. Said part further agree that in the event of the non-payment 
of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon the filing of a bill 
of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's fee of dollars shall be- 
come due and payable, and shall be by the court taxed, and this mortgage 
shall stand as security therefor, and the same shall be included in the de- 
cree of foreclosure, and shall be made by the sherift' on general or special 
execution with the other money, interest and costs, and the contract em- 
bodied in this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects 

be governed, construed and adjudged by the laws of , where the 

same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this conveyance 
to be void, otherwise of full force and virtue. 



[Acknowledge as in form No. 1.] 

FORM OF LEASE. 

This Article of Agreement, Made and entered into on this day of 

A. D. 187-, by and between , of the county of , and 



State of Iowa, of the first part, and — ■ , of the county of 

and State of Iowa, of the second part, wicnesseth that the said party of the 
first part has this day leased unto the party of the second part the following 
described premises, to- wit: 

{Here insert description.'] 

for the term of from and after the — day of , A. D. 187-, at 

the rent of dollars, to be paid as follows, to-wit : 

[Here ifisert terms.'] 

And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and unpaid, or if 
default be made in any of the covenants herein contained, it shall then be 
lawful for the said party of the first part to re-enter said premises, or to 
destrain for such rent; or he may recover possession thereof, by action of 
forcible entry and detainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 3612 
of the Code of 1873; or he may use any or all of said remedies. 

And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party of the 
first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises are untenable 



ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 215 

by reason of fire, or from any other cause than the carelessness of the party 
of the second part, or persons family, or in employ, or by supe- 
rior force and inevitable necessity. And the said party of the second part 

covenants that will use the said premises as a , and for no other 

purposes whatever; and that especially will not use said premises, or 

permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose whatever; 

that will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish said premises without 

the written consent of the lessor, under penalty of a forfeiture of all 

rights under this lease, at the election of the party of the first part; and 

that will use all due care and diligence in guarding said property, with 

the buildings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may 
at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, inevitable 
necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the carelessness of the 

lessee, or persons of family, or in employ excepted; and at the 

expiration of this lease, or upon a breach by said lessee of any of the said 

covenants herein contained, will, without further notice of any kind, 

quit and surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good 
condition as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will permit, dam- 
ages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable necessity, only excepted. 

In witness whereof the said parties have subscribed their names on the 
date first above written. 

In presence of 



FORM OF NOTE. 

$ , 18—. 

On or before the — day of , 18 — , for value received, I ])romise to 

pay or order, dollars, with intesest from date until paid, 

at ten per cent per annum, payable annually, at , Unpaid interest 

shall bear interest at ten per cent per annum. On failure to pay interest 
within days after due, the whole sum, principal and interest, shall be- 
come due at once 



CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 

Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and 

State of in consideration of dollars, in hand paid by , of 

County and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto the said the 

following described personal property, now in the possession of in the 

county, and State of , to-wit: 

[Here insert Description.] 

And do hereby warrant the title of said propertj^ and that it is free from 

any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest retained by grantor in 
and to said property being the right of redemption as herein provided. This 
conveyance to be void upon condition that the said grantor shall pay to said 
grantee, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time 

therein specified, of certain promissory notes of even date herewith, for 

the sum of dollars. 

One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annuall}'^ at per cent. 

One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 

One note for $ — , due , 18 — , with interest annually at per cent. 



216 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 

The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time any part 
or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said grantee may proceed 
by sale or foreclosure to collect and pay himself the unpaid balance of said 
notes, whether due or not, the grantor to pay all necessary expense of such 

foreclosure, including $ Attorney's fees, and wiiatever remains after 

paying off said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor. 

Signed the day of , 18 — . . 

[Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] 

WARRANTY DEED. 

Know ALL Men by these Presents: That of County and 

State of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, in hand paid by 

of Countj^, and State of , do hereby sell and convey unto 

the said and to heirs and assigns, the following described premises, 

situated in the County of , State of Iowa, to-wit: 

[Here insert Description.'] 

And I do hereby covenant with the said -that — lawfully seized in fee 

simple of said premises, that they are free from incumbrance; that — ha good 
right and lawful authority to sell the same, and — do hereby covenant to war- 
rant and defend the said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, 

against the lawful claims of all persons whomsoever; and the said 

hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in and to the 
above described premises. 

Signed the day of , A. D. 18 — . 

IN PRESENCE of 



[Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] 

QUIT-CLAIM DEED. 

Know all Men by these Presents: That , of County, State 

of , in consideration of the sum of dollars, to — in hand paid by 

, of County, State of , tlie receipt wliereof — do hereby ac- 
knowledge, have bargained, sold and quit-claimed, and by tliese presents do 

bargain, sell and quit-claim unto the said and to — heirs and assigns 

forever, all — right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, botliat law and 
ip equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the fol- 
lowing described premises, to-wit: [here insert description] with all and 
singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto belonging. 

Signed this day of , A. D. 18 — . 

Signkd in Presence of 



[Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.] 



ABSTEAOT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 217 

BOND FOR DEED. 

Know all Men by these Presents: That of County, and 

State of am held and iirmly bound unto of County, and 

State of , in the sum of dollars, to be paid to the said , his 

executors or assigns, for which payment well and truly to be made, I bind 
m^'selr' firmly by these presents. Signed the -day of -, A. D. 18 — . 

The condition of this obligation is such, that if the said obligee shall pay 
to said obligor or his assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at 
the time therein specified, of — promissory note of even date herewith, for 
the sum of Dollars. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

One note for $ , due , 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

One note for $ , due -, 18 — , with interest annually at — per cent. 

And pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then said obli- 
gor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that certain tract or par- 
cel of real estate, situated in the County of , and State of Iowa, des- 
cribed as follows, to-wit: [here insert description] by a Warranty Deed, 
with the usual covenants, duly executed and acknowledged. 

If said obligee should fail to make the paj^ments as above stipulated, or 
any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor may at his option, 
by notice to the obligee, terminate his liability under the bond, and resume 
the possession and absolute control of said premises, time being the essence 
of this agreement. 

On the fulfillment of the above conditions, this obligation to become 
void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue; unless terminated by 
the obligor as above stipulated. 



[Acknowledged as in form No. 1.] 

GAME LAWS. 

By the laws of Iowa, as amended by the Legislature of 1878, it is unlaw- 
ful to do any of the following acts: 

BIRDS AND QUADRUPEDS. 

1. To kill, trap, ensnare, or in any manner destroy any of the birds of 
the State, except birds of prey and game birds, during the open seasons as 
provided by law; or to destroy the eggs of such birds as are protected by 
this section — except that persons killing birds for scientific purposes, or 
preservation in museums and cabinets, are not lia.ble under this section. 
Penalty, $5 to $25. 

2. To shoot or kill any prairie chicken from Dec. 1 to Sept. 1, woodcock 
from Jan. 1 to July 10, pheasant, wild turkey or quail from Jan 1 to Oct. 
1, wild duck, snipe, goose or brant from May 1 to Aug. 15, deer or elk from 
Jan. 1 to Sept. 1, beaver, mink, otter or muskrat from April 1 to Novem- 
ber. Penalty, deer or elk, $25; the others, $10. 

3. To take or attempt to take at any time with trap, net or snare any 
bird or animal mentioned in Sec. 2, or to willfully destroy the eggs or nests 
of such birds. Except that beaver, mink, otter or muskrat may be trapped 



2X8 ABSTRACT OF THE LAWlS OF IOWA. 

or snared during the open season, or at any time for the protection of pri- 
vate prop^ty. Penalty the same as in section 2. 

4. To shoot or kill any wild duck, goose or brant with any kind of gun, 
except such as is commonly shot from the shoulder, or to use medicated or 
poisoned food to capture or kill any of the birds mentioned in section 2. 
Penalty, $25, and thirty days in jail unless sooner paid. 

5. To shoot or kill for traffic any prairie chicken, snipe, woodcock, quail 
or pheasant at any time; for one person to kill during one day more than 25 
of either kind of said birds; to ship or take out of the State any bird 
mentioned in section 2, deer or elk; to buy, sell, or have in possession any 
such bird, deer or elk during the close season, except the first five days. Pen- 
alty, deer or elk, $25; others, $10. 

6. For any person, firm, or corporation to have in possession, at one 
time, more than twenty-five of either prairie chicken, snipe, woodcock, quail 
or pheasant, unless lawfully received for transportation; to ship to any per- 
son in the State in one day more than one dozen of the birds mentioned in 
section 2; and in case of shipment an affidavit must be made that the birds 
have not been unlawfully killed, bought, sold, or had in possession, and are 
not shipped for sale or profit, and giving name and address of consignee 
and number of birds shipped, and a copy of the affidavit shall accompany 
the birds, etc. Penalty, same as in section 2. The making of a false affi- 
davit is perjury. 

7. For any common carrier, its agent or servant, to knowingly receive 
for transportation any bird or animal mentioned in section two, during the 
close season (except the first five days), or at any other time, except in the 
manner provided by law. Penalty, $100 to $300, or 30 days in jail, or 
both. 

8. The having in possession during tlie close season, except the first five 
days, of any bird mentioned in section 2, deer or elk, \& prima facie evidence 
of a violation of the law. 

9. Prosecutions, except under section 1, may be brought in any county 
where the game is found, and the court shall appoint an attorney to prose- 
cute, who shall be entitled to a fee of $10; and the person filing the infor- 
mation to a fee equal to half the fine imposed on the defendant; both fees 
to be taxed as costs. The county is, however, in no event liable for either. 

FISH AND FISH WAYS. 

10. To catch or kill bass or wall-eyed pike from April 1 to June 1 ; sal- 
mon or trout from November 1 to February 1. Penalty, $5 to $25. 

11. To use any seine or net for tlie purpose of catching fish, except 
native minnows, and except by the fish commissioner for propagation and 
exchange. Penalty, $5 to $50 for first offense; $20 to $50 for second. 

12. To place across any river, creek, pond or lake, any trot line, dam, 
seine, weir, fish-dam, or other obstruction, in such manner as to prevent the 
free passage offish, except under the direction of the fish commissioner, and 
except dams for manufacturing purposes provided with fish-ways. Penalty, 
$25 to $100, or 10 to 30 days in jail. 

13. To continue any dain or obstruction heretofore erected, for an unrea- 
sonable length of time, after the 6th day of April, 1878, without having 
fish-ways provided therein. Penalty, $5 to $50 for first ofifense; $20 to $50 
for the second, and the dam abated as a nuisance. 



ABSTBACT OF THE LAWS OF IOWA. 219 

14. Persons raising or propagating fish on their own premises, or own- 
ing premises on which there are waters having no natural outlet, supplied 
with fish, shall absolutely own said fish. No person shall take, or attempt 
to take, fish therefrom without consent of the owner. Penalty, $5 to $25, 
or 30 days in jail. 

The "close" season is when killing is forbidden; the "open" season is 
when it is not. 



PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIPTION. 

The business of publishing books bf/ subscription, having so often been 
brought into disrepute by agents making representations and declarations 
not authorized by the publisher, in order to prevent that as much as possi- 
ble, and that there may be more general knowledge of the relation such 
agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the follow- 
ing statement is made: 

A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by 
which the subscriber agrees to pay a certain sum for the work described; 
the consideration is concurrent that the publisher shall publish the book 
named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to pay the price 
named. The nature and character of the work is described by the pro- 
spectus and sample shown. These should be carefully examined before 
subscribing, as they are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, 
and not the too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely 
employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a com,mis- 
sion for each subscriber, and has 7io authority to change or alter the con- 
ditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the 
publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription 
conditional, or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out 
by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the sub- 
scriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in con- 
nection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. 

All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this kind, or any 
other business, should remember that the law as loritten is, that they can 
not be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but if done at all, must he 
done in writing. It is therefore important that 2i\\ persons contemplating , 
subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the 
subscription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the 
contract. 

Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as 
canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a 
prescribed mode and have no atithority to do it any other way to the pre- 
judice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other 
matter. They can not collect money, or agree that payment may be made 
in anything else but money. They can not extend the time of payment 
beyond the time of delivery nor bind their principal for the payment of 
expenses incurred in their business. 

It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, 
before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instru- 
ment, would examine carefully what it is; and if they cannot read them- 
selves call on some one disinterested who can. 



Constitution of State of Iowa. 



TFe, the People of the State of Iowa ^ grateful to the Supreme Being for the 
hlessings hitherto enjoyed, and feeling our dependence on Him, J or a con- 
tinuation of those hlessings, do ordain and establish a free and independ- 
ent government, hy the name of the State of Iowa, the boundaries whereof 
shall he as follows: 

Beginning in the middle of the main channel of tlie Mississippi river, 
at a point due east of the middle of the month of the main channel of the 
Des Moines river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said 
Des Moines river, to a point on said river where the northern boundary 
line of the State of Missouri — as established by the Constitution of that 
State, adopted June 12, 1820 — crosses the said middle of the main channel 
of the said Des Moines river; thence westwardly along the said northern 
boundary line of the State of Missouri, as established at the time aforesaid, 
until an extension of said line intersects the middle of the main channel of 
the Missouri river; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said 
Missouri river, to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the Big 
Sioux river, according to Nicollett's map; thence up the main channel of 
the said Big Sioux river, according to said map, until it is intersected by the 
parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes north latitude; thence east 
along said parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minutes, until said par- 
allelintersects the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi river; thence 
down the middle of the main channel of said Mississippi river, to the place 
of beginning. 

Article 1. — Bill of Rights. 

Section 1. All men are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain in- 
alienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and 
liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and 
obtaining safety and happiness. 

Sec. 2. All political power is inherent in the people. Government is 
instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people, and they 
have the right, at all times, to alter or reform the same, whenever the pub- 
lic good may require it. 

Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall make no law respecting an estab- 
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; nor shall any per- 
son be compelled to attend any place of worship, pay tithes, taxes, or other 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 221 

rates, for building or repairing places of worship, or the maintenance of any 
minister or ministry. 

Sec. 4. No religions test shall be required as a qualification for any 
office of public trust, and no person shall be deprived of any of his rights, 
privileges, or capacities, or disqualified from the performance of any of his 
public or private duties, or rendered incompetent to give evidence in any 
court of law or equity, in consequence of his opinions on the subject of re- 
ligion; and any party to any judicial proceeding shall have the right to use 
as a witness, or take the testimony of any other person, not disqualified on 
account of interest, who may be cognizant of any fact material to the case; 
and parties to suits may be witnesses, as provided by law. 

Sec. 5. Any citizen of this State wdio may hereafter be engao-ed either 
directly or indirectly, in a duel, either as principal or accessory before the 
fact, shall forever be disqualified from holding any office under the Consti- 
tution of this State. 

Sec. 6. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation; the 
General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privi- 
leges or immunities, which upon the same terms shall not equally belong 
to all citizens. 

Sec. 7. Every person may speak, write and publish his sentiments on 
all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right. No law shall be 
passed to restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. In all 
prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence to 
the jury, and if it. appear to the jury that the matter charged as libelous 
was true, and was published with good motives and for justifiable ends, the 
party shall be acquitted. 

Sec. 8. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable seizures and searches shall not be 
violated; and no warrant shall issue but on probable cause, supported by 
oath or affirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched, and 
the persons and things to be seized. 

Sec. 9. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate; but the Gen- 
eral Assembly may authorize trial by a jury of a less number than twelve 
men in inferior courts; but no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or 
property, without due process of law. 

Sec. 10. In all criminal prosecutions, and in cases involving the life or 
liberty of an individual, the accused shall have a right to a speedy and pub- 
lic trial by an impartial jury; to be informed of the accusation against him; 
to have a copy of the same when demanded; to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him; to have compulsory process for his own witnesses; and to 
have the assistance of counsel. 

Sec. 11. All offenses less than felony, and in which the punishment 
does not exceed a fine of one hundred dollars, or imprisonment for thirty 
days, shall be tried summarily before a justice of the peace, or other officer 
authorized by law, on information under oath, without indictment, or the 
intervention of a grand jury, saving to the defendant the right of appeal; 
and no person shall be held to answer for a higher criminal oftense, unless 
on presentment or indictment by a grand jury, except in cases arising in 
the army or navy, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war 
or public danger. 

Sec. 12. No person shall, after acquittal, be tried for the same ofifense. 



222 GONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

All persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except 
for capital offenses, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great. 

Sec. 13. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, or refused 
when application is made as required by law, unless in the case of rebellion 
or invasion, the public safety may require it. 

Sec. 14. Tlie military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No 
standing army shall be kept up by the State in time of peace; and in time 
of war no appropriation for a standing army shall be for a longer time than 
two years. 

Sec. 15. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war except in the manner 
prescribed by law. 

Sec. 16. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war 
against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No 
person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses 
to the same overt act, or confession in open court. 

Sec. 17. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive fines shall not be 
imposed, and cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. 

Sec. 18. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just 
compensation first being made, or secured to be made, to the owner thereof, 
as soon as the damages shall be assessed by a jury, who shall not take into 
consideration any advantages that may result to said owner on account of 
the improvement for which it is taken. 

Sec. 19. No person shall be imprisoned for debt in any civil action, on 
mesne or final process, unless in case of fraud; and no person shall be im- 
prisoned for a military fine in time of peace. 

Sec. 20. The people have the right freely to assemble together to coun- 
sel for the common good ; to make known their opinions to their represen- 
tatives, and to petition for a redress of grievances. 

Sec. 21. No bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the 
obligation of contracts, shall ever be passed. 

Sec. 22. Foreigners who are, or may hereafter becojne residents of this 
State, shall enjoy the same rights in respect to the possession, enjoyment, 
and descent of property, as native born citizens. 

Sec. 23. There shall be no slavery in this State; nor shall there be in- 
voluntary servitude, unless for tlie punishment of crime. 

Sec. 24. No lease or grant of agricultural lands, reserving any rent or 
service of any kind, shall be valid for a longer period than twenty years. 

Sec. 25. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or 
deny others, retained by the people. 

Article 2. — Right of Suffrage. 

Section 1. Every male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty- 
one years, who shall have been a resident of this State six months next pre- 
ceding the election, and in the county in which he claims his vote sixty 
days, shall be entitled to vote at all elections which are now or hereafter 
may be authorized by law. 

Sec. 2. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of 
the peace, be privileged from arrest on the daj's of election, during their 
attendance at such elections, going to and returning therefrom. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 223 

Sec. 3. No elector shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day 
of election, except in time of war or public danger. 

Sec. 4. No person in the military, naval, or marine service of the United 
States shall be considered a resident of this State by being stationed in any 
garrison, barrack, or military or naval place or station within this State. 

Sec. 5, No idiot or insane person, or person convicted of any infamous 
crime, shall be entitled to the privilege of an elector. 

Sec. 6. All elections by the people shall be by ballot. 



Article 3. — Of the Distribution of Powers. 

Section 1. The powers of the government of Iowa shall be divided into 
three separate departments: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial; 
and no person charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one 
of these departments shall exercise any function appertaining to either of 
the others, except in cases hereinafter expressly directed or permitted. 

Legislative Department. 

Section 1. The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a 
General Assembly, wliich shall consist of a Senate and House of Represen- 
tatives; and the stjde of every law shall be — '•'•Be it enacted hy the General 
Assembly of the State of Iowa.'''' 

Sec. 2. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be biennial, and 
shall commence on the second Monday in January next ensuing the election 
of its members; unless the Governor of the State shall, in the meantime, 
convene the General Assembly by proclamation. 

Sec. 3. The members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen 
every second year, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on 
the second Tuesday in October, except the years of the Presidential elec- 
tion, when the election shall be on the Tuesday next after the first Monday 
in November; and their term of office shall commence on the first day of 
January next after their election, and continue two years, and until their 
successors are elected and qualified. 

Sec. 4. No person shall be a member of the House of Representatives 
who shall not have attained the age of twenty-one years; be a free white 
male citizen of the United States, and shall have been an inhabitant of this 
State one year next preceding his election, and at the time of his election 
shall have had an actual residence of sixty days in the county or district he 
may have been chosen to represent. 

Sec. 5. Senators shall be chosen for the term of four years, at the same 
time and place as Representatives; they shall be twenty-five years of age, 
and possess the qualifications of Representatives, as to residence and citi- 
zenship. 

Sec. 6. The number of Senators shall not be less than one-third, nor 
more than one-half the representative body; and shall be so classified by 
lot, that one class being as nearly one-half as possible, shall be elected every 
two 3'ears. When the number of Senators is increased, they shall be an- 
nexed by lot to one or the other of the two classes, so as to keep them as 
nearly equal in numbers as practicable. 



224 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Sec. 7. Each House shall choose its own officers, and judge of the quali- 
fication, election and return of its own members. A contested election 
shall be determined in such manner as shall be directed by law. 

Sec. 8. A majority of each house shall constitute a quorum to transact 
business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may 
compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such 
penalties as each house may provide. 

Sec. 9. Each house shall sit upon its own adjournments, keep a journal 
of its proceedings, and publish the same; determine its rules of proceed- 
ings, punish members for disorderly behavior, and with the consent of 
two-thirds, expel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and 
shall have all other powers necessary for a branch of the General Assembly 
of a free and independent State. 

Sec. 10. Every member of the General Assembly shall have the liberty 
to dissent from or protest against any act or resolution which he may think 
injurious to the public or an individual, and have the reasons for his dissent 
entered on the journals; and the yeas and nays of the members of either 
house, on any question, shall, at the desire of any two members present, be 
entered on the journals. 

Sec. 11. Senators and Representatives, in all cases except treason, felony, 
or breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest during the session 
of the General Assembl}'-, and in going to and returning from the same. 

Sec. 12. When vacancies occur in either house, the governor, or the per- 
son exercising the functions of governor, shall issue writs of election to fill 
such vacancies. 

Sec. 18. The doors of each house shall be open, except on such occas- 
sions as, in the opinion of the house, may require secrecy. 

Sec. 14. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn 
for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which they 
may be sitting. 

Sec. 15. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended, al- 
tered, or rejected by the other; and every hill having passed both houses, 
shall be signed by the Speaker and President of their respective houses. 

Sec. 16. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assembly, shall, 
before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor. If he approve, he 
shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections, to the 
house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon their journal, 
and proceed to reconsider it; if, after such reconsideration, it again pass 
both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two-thirds of the members 
of each house, it shall become a law, notwithstanding the Governor's objec- 
tions. If any bill shall not be returned within three days after it shall 
have been presented to him (Sunday excepted), the same shall be a law in 
like manner as if he had signed it, unless the General Assembly, by ad- 
journment, prevent such return. Any bill submitted to the Governor for 
his approval during the last three days of a session of the General Assem- 
bly, shall be deposited by him in the oflSce of the Secretary of State within 
thirtj' days after the adjournment, with his approval if approved by him, 
and with his objections, if he disapproves thereof. 

Sec. 17. No bill shall be passed unless by the assent of a majority of 
all the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly, and the 
question upon the final passage shall be taken immediately upon its last 
reading, and the yeas and nays entered upon the journal. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 225 

Sec. 18. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the 
public money shall be attached to and and published with the laws at every 
regular session of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 19. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of 
impeachment, and all impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When 
sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation; and 
no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
members present. 

Sec. 20. The Governor, Judges of the Supreme and District Courts, 
and other State offio^rs, shall be liable to impeachment for any misdemeanor 
or m .Ifeasa ice in office; but judgment in such cases shall extend only to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold any office of honor, trust or 
profit under this State; but the party convicted or acquitted shall neverthe- 
less be liable to indictment, trial, and punishment according to law. All 
other civil officers shall be tried for misdemeanors and malfeasance in office, 
in such manner as the General Assembly may provide. 

Sec. "21. No Senator or Kepresentative shall, during the time for which 
he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit under 
this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall 
have been increased during such term, except such offices as may be filled 
by elections by the people. 

Sec. 22. No person holding any lucrative office under the United States, 
or this State, or any other power, shall be eligible to hold a seat in the 
General Assembly.' But offices in the militia, to which there is attached 
no annual salar}^, or the office of justice of the peace, or postmaster, whose 
compensation does not exceed one hundred dollars per annum, or notary 
public, shall not be deemed lucrative. 

Sec. 23. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of pub- 
lic moneys, shall have a seat in either house of the General Assembly, or 
be eligible to hold any office of trust or profit in this State, until he shall 
have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for which he may 
be liable. 

Sec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the ti'easury but in consequence 
of appropriations made by law. 

Sec. 25. Each member of the first General Assembly under this consti- 
tution shall receive three dollars per diem while in session; and the further 
sum of three dollars for every twenty miles traveled in going to and return- 
ing from the place where such session is held, by the nearest traveled route; 
after which they shall receive such compensation as shall be fixed by law; 
but no General Assembly shall have the power to increase the compensa- 
tion of its members. And when convened in extra session they shall re- 
ceive the same mileage and per diem compensation as fixed b}^ law for the 
regular session, and none other. 

Sec. 26. No law of the General Assembly, j^assed at a regular session, 
of a public nature, shall take effect until the Fourth day of July next, after 
the passage thereof. Laws passed at a special session shall take effect 
ninety days after the adjournment of the General Assembly, by which they 
were passed. If the General Assembly shall deem any law of immediate 
importance, they may provide that the same shall take effect by publication 
in newspapers in the State. 

Sec. 27. No divorce shall be granted by the General Assembly. 

15 



226 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

Sec. 28. No lottery shall be authorized by this State; nor shall the sale 
of lottery tickets be allowed. 

Sec. 29. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly 
connected therewith; which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if 
any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the 
title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be ex- 
pressed in the title. 

Sec. 30. The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in 
the following cases : 

For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, or road pur- 
poses; 

For laying out, opening, and working roads or highways; 

For changing the names of persons; 

For the incorporation of cities and towns; 

For vacating, roads, town plats, streets, alleys, or public squares; 

For locating or changing county seats. 

In all the cases above enumerated, and in all other cases where a general 
law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform ope- 
ration throughout the State; and no law changing the boundary lines of 
any county shall have effect until upon being submitted to the people of 
the counties affected by the change, at a general election, it shall be ap- 
proved by a majority of the votes in each county, cast for and against it. 

Sec. 31. No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public 
agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered, or the con- 
tract entered into; nor shall any money be paid on any claim, the subject 
matter of which shall not have been provided for by pre-existing laws, and 
no public money or property shall be appropriated for local or private pur- 
poses, unless such appropriation, compensation or claini, be allowed by two- 
thirds of the members elected to each branch of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 32. Members of the General Assembly shall, before they enter 
upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following 
oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be), 
that I will support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitu- 
tion of the State of Iowa, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of 
Senator (or Representative, as the case may be), according to the best of 
my ability." And members of the General Assembly' are hereby empow- 
ered to administer to each other the said oath or affirmation. 

Sec. 33. The General Assembly shall, in the years one thousand eight 
hundred and fifty-nine, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, one 
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, one thousand eight hundred and 
sixty-seven, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and one thousand 
eight hundred and seventy -five, and every ten years thereafter, cause an 
enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of the State. 

Sec. 34. The number of Senators shall, at the next session following 
each period of making such enumeration, and the next session following 
each United States Census, be fixed by law, and apportioned among the 
several counties according to the number of inhabitants in each. 

Sec. 35. The Senate shall not consist of more than fifty members, nor 
the House of Representatives of more than one hundred; and they shall 
be apportioned among the several counties and representative districts of 
the State according to the number of inhabitants in each, upon ratios to be 
fixed by law; but no representative district shall contain more than four 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 227 

organized counties and each district shall be entitled to at least one Repre- 
sentative, Every county and district which shall have a number ot inhabi- 
tants equal to one-half the ratio fixed by law, shall be entitled to one Rep- 
resentative; and any one county containing in addition to the ratio fixed 
by law one-half of that number, or more, shall be entitled to one additional 
Representative. No floating district shall hereafter be formed. 

Sec. 36. At its first session under this Constitution, and at every subse- 
quent regular session, the General Assembly shall fix the ratio of repre- 
sentation, and also, form into repsesentative districts those counties which 
will not be entitled singly to a Representative. 

Sec. 37. When a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative district 
shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be entirely sepa- 
rated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be 
divided in forming a Congressional, Senatorial, or Representative district. 

Sec. 38. In all elections by the General Assembly, the members thereof 
shall vote viva-voce; and the votes shall be entered on the journal. 



Article 4. — Executive Department. 

Section 1. The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested 
in a chief magistrate, who shall be styled the Governor of the State of 
Iowa. 

Sec. 2. The Governor shall be elected by the qualified electors at the 
time and place of voting tor members of the General Assembly, and shall 
hold his ofiice two years, frc»m the time of his installation, and until his suc- 
cessor is elected and qualified. 

Sec. 3. There shall be a Lieutenant-Governor, who shall hold his office 
two years, and l)e elected at the same time as the Governor. In voting for 
Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, the electors shall designate for whom 
they vote as Governor, and for whom as Lieutenant-Governor. The returns 
of every election for Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor, shall be sealed up 
and transmitted to the seat of government of the State, directed to the 
Speaker of the House of Representati^'es, who shall open and publish them 
in the presence of both houses of the General Assembly. 

Sec. 4. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes, for 
Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, shall be declared duly elected; but in 
case two or more persons shall have an equal, and the liighest number of 
votes for either oflice, the General Assembly shall, l)y joint vote, forthwith 
proceed to elect one of said persons Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, as 
the case may be. 

Sec. 5. Contested elections for Governor, or Lieutenant-Governor, shall 
be determined by the General Assembly in such manner as may be prescribed 
by law. 

Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor, or Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, who shall not have been a citizen of the United States; 
and a citizen of the State two years next preceding the election, and 
attained the age of thirty years at the time of said election. 

Sec. 7. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, the 
army, and navy of this State. 

Sec. 8. He shall transact all executive business with the officers of gov- 
ernment, civil and military, and may require information in writing from 



228 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

the officers of the executive department upon any subject relating to the 
duties of their respective offices. 

Sec. 0. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. 

Sec. 10. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no 
mode is provided by the Constitution and laws for tillino; such vacancy, the 
Governor sliall have power to till such vacancy, by granting a commission, 
which shall expire at the end of the next session of the General Assembly, 
or at the next election by the people. 

Sec. 11. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General As- 
sembly by proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the 
purpose for which they shall have been convened. 

Sec. 12. He shall communicate, by message, to the General Assembly, 
at every regular session, the condition of the State, and recommend such 
matters as he shall deem expedient. 

Sec. 13. In case of disagreement between the two houses with respect to 
the time of adjournment, the Governor shall have power to adjourn the 
General Assembly to such time as he may think proper; but no such ad- 
journment shall be beyond the time tixed for the regular meeting of the next 
General Assembly. 

Sec. 11:. No person shall, Avhile holding any office under the authority of 
the United States, or this State, execute the office of Governor, or Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, except as hereinafter expressly provided. 

Sec. 15. The official term of the Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor, 
shall commence on the second Monday of January next after their election, 
and continue for two years, and until their successors are elected and quali- 
fied. The Lieutenant-Governor, while acting as Governor, shall receive the 
same pay as provided for Governor; and while presiding in the Senate shall 
receive as compensation therefor, the same mileage and double the per diem 
pay provided for a Senator, and none other. 

Sec. 16. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, commuta- 
tions and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses except treason and cases 
of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. 
Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution 
of sentence until the case shall be reported to the General Assembly at its 
next meeting, when the General Assembly shall either grant a pardon, com- 
mute the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to re- 
rait tines and forfeitures, under such regulations as may be prescribed by 
law; and shall report to the General Assembly, at its next meeting, each 
case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, and the reason therefor; 
and also all persons in whose favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall 
have been made, and the several amounts remitted. 

Sec. it. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal from 
office, or other disability of the governor, the powers and dnties of the office 
for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability 
removed, shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor. 

Sec. 18. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be president of the Senate, but 
shall only vote when the Senate is equally divided; and in case of his ab- 
sence, or impeachment, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor, the 
Senate shall choose a president pro tempore. 

Sec. 19. If the Lieutenant-Governor, while acting as Governor, shall 
be impeached, displaced, resign, or die, or otherwise become incapable of 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OP IOWA. 229 

performing the duties of the office, the president pro tempore of the Senate 
shall act as Governor until the vacancy is filled, or the disability removed; 
and if the president of the Senate, for any of the above causes, shall be ren- 
dered incapable of j^erforming the duties pertaining to the office of Gover- 
nor, the same shall devolve upon the Speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives. 

Sec. 20. There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the 
Governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the Great Seal of 
the State of Iowa. 

Sec. 21. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the 
authority of the people of the State of Iowa, sealed with the Great Seal of 
the State, signed by the Governor, and countersigned by the Secretary of 
State. 

Sec. 22. A Secretary of State, Auditor of State, and Treasurer of State, 
shall be elected by the qualified electors, who shall continue in office two 
years, and until their successors are elected and qualified ; and perform such 
duties as may be required by law. 



Article 5. — Judicial Depaetment. 

Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court, 
District Court, and such other courts, inferior to the Supreme Court, as the 
General Assembly may, from time to time, establish. 

Sec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of three judges, two of whom 
shall constitute a quorum to hold court. 

Sec. 3. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the quali- 
fied electors of the State, and shall hold their court at such time and place as 
the General Assembly may prescribe. The judges of the Supreme Court so 
elected, shall be classified so that one judge shall go out every two years; 
and the judge holding the shortest term of office under such classification, 
shall be Cliief Justice of the court during his term, and so on in rotation. 
After the expiration of their terms of office, under such classification, the 
term of each judge of the Suj)reme Court shall be six years, and until his 
successor shall hav^e been elected and qualified. The judges of the Supreme 
Court shall be ineligible to any other office in the State, during the term 
for wliich they have been elected. 

Sec. 4. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only in 
cases in chancery, and shall constitute a court for the correction of errors at 
law, under such restrictions as the General Assembly may by law prescribe ; 
and shall have power to issue all writs and process necessary to secure jus- 
tice to parties, and exercise a supervisory control over all inferior judicial 
tribunals throughout the State. 

Sec. 5. The District Court shall consist of a single judge, who shall be 
elected by the qualified electors of the district in which he resides. The 
judge of the District Court shall hold his office for the term of four years, 
and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified; and shall be 
ineligible to any other office, except that of judge of the Supreme Court, 
during the term for which he was elected. 

Sec. 6. The district Court shall be a court of law and equity, which shall 
be distinct and separate jurisdictions, and have jurisdiction in civil and 



230 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

criminal matters arising in their respective districts,'in such manner as shall 
be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 7. The judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be conser- 
vators of the peace throughout the State, 

Sec. 8. The style of all process shall be " The State of Iowa," and all 
prosecutions shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of the 
same. 

Sec. 9. The salary of each judge of the Supreme Court shall be two 
thousand dollars per annum; and that of eacli District Judge one thousand 
six hundred dollars per annum, until the year eighteen hundred and sixty; 
after which time tliey shall severally receive such compensation as the Gen- 
eral Assembly may, by law, prescribe; which compensation shall not be 
increased or diminished during the term for which they have been elected. 

Sec. 10. The State shall be divided into eleven judicial districts; and 
after the year eighteen hundred and sixty, the General Assembly may re-or- 
ganize the judicial districts, and increase or diminish the number of districts, 
or the number of judges of the said court, and may increase the number of 
judges of the Supreme Court; but such increase or diminution shall not be 
more than one district, or one judge of either court, at any one session; and 
no re-organization of the districts, or diminution of the judges shall have 
the effect of removing a judge from office. Such re-organization of the dis- 
tricts, or any change in the l)oundaries thereof, or any increase or diminution 
of the number of judges shall take place every four years thereafter, if nec- 
essary, and at no other time. 

Sec. 11. The judges of the Supreme and District Courts shall be chosen 
at the general election; and the term of office of each judge shall com- 
mence on the first day of January next after his election. 

Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election 
of an Attorney-General by the people, whose terra of office shall be two 
years, and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified. 

Sec. 13. The qualified electors of each judicial district shall, at the time 
of the election of District Judge, elect a District Attorney, who shall be a 
resident of the district for wliich he is elected, and who shall hold his office 
for the term of four years, and until his successor shall have been elected 
and qualified. 

Sec. 14. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the 
carrying into eftect of this article, and to provide for a general system of 
practice in all the courts of this State. 



Article 6. — Militia. 

Section 1. The militia of this State shall be composed of all able-bodied 
male citizens, between the ages of eigliteen and forty-five years, except such 
as are or may hereafter be exempt by the laws of the United States, or of 
this State; and shall be armed, equipped, and trained, as the General Assem- 
bly may provide by law. 

Sec. 2. No person or persons conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms 
shall be compelled to do military duty in time of peace: pi'ovided, that such 
person or persons shall pay an equivalent for such exemption in the same 
manner' as other citizens. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 231 

Sec. 3. All commissioned officers of the militia (staff officers excepted) 
shall be elected hj the persons liable to perform military dutv, and shall be 
commissioned by the Governor. 

Article 7. — State Debts. 

Section 1 The credit of the State shall not, in any manner, be given or 
loaned to, or in aid of, any individnal, association, or corporation; and the 
State shall nev^r assnme, or become responsible for, the debts or liabilities 
of any individnal, association, or corporation, nnless incurred in time of war 
for the benefit of the State. 

Sec. 2. The State may contract debts to supply casual deficits or failures 
in revenues, or to meet expenses not otherwise provided for; but the aggre- 
gate amount of such debts, direct and contingent, whether contracted by one 
or more acts of the General Assembly, or at difterent periods of time, shall 
never exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and the 
money arising from the creation of such debts, shall be applied to the pur- 
pose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts so contracted, and to nu 
other purpose whatever. 

Sec. 3. All losses to the permanent, school, or university fund of this 
State, which shall have been occasioned by the defalcation, mismanagement, 
or fraud of officers controlling or managing the same, shall be audited by 
the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited shall be a per- 
manent funded debt against the State, in favor of the respective fund sus- 
taining the loss, upon wliich not less than six per cent annual interest shall 
be paid. The amount of lialnlity so created shall not be counted as a part 
of the indebtedness authorized by the second section of this article. 

Sec. 4. In addition to the above limited power to contract debts, the 
State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend 
the State in war; but the money arising from the debts so contracted shall 
be applied to the purpose for which it was raised, or to repay such debts, 
and to no other purpose whatever. 

Sec. 5. Except the debts hereinbefore specified in this article, no debt 
shall hereafter be contracted by, or on behalf of this State, unless such debt 
shall be authorized by some law for some single work or object, to be dis- 
tinctly specified therein; and such law shall impose and provide for the 
collection of a direct annual tax, sufficient to pay the interest on such debt, 
as it falls due, and also to pa}^ and discharge the principal of such debt, 
within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof; but no such 
law shall take effect until at a general election it shall have been submitted 
to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and 
against it at such election ; and all money raised by authority of such law, 
shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated, or the payment of 
the debt created thereby; and such law shall be published in at least one 
newspaper in each county, if one is published therein, throughout the State, 
for three months preceding the election at wliich it is submitted to the peo- 
ple. 

Sec. 6. The Legislature may, at any time, after the approval of such 
law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in pursuance 
thereof, repeal the same; and may, at any time, forbid the contracting of 



232 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

any further debt, or liability under sucli law; but tlie tax imposed by snch 
law, in proportion to the debt or liability, which may have been contracted 
in pursuance thereof, shall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be an- 
nually collected, until the principal and interest are fully paid. 

Sec. 7. Every law which imposes, continues, or revives a tax, shall dis- 
tinctly state the tax, and the object to which it is to be applied; and it shall 
not be sufficient to refer to any other law to fix such tax or object. 

Article 8. — Corporations. 

Section 1. No corporation shall be created by special laws; but the 
General Assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organization of all 
corporations hereafter to be created, except as hereinafter provided. 

Sec. 2. The property of all corporations for pecuniary profit, shall be 
subject to taxation, the same as that of individuals. 

Sec. 3. The State shall not become a stockholder in any corporation, 
nor shall it assume or pay the debt or liability t)f any corporation, unless 
incurred in time of war for the benefit of the State. 

Sec. 4. No political or municipal corporation shall become a stock- 
holder in any banking corporation, directly or indirectly. 

Sec. 5. No act of the General Assembly, authorizing or creating corpo- 
rations or associations with banking powers, nor amendments thereto shall 
take effect, nor in any manner be in force, until the same shall have been 
submitted separately, to the people, at a general or special election, as pro- 
vided by law, to be held not less than three months after the passage of the 
act, and shall have been approved by a majority of all the electors voting 
for and against it at such election. 

Sec. 6. Subject to the provisions of the foregoing section, the General 
Assembly may also provide for the establishment of a State Bank with 
branches. 

Sec. 7. If a State Bank be established, it shall be founded on an actual 
specie basis, and the branches shall be mutually responsible for each others' 
liabilities upon all notes, bills, and other issues intended for circulation as 
money. 

Sec. 8. If a general banking law shall be enacted, it shall provide for 
the registry and countersigning, by an officer of State, of all bills, or paper 
credit" designed to circulate as money, and require security to the full 
amount thereof, to be deposited with the State Treasurer, in United States 
stocks, or in interest paying stocks of States in good credit and standing, to 
be rated at ten per cent below their average value in the city of New 1 ork, 
for the thirty days next preceding their deposit; and in case of a deprecia- 
tion of any portion of said stocks, to the amount of ten j)er cent on the 
dollar, the bank or banks owning said stocks shall be required to make up 
said deficiency by depositing additional stocks; and said law shall also pro- 
vide for the recording of the names of all stockholders in such corporations, 
the amount of stock held by each, the time of any transfer, and to whom. 

Sec. 9. Every stockholder in a banking corporation or institution shall 
be individually responsible and liable to its creditors, over and above the 
amount of stock by him or her held, to an amount equal to his or her re- 
spective shares so held, for all its liabilities, accruing while he or she re- 
mains such stockholder. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 233 

Sec. 10. In case of the insolvency of any banking institution, the bill- 
holders shall have a preference over its other creditors. 

Sec. 11. Tlie suspension of specie payments by banking institutions 
shall never be permitted or sanctioned. 

Sec. 12. Subject to the provisions of this article, the General Assembly 
shall have power to amend or repeal all laws for the organization or creation 
of corporations, or granting of special or exclusive privileges or immunities, 
by a vote of two-thirds of each branch of the General Assembly; and no 
exclusive privileges, except as in this article provided, shall ever be granted. 



Article 9. — Education and School Lands 
1 . — Education. 

Section 1. The educational interest of the State, including common 
schools and other educational institutions, shall be under the management 
of a board of education, whicli shall consist of the Lieutenant Governor, 
who shall be the presiding officer of the board, and have the casting vote in 
case of a tie, and one member to be elected from each judicial district in 
the State. 

Sec 2. No person shall be eligible as a member of said board who shall 
not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and shall have been one year 
a citizen of the State. 

Sec. 3. One member of said board shall be chosen by the qualified elec- 
tors of each district, and shall hold the oflice for the term of four years, and 
until his successor is elected and qualified. After the first election under 
this constitution, the board shall be divided, as nearly as practicable, into 
two equal classes, and the seats of the first class shall be vacated after the 
expiration of two years; and one-half of the board shall be chosen every 
two years thereafter. 

Sec 4. The first session of the board of education shall be held at the 
seat of government, on the first Monday of December, after their election; 
after which the General Assembly may fix the time and place of meeting. 

Sec 5. The session of the board shall be limited to twenty days, and 
but one session shall be held in any one year, except upon extraordinarv oc- 
casions, when, upon the recommendation of two-thirds of the board^ the 
Governor may order a special session. 

Sec 6. The board of education shall appoint a secretary, who shall be 
the executive oflicer of the board, and perform such duties as may be im- 
posed upon him by the board, and the laws of the State. They sliall keep 
a journal of their proceedings, which shall be publislied and distributed in 
the same manner as tlie journals of the General Assembly. 

Sec 7. All rules and regulations made by the board shall be published 
and distributed to the several counties, townships, and school districts, as 
may be provided for by the board, and when so made, published, and dis- 
tributed, they shall have the force and effect of law. 

Sec 8. The board of education shall have full power and authority to 
legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common 
schools, and other educational institutions, that are instituted to receive aid 
from the school or imiversity fund of this State; but all acts, rules and 



234 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the Gen- 
eral Assembly; and when so altered, amended, or repealed, they shall not 
be re-enacted by the board of education. 

Sec. 9. The Governor of the State shall be, ex-ojfficlo, a member of said 
board. 

Sec. 10. The board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make appro- 
priations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be provided for by the 
General Assembly. 

Sec. 11. The State University shall be established at one place, without 
branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied to that 
institution, and no other. 

Sec. 12. The board of education shall provide for the education of all 
the youths of the State, through a system of common schools; and such 
schools shall be organized and kept in each school district at least three 
months in each year. Any district failing, for two consecutive years, to or- 
ganize and keep up a school, may be deprived of their portion of the 
school fund. 

Sec. 13. The members of the board of education shall each receive the 
same per diem during the time of their session, and mileage going to and 
returning therefrom, as members of the General Assembly. 

Sec 14. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for the 
transaction of business, but no rule, regulation or law, for the regulation 
and government of common schools or other educational institutions, shall 
pass without the concurrence of a majority of all the members of the 
board, which shall be expressed by tlie yeas and nays on the final passage. 
The style of all acts of the board shall be, " Be it enacted by the board of 
education of the State of Iowa." 

Sec. 15. At any time after the year one thousand eight hundred and 
sixty-three, the General Assembly shall have power to abolish or re-organize 
said board of education, and provide for the educational interest of the State 
in any other manner that to them shall seem best and proper. 

2. — School Funds and School Lands. 

Section 1. The educational and school funds and lands, shall be under 
the control and management of the General Assembly of this State. 

Sec 2. The university lands, and the proceeds thereof, and all moneys 
belonging to said fund shall be a permanent fund for the sole use of the 
State University. The interest arising from the same shall be annually ap- 
propriated for the support and benefit of said university. 

Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall encourage, by all suitable means, 
the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improve- 
ment. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or hereafter may be, 
granted by the United States to this State, for the support of schools, vhich 
may have been, or shall hereafter be, sold or disposed of, and the five hun- 
dred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of 
Congress, distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several 
States of the Union, approved in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 
hundred and forty-one, and all estates of deceased persons who may have 
died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent as has been, or 
may hereafter be, granted by Congress, on the sale of lands in this State, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 235 

shall be, and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with 
all rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the General As- 
sembly may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of 
common schools throughout the State. 

Sec. 4. The money which may have been, or shall be, paid by persons 
as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, and the clear proceeds 
of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal 
laws, shall be exclusively applied, in the several counties in which such 
money is paid, or line collected, among the several school districts of said 
counties, in proportion to the number of youths subject to enumeration in 
such districts, to the support of commen schools, or the establishment of 
libraries, as the board of education shall, from time to time, provide. 

Sec. 5. The General Assembly shall take measures for the protection, 
improvement, or other disposition of such lands as have been, or may here- 
after be reserved, or granted by the United States, or any person or persons, 
to this State, for the use of a university, and the funds accruing from the 
rents or sale of such lands, or from any other source for the purpose afore- 
said, shall be, and remain, a permanent fund, the interest of which shall be 
applied to the support of said university, for the promotion of literature, 
the arts and sciences, as may be authorized by the terms of such grant. 
And it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as may be, to pro- 
vide effectual means for the improvement and jiermanent security of the 
funds of said university. 

Sec. 6. The financial agents of the school funds shall be the same, that 
by law, receive and control the State and county revenue, for other civil pur- 
poses, under such regulations as may be provided by law. 

Sec. 7. The money subject to the support and maintenance of common 
schools shall be distriljuted to the districts in proportion to the number of 
youths, between the ages of five and twenty-one years, in such manner as 
may be provided by the General x\ssenibly. 



Article 10. — Amendments to the Constitution. 

Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be 
proposed in either House of the General Assembly; and if the same shall 
be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two 
houses, such proposed amendment shall be entered on their journals, with 
the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the Legislature to be cho- 
sen at the next general election, and shall be published, as pr()vded by law, 
for three months previous to the time of making such choice; and if, in the 
General Assembly so next chosen as aforesaid, such proposed amendment or 
amendments shall be agreed to, by a majority of all the members elected to 
each house, then it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to submit 
such proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner, 
and at such time as the General Assembly shall provide; and if the people 
shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of 
the electors qualified to vote for members of the General Assembly, voting 
thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the Consti- 
tution of this State. 

Sec. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same 



236 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

time, tliey shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for 
or against each of such amendments separately. 

Sec. 3. At the general election to be held in the year one thousand eight 
hunc''.ed and seventy, and in each tenth year thereafter, and also at such 
time as the General Assembly, may, by law, provide, the question: " Shall 
there be a Convention to revise the Constitution and amend the same?" shall 
be decided by the electors qualified to vote for members of the General As- 
sembly ; and in case a majority of the electors so qualified, voting at such 
election for and against such proposition, shall decide in favor of a Conven- 
tion for such purpose, the General Assembly, at its next session, shall pro- 
vide by law for the election of delegates to such Convention. 

Article 11. — Miscellaneous. 

Section 1. The jurisdiction of justices of the peace shall extend in all 
cases (except cases in chancery, and cases where the question of title to 
real estate may arise), where the amount in controversy does not exceed one 
hundred dollars, and by the consent of parties may be extended to any 
amount not exceeding three hundred dollars. 

Sec. 2. IS^o new county shall be hereafter created containing less than 
four hundred and thirty-two square miles; nor shall the territory of any or- 
ganized county be reduced below that area, except the county of Worth, and 
the counties west of it, along the northern boundary of the State, may be or- 
ganized without ad,ditional territory. 

Sec. 3. No county, or other political or municipal corporation shall be 
allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to an amount 
in the aggregate exceeding five per centum on the value of the taxable prop- 
arty within such county or corporation — to be ascertained by the last State 
and county tax lists, previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. 

Sec. 4. The boundaries of the State may be enlarged, with the consent 
of Congress and the General Assembly. 

Sec. 5. Every person elected or appointed to any office shall, before en- 
tering upon the duties thereof, take an oath or affirmation to support the 
Constitution of the United States, and of this State, and also an oath of 
office. 

Sec. 6. In all cases of elections to fill vacancies in office occurring be- 
fore the expiration of a full term, the person so elected shall hold for the 
residue of the unexpired term ; and all persons appointed to fill vacancies in 
office, shall hold until the next general election, and until their successors 
are elected and qualified. 

Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall not locate any of the public lands, 
which have been, or may be granted by Congress to this State, and the lo- 
cation of which may be given to the General Assembly, upon lands actually 
settled, without the consent of the occupant. The extent of the claim of 
such occupant so exempted, shall not exceed three hundred and twenty 
acres. 

Sec. 8. The seat of government is hereby permanently established, as 
now fixed by law, at the City of Des Moines, in the county of Polk, and the 
State University at Iowa City, in the county of Johnson. 



constitution of the statp: of iowa. 237 

Article 12. — Schedule. 

Section 1. This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the State, and 
any law inconsistent therewith shall be void. The General Assembly shall 
pass all laws necessary to carry this Constitution into effect. 

Sec. 2. All laws now in force, and not inconsistent M'ith this C/onstitu- 
tion, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be repealed. 

Sec. 3. All indictments, prosecutions, suits, pleas, plaints, process, and 
other proceedings pending in any of the courts, shall be prosecuted to final 
judgment and execution; and all appeals, writs of errors, certiorari, and 
injunctions, shall be carried on in the several courts, in the same manner as 
now provided by law; and all offenses, misdemeanors and crimes that may 
have been committed before the taking effect of this Constitution, shall be 
subject to indictment, trial and punishment, in the same manner as they 
would have been had not this constitution been made. 

Sec. 4. All fines, penalties, or forfeitures due, or to become due, or ac- 
cruing to the State, or to any county therein, or to the school fund, shall 
inure so the State, county, or school fund, in the manner prescribed by law. 

Sec. 5. All bonds executed to the State, or to any officer in his official 
capacity, shall remain in force and inure to the' use of those concerned. 

Sec. 6. The first election under this constitution shall be held on the 
second Tuesday in October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
fifty-seven, at which time the electors of the State shall elect the Governor 
and Lieutenant Governor. There shall also be elected at such election, the 
successors of such State Senators as were elected at the August election, in 
the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, and members of the 
House of Representatives, who shall be elected in accordance with the act 
of apportionment, enacted at the session of the General Assembly which 
commenced on the first Monday of December, one thouasnd eight hundred 
and fifty-six. 

Sec. 7. The first election for Secretary, Auditor, and Treasurer of State, 
Attorney-General, District Judges, Members of the Board of Education, 
District Attorneys, members of Congress, and such State officers as shall 
be elected at the April election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
fifty-seven (except the Superintendent of Public Instruction), and such 
county officers as were elected at the August election, in the year one thou- 
sand eight hundred and fifty-six, except Prosecuting Attorney, shall be held 
on the second Tuesday of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty- 
eight; Provided, that the time for which any District Judge, or any other 
State or county officer, elected at the April election in one thousand eight 
hundred and fifty-eight, shall not extend beyond the time fixed for filling 
like offices at the October election in the year one thousand eight liundred 
and fifty-eight. 

Sec. 8. . The first election for Judges of the Supreme Court, and such 
county officers as shall be elected at the August election, in the year one 
thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, shall be held on the second Tuesday 
of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine. 

Sec. 9. The first regular session of the General Assembly shall be held 
in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, commencing on the 
second Monday of January of said year. 

Sec. 10. Senators elected at the August election, in the year one thou- 



238 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 

sand eight hundred and fiftj-six, shall continue in office until the second 
Tuesday of October, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-nine, 
at which time their successors shall be elected as may be prescribed by law. 

Sec. 11. Every person elected by popular vote, by a vote of the General 
Assembly, or who may hold office by Executive appointment, which office 
is continued by this constitution, and every person who shall be so elected 
or appointed, to any such office, before the taking effect of this constitution, 
(except as in this constitution otherwise provided) shall continue in office 
until the term for which such person has been or may be elected or ap- 
pointed shall expire; but no such person shall continue in office after the 
taking effect of this constitution, for a longer period than the term of such 
office, in this constitution prescribed. 

Sec. 12. The General Assembly, at the first session under this constitu- 
tion, shall district the State into eleven judicial districts, for District Court 
purposes; and shall also provide for the apportionment of the General As- 
sembly, in accordance with the provisions of this constitution. 

Sec. 13. The foregoing constitution shall be submitted to the electors of 
the State at the August election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and 
fifty-seven, in the several election districts in this State. Tlie ballots at such 
election shall be written or printed as follows : Those in favor of the constitu- 
tion — "New Constitution — Yes." Those against the constitution, "New Con- 
stitution — No." The election shall be conducted in the same manner as the 
general elections of the State, and the poll-books shall be returned and can- 
vassed as provided in the twenty-fifth chapter of the Code; and abstracts 
shall be forwarded to the Secretary of State, which abstracts shall be can- 
vassed in the manner provided for the canvass of State officers. And if it 
shall appear that a majority of all the votes cast at such election for and 
against this constitution are in favor of the same, the Governor shall imme- 
diately issue his proclamation stating that fact, and such constitution shall 
be the constitution of the State of Iowa, and shall take eft'ect from and after 
the publication of said proclamation. 

Sec. 14. At the same election that this constitution is submitted to the 
people for its adoption or rejection, a proposition to amend the same by 
striking out the word " white," from the article on the " Right of Suffrage," 
shall be separately submitted to the electors of this State for adoption or 
rejection, in manner following, viz : 

A separate ballot may be given by every person having a right to vote at 
said election, to be deposited in a separate box; and those given for the 
adoption of such proposition shall have the words, " Shall the word ' white ' 
be stricken out of the article on the 'Right of Suftrage?' — Yes." And 
those given against the proposition shall have the words, " Shall the word 
'white' be stricken out of the article on the 'Right of Suffrage?' — No." 
And if at said election the number of ballots cast in favor of said proposi- 
tion, shall be equal to a majority of those cast for and against this constitu- 
tion, then said word " white " shall be stricken from said article and be no 
part thereof. 

Sec. 15. Until otherwise directed by law, the county of Mills shall be in 
a,nd a part of the Sixth Judicial District of this State. 

Done in convention at Iowa City, this fifth day of March, in the year of our 
Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, and of the independence 
of the United States of America, the eighty-first. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF IOWA. 



239 



In testimony whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names: 



Attest : 



Timothy Day, 
S. Gr. Winchester, 
David Bunker, 
D. P. Palmer, 
Geo. "VV". Ells, 
J. C. Hall, 
John H. Peters, 
Wm. H. Warren, 
H. W. Gray, 
Kobt. Gower, 
H. D. Gibson, 
Thomas Seelet, 
A. H. Marvin, 
J. H, Emerson, 
R. L. B. Clarke, 
James A. Young, 
D. H. Solomon, 



Th. J. Saunders, /Secretary. 

E. N. Bates, Assistant Secretary. 



m. w. e.0bins0n, 
Lewis Todhunter, 
John Edwards, 
J, C. Traer, 
James F. Wilson, 
Amos Harris, 
Jno. T. Clark, 
S. Ayres, 
Harvey J. Skiff, 
J. A. Parvin, 
W. Penn Clarke, 
Jere. Hollingworth, 
Wm. Patterson, 
D. W. Price, 
Alpheus Scott, 
George Gillaspy, 
Edward Johnston. 

Francis Springer, President. 



Constitution of United States. 



We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common 
defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the hlessings of liherty 
to ourselves and oxir posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
for the United States of America. 

Article L 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Representatives. 

Sec. 2. The Honse of Representatives shall be composed of members 
chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors 
in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age 
of twenty -five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall 
be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several 
States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective 
numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free 
persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and exclud- 
ing Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. Tlie actual enumer- 
tion shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress 
of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such 
manner as they shall by law direct. 

The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- 
sand, but each state shall have at least one representative, and until such 
enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hariipshire shall be entitled to 
choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 
one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, 
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Caro- 
lina five, and Georgia three. 

■ When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the execu- 
tive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker, and other oflicers 
and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sen- 



AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 24l 

ators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and 
each Senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first 
election, they shall l)e divided as equally as may be, into three classes. The 
seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of 
the second year; of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year; 
and of the tliird class, at the expiration of the sixth year; so that one-third 
may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation 
or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive 
thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the 
Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

'No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty 
years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the Senate; 
but shall have no vote, unless tlie}^ be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tem- 
pore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the of- 
fice of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sit- 
ting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the Pres- 
ident of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no 
person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- 
bers present. 

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to Ik >ld and enjoy any office of honor, 
trust or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted shall, never- 
theless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment 
according to law. 

Sec. 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators 
and Representatives, shall be prescribed, in each state, by the Legislature 
thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such reg- 
ulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall, by law, appoint 
a different day. 

Seo. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the elections returns, and quali- 
fications of its o\ni members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum 
to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such 
manner, and under such penalties, as each house may provide. 

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem- 
bers for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel 
a member. 

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and, from time to time, 
publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require 
secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any ques- 
tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the 
journal. 

IS^either house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than 
that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 
16 



242 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation 
for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach 
of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session 
of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and, 
for any speech or debate, in either house, they shall not be questioned in any 
other place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil office, under the authority of the United 
States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have 
been increased during such time; and no person, holding any office under 
the United States shall be a member of either house, during his continuance 
in office. 

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, 
as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representaties and the 
Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the 
United States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, 
with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who 
shall enter the objections at large on tlieir journal, and proceed to reconsider 
it. If after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass 
the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of 
that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house 
respectively. It^ any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten 
dskjs (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same 
shall be a \k\v, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by 
their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
ment), shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before 
the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him ; or, being disapproved by 
him shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Represen- 
tatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a 
bill. 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power — 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; to pay the debts, and 
provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; 
but all duties, imposts, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, 
and with the Indian tribes; 

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the 
standard of weights and measures; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current 
coin of the United States; 



AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 2'43 

To establish post-offices and post-roads; 

To promote the prog7*ess of science and useful arts, by securinp^, for limited 
times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings 
and discoveries; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, 
and oflenses against the law of nations; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- 
cerning captures on land and water; 

To raise and support armies; but no appro])riation of money to that use 
shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy; 

•To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval 
forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, 
suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for 
governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 
United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the apjDointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress; 

To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district 
(not exceeding ten miles square), as may, by cession of particular States, and 
the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent 
of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of 
forts, magazines, arsenals, dock -yards, and other needful buildings; and 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into 
execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Consti- 
tution in the government of the United States, or in any department, or 
officer thereof. 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States 
now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax 
or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for 
each person. 

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 

ISTo bill of attainder, or ex post facto law^, shall be passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the 
census, or enumeration, hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No 
preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the 
ports of one State over those of another; no? shall vessels, bound to or from 
one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

No money shall l)e drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appro- 
priations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts 
and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person 
holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent 
of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, oi- foreign state. 



244 CONSTITUTION CTF THE UNITED STATES 

Sec. 10. ISTo State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; 
grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make 
anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any 
bill of attainder, ex-post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con- 
tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties 
on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by 
any State on imports and exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the 
United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of 
the Congress. 'No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty 
of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
not admit of delay. 

Article II. 

Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
years, and, together with the Yice-President, chosen for the same term, be 
elected as follows: 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may 
direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and 
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no 
Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit 
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted 
for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and cer- 
tify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of government of the United States, 
directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, 
in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the 
greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such nuniber be a major- 
ity of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than 
one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the 
House of Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them 
for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest 
on the list, the said house shall, in like manner, choose the President. But 
in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representa- 
tion from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall I'on- 
sist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority 
of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In ev^ery case, after tlie 
choice of a President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the 
electors, shall be the Yice-President. But if there should remain two or 
more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the 
Yice-President, 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the 
day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 



AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 245 

No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States 
at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be elii^ible to the office 
of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident 
within the United States. 

In case of the removal of tlie President from office, or of his death, resig- 
nation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said office, the 
same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress may, by law, 
provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 
President and Vice-President, declaring what officer sliall then act as Presi- 
dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, 
or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensa- 
tion, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for 
wliich he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period, 
any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following 
oath, or affirmation: 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will ffiithfully execute the office of 
President of the United States, and will, to the best ot my ability, preserve, 
protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

Sec. 2. The Pi-esident shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy 
of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called 
into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in 
writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon 
any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall 
have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United 
States, except in cases of impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he 
shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 
appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the 
Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint- 
ments are not herein otherwise provided fur, and which shall be established 
by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior 
officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or 
in the heads of departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen dur- 
ing the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at 
the end of their next session. 

Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of 
the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinay occasions, 
convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between 
them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 
time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public 
ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall 
commission all the officers of the United States. 

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of 
treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 



246 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

Article III. 

Section 1. Tlie judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from 
time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and 
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at 
stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, aris- 
ing under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, 
or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambas- 
sadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and 
maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a 
party; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citi- 
zens of another State, between citizens of different States, between citizens 
of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between 
a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have orig- 
inal jurisdiction. In all other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court 
shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 
and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; 
and such trials shall be held in the State where the said crime shall have 
been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall 
be at such place or places as the Congress may, by law, have directed. 

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com- 
fort. Xo person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but 
no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
during the life of the person attainted. 

Article IV. 

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State, to the pub- 
lic acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Con- 
gress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records 
and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and 
immunities of citizens in the several States. 

A person charged, in any State, with treason, felony, or other crime, who 
shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of 
the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

Ko person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, 
be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim 
of the party to whom such service or laljor may he due. 

Sec. 3. New States may be admitted, by tlie Congress, into this Union; 



AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 247 

but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any- 
other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, 
or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States con- 
cerned, as M'ell as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules 
and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the 
United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed 
as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union, 
a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against 
invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when 
the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

Article V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of the 
Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for jdto- 
posing amendments, which in either case shall be valid to all intents and 
purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratiiied by the Legislatures of 
three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, 
as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con- 
gress; provided that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first 
and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, 
without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

Article VI. 

All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption 
of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, under this 
Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made 
in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or Avhich shall be made, under the 
authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the 
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution 
or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of 
the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of 
the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath, or affirm- 
ation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be re- 
quired, as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United 
States. 

Article VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the 
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven 



248. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED SPATES 



hundred and eiglitj-seven, and of the inde^iendence of the United States 
of America tlie twelftli. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed 
our names. 

GEO. WASHINGTON^, 
President and Deputy from Virginia. 



New Hampshire. 
John Langdon, 
Nicholas Gilman. 

Massachusetts. 
Nathaniel Gokham, 
RuFus King. 

Connecticut. 
Wm. Sam'l Johnson, 
Roger Sherman. 

New York. 
Alexander Hamilton. 

New Jersey. 
WiL. Livingston, 
Wm. Paterson, 
David Brearley, 
JoNA. Dayton. 

Pennsylvania. 
B. Franklin, 
RoBT. Morris, 
Thos. Fitzsimons, 
James Wilson, 
Thos. Mifflin, 
Geo. Clymer, 
Jared Ingersoll. 
Gouv. Morris. 



Delaware. 
Geo. Read, 
John Dickinson, 
Jaco. Broom, 
Gunning Bedford, Jr., 
Richard Bassett. 

Maryland. 
James M'Henry, 
Danl. Carroll, 
Dan. of St. Thos, Jenifer. 

Yirginia. 
John Blair. 
James Madison, Jr. 

North Carolina. 
Wm. Blount, 
Hu. Williamson, 
Rich'd Dobbs Spaight. 

South Carolina. 
J. Rutledge, 
Charles Pinckney, 
Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, 
Pierce Butler. 

Georgia. 
William Few, 
Abr. Baldwin. 

WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 



AMENDMENTS 

To the Constitution of the United States, ratified according to the provis- 
ions of the Fifth Article of the foregoing Constitution. 



Article I. 



Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, 
or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe- 
tition the government for a redresss of grievances. 



AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 249 

Article II. 

A well-regulated militia being necessaiy to the security of a free State, 
the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. 

Article III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the 
consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
by law. 

Article IY. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; 
and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the per- 



sons or things to be seized 



Article Y. 



No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
service, in time of war, or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same oftense to be twice put in jeapordy of life or limb; nor shall 
be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be 
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall 
private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

Article YI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- 
sation; to be confronted with the witnesses against liim; to have compul- 
sory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance 
of counsel for his defence. 

Article YII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact, 
tried by jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of common law. 

Article YIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
and unusual punishments inflicted. 



250 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

Article IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Article X. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the'States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
the people. 

Article XI. 

The judicial power of the United shall not be construed to extend to any 
suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
States, by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign 
State. 

Article XII. 

The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot, for 
President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhab- 
itant of the same State with themselves; they shall name, in their ballots, 
the person voted for as President, and, in distinct ballots, the person voted 
for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted 
for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the 
number of votes for each, which lists they shall sIoti and certify, and trans- 
mit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to 
the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in pres- 
ence of the Senate and House of Kepresentatives, open all the certificates, 
and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest num- 
ber of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a ma- 
jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have 
such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not ex- 
ceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Kep- 
resentatives shall choose immediately by ballot, the President. But, in 
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation 
from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all 
the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representa- 
tives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve 
upon them, before the fourth day t)f March next following, then the Vice- 
President shall act as President, as in the case of the death, or other consti- 
tutional disability of the President. 

The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall 
be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two 
highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a 
quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of 
Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall 
be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 



AND ITS AMENDMENTS. 251 

Article XIII. 

1. Neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within 
the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
lation. 

Article XIV. 

1. All persons born, or naturalized, in the United States, and subject to 
the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the States 
wherein they reside. Xo State shall make or enforce any law which shall 
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life liberty, or property, without due 
process of law% nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal 
protection of the laws. 

2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States, ac- 
cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
in each State, excluding Indians not taxed; but whenever the right to vote 
at any election for tlie choice of electors for President and Vice-President 
of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial 
officers of the State, or members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any 
of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and 
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridge, except for participation 
in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation sliall be reduced in 
the proportion which the whole number of such male citizens shall bear to 
the whole number of male citizens, twenty-one years of age in such State. 

3. Xo person shall be Senator or Representative in Congress, or elec- 
tor of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken 
an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States shall have 
engaged in insurrection or rebellion, against the same, or given aid and com- 
fort to the enemies thereof ; but Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of 
each house, remove such disability. 

4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by 
law, including debts incurred for the payment ot pensions and bounties for 
suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation 
incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any 
claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but such debts, obliga- 
tions, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
the provisions of this article. 

Article XV. 

The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or 
abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or 
previous condition of servitude. 

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation. 



Miscellaneous. 



PRACTICAL RULES FOR EVERY DAY USE. 

How to find the gain or loss per cent, ivhen the cost and selling j)7'ice are 
given. 

Rule. — Find tlie difference between the cost and selling price, which will 
be the gain or loss. 

Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost price; 
the result will be the gain or loss per cent. 

How to change gold into currency. 

Rule — Multiply the given sum of gold, by the price of gold. 

How to change ciirrency into gold. 

Rule. — Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold. 

How to find each partner'' s share of the gain or loss in a copartnership 
business. 

Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock, the quotient 
will be the gain or loss per cent. 

Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent, the result will be each 
one's share of the gain or loss. 

How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs. 
A short and simple method for finding the net weight.^ or price of hogs ^ 
when the gross weight or 2JTice is given., and vice versa. 

Note. — It is generally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diminished by 1-5 or 20 
per cent, of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by 34 or 25 per cent. 
of itself equals the gross weight. 

To fine the net weight or gross price. 

Rule. — Multiply the given number by .8 (tenths.) 

To find the gross lo eight or net price. 

Rule. — Divide the given number by .8 (tenths.) 

How to find the capacity of a granary., Mn., or wagon-bed. 

Rule. — Multiply (by short method) the number of cupic feet by 6308, 
and point off one decimal place — the result will be the correct answer in 
bushels and tenths of a bushel. 

For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8, and 
point off one decimal place. 

How to find the contents of a corn-crib. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method, or by 4 J 



inSCELLANEOUS. 25?^ 

ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the 
answer in bushels. 

Note. — In estimating corn in the ear, tlie quality and the time it has been cribbed 

must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and 
Spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided 
it is sound and clean. 

How to find the contents of a cistern or tank. 

KuLE. — Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in 
feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off one decimal 
place — the result will be the contents in barrels of 31-| gallons. 

How to find the contents of a harrel or cash. 

KuLE.— Under tlie square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in 
inches) in reversed order, so that its units will fall under the tens; multi- 
ply by short method, and this product again by 430; point off one decimal 
place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons. 

How to oneasure hoards. 

KuLE. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide 
the product by 12— the result will be the contents in square feet. 

How to measure scantlings, joists, planks^ sills, etc. 

EuLE. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the 
width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the pro- 
duct by 12 — the result will be square feet. 

Ho2v to find the number of acres in a hody of land. 

KuLE. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the pro- 
duct by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remain- 
der); the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths. 

When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length, add 
them together and take one-half for the mean length or width. 

How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall. 
KuLE. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet), and divide 
the product by 9, the result will be square yards. 

How to fi,nd the number of bricks required in a building. 

Rm.E. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22^^. 

The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length, height and 
thickness (in feet) together. 

Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches 
thick; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but 
it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space. 

How to find the number of shingles required in a roof. 

EuLE. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if the shin- 
gles are exposed A:\ inches, or by T 1-5 if exposed 5 inches. 

To find the number of square feet, multiply the Jength of the roof by 
twice the length of the rafters. 

To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply the 
width of the building by .56 (hundredths); at one-third pitch, by .6 
(tenths); at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths); at one-half pitch, by 
.71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to 
the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into 
consideration. 

Note. — By % or V^ pitch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be M or % ^^ 
width of the building higher than the walls or base of the rafters. 



254 MISCELLANEOUS. 

How to reckon the cost of hay. 

Rule. — Multiply the number of pounds by half the price per ton, and 
remove the decimal point three places to the left. 

How to measure grain. 

Rule. — Level the grain; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet; 

multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left. 

Note. — Exactness requires the addition to every three hundred bushels of one extra 
bushel. 

The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gallons, by 
multiplying the number of bushels by 8. 

If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the 
number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of ear corn 
to make 1 of shelled corn. 

Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments. 

In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is tlie contents of any 
given plot in square yards; then, giren the number of yards, find out the 
number of rods and acres. 

The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Kow, an 
ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the 
average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes. 

To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk 
in a straight line; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight 
ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote; and, in walking, keep 
these objects constantly in line. 

Farmers and others hy adopting the folloiving simple and ingenious 
contrivance^ may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct 
yard measure. 

Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the 
left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left 
arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink. 

To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being 
given. 

Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer. 

How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of 
rods being given. 

Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient by 5, and 
remove the decimal point two places to the left. 

The diameter being given, to find the circumference. 
Rule. — Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7. 

How to find the diameter, lohen the circumference is given. 
Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7. 

To find how many solid feet a round stick of timher of the same thick- 
ness throughout will contain when squared. 

Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, multiply by 
the length in feet, and divide the product by 144. 

General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet. 
Rule.— Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches, and then 
multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 255 

To find the nuiiiber of feet of tinxbej' in trees loith the harh on. 

Rule.— Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, 
by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 
according to the thickness of the bark. 

Howard'' s new I'ulefor coinjniting interest. 

Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on 
any sum of money will be shown b}" simply removing the decimal point 
two places to the left; for ten times that time, remove the point one place 
to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the 
left. 

Increase or diminisli the results to suit the time given. 

Note. — The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting]the rate; thus 3 per cent, per 
month, inverted, becomes ^ij.of a month, or ten daj's. 

When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus: 3-1, 
three ones. 

Rule for converting English into American currency. 
Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in decimals, by 
400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product by 90. 



POPULATION OF IOWA CITIES. 

The following table presents the population of thirteen of the principal 
cities of Iowa for the years 1870, 1875 and 1878 — the population for the last 
named year being, in the main, estimated: 

Pop. in 1870. Pop. in 1875. Pop. in 1878. 

Des Moines 12,035 14,443 25,000 

Burlington 14,930* 19,987 25,000 

Davenport 20,038 21,234 26,827 

Dubuque 18,434 23,605 27,500 

Keokuk 12,766 11,841 15,000 

Cedar Rapids 5,940 7,179 11,350 

Iowa City 5,914 6,371 8,000 

Council Bluffs 10,020 9,287 11,000 

Clinton 6,129 7,028 9,000 

Muscatine 6,718 7,537 8,000 

Sioux City 3,401 4,290 6,000 

Ottumwa 5,214 6,326 10,000 

Marshalltown 3,288 4,384 6,416 

Fort Madison, Mt. Pleasant and Waterloo are, probably, entitled to appear 
in the above table, as each of them, doubtless, has a population of over 
six thousand. 

* Includes whole township. 



D-r .^ 



THE PIONEER 

In the heart of the grand old forest, 

A thousand miles to the "West, 
Where a stream gushed out from the hill-side, 

The J halted at last for rest. 
And the silence of ages listened 

To the axe-stroke loud and clear, 
Divining a kingly presence 

In the tread of the pioneer. 

He formed of the prostrate beeches 

A home that was strong and good; 
The roof was of reeds from the streamlet, 

The chimney he built of wood. 
And there by the winter fireside, 

While the flame up the chimney roared, 
He spoke of the good time coming. 

When plenty should crown their board — 

When the forest should fade like a vision. 

And over the hill-side and plain 
The orchard would spring in its beauty, 

And the fields of golden grain. 
And to-night he sits by the fireside 

In a mansion quaint and old. 
With his children's children around him, 

Having reaped a thousand-fold. 



History of Mahaska County. 



GEOGRAPHY— DESCRIPTIVE AND PHYSICAL. 

Mahaska is in the third tier of counties, counting from tlie southern 
boundary of the State, and is number four from the Mississippi river. It 
is twenty-four miles square, containing Congressional townships No. 74, 
75, 76 and 77, north of ranges 14, 15, 16 and 17, west of the fifth prin- 
cipal meridian. Tiiese are divided into fifteen civil townships, as follows: 
Pleasant Grove, Monroe, White Oak, Cedar, Harrison, Oskaloosa, Adams, 
Union, Prairie, Madison, Des Moines, Jefferson, Scott, Black Oak, and 
Richland. These follow the Congressional lines generally, except where 
large streams are near the border, when the channel of the stream is made 
the boundary line. Oskaloosa is just twice the size of an ordinary town- 
ship. Six of the above townships, as M^ill be easily recognized, took their 
names from physical peculiarities of soil or timber, and six from names 
of Presidents. Oskaloosa took its name from the county seat. Union 
from its large size at an early day, and Des Moines from the river flowing 
through it. 

Mahaska county contains 386,640 acres of surface. Of this amount the 
last State Census report (1874) gives about three-sevenths under cultiva- 
tion, and a little less than one-third as unimproved. This last amount in- 
cludes all timber and swamp lands. 

The county is bounded on the north by Jasper and Poweshiek; on the 
east by^ Keokuk; on the south by Wapello and Monroe; and on the west 
by Marion county. 

It slopes from the northwest toward the southeast, and is crossed in this 
direction by five streams at almost equal distances, viz: North and South 
forks of Skunk river; Des Moines river, and by Muchakinock and Middle 
creeks. Of these we shall speak more particularly. 

Bes Moines River. — This stream cuts off about one-ninth of the county 
on the southwest. The length of its channel within the boundaries of Ma- 
haska is about twenty-four miles. The average width is forty rods, and 
and depth not tar from four feet, though there are shallows which prevent 
the navigation of crafts of any size. The current is rather swift. The 
banks are composed of alluvial deposits, and the bottom lands are of won- 
derful fertility. The cliannel for the most part flows over a pebbly bed. 
The bottoms along the Des Moines are from one and one-half to two miles 
in width in Mahaska and are frequently overflown. These produce some 
valuable timber, especially walnut; and up toward the bluffs some excellent 
white oak. There is likewise a considerable growth of sugar maj)le and 
17 



258 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Cottonwood. The river is not clammed within the boundary of Mahaska, 
It is spanned by one bridge and crossed by two ferries. 

South Fork of ISl'u.n'k. — This is the main brancli of the Skunk river, and 
cuts off about two-fiths of the northeastern part of the county, stretching 
across a district of about tliirty miles in extent, but in its meanderings 
flowing over a bed not less tliau seventy miles within the county lines ot 
Mahaska. This bed is mostly sandy and the stream is rather sluggish. 
The banks are of alluvial deposits, quite muddy, of a sour soil and not 
very productive. The stream is skirted by a belt of timber from one to 
three miles in M'idth — maple, elm, swamp ash, and cotton wood. Some 
good oak timber appears along the bluft's which are, on an average, about 
one-half mile back from the stream. South Skunk is about eight rods 
wide and some three feet in depth. It spreads over almost its entire bot- 
toms during a wet season. Its course is interrupted by live mill dams in 
Mahaska, and its channel crossed by four good bridges. 

North Shunh. — This fork cuts off parts of three townships on the north- 
east, and is quite crooked. It is smaller, but in many respects like the 
South Skunk. The timber, especially, is similar. The bed is deeper, 
banks higher, and current much swifter. Its water supply is sufficient for 
mill power during the entire year. The channel averages about two feet. 
Five mill dams and six bridges have been thrown across this stream. 

Mnchakinock Creek. — -This is an Indian name and means "bad cross- 
ing." The stream flows between the Des Moiues and South Skunk, and in 
the upper part of its course is about equally distant from both. It empties 
into the Des Moines in Wapello county. The bluffs come close to the 
stream. The volume of water in this creek will not run a mill more than 
one-third of the year. It is heavilj' timbered in the lower part of its 
course and its bluffs afford the best coal exposures in the county. 

Middle Creek is so named from its location between the north and 
south forks of the Skunk, and is a small stream about on a par with 
Mnchakinock. There is some valuable walnut timber on the lower part 
of its course, and along this part of its valley is some of the richest soil 
in Iowa. 

Surface. — The surface of Mahaska is generally rolling, but not so much 
so as to interfere with agriculture. The flnest prairies are to be found on 
the divides between the Des Moines and South Skunk rivers, and between 
the forks of the Skunk. The smoother land is to be found in Cedar and 
East Harrison townships, and also in Prairie. The bottom land of the 
Des Moines cannot be excelled in the production of corn, and is much bet- 
ter than on the Skunk. The soil is a rich dark loam, from three to Ave 
feet in depth, and never fails to produce a good crop when the season is 
favorable. The roads are muddy usually in the spring, but from the nature 
of the soil they dry quickly. During the summer season a heavy rain will 
scarcely be noticed in its effects on the roads within twenty-four hours after 
it has fallen. It is not unusual to traverse heavy roads in the morning and 
return over a dry track in the afternoon. 

Timber. — Not less than one-eighth of the county is covered with a growth 
of timber, much of which is valuable. We learn that the amount of tim- 
ber is on the increase, and that Mahaska has now more "woods" than at 
the time of early settlement. The principal trees are white, burr and 
black oak, red and white elm, w^alnut, butternut, hickory, sycamore, cot- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 259 

ton wood, swamp asli, siio^ar and white maple, buckeye and hackberry. 
There is, probably, not a birch tree in the county. 

Wild fruits. — Crab apples, plums, grapes and blackberries abound in 
the timber. 

Strata. — The surface strata of Mahaska belongs to the middle and lower 
coal measures. 

Patterns clay. — A good article of potter's or fire clay is found in some 
parts of the county, especially in the southern. Some six acres of section 
six, Harrison township, have been bought for its chi}^ by parties who are 
running a ]>ottery on section nineteen of that townsiiip. 

Iron. — There are some indications of this ore, but its value has been 
exaggerated. Tiie prospects for Maiiaska's iron mining are not flattering. 
The needle of the surveyor's instrument is quite noticeably deflected on 
section eight, Richland township, indicating the presence of magnetic ore. 

Building stone. — This county aflbrds some excellent quarries of stone 
— both lime and sand — especially along the rivers. In the northern part 
of the county the best quarries are about Peoria. From one of these the 
stone used in Jasper county court house was procured some twenty years 
ago. There are, also, good quarries about Union Mills, on South Skunk 
river, and on section four, Des Moines township. 

Coal. — liich as are the gifts of Mahaska county in agricultural advantages, 
it is probable that at no far distant day her coal mining will be her 
leading industry and first source of wealth. 

. In the amount of coal mined she is the first county in Iowa. By a 
gross error in the census report of 1875, Wapello and Monroe counties 
are placed very much ahead of Mahaska in coal mining. This report is 
self-convicted from the fact that Mahaska has recorded almost twice the 
number of miners recorded from the other two counties mentioned. In 
1875 Mahaska county mined about 14,000 cars of coal. 

There are, undoubtedly, veins of coal under the entire county. In fact, 
with one oi' two possible exceptions, coal has been mined in every township 
in the county. 

We make an extract from the report of State Geologist White of 1870, 
when the mining interests in Mahaska were only a fraction of what they 
now are: 

"Kone of the coal counties of Iowa, so far as is now known, exceed 
Mahaska county in importance as regards its supplies of coal, unless it is 
Marion county. So far, however, as the coal now annually mined is con- 
cerned, Mahaska county is much in advance of any of the others. Al- 
though the greater part of the niines of this county have been examined, 
the formation whieh contains them has not been studied as a whole, within 
its limits with sutficient thoroughness, to give a clear statement of the 
number ot diflerent beds of coal it may contain and their relations with 
the other strata." 

Again, when Professor White was asked to make an estimate of the 
amount of coal probably in the county, he gave it as his opinion that the 
supply was suflicient for a five foot vein over the entire surface. This sup- 
ply, if it were mined at the present rate, would last two thousand years. 

In this same report of the Geologist is given the result of the analj'ses 
of sixty-four samples of coal from the State of Iowa, the result of which 
shows Mahaska county to be the peer, if not the superior, of any other 
coal in the State, in respect to quality. 



260 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The following principles are stated in explanation of the report of 
analyses: 

"1. The value of coal as fuel is inversely proportional to the amount 
of moisture contained in it; that is, the more water it contains, the less its 
value. 

"2. The greater the per cent of ash tlie less is the value of the coal. 

"3. The more lixed carbon the coal (jontains the greater is its value. 

"4. The same holds true with regard to the volatile combustible matter 
to a limited extent, the precise limits of wiiich cannot be determined until 
we know the composition of this combustible matter." 

In the average table, showing the result from fifteen counties, including 
almost the entire coal field of Iowa, the result shows: 

1. That Mahaska county coal contains less moisture than any other in 
the State, except Jasper county coal, with 4 61-100 per cent; Mahaska 
being 4 73-100. 

2. In the amount of ash produced it is about an average, ranking 
ninth in fifteen counties. 

3. In the amount of fixed carbon Mahaska county ranks first, with 
Poweshiek second. 

4. In volatile combustible matter tlie result shows Mahaska coal to be 
an average, ranking eighth in the fifteen counties. 

In compiling the above average eight specimens from Mahaska were 
examined. 

The boring of the artesian well revealed a ten foot vein of coal, at the 
depth of ninety seven feet, under the Oskaloosa public square. 

A well dug in Jefterson township showed a vein at forty-one feet, and a 
second vein three feet in thickness at 102 feet. 

The most extensive mines in Mahaska are those conducted by the Con- 
solidation and Iowa Coal Companies, on Muchakinock ci'eek. (For full 
histor}' and statistics of these, see in proper place on following pages.) 

Mining is carried on quite extensively in slopes, with no steam power, 
just west and southwest of tlie city of Oskaloosa, as well as along the banks 
of Spring creek. Mention of all the mines in the county would be tedious. 
Prairie and Cedar townships give least evidences of coal, and, as yet, little 
or no encouragement to mining. 

Climate, elevation, etc. — Oskaloosa public square is about 860 feet 
above the level of the sea. 

The bed of the Des Moines river, at the southern boundary of the 
county, is about 660 feet above the same level. Surface of water in South 
Skunk river, about the center of the countj', is near 800 feet. 

The climate is pleasant and healthy. Ague is rare, and the county is 
subject to no climatical diseases peculiar to its limits. The winters of late 
years have been greatly modified from the reputed coldness of earlier days. 

INDIAN AFFAIRS. 

The territory occu])ied by Mahaska county was a part of the purchase 
made by the United States Government from the Sac and Fox Indians in 
October. 1842. 

This treaty of 1842 was negotiated at the Agency, now Agency City, in 
October of that j^ear. A number of chiefs were in attendance, the principal 
of whom "were Keokuk, Appanoose, Poweshiek and Panassa. The commis- 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 261 

sioner on behalf of the United States Government was Governor John 
Cliambers, of Iowa Territory. The council lasted about one week. To give 
a full history of this negotiation, it is necessary to go back several years. 

In 1835 Gen. J. M. Street, who had been Indian agent among the Win- 
nebagos since 1827, was removed to the Sac and Fox agency, first at Rock 
Island, and in 1838 at Agency City. Gen. Street was a great favorite among 
the Indians, and they were accustomed to call him their father. This gen- 
tleman died in May, 1840. His family procured an air-tight coffin, and an- 
nounced their intention of burying his remains at Prairie du Chien, where 
some of his relatives were interred. The chiefs held a council and remon- 
strated, ofiering any part of their country which might be chosen as Gen. 
Sti'eet's burying ground, and adding that if their wishes were com])lied with, 
they would give to Gen. Street's widow a section of land, and a half-section 
to each one of his children. Accordingly, Gen. Street's remains were in- 
terred near the Agency, and no reference was ever made to the land prom- 
ised until the time of this treaty. About the evening of the second day ot 
the treaty-council, one of the Government officers came to Gen. Street's son, 
Wm. B. Street, now of Oskaloosa, then employed in the Agency, and said, 
"I do not think we will succeed in making a treaty." ''Why?" "Be- 
cause," said the officer, " the chiefs demand a reservation of one section for 
Gen. Street's widow, and a half-section each for her ten children, and also a 
half-section each for Smart's two children, who are half-breeds. The in- 
structions of the Government are opposed to an}^ reservation, and positive 
against reservation for half-breeds." Mr. Street, not wishing a treaty to 
fail for any such reason, held a consultation with some of the principal 
chiefs, telling them he did not care for any reservation, and as his brothers 
and sisters were all in another territory, that he thought they would will- 
ingly relinquish the offer of the chiefs; and as for airy obligation they were 
under to the Smart children, they could pay that in money. Keokuk and 
some of the others assented reluctantly, but old PoM^eshiek insisted that all 
the reservation they desired should be demanded. Mr. Street remonstrated 
with him as to the result in failui-e of the treaty, and again told him he did 
not care for the reservation. " What, do you decline the gift?" said the in- 
dignant old chief — for this was considered an insult among Indians, to refuse 
a present. Mr. Street informs us that Poweshiek refused to speak to him 
for six months afterward, when one day, while Poweshiek was a little merry 
under the influence of whisky, Mr. Street presented the old chief with a 
pony, and again they were good friends. 

Finally, the Indians demanded the reservation of a single section, to be 
given Mrs. Street. Gov. Chambers would not consent. Then old Keokuk, 
rising, addressed the council thus: "There lies," said he, pointing to the 
grave of Gen, Street, " there lies the grave of our father, the best white 
friend we have ever had, and M'ithout the reservation, this land shall never, 
never be sold while a single one of our tribe remains." 

On the next day Gov. Chambers agreed to the reservation of one section, 
and directed the Indians to make choice. They selected that on which the 
Agency buildings were situated, and including Gen. Street's grave. Again 
the commissioner halted. He claimed the Government had spent some 
$3000 or $4000 in improving that section, and he could not allow that to be 
reserved. The Indians then proposed to pay for the improvements, which 
they afterward did, paying $2,500, which was considered a fair valuation at 
that time. The treaty being thus concluded, Keokuk remarked to the com- 



262 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



missioner that if the Senate clianged it by a single scratch of the pen, it 
wonld not be agreed to by the Indians. It came Ijefore the Senate. A mo- 
tion was made to strike out tlie reservation. Keoknk's remark was repeated 
in the Senate. And on March 23, 1843, was ratified an Indian treaty for 
the first time in the history of the Senate, without an erasure. By this 
treaty, a tract of land comprising probably more thon two-thirds the present 
State of Iowa Avas transferred to the United States, for which the Sac and 
Fox Indians were to receive $800,000 in good State stocks, on Mdiich the 
Government should guarantee five per cent interest ]:)er annum. In the 
words of the treaty, they "ceded to the United States all their lands west of 
the Mississippi to which they had any claim or title." It was stipulated 
that they wei'e to be removed from the country at the expiration of three 
years, and all who remained after that were to remove at their owm expense. 
Part of them were removed to Kansas in the fall of 1845, and the remainder 
in the spring of 1846, In consequence of this peaceable arrangement, the 
early settlers of Mahaska county encountered no difficulties with tlie red 
man, and the historian has to record no price of blood paid for the possession 
of their primitive homes. Few Indians ever put in their appearance after 
the work of settlement had once thoi'oughly begun, 

Mr. William B. Street, of Oskaloosa, spent the years from 1828 to 1843 
among the Indians of the North w^est. From 1839 to 1843 he resided at Old 
Agency, near Agency City, and to him we are indebted for a number of in- 
teresting facts in regard to Indian names and history. By the various 
treaties made with the Sac and Fox Indians, the Government paid these 
$80,000 per year, by families. Mr. Street was disbursing clerk for John 
Beach, Indian agent, during the year 1841, and showed ns the receipts for the 
part payment of the annuity, in his own handwriting, and tlie marks of the 
chiefs in signing. We give an extract, including the names of part of those 
Indians who at that time were living at Kisli-Ke-Kosh's village, in White 
Oak township, w^ithin the present boundaries of Mahaska county: 

"We, the chiefs, warriors, heads of families, and individuals without fam- 
ilies, of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, within the same agency, acknowl- 
edge the receipt of forty thousand dollars of John Beach, United States 
Indian Agent, in tlie sums appended to our names, being our proportion 
of the annuity due said tribes, for the year 1841: 





MABKS 


MEN 


WOMEN 


childr'n 


TOTAL 


AMOUNT 


Kish-ke-kosh,' - - . - 


X 


1 


1 


3 


4 


$ Tl 30 


Ko-ko-ach, - . _ . 


X 


1 


2 


3 


6 


lOG 95 


Pas-sa-sa-she-shiek, - - - 


X 


1 


1 


2 


2 


55 65 


Mo-ka-qua, 


X 


1 






1 


17 82 


Pa-ko-ka, . . . . 


X 


1 


1 


2 


4 


71 30 


Ka-ke-wa-wa-te-sit, ... 


X 


2 


1 




3 


53 47 


Much-e-min-ne,^ 


X 


1 


1 


2 


4 


71 30 


Wa-pes-e-qua," - - - - 


X 


1 


1 


2 


4 


71 30 


Wa-pe-ka-kah,^ . _ . 


X 


2 


1 


3 


6 


106 95 


Mus-qna-ke,' . . . . 


X 


3 


2 


2 


7 


124 78 


And fifty-nine others. 















" Kish-ke-kosh means "The man with one leg off" 



- Much-i-min-ne means "Big man". 
3 Wa-pes-e-qua means "White eyes". 



4Wa-pe-ka-kah means "White crow". 
sMus-qua-ke means "The fox". 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 263 

"We certify that we M^ere present at the payment of the above mentioned 
amounts, and saw the amounts paid to the several Indians, in specie, and 
that their marks were affixed in our presence, this 19th of October, 1841. 

"(Signed) JNO. BEACII,^ 

U. S. Indian Agent. 

THOMAS McCKATE, 

Lieut. 1st Dragoons. 

JOSIAH SMART, 

Interpreter. 

" We, the undersigned, Chiefs of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, ac- 
knowledge the correctness of the foregoing receipts. 

KEOKUK," his X mark. 
POWESHIEK,' his X mark." 

In a record of the old settlers of Mahaska county no one is more strongly 
entitled to extended notice than Kish-ke-kosh. Though the meaning of 
his name is "The man with one leg off," few Indians possessed a finer pair 
of legs and a titier physique than the chief of Mahaska county's Indian 
village. Tall, straight as an arrow, with fine head and intellectual face, a 
humorous eye, his whole appearance was such as to challenge admiration, 
and was a genuine type of the traditional brave, which the present genera- 
tion believes existed only in poetry, because in this day they only see the 
Indians as a set of miserable beggars, or find their true nature shackled by 
an adoption of ,a mode of life for which they were never fitted. Previous 
to 1837 Kish-ke-kosh was simply a warrior chief in the village of Keokuk, 
though he was the lattei-'s first "lieutenant. The warrior chief was inferior 
to the village chief, to which distinction, we have seen, Kish-ke-kosh after- 
ward attained. For the purpose of forming the treaty known as the 
"Treaty of '37," a deputation of Sac and Fox Indians, under escort of 
General Street, was taken to Washington City, and difi'erent parts ot^ the 
east. This deputation included Keokuk, Black Hawk, Poweshiek, Kish- 
ke-kosh, and alx)ut fifteen other chiefs. Kish-ke-kosh was regarded 
among his tribe as the clown and wit, and in the journej^ to the East he did 
not forget to display his humor and sarcasm. The Indians descended the 
Mississippi to the mouth of the Ohio by steamer, and thence up the latter 
i-iver to Wheeling, where they took stage across the mountains. Some- 
where on the route a party of ladies came on the steamer, and a young man 
who was accompanying the Indian delegation, becotning acquainted with 
the ladies, took them around to see the Indians. The young man, with 
the ill manners of some white people, fingered the dress and ornaments of 
the chiefs for the benefit of the sight seers, a familiarity which Kish-ke- 
kosh evidently thought should be dispensed with. Accordingly, when the 
young man was through, Kish-ke-kosh stepped up to him and commenced 
to sample his coat, vest, pantaloons and watch chain, to feel his hair, ex- 
hibit his teeth, etc., to his brother chiefs, jabbering away in the Sac tongue, 
and going through, with perfect mimicry, the self-assumed keeper of a 
menagerie. The deck of the steamer held a most appreciative crowd ot 
spectators, and, as peal after peal of laughter assaulted the young man's 

^Keokuk means " The watchful fox". ? Poweshiek means " The roused bear". 



264 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

tingling' ears, lie doubtless arrived at the conclnsion that barbarism was 
able to teach a specimen of civilizatioii a lesson in manners, whose impres- 
sion would not be lost till his dying daj. 

Wiiile the party were in Washington, at the request of some of the gov- 
ernnjent officials, a council was held with some chiefs of the Sioux there 
present, as the Sacs and Foxes were waging perpetual war with the Sioux 
nation. This council was held in the representative chamber, and, to the 
great indignation of tiie Sioux, Kish-ke-kosh appeared, dressed in a buf- 
falo hide which he had taken in war from a Sioux chief, and took his place 
in one of the large windows, with the mane and horns of the buHalo as a 
sort of head-dress, and the tail trailing to the floor. The Sioux complained 
to the officials, claiming that this was an insult to them, but were informed 
that Kish-ke-kosh hatl a right to appear in his own costume. The first 
speech was made by a Sioux, who complained most bitterly of their wrongs, 
of how they had been driven from their bonnes by the Sacs and Foxes, their 
warriors killed, and villages burned. Then followed Keokuk in reply — the 
great orator of his tribe — an interpreter repeating his speech after him. 
There were those present who had heard Webster, Calhoun, Clay and 
Benton in this same hall, but declared that, for delivery, for native elo- 
quence, impassioned expression of countenance, the chief surpassed theui 
all, though they could not undei^tand his words, save as they were inter- 
preted. Kish-ke-kosh followed. He ridiculed the Sioux, laughed at their 
weaknesses and mimicked their complaints. 

From Washington they proceeded to New York, where they were shown 
little attention, and General Street attempted to show them the city on foot, 
but on their lirst appearance the Gothamites crowded them beyond en- 
durance in their endeavors to see Black Hawk and others, so that the whole 
party was obliged to escape the crowd by passing through a store, and tak- 
ing the alle}^ way toward their hotel. At Boston they were met at the 
train by carriages, at the public expense, and the following day, in open 
carriages with guards on foot, were shown almost the whole cit^-. Governor 
Edward Everett gave a banquet for them, and there, as everywhere, Kish- 
ke-kosh made himself the decided favorite by his witticisms, jokes and 
stories, especially among the ladies. He canie back home loaded with 
presents, jeweby, rings and fancy work, which, during the i-emainder of 
liis life, he delighted to display, saying these were given him by the "white 
squaws." When the Indians returned and were asked about New York 
City, they only expressed their disgust. Boston was the onl}^ place in the 
United States, in their estimation, an opinion which they may have im- 
bibed from Bostonians, who probably in words, as well as in attentions, gave 
the braves to understand that their city was the " hub," 

It was in recognition of Kish-ke-kosh's distinction during this visit 
that he was made a village chief and removed to the banks of the Skunk 
river, as above mentioned. 

Here the squaws, after grubbing out hazel brush on the banks of the 
creeks or the edge of timber, unaided by plow or brave, planted and tended 
their patches of corn, surronndiivg them by rude fences of willow, which 
were renewed every year. Here the men trained their ponies, hunted, 
iished and loafed, until they were disturbed by the incoming of the whites. 

The following incident is located at this point: Sometime about 18-11 
Major Beach, Indian Agent, in company with W. B. Street, and others, 
came up here from Agency City, on some business with Kish-ke-kosh,. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 265 

Arriving late in tlie evening they encamped near the village, and on the 
following morning Kish-ke-kosh, with his assistants, came over to the camp 
to receive them. Tlie pipe of peace was lighted and passed aronnd, and 
bnsiness transacted. After the council the whites were invited to come over 
in the evening to the feast Avhich the Indians proposed having in honor of 
their visit. The invitation was accepted, and presently the whites heard a 
great howling among the dogs, and looking in direction of the village they 
could plainly see the preparations for the supper. A number of dogs were 
killed and stretched on stakes a few inches above the ground. They were 
then covered by dried grass, which was set on fire and the hair singed off, 
after which, when the dogs had passed through a scraping process, they were 
cut up and placed in pots, along with a quantity of corn. Thus was the 
favorite barbecue among the race prepared. The whites were promptly in 
attendance, but on account of their national prejudice (!) they were provided 
with venison soup instead of dog stew. After the feast dancing was com- 
menced, first the Green Corn dance, then the Medicine dance, and closing 
just before morning with the Scalp dance. Kish-ke-kosh did not take part 
in the Terpsichoreau exhibition, but sat with the whites, laughing, joking 
and telling stoi'ies. This village of Kish-ke-kosh contained about two 
hundred and fifty Indians, and a few months after the treaty of 18-12 they 
removed to a point about three miles south-east of the present capital of the 
state on the Des Moines river, where Keokuk had his village at this time. 
There they remained until the spring of 1846, when the entire party were 
conveyed in United States Government wagons to a point on the reservation, 
seventy miles southwest of Kansas City. Some of the bark covered huts of 
Kish-ke-kosh's village still remained in White Oak township after the white 
settlers came, and the graves covered by a roof of rude slabs w^ere still to be 
seen, but now every Indian relic is gone, save as the plowman turns from 
under the glebe an occasional arrows-head or hatchet. The wigwam has 
given way to the stately homestead or tapering spire; the war dance and 
dog feast to the second best county fair in the state. Where once the Indian 
youth found his early training in drawing his supple bow upon the wary 
fox, the boys of another race trudge to the district school, or serve an appren- 
ticeship behind the plow. The soil for centuries unbroken now yields a 
fruitful reward to an industry unknown to the aboriginies of our prairies. 
The Indian has read the .Mene, Mens, tehel, upharsin of his doomed race, 
and his history forces upon every thoughtful mind a feeling of pity, in con- 
trast with a thought of expediency — a contrast in which expediency has 
usually had the best of it. 

EARLY SETTLEMENT. 

The first dwelling occupied by whites on the soil of what is now Ma- 
haska county was erected in 1842, by one Macbeth, while the country was 
yet in possession of the Indians. Eddyville was then an Indian village 
known as Hard Fish's village, and here J. P. Eddy had a trading point, 
whence came the modern name of the town. A short distance from this 
village, but within tlie limits of Mahaska county, Macbeth, by permission 
of the Indians, built his cabin, though it is doubtful if he ever lived in it. 
It is said to have been occupied by John B. Gray and his family, during 
the winter of 1842-3. 



266 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Those expecting to make settlements on tlie "New Purchase" were for- 
bidden to come on the reserve until the time of its deliver}' into the hands 
of the government by the Indians, May 1st, ISIS. Dragoons were sta- 
tioned all along tiie border, whose duty it was to keep the whites out of the 
country until the appointed time. For some weeks previous to the date 
assigned, settlers came n]) into the new country, prospecting for homes, and 
were quietly permitted to cross the border and look around, so long as they 
were unaccompanied by wagon and carried no ax. This latter weapon was 
sometimes placed without a handle in the knapsack of the traveler and an 
innjpromjytu handle fitted in by a penknife, when necessity called for its 
use. During the last few days of April the dragoons relaxed their strict 
discipline and an occasional wagon slipped in through the brush. The 
night of April 30th found some scores of newcomers on the ground, Avho 
had been prospecting the countrj^ who had decided mentally what claims 
they would make, and had various agreements among themselves. These 
settlers were mostly along or near the Des Moines river, it then being 
thought that prairie land was not half so desirable as the river and timber 
country. 

As it neared midnight on the morning of May 1st, settler after settler 
took his place upon the border of his claim with his bunch of sharpened 
stakes and lantern, or his blazing torch, and when it was thought twelve 
o'clock had arrived there was some lively surveying by amateur engineers 
in the dark. The claims were paced off, and strange to say thei-e were few 
cases of dispute, the matter having been pretty generally understood on 
the preceding day. Some of the claims were pretty large, more, in fact, 
than the law suffered the claimants to hold, some of whom were not un- 
mindful of the wholesome advice of a mother in Hoosierdom, who possibly 
lived in a later da}', but who counseled "Git a plenty while your gittin," 
to which the settler added, "and git the best." The first squatter is un- 
known under these circumstances, thouojh the name of those who claim the 
honor is legion. 

In the settlement of the Territory of Iowa, the legislature began by or- 
ganizing counties on the Mississippi. As each new county was formed it 
was made to include, under legal jurisdiction, all the country bordering 
west of it, and required to grant to the occidental settlers electoi'al priv- 
ileges and an equal share in the county government, with those M'ho prop- 
erly lived in the geographical limit of the county. Thus did Mahaska 
county at one time have jurisdiction over the country about Des Moines 
city. 

By act of the territorial legislature, February 5, 1844, a provision was 
made for the organization of this county, including unlimited territory 
north and west, as far as settled. By the provisions of the act William 
Edmundson was appointed sheriff", and by judge Williams, of Muscatine, 
M. T. Williams, then of Mt. Pleasant, was appointed clerk. According 
to the territorial law it was the duty of these men to perfect the organiza- 
tion of the county. 

There was no justice of the peace nor other officer privileged to admin- 
ister an oath, until Wm. Edmundson was appointed justice, March 10, 
1844, by Gov, Chambers, in accordance with the privilege granted him by 
act of the legislature. 

If the reader will, in imagination, carry himself back to this time, and 
consider the condition of the country when these gentlemen come into the 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 267 

county lie will have no difficulty in realizin<i; tliat the work of organizing 
a frontier county was no easy task. 'No local map of the country had ever 
been made. Roads were yet a thing to come. The fords of the river had 
not been discovered and the homes of settlers were only to be found by the 
sagacity of the traveler, who, taking the snn as a guide, would set out in a 
ride of from 15 to 30 miles, over a trackless prairie, in search of a squatter's 
cabin. In the face of these difficulties the sheriff and clerk divided the 
new county into election precincts and, with the aid of John W. Jones 
and Wm. A. Delashmutt, succeeded in finding and appointing election 
officers sufficient for holding the first election, which occurred on the first 
Monday in April, 1844. 

As far as we have been able to ascertain, the following were the precincts, 
and members of the election board in this first election: 

Harrison. — Britton Edwards, John Newell, Jacob Hamilton, Ephraim 
Munsell, and Col. Vance. 

Sjyring Creek. — Jonathaji Williams, Isaac N. Seevers, D. Bowers, Geo-W. 
Seevers, and William Pilgrim. The polling place of this precinct was on 
the farm now owned by James Roberts, about one mile northeast from the 
county seat. 

Jefferson. — A. C. Sharp, Allen Lowe, Thomas Long, Thomas Stanley, 
and John Long. 

White 6>«Z'.— John N. Butler, Henry Bond, Pleasant Parker, B. Stone, 
and Jacob Hunter. This election was held at the house of Henry Bond. 

Six Mile Prairie. — G. G. Rose, Thomas Wilson, _Wesley Freel, William 
Bassett, and John Patches. 

Monroe. — John Hollingsworth, Isaac Bed well, M. P. Crowder, Robert 
Ritchey, and George Bailey. 

Red Bock. — Witliam E. James, Samuel Geddis, Argus A. Martin, John 
H. Mikesell, and John Jordan. Now in Marion county. 

Jackson (now Scott). — Jacob H. Majors, Highland, and Hezekiah 

Gay. 

White Breast.— iS. B. Hamilton, Albert Yertreese, Elias Elder,^ Osee 
Matthews, and Green T. Clark. This precinct was a part of what is now 
Marion county. 

We were not successful in discovering the number of votes polled at this 
election, which resulted in the choice of the following officers: 

John White, Probate Judge; Wm. Edmundson, Sheriff; Wm. Pilgrim, 
Recorder; Wm. D. Canfield, Treasurer; W. A. Delashmutt, Assessor; 
Brittain Edwards, Coroner; A. S. Nichols, Wilson Stanley, and Robert 
Curry, County Commissioners; David Stump, Surveyor; John W. Cun- 
ningham, Commissioner's Clerk. 

A few days later these men were sworn into office and the machinery of 
government was in progress. 

COUNTY SEAT CONTEST. 

The act of the Legislature organizing the county appointed three commis- 
sioners from without its boundary, who were supposed to be an impartial 
court to decide the question of locating the county seat. This commission 
was paid for at the rate of two dollars per day for each individual, which 
seems quite a small remuneration for the hardships and privations of their 
ten days' tramp through the wilderness. 



268 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The commission was composed of Jesse Williams, of Johnson connty; 
Ebenezer Perkins, of Washington county; and Thomas Henderson, of Keo- 
kuk county. 

These men, on May 11, ISl-l, completed their task, and announced their 
decision as follows: 

TERRITORY OF IOWA, } 
Mahaska County. [ 

Mai/ llfJi, 1844. 
The undersigned, commissioners appointed by the thirteenth section of an act entitled An 
Act to Organize the Counties of Keokuk and Mahaska, after being duly qualified, agreeably 
to the provisions of said act, have come unanimously to the conclusion to locate the county 
seat of said county, and do hereby locate said county seat, on the southeast quarter of section 
thirteen (13), in tovraship seventy-five (75) of range sixteen (16). 

JESSE WILLIAMS, 
THOMAS HENDERSON, 
EBENEZER PERKINS. 

This quarter section, as many of our readers well know, contains the bus- 
iness portion and many of the dwellings of the present seat of justice, Oska- 
loosa. 

Three locations were pressed for the choice of the commission. 

1st. Auburn, a site at the head of Six Mile Prairie, its advocates claim- 
ing as its advantages, its location on the river — an argument, it is said, 
which had considerable force with the commissioners; it was also claimed 
that it would be the center of population of the county, under the imj^res- 
sion that the prairies were so expensive they would not be settled up for gen- 
erations. 

2d. The geographical center of the county, a spot about two and one-half 
miles north of Oskaloosa. This was objected to as inaccessible, and of bad 
physical location. 

3d. The place known as " The Karrows," the iinal choice of the commis- 
sion. This was a point on the water-shed between South Skunk river and 
the Des Moines, where the timber land from either stream ap]>roached al- 
most to joining. Before the country was settled, this point could be seen for 
twenty miles as the pioneer approached it froin the southeast, and the ridge 
lined on either side by the timber skirting the bordering streams, looked 
like one long vista, with a gateway of green at the limit of vision. This 
water-shed was the great highway of travel between different points on the 
Mississippi and Missouri, or far west. These circumstances induced the de- 
cision of the commissioners in favor of "The Narrows." They favored Os- 
kaloosa as the name of the proposed town, but some of the citizens wished 
the county seat to have the same name as the county, Mahaska, and owing 
to the difference of opinion, the locating commissioners left the name of 
the town to be settled by the county commissioners, but recommended 
Oskaloosa as the name. Two of these latter, A. S. Nichols and Robert 
Curry, met at the appointed place on May 13, 18-44, but the third com- 
missioner, Wilson Stanley, not being present, they adjourned till the day 
following, when, being qualified, they proceeded to select jurors for the 
first term of the District Court, and provide for the survey of the county 
seat, etc., etc. 

Wm. D. Canfield, not liking the name Mahaska, asked the commission to 
choose another name. M. T. Williams proposed Oskaloosa. The sentiment 
of the bystanders was taken, and a large majority favored the suggestion of 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 269 

Mr. Williams, and the following entry was made by tlie clerk of the 
Board : 

Ordered, By the board, that Oskaloosa shall be the name of the seat of justice of Mahaska 
county. 

HISTORY OF NAMES OSKALOOSA AND MAHASKA. 

Onr readers will, perhaps, feel interested in knowing the origin of this 
name. We are informed that the proper spelling is Ouscaloosa. Ousca- 
loosa, of Indian history or tradition, was a Creek princess. The Seminoles 
made war upon the Creeks, and destroyed the whole body of warriors. The 
father of Ousealoosa was among the slain, and she, with all the women of 
the Creeks, was taken prisoner. Eventually Osceola, a chief of the Semi- 
noles, made her his wife, and gave her the Seminole name Ousealoosa, mean- 
ing "The Last of the Beautiful." 

Apropos, we quote from the Herald of 1853: 

Oskaloosa! Oskaloosa! 
"What a beauteous name; 

Who'd have thought a wee papoose 
Ever bore the same ? 

Once it was an Indian baby, 
Then a chieftain's mate; 

Now a city, next it may be 
Capital of state. 

'Tis a name of progress fairly, 
And the poet's song 

Is in droll diffusions rarely 
Helping it along. 

Go ahead, fair Oskaloosa, 
Great and growing name! 

Who'd have thought a wee papoose 
Ever bore the same V 
November 28th, 1853. G. W. S. 

For the current spelling of Oskaloosa the first clerk was responsible, who 
never having seen the name in print, guessed at the orthography. If the 
clerks at the post-office are to be l)elieved, some other persons who live else- 
where have " guessed " differently, and with various results, as Oskalusa, 
Oscalosa, Oscaloosa, Oskalusa, Oscaloocy, Oskeloosa, Oskloosa, Oskalooca, 
Oskalouisa, Osklusa, Anskalucy, Oskaloosee, Oskalucy, Oskalusee, Oscal- 
lusa, Oskilucy, Oskalloosy, Oskaleucy, Oskalloosa, Auskaloosa, Auskiloocy, 
etc., etc. 

Mahaska, the name of the county, was that of an Iowa chief, meaning, in 
our language. White Cloud. For the following interesting sketch of his 
life, we are indebted to a work in the State Library: 

LIFE OF MAHASKA. 

"Mahaska, or White Cloud, the elder, was the son of Manhawgaw or the 
Wounding Arrow, who was principal chief of the Panhoochee or j^ierced 
nose band of Indians. Mauliawgaw emigrated, some hundred and fifty 
years ago, from Michillmacinac to the west bank of the Iowa Eiver, and 



270 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

selected a jDosition near its mouth, where his band kindled tlieir fires and 
smoked their pipes to the Great Spirit. The name given to this river by 
Manhawgaw, was Neohony, or the Master of Rivers. 

" Having built his village, he was greeted with a salutation from the Sioux. 
A pipe was sent to him by that tribe, with an invitation to a dog feast, made 
in honor of the Great Spirit. He accepted the invitation and joined in the 
ceremony. Whilst at the feast, and no doubt reposing in the most perfect 
security, he was suddenly attacked; but tliough surprised he succeeded in 
killing one man and three woman, before he was slain. This outrage upon 
the national honor has never been forgiven. 

" The lowas, indignant at the conduct of the Sioux, resolved immediately 
on revenge. They raised a war party. Of this party, the son Mahaska was 
the legitimate chief; but being young, and having never distinguislied him- 
self in battle, he declined taking the command, but by virtue of his right he 
conferred upon a distinguished and tried warrior, the authorit)" to lead his 
warriors against the Sioux — stating at the time, that he would accompany 
the expedition as a common soldier, and fight until he shoukl acquire exper- 
ience and gain trophies enough to secure to him the confidence of his peo- 
ple. 

" Arrangements being made, the party marched into the Sioux country, and 
gained a great victory; taking ten of the enemy's scalps. Tlie young Makaska 
brought home, in his own bunch, the scalp of the Sioux chief, in whose 
lodge the life of his father had been so treacherously taken. 

"Having thus shown himself a brave, he assumed the command of his war- 
riors and of his tribe. His war adventures were numerous and daring. He 
was in eighteen battles against various bands, and was never defeated. In 
one of his expeditions against the Osages, with whom his conflicts were 
many, he arrived on the north bank of the Missouri, and while tliere, and 
enofa^ed in trving to stop and ett'usion of blood from his nose, he espied a 
canoe descendmg the river, inwhicli were tlu-ee iM-enchmen; wishing to cross 
over with his party, he called upon the Frenchmen to land and assist him. 
The Frenchmen not only refused but fired upon the Indians, wounding one 
of the AVhite Cloud's braves. The tire was instantly returned, which killed 
one of the Frenchmen. 

"White Cloud had so far taken no part in this little aftair, but, seeing one 
of his braves wounded, he called for his gun, saying, ' You have killed one 
of the rascals, I'll try if I cannot send another along with hiin to keep him 
company to the Chee.' Chee means the house of the Black Spirit. 

"As usual, the whites raised a great clamor against the lowas, giving out 
all along the borders, that they were killing the settlers. A party was 
raised and armed, and marched forthwith against Mahaska and his warriors. 
They were overtaken — White Cloud, not suspecting their designs and being 
conscious of having committed no violence, was captured and thrust into 
prison, where he remained many months. He finally made his escape and 
succeeded in reaching his own country in safety. He then married four 
wives. It is the custom of the tribe, when husbands or brothers fall in bat- 
tle, for braves to adopt their wives or sisters. White Cloud found, on his 
return, four sisters, who had thus been deprived of their protector, all of 
whom he married. Of these Rantchewaima, or the ' Female Flying Pigeon,' 
was one of the youngest. 

" Often, after White Cloud had thus settled himself, was he known to ex- 
press his regret at having permitted his warriors to fire upon the Frenchmen. 



HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTF. 271 

On those occasions he has been seen to look upon his hand, and heard to 
mutter to himself, 'There is blood on it.' He rejoiced, however, in the 
reflection that he had never shed the blood of an American. And yet his 
father's death, and the manner of it, made him restless, and rendered him im- 
placable against the perpetrators of that outrage, and their allies. 

" Not long after his escape from prison and return to his home, and soon 
after his marriage, he planned an expedition against the Osages. He 
resolved to march with a select party of ten braves, to the Little Osage plains, 
which lie south of the Missouri river, and about two hundred and fifty miles 
above St. Louis. Arriving at the plains, a favorable opportunity soon 
oftered, which was seized by Mahaska and the battle commenced. It was 
his misfortune, early in the conflict, to receive a rifle ball in his leg, just 
above the ankle. He had succeeded, however, before he was wounded, in 
taking three of the enemy's scalps, when he sought a retreat, and found one 
under a large log tliat lay across a watercourse. The Osages followed close 
upon him being guided by the blood which flowed from his wound; but they 
lost the trail on arriving at the watercourse; for Mahaska had taken the 
precaution to step into the water some distance below the log, by which 
stratagem he misled his pursuers, for they supposed that he had crossed 
over at the place where they last saw the blood. He remained under the log, 
which lay on tlie water, with just so much of his nose out as enabled him 
to breathe. 

" In the night when all was silence, save the tinkling of the bells of the 
Indian horses in tlie plains below, Mahaska left his place of concealment, 
and coming up with one of the horses, mounted him and made ofl" in the 
direction of his home, which was on the river Des Moines. Arriving at the 
Missouri he resorted to the Indian mode of crossing, which is to tie one end 
of the halter around the head or neck of the horse, av 1 taking the other end 
between his teeth, he drives the animal into the water, and unites his own 
exertions as a swimmer, to those of the horse, and is by this means carried 
over in safety. 

" In all these difficulties he took care not to part with either his gun or his 
scalps. On arriving at home he paraded his trophies, and ordered the 
scalp dance to be danced. Not being able, on account of his wound, to 
lead the dance himself, he placed the scalps in the hands of Inthehono, or 
the 'Big Axe', who, being the first brave of his band, was entitled to the dis- 
tinction. Mahaska accompanied the presentation of the scalps to Big Axe 
with these words: 'I have now revenged the death of my father. My 
heart is at rest. I will go to war no more. I told Manshuchess, or Red 
Head (meaning Gen. Clark), when I was last at St. Louis, that I would 
take his peace talk. My word is out. I will fight no more.' 

"In the year 1824 Mahaska left home, being one of a party on an em- 
bassy to Washington, leaving his wives behind him, their number having 
increased to seven. When about one hundred miles from home, and near 
the mouth of the river Des Moines, having killed a deer, he stopped to 
cook a piece of it. He was seated, and had just commenced his meal, when 
he felt himself suddenl}^ struck on the back. Turning round, he was aston- 
ished to see Rantchewaime standing before him, with an uplifted tomahawk 
in her hand. She thus accosted him: 'Am I your wife? Are you my 
husband? If so, I will go with you to the Mawhehunneche (or the Ameri- 
can big house), and see and shake the hand of Incohonee ' (which means 
great father). Mahaska answered: 'Yes, you are my wife. lam your 



272 HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

hnsbaiid. I have been a long time from yon. I am glad to see you. You 
are my pretty wife, and a brave man always loves to see a pretty woman.' 

"The party arrived at Washington. 'A talk' was had with President 
Monroe. The present of a medal was made to Mahaska, and a treat}' was 
conchided between the United States and the lowas. It is a treaty of ces- 
sion of limits, etc., and of consideration thereof. These conditions included 
a payment, in that year, of five hundred dollars, and the same sum an- 
nually for ten years thereafter. Provision is made for blankets, farming 
utensils aiid cattle, and assistance is promised them in their agricultural 
pursuits, under such forms as the President might deem exj)edient. 

"The following occurrence happened at Washington: 

" During that visit Mahaska would occasionally indulge in a too frequent 
use of ardent spirits. On one of these occasions he was exercising one of 
a husband's privileges on the ' Fljnng Pigeon.' The agent hearing the scuf- 
fle, hastened to their room. Mahaska, hearing him coming, lifted up the 
window sash and stepped out, forgetting that he was two stories from the 
ground. In the fall he broke his arm; yet so accustomed had he been to 
fractures and wounds that he insisted on riding the next day, over rough 
roads and pavements, a distance of at least two miles to see a cannon cast. 
A few days after he sat to Mr. King, of Washington, for his portrait. 

"On his return to his country and to his home, Mahaska began in ear- 
nest to cultivate his land. He built for himself a double log house, and 
lived in great comfort. This, he said, was in obedience to the advice of his 
great father. 

" Soon after his return to his home it was his misfortune to lose his favor- 
ite wife, and under very fearful circuinstances: They were crossing a tract 
of country. Mahaska having reason to apprehend that hostile bands 
might be met with, kept in advance. Each was on horseback, the 'Flying 
Pigeon ' carrying her child, Mahaska the younger, then about four years of 
age. Turning at a certain point to look back to see what distance his wife 
was from him, he was surprised, his position being a high one, enabling 
him to overlook a considerable extent of country, not to be able to see her. 

" He rode back, and sad to relate, alter retracing his steps some Ave or six 
miles, he saw her horse grazing near the trail, and presently the body of 
his wife, near the edge of a small precipice, with her child resting its head 
upon her body. The horror stricken chief, alighting near the spot, was 
soon assured of her death. Standing over her corpse, he exclaimed in his 
mother tongue: ' Wau-cunda menia-bratuskunee, shimgan-menia-nanga- 
nappoo! ' which, being interpreted means, 'God Almighty! I am a bad 
man! You are angry with me. The horse has killed my squaw.' At 
that moment the child lifted its head from the dead body of its mother and 
said: 'Father, my mother is asleep.' 

"The inference was that the horse had stumbled and thrown her. The 
occurrence took place about four days' journey from his house. Mahaska, 
within that time, was soon returning to his lodge, bearing the body of 
Rantchewaime, with his child in his arms. He proceeded at once to dis- 
pose of the corpse. His first business was to gather together all the pres- 
ents that had been made to her at Washington, also whatever belonged to 
her, and to place them, with the body, in a rude box; and then, according 
to the custom of the Indians of that region, the box was placed upon a high 

scaffold. 

****** 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 275 

" In 1833 the son of an Iowa chief of distinction, named Crane, was 
killed by the Oniahas. A party of lowas applied to Mahaska to head 
them in the pnrsnitof the enemy. He replied: 'I have buried the toma- 
hawk; I am now a man of peace.' He added: 'The treaty made with 
our o^reat father ])rovides for tlie punishment of such outrages.' The party, 
however, resolved that the}^ would punish the aggressors. They made an 
incursion into the enemies' country, and returned bringing with them six 
scalps. The customary feast was prepared, and all was made ready for the 
scalp dance; but Mahaska refused to partake of the one, or participate in 
the other. 

"The murderers having been, on both sides, reported to the Government, 
Gen. Clark was directed to cause the lowas to be arrested. This duty 
was assigned to their agent. Gen. Hughes, who called on the chief Mahaska, 
to whom he made known tiie order. Mahaska answered: 'It is right. 
I will go with you.' The offenders were arrested and conve^yed to Fort 
Leavenworth. While confined there, one of the prisoners called Mahaska 
to the window of his cell, and looking him full in the face said: ' Inca 
(father), if ever I get out of this place alive, I will kill you. A. brave 
man should never be deprived of his libert}^, and confined as I am. Yon 
should have shot me at the village.' 

"Unfortunately for Mahaska, that Indian succeeded in making his escape 
from the prison. He forthwith went in pursuit of the object of his re- 
venge. Mahaska was found encamped on the Nodaway, about sixty miles 
from his village. -His pursuer and party attacked him with guns, toma- 
hawks and clubs, and slew him. After he was dead, one of the party 
remarked that 'he was the hai-dest man to kill he ever knew'. This was in 
183-I-, Mahaska being then about fifty years old. The tidings of Mahaska's 
death soon reached his village. One of the murderers escaped and sought 
refuge among the Ottoes; but on learning the cause of his visit to them, 
they shot him in their camp. The other, with the utmost indifference, 
returned to the village of the murdered chief Young Mahaska, now the 
successor of his father and ])rincipal chief of the nation, on hearing the 
news of his father's death, and that one of the murderers had returned to 
the village, went immediately to his lodge, killed his dogs and horses, and 
with his knife cut and ripped his lodge in every possible direction. This 
last act, especially, is an insult, to which no brave man will submit. 
Having hurled this defiance at one of the murderers of his father, and 
expressed his contempt for him under every possible form, he turned to 
the assassin, who had observed, in silence, the destruction of his property, 
and looking him sternly in the face, said: 'You have killed the greatest 
man who ever made a moccasin track on the Nodaway; you must, there- 
' fore, be yourself a great man, since the Great Spirit has given you the 
victory. To call you a dog, would make my father less than a dog.' The 
squaw of the murderer exclaimed to her husband, 'why don't you kill the 
boy?' He replied, 'he is going to l)e a great brave; I cannot kill him.' 
So saying he handed the young chief a ]npe, which he refused, saying, 'I 
will leave you in the hands of the braves of my nation.' To which the 
inflexible murderer replied, 'I am not going to run away; I'll meet your 
braves to-morrow.' The Indian knew full well the fate that awaited him. 
He felt that his life was forfeited, and meant to assure the young chief 
that he was ready to pay the penalty. 

18 



276 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

"The next day a general council was convened; tlie case was submitted 
to it; the unanimous voice was 'he shall die'; it was further decreed tliat 
young Maliaska should kill him, but he declined, sajiug, '1 cannot kill so 
brave a man ', whereupon he was sliot by one of the ])rincipal braves. His 
body was left on the ground to be devoured by wolves, as a mark of the 
disgust of the tribe, aiid of their abhorrence of the assassin of their chief. 

"It is customary among the lowas and the neighboring tribes, for their 
wives and children of the deceased to give away everything which had 
belonged to him and his family. This custom was rigidly adhered to on 
the occasion of Mahaska's death. Ilis squaw went into mourning and 
poverty. The mourning was kept up for six months, and consists, in 
addition to the blacking of the face, in much wailing and in the utterance 
of long and melancholy howls. At its expiration, the tribe present the 
mourners with food and clothing and otiier necessaries of savage life. One 
of Mahaska's widows, however, named Mis-soi--ah-tar-ra-ha\v, which means 
the ' female deer that bounds over the plains ', refused to be comforted, 
saying her husband 'was a great brave and was killed by dogs', meaning 
low, vulgar fellows. Mahaska was six feet two inches in height, possessed 
great bodily strength and activity, and was a man of perfect symmetry of 
person, and of uncommon beauty." 

COMMISSIONER'S COURT. 

But to return to the commissioner's court. On Tuesday morning, May 
14, 1844, the commissioners chose the following as the 

FIRST GRAND JURY. 

James Yance, George Argabright, John Rose, Aaron D. Bowers, Richard 
Parker, Adam Cline, Michael S. Morris, Osee Matthews, George W. Jones, 
Jefferson Chitwood, William Bean, James Iliggenbothem, Wellington 
Nosman, James Comstock, Adam Storts, William Welch, John Shelledy, 
Harmon Davis, John B, Stewart, Brantly Stafford, Jacob Crane, Alexander 
May, and John Vance. 

PETIT JURY. 

John Newel, Samuel Peters, John D. Baldwin, Thomas Brooks, Alfred 
Seevei-s, William Bovel, Robert Hammond, Thomas Fancher, Jacob Nor- 
dike, James Seevers, William D. Brown, James Ross, Alfred Hood, Solo- 
omon Barber, Pleasant Parker, Green T. Clark, John P. Majors, Joseph 
H. Benedict, Thomas Williams, Isaac Barker, Wesley A. Freed, Thomas 
Wilson, Robert Curry, jr., and Benjamin Thomas. 

On the same day the county was divided into the following elective pre- 
cincts, viz: 

1, White Oak Grove; 2, Muchakinock; 3, Oskaloosa; 4, Harrisburgh; 
5, North Fork; 6, Skunk River; 7, Black Oak Grove; 8, Lake Prairie; 
9, White Breast; 10, Cedar; 11, West Half Poweshiek; and 12, East Half 
Poweshiek. The record shows that in the preparation of documents the 
commissioners were compelled to adopt an impromptu seal, and they 
selected for the time, the " eagle side of a dime." In that day we find that 
"corner groceries" enjoyed life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness at a 
cost of twenty -five dollars per year, and in the same proportion for a shorter 
time. 



HISTORY 



OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 277 



Tlie town of Oskaloosa was laid out by David Stamp, county surveyor, 
and a day appointed in June tor the public sale of lots. On account of the 
opposition made by the Six Mile Prairie settlers the lots sold very low, 
and after several had been sacrificed, the commissioners stopped the sale. 
The reinainino; lots were sold by M. T. Williams, at private sale, ranging 
in price from live to lifty dollars. M. T. Williams, as lot agent, was 
required to give certificates of purchase, with the conditions that the com- 
missioners should not be called upon to make deeds until the board should 
obtain a title to the same from the United States. 

The following is the report of the agent for 1845, upon the sale of the 
above mentioned lots, as taken from the commissioners' records: 

Whole number of lots sold 192 

Whole amount tor which they sold $4,082.30 

Whole amount received as first payment 529.55 

Whole amount of notes taken 3,502.85 

I have paid to Treasurer, in notes 3,092.49 

f 410.36 
Of which amount I have collected. 352.75 

Notes yet in my hands $ 57.81 

Add to this the whole amount received by me 882.30 

in any way, which amounts to $ , 940.11 

Deduct from this the amount disbursed, which is 859.87 

Leaves in my hands the sum of $ 80.24 

Deduct from this the notes of agent calculated in the above 92.75 

Amount due agent $ 12.51 

All of which is most respectfully submitted. 

M. T. Williams, 
January 8, 1846. Agent. 

It will be seen by this that the lots were sold mostly on credit, only one- 
eighth being required in cash, and the remainder in notes. The highest 
price paid for any one lot which we noticed on the record was fifty-six 
dollars. Lot 5, block 11>, where the Downing House now stands, was sold 
June 9, 1844, to Harmon Davis, for |41. At this time (1878) it is prob- 
ably worth, unimproved, about $8,000, or $133^ per foot front. 

The legislature, by their act of organization, appointed another election 
to be held in August of this same year (1844). The county seat question 
entered largely into the contest, the Six Mile Prairie settlers making 
strenuous efforts to have it removed. Tickets were nominated according 
to the views of the candidates upon the seat of justice, and the result was a 
large majority in favor of Oskaloosa, which forever settled the question of 
county seat in Mahaska county, save that the Six Mile Prairie people were 
deeply chagrined, and for a time strongly refused to vote for any candidate 
who lived in the vicinity of Oskaloosa. 

FIRST COURT. 

The first court ever held in Mahaska county was in July, 1844. The 
judge was Hon. Joseph Williams, of Muscatine, who was judge in the 
second judicial district of the Territory of Iowa. The names of the jurors 
have been already mentioned. The court was maintained at the expense 



278 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

of the United States government, and had both Federal and local jui'isdic- 
tion. There was but little business demanding attention at this term of 
court, and perhaps might have been attended to in a single day. But as 
the most important business was drawing the fees, it continued in session 
an entire week, adjourning from day to day. The court was held in an 
uniinished log house, owned by Wm. D. Canfield and located within the 
present limits of Oskaloosa. The building was not floored, but a joist was 
laid across one end, and some loose planks thrown upon cross pieces fur- 
nished a rostrum for the judge and clerk; a phmk placed upon two flour 
barrels supplied the lack of a desk. Thus enthroned the court was opened. 
The grand jury sat in a holh)W about a quarter of a mile north of the 
square, in the prairie grass. A few minutes session in the morning found 
them taking a rece«s till afternoon, when an adjournment till the fol- 
lowing morning would secure another day's fees. The attorneys in attend- 
ance, so far as we have been able to learn, were W. W. Chapman, Major 
Thompson, U. S. attorney, Chris. W. Slagle and Geo. Atchison (both of 
which latter now live in Fairfield), John W. Alley, of Ked Rock, and 
Henry Temple, of Oskaloosa, now of Cass county. Those attending court 
were compelled, at night, to spread over the prairies in quest of lodging, 
as Oskaloosa at that time could scarcely accommodate a corporal's guard. 
We make the following extract from the oflicial records: 

Monday, July 15, 1844, being the third Monday of July, the day appointed by law for the 
commencement of the July term of the District Court for the county aforesaid, at Oskaloosa, 
the established seat of justice in said county, the Hon. Joseph Williams, judg-e of the second 
judicial district, failing- to appear, the court was adjourned, from day to day, by the sheriff', 
in pursuance of an order of the said judge, until the third day. 

The judge arriving on Wednesday, July 17, Wm. Thompson, Esq., was 
appointed United States attorney j9?'<? tem^ and C. W. Slagle, district at- 
torney pro tern. The records show eight civil and four criminal cases on 
the docket. One jury case was tried, and the grand jury brought in four 
indictments as follows, to- wit: 

United States ) 

vs. - Indictment for assault with intent to inflict great bodily injiirif. 

A. W. Blair. ) 

United States ) 

vs. > Indictment for selling liquor to the Indians. Bail, $200. 

Wilson Stanley. ) 

United States 1 

vs. >• Indictment fof intent to inflict great bodilg injiiri). 

Jno. p. Majors. ) 

United States ) 

vs. V Indictment for larceny. 

John George. ) 

On motion of Wm. Thompson, Alfred Lotspeich, Esq., was admitted to 
practice at the bar as an attorney and counselor at law and solicitor in 
chancery. 

On motion the temporary seal of the court was declared to be the eagle 
side of a twenty-five cent piece of American coin. 

The jury trial above mentioned was that of James Hall., appellee, v. 
Joseph Koons, a suit of forcible entry and detainer, caused by a conflict of 
claims. Court adjourned on Saturday, July 20. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 279 

In the followino; year, July 28, 1845, by this same court, was issued the 
first set of naturalization papers granted in this county. 

For the foUowing sketch of lion. Joseph Williams we are indebted to 
the pen of W. M. Donnel: 

As Jndge Williams was a somewhat noted character, more particnlarly 
for eccentricity than for legal attainments, though we believe he liad the 
reputation of being a good Judge, w^e deem it proper to give a brief sketch 
of him. 

With regard to his history we know but little, either previous to the 
time at M'hich we are writing or since — at that time he was about fifty years 
of age and had worn the Ermine many years. In a territorial act fixing the 
terms of the District Courts, a]»proved January, 1839, we find his name as 
appointee over what was then called the 2d District, composed of the conn- 
ties of Louisa, Muscatine, Cedar, Johnson, and Slaughter. He was a person 
of remarkable good conversational powers, and delighted in telling anecdotes. 
His mnsieal talent was mnch above the average, both vocal and instrumen- 
tal. Often, after delivering a temperance lecture full of eloqnence, and inter- 
spersed with humorous passages, he would sing a favorite song called "Lit- 
tle Billy Neal," with an efi'ect seldom surpassed, calling up an applause of 
such hearty boisterous delight as has seldom greeted a star actor. He was 
master of most musical instruments, but for drawing tunes out of that 
sweetest toned of all, "the fiddle and the bow," he was particularly distin- 
guished in this attainment. In addition to his vocal talent as a singer, he 
possessed that wierd, mysterious power of using his voice as a ventriloquist, 
and could imitate the cry of various kinds of aidmals so correctly that the 
uninitiated could not fail being deceived. He would sometimes imitate the 
squalling of a belligerent cat, to the great alarm and mistification of the 
ladies, who could neither discover the brawler, nor learn from whence the 
noise came. 

At this point we beg leave to introduce a couple of anecdotes bearing 
upon his notoriety as a musician: Many years ago, on the occasion of a 
convention at Iowa city, in the interests of a proposed railroad from Musca- 
tine to that place. Judge Williams and Le Grand Byington were in violent 
opposition to each other upon some points of which we are not informed, 
nor does it matter, so far as the interest of this sketch is concerned. After 
the convention, a young amateur in the art of drawing, produced a carica- 
ture representing Joe Williams seated astride an enormous l)ull, playing a 
clarionet. The bull was on the railroad, with tail erect and head down, paw- 
ing up the dirt, and prepared to combat the further progress of a locomotive 
which was close upon him, upon which was Le Grand Byington as engineer, 
and from the whistle of which ascended the words, " Music hath charms, but 
cannot soothe a locomotive." 

On another occasion, being that of an election of supreme judge and 
United State senator, by the state senate, Judge Williams was before the 
democratic caucus for the judgeship, and Geo. W. Jones (sometimes called 
Nancy Jones, and known as a dancing master) for the senate. Their com- 
petitors of the same party were S. C. Hastings, formerly president of the 
territorial council, for the judgeship, and Hon. T. Wilson for the senate. 
The last named gentlemen were at Iowa City just previous to the time of 
election, laboring earnestly with the members of the senate to secure their 
choice. But at the caucus, which came oft' during the night preceding the 
day of election, it was decided to elect Williams and Jones. 



280 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The followino^ additioiial particulars of this incident are from a letter of 
Mr. Babbitt, published in the Annals of Iowa for October, 1870: 

After the adjournment of the caucus, all hands were invited by Jones, Dodge, Williams, 
and other successful candidates, to partake of an oyster supper and free whisky, at a saloon 
near by, which invitation was pretty generally accepted, and ai. which the defeate'^ candi- 
dates partook freely of the last refreshment named. About 12 o'clock the party broke up 
and the members retired to their rooms. The defeated candidates, Wilson and Hastings, 
were very much excited over their defeat, so much so. that they walked from room to room, 
bewailing their fate and declaring that they had been repudiated by the Democracy. A 
friend attempted to console them, telling them that they were not repudiated, but that other 
Democrats had more friends in the caucus than they, whereupon Wilson exclaimed, "If I had 
been beaten by a high-minded, honorable man, I could have sttjod it without a murmm-; but 
to be defeated by a dancing-master, ruins my reputation forever." To this speech Hastings 
responded as follows: " Wilson, you have been defeated by a high-minded, honoi-able man, 
a gentleman, a dancing-master, I congratulate you, but for me there is no consolation, for, 
by the fiddler beat me." 

Bnt we liardly dare to close this sketch witliont relatino; an instance of 
his peculiar power as a ventriloquist It occurred dnrino; the first term of 
the District Court at Knoxville. Most of those attendino- court there 
boarded at Babbitt's, and it so happened that one night that the little board- 
ing house was so full that it was barely possible for all to find sleepinor 
room. The Judge, with lawyers Kna])p, Wright, and Olney, were supplied 
with beds in the lower storj^ whilst the jurors and numerous other attend- 
ants found room to stretch themselves on the loose upper floor, using blan- 
kcrts, coats and whatever else they had provided for beds. When after 
luuch ado thej had all got settled down for a nap, they wei-e suddenly 
startled by the terriflic srpialling of what appeared to be a couple of Tom- 
cats in mortal combat in the room. Instantly all hands wei-e up and in 
search of the supposed disturbers, but no cats could be found, and the sur- 
prised boarders returned to their beds without any very satisfactory conjec- 
tures as to the whereabouts of the noctui'ual brawlers. But they liad hai-dly 
composed themselves again for rest, when the loud and boisterous growling 
and snapping of a couple of be ligerent bull-dogs, a]>parently in tlieir very 
midst, brougiit them all u]) standing. And then followed an uproar such 
as language could convey but an indistinct idea of, the dogs maintaining 
the combat with mingled growling, bai'king, and whining, and the men 
endeavoring with all the noise they could make, to oust them from the 
room. How they came to be there was a wonder indeed, but the evidence, 
of their presence was too unmistakal)le to admit of a doubt, even in total 
darkness. Presently the fight ceased, and with that the general U])roar 
al)ated. Then came a solution of the mystery. The judge and lawyers 
could no longer restrain their merriment at the ex])ense of the frightened 
and mystified lodgers up stairs, l)ut let it con)e in a gush of laughter that 
quickly reminded some of the company that the judge was a ventriloquist, 
and had undoubtedly just played them one of his mysterious tricks. But 
so far from being offended at it, they took a sensible view of its ludicrons- 
ness, and all joined heartily in the hxugh. 

Judge Joseph Williams al)ove referred to should not be confounded by 
young readers with M. T. Williams, the clerk of the first court, and cur- 
rently known as Judge Williams. This latter gentleman is not eccentric, 
nor a great fiddler, nor a ventriloquist. The only analogy we think of is in 
his temperance proclivities and his ability to tell a good story. 

M. T. Williams is justly regarded as one of the oracles of Mahaska 
county. His duties as first clerk of the county brought him in contact 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 281 

with its pioneers and territory in such a manner as to afford him a more 
thorough knowledge of the very early history of Mahaska, than any other 
man now living. Sometimes Mr. Williams is induced b}' his friends, pub- 
licly, or in a small circle, to narrate his early experience and reminicences 
which he can do in a most irresistible manner. Tlie judge is not fond of 
making a speech, not for the reason which kept "Single Speech Hamilton" 
in the background, but from an unassuming and retiring disposition, and 
a probable under estimation of his own abilities, for the judge can make a 
good address. Tliis peculiarity, the modesty of Mr. Williams, is illustrated 
by the following anecdote: 

In an early day when he was running for County Clerk and without any 
opposing candidate, he was, after much persuasion, induced to go out with 
a campaign speaker from abroad, to hold a meeting in a school house in one 
of the border townships. While on the way tiie stranger asked Williams 
how the Whig ticket was going to run in the county? 

'"Oh, I guess all right, unless it be the clerk," said M. T. 

" Clerk! why, what is the matter with that? are you not popular, Will- 
iams?" 

" No, not very, I guess. Some of the Democrats are finding fault." 

"Well, who is running against you?" 

*'01i — well — ahem — oh — there is not anybody else running in particu- 
lar." 

Of course the laugh was on the agitated independent candidate, with no 
ap]X)nent in the field. 

Mr. Williams luis served two terms in the Iowa legislature, beginning 
with 1854 and 1802. He was one of three commissioners appointed to 
locate the capital of Polk county, in 1846. One of these did not appear, 
and another was taken sick while on the expedition, so that the act of locat- 
ing Des Moines City was substantially the work of Mr. Williams alone. 
He was a trustee of the State Insane Asylum for six years, from ]868 till 
1874, and in this position rendered the State good service. We are in- 
formed by one who knows, that to a plan of Mr. Williams', the visitor to 
the beautiful grounds of that institution is indebted for the fine avenue and 
serpentine drive b}' which the asylum is approached — an external adorn- 
ment which commands the admiration of the explorer above all things else 
there to be seen. 

To the stranger Mr. Williams seems somewhat reserved and uncommuni- 
cative, but to those wiio know" his peculiarities he is in their eyes the es- 
sence of geniality and good nature. Socially he is most entertaining, and 
as one of those good hearted old men wluim young peo])le feel like calling 
*' Uncle," and who is grandfather to all good little- children. His enjoy- 
ment of company is proverbial, nor do his friends suffer him to be lonely. 
He is fond of reading, especially of current and magazine literature. 

The minutm of his life, as given on another page, show him to have been 
a constant worker, and one who has attended strictly to his own affairs. 
Mr. W. is not what would be termed a 2)ositive man. He does not surprise 
nor startle people. No man has a more honorable record. Few men have 
not more enemies. 

Mr. Williams is now living in Oskaloosa, and is its oldest inhabitant. 
He enjoys a good law practice and the comforts of a well deserved and 
pleasant home. 

As has been stated, the organizing sheriff of the county and the bailiff of 



282 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

this lirst court was Wm. Edraundson. This gentleman has a history quite 
intimately connected with early times in Mahaska, and of considerable in- 
terest in and of itself. 

Mr. Edmundson was a Kentuckian, born in Harrison county, in that 
State, October 7, 1805. Here he spent his boyhood, and enjoyed a good 
cojiiraon school education, but never attended college. When a young 
man of 22, he removed with his father's family to Putnam county, Indiana, 
and subsequently to Kockville, in that State. From this place, in 1832, he 
enlisted with a company, raised in Park and the adjoining county, for the 
Black Hawk war. The company reached the scene of trouble, but we believe 
was not actively engaged. The most celebrated event in the expedition was 
the ridiculous fright of a boasting captain over a sham ambush prepared 
by his own party. The expedition lasted about three months. 

After his return, Edmundson took a boat-load of provisions to New Or- 
leans. Here he sold these to a speculator, who took them to Texas, and 
.Mr. Edmundson went with him to secure his pay. This speculator proved 
to be a sharper, and Mr. Edmundson staid with him some eighteen months 
before he recovered the price of his cargo. During tliis time Edmundson's 
people in Indiana knew nothing of his whereabouts, as he had determined 
not to write home, nor return until he could come back with a good report 
of his expedition. He was in Texas at the time of the revolution in that 
State. 

In 1836 young Edmundson's father having died in Indiana, the entire 
family removed to Des Moines county, lowu, where William engaged in 
farming. Here he served several years as justice of the peace, and one year 
as county commissioner. January 25, 1838, he vnarried Miss Priscilla De- 
pew, of Park county, Iiuliana. This wife died May 31, 1843, leaving two 
children, James D. and AVilliam. 

Leaving the little boys with their sister, Mr. Edmundson renioved to 
Fairfield, and in the same year, 1-843, to Mahaska county, where he made a 
claim and commenced "keeping bach" on the same, not far from what was 
known as Auburn. 

His appointment as first sheriff^ and justice of the peace in Mahaska di- 
verted his attention from farming, and after serving in these capacities 
some six years, in 1850, he, with his brother David, went to California, and 
remained there until the spring of 1855, from which time he niade his 
home in Oskaloosa. It should have been mentioned that Mr. Edmundson 
represented the county in the Iowa legislature during the session of 1847- 
8, being elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John W. Smith. 
He died at Albia, Monroe county, September, 1862, where he had gone on 
a business trip. 

In Mr. Edmundson's character there were many things to admire, and 
some things unfortunate. He was an honest and upright citizen, and in- 
spired the confidence of his friends. He was fine looking and intelligent, 
fond of reading, and of good attainments. He was a dreamer, and some- 
what visionary. To some extent he lacked decision and executive force, 
though he made a good sherift". He was not a man of strong afiection, nor 
eminent social qualities, though when in the spirit was an excellent 
talker. 

The following is the first marriage license appearing on the county 
records : 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 283 



Samuel C. Nicholson, 
Eleanor May. 



TERRITORY OF IOWA, { ^^ 

Mahaska County. ) The United States op America. 

To niif/ person dull/ anihorized to solemnize marriages in said coitnfi/, greeting : 

You are hereby authoiized to solemnize marriao^e between Mr. Samuel C. Nicholson and 
Miss Eleanor- May, and this shall be your voucher, and make due return thereof within three 
months from this date. 

Given under my hand, with the temporary seal of the district court of said county affixed at 
Oskaloosa, this 36th day of May, A. D. 1844. 

M. T. Williams, Clerk D. C. M. Co. 
TERRITORY OF IOWA, { 
Mahaska County. \ '^ ' 
I certify that on the second day of June, 1844, at the house of Alexander May, in said 
county, I solemnized the rites of matrimony between Samuel C. Nicholson, of said county, 
twenty-five years of age, and Miss Eleanor May, of the said county, aged nineteen years. 

Levi Bainbridge, 

Justice of the Peace. 

However, the parties above mentioned lived west of tlie present bound- 
aries of Mahaska county, and, in point of fact, the first marriage in the 
county was that of George Lienrance and Amanda Jared, who became "one 
flesh" through the offices of George N. Duncan, justice of the peace, on 
June 6, 1844. The clerk of tlie court, M. T. Williams, informs us that he 
has a very distinct recollection of issuing the license in this case. He 
carried the office in his hat and vest pocket, and when called on by the 
trembling young- Lienrance for this document, the dignified clerk sat down 
on a log just southwest of the square, and, with the tricks of a legerdemain, 
drew forth from his hat a writing-desk, paper, pen and ink, the seal of the 
court and a territorial Code, proceeded to write out the necessary instru- 
ment under a blazing sun, and a vaulted roof, such as few clerk's offices of 
the present day can rival in its silvery splendor, and delicate, cloud-like 
frescoing. 

We are informed of the case of the marriage of one Jerry Libby, to a 
Miss Higgenbothem, on Middle creek, in which the pioneer justice per- 
formed the ceremony just as a magistrate would administer an oath — re- 
quiring the parties, with the uplifted hand, solemnly to "swear to take this 
man or woman," etc., a performance which excited no little merriment 
among the guests present. Thus knots were tied in various ways, and 
Hymen's altar was served by butchering priests in the early days of 
Mahaska. 

The first bill of divorce found on the records of Mahaska county is dated 
November 15, 1845, in case of Eebecca Ash versus Thomas Ash, in which 
the court granted the petition, and declared the complainant to be the inno- 
cent and injured part}'. 

Following a marriage notice in the columns of the Herald of the early 
times we have this sample, which will prove interesting, as showing to 
what etherial flights the pioneer poet essayed when inspired by the mar- 
riage of a widower friend: 

Though Daniel was old. 

He concluded to marry; 
And off to see Sarah, 

He went without tarry. 

And Sarah being willing, 

To a bargain they agreed, 
And up to the altar 

Daniel Sarah did lead. 



284 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The knot was then tied, 

The work is now done; 
And old Father Daniel 

And Sarah are one. 

In justice to the author of this it should be stated that tliis poem was a 
communication, and not an editorial effort. 

The election of August, 1844, resulted in the choice of the following of- 
ficers: Sheriff, Wm. Edraundson; Commissioner Clerk, John W. Cun- 
ningham; Recorder, Wm. Pilgrim; Surveyor, David Stump; Commis- 
sioner, Simon Drouillard; Treasurer, W. D. Canfield. About 350 votes 
were cast at this election. 

MAHASKA COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 

The only court house ever possessed by Mahaska county was built during 
the winter of 1844—5. Mr. James Edgar, the father of Wm. S. Edgar, 
Esq., had the contract for building. The means were secured by the sale 
of town lots, the proceeds of wiiich were by law set apart for the purpose 
of erecting a court house and jail. The building was a frame structure, 
about 28x50 feet, two stories high, the second floor being used as offices. 
The timbers were raised by the settlers who assembled for that purpose 
on a certain day, when they had a regular frontier frolic. The building 
was occupied for almost all purposes imaginable, church, opera house, 
court room, etc, being comfortably seated with ordinary benches. An 
Indian dance which took place there in the winter of '4S-'49 will doubtless 
be remembered by some readers of this history who were eye witnesses. 
The building was occupied by the county as a court room till 1855. It 
was built on the ground now occupied by the savings bank, and a little 
more than two years ago it was moved west on High street, where it is 
now known as the Oskaloosa House. Some wag gave it the name " Noe's 
Ark" and it is well known by that name to most Oskaloosa citizens. For 
a number of years previous to its sale the old court house was leased to 
various commercial purposes, first to H. Tredick & Co., in 1859, and 
afterward to Mitchell Wilson, to whom it was sold June T, 1867, for 
$3,800. 

The question of building a new court house has been agitated a number 
of times. The present county offices are scattered through difierent blocks 
in the business parts of Oskaloosa. They are difficult of access, hard for 
strangers and persons from other parts of the county to find. The records, 
although most of them are in fair vaults, are much more subject to fire 
than if they were in a substantial and fire-proof court house; and the rents 
of these offices is almost, if not quite, the amount required as interest on 
bonds to build a good court house. These considerations have brought the 
question of a county court house before the people a number of times. 
At the October election of 1877 the matter was submitted to the voters of 
the county, as follows: 

1. Shall the board of supervisors of said county be authorized to order the erection of a 
Court House within the corporate limits of Oskaloosa, in said county, to cost when completed 
not to exceed the sum of $75,000? 

2. For the purpose of raising the money with which to erect said Court House, shall the 
board of supervisors be authorized to issue and negotiate bonds of the county to the amount 
of $75,000, drawing interest at the rate of 8 per cent per annum, payable semi-annually, of 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 285 

which amount 20 per cent shall be clue in three years, 20 per cent in five years, 20 per cent in 
ei^ht years, and the remainder due in ten years from the date of the issuance thereof? 

3. For the purpose of paying said bonds and interest at maturity, shall the l)oard of 
supervisors of said county be authorized to levy an annual tax not exceeding two and one-half 
mills on the dollar of the taxable property of said county, and continue the levy of such rate 
of tax or so much thereof as may be necessary, from year to year, until said bonds and the in- 
terest thereon shall be paid ? 

All those voting for said proposition shall have written or printed on their ballots substan- 
tially the words "For Court House, bonds and tax," and all those voting against the proposi- 
tion shall have written or printed on their ballots the words, "Agamst Court House, bonds 
and tax." 

The result of the hnlhit was 095 ballots in favor of the proposition and 
2866 ballots a<2^ainst the same. This decided answer, of course, will post- 
pone the question for a period, at least until times are better. The county 
owns certain lots east of the Square, in Oskaloosa, wdiich have been talked 
of as a court house site, but the location^ as well as the buildintij, is a 
question of the future. 

COUNTY JAIL. 

The first jail of Mahaska county was built in 1845. It was a loo; struct- 
ure, and stood on lot 1, block 6, where the present jail is located. This was 
quite a rude structure, but answered the requirements of a peaceful county 
for a little more than ten years. A prisoner named Sam Lester, confined 
in this jail for larceny, excited more or less admiration for his mechanical 
skill in boring his way out by means of an ordinary augur, and this in the 
dark. After his escape the building was plated with iron. 

The present jail was built by J. M. Byers, in 1857, at a cost of $9,000. 
The building is a two story brick and stone, about forty feet square, and 
contains ample room for the keeper's tamily, besides the cells. The latter 
are nine in number, five being on the first floor and four on the second. 
The lower ones are of stone. The floor is laid with six-inch flag stones, 
and under these is a four-foot layer of bi'oken rock run together with 
cement. The walls are of hard limestone, two feet thick, each stone extend- 
ing through the wall, and with cast iron balls between every joint, to 
prevent sawing out. The upper cells are of brick. 

FIRST SCHOOL. 

The first school in Mahaska county was opened in September, 1844. It 
was ke]>t by Miss Semira A. Hobbs, now Mrs. T. G. Phillips, of Oskaloosa. 
This school was located about two miles east of the present town of Oska- 
loosa, surrounded by the wilderness of a new country. Mrs. Phillips tells 
us tliat on her way to school she frequently saw wolves and deer, the latter 
of which were so tame they would not flee from her approach. Nor was 
the wilderness without more marked than the rustic air M'hich awaited her 
at the end of her walk. The school house had been built hj the voluntary 
labor of the settlers. It was constructed of round linn timber, was about 
sixteen feet square, and was floored with puncheon floor. An opening 
about five by six feet answered for the fire place. The chimney was built 
of sod, and stood outside the building. That it might not be all darkness 
wathin, a log was left out on either side, and an elongated window, one by 
twelve feet was formed, and to mellow the light these openings were 
covered by greased paper. These probably answered the purpose of stained 



286 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

glass in modern school houses, and kept the urchins from gazing at the 
buftalo feeding on the distant hill, etc.! A large opening opposite the fire 
place affoi'ded a means of entrance and exit, and a large coverlet hung over 
this rendered the absence of the door itself doubly conspicuous. A punch- 
eon writing desk and puncheon seats completed the furniture. This school 
afforded opportunity of improvement to about twenty pupils, for whose 
instruction Miss Hobbs received $1.25 jper capita for a session of thirteen 
weeks. 

During the winter following Samuel Caldwell opened a school in Oska- 
loosa, in the house of Mr. A. G. Phillips. 

PEOBATE COUKT. 

John White was the first Probate Judge, and held his first term of court 
in Oct., 1844. The following is from the first record: 

TERRITORY OF IOWA, ) Pkob^te Office 

Mahaska County. f li-ROBAXE uffice. October 3, 1844. 

At a special term of the Probate Court in and for said county, it is ordered that the lettered 
side of a half dime of American silver can be adopted as the temporary seal of this court, to 
be used by this court till a permanent seal be provided for the same. 

Ordered, That Van B. Delashmutt be and he is hereby appointed administrator of the 
estate of John Hemisphere, late of this county, deceased, and that Geo. W. Jones and John 
Rose be appointed appraisers of said estate. 

Ordered, That tliis court adjourn until Monday next, at ten o'clock a. m. 

John White, 
Probate Judge. 

The following is a copy of first inventor}' and appraisement made in the 
county, being of the estate of Robert Curry, and filed Nov. 25, 1844: 

2 cows appraised at $ 17.00 

1 heifer " " 7.00 

2calves " " 3.00 

5 pigs " " 2.50 

1 sow " " 2.00 

1 yoke of oxen " " 35.00 

1 black mare " '" 30.00 

1 wagon " " 65.00 

5 stands of bees " " 10.00 

3 plows " " 5.00 

2 log chains " " 4.00 

1 pair stretchers " * ' 1 .50 

1 set of harness " " , 10.00 

1 saddle, bridle and saddle bags appraised at 4.00 

2 axes " " 1.00 

2 iron wedges " " 1.00 

Hot of irons " " 2.00 

3 drawing knives " • ' 1 .00 

1 hand saw " " 1.00 

1 gun " " 8.00 

300 bu. of corn® 25c " " 75.00 

Shoes " " 50 

2 singletrees " " 50 

Improvement on claim " " 90.00 

Amount of appraisement $305.50 

This list is given as showing the implements, etc., held by early claim- 
holders, and valuation at that day. In the records the addition is as above, 
being in error $71.50. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 287 

LETTERS OF 1846-7. 

A certain Joseph Bailey, of Carlton, York county, Eng., came to this 
country in 1843, and was one of the fh-sb settlers near Oskaloosa. Said 
Bailey died in August, 1847, and in settlement of his estate two letters were 
filed with the Probate Judge of Mahaska county, which were written to 
England by said Baik^y as below indicated, from which we make the fol- 
lowing extracts: 

Oskaloosa, Aug. the 5th, 1846. 

Dear brother: 

******* 

I wrote .vou that I had bought me one hundred and sixty acres of prairie and forty acres of 
timber hind. When our government lines were run and surveyed Mr. James C Morgan at- 
tempted to take the advantage of me, and my woodland from me. I cut down trees and 
James Morgan cut and spht them up. I sued him before the squire and beat him; then he 
appealed it to the District Court, and I then not being satisfied, he was going to take advant- 
age by pre-emption, but in this 1 got the start and beat him again. He also tried to take 
my prairie. Now you wiU want to know what is meant by pre-emption. It is a law made 
by the Congress of the United States called the pre-emption law, granting a person the priv- 
ilege, after land is surveyed, of building a house and moving into it; and then, by notifying 
the opposite party, if there is any dispute, he will attend at the office with a witness to prove 
that he has fulfilled the law. 1 filed my intention to become a citizen of the United States 
of America; if I had not done so I coukl not have held my land. 1 have entered one eighty 
of woodland, and on the 4th of July I entered one hundred and sixty of prairie. My land I 

have made safe now. I paid one hundred dollars for my prairie; one for my timber. 

******* 

I feel thankful that 1 have got to a free countiy. A land of plenty and a free country 
where all are free men— one as good as another. 1 am well pleased with Iowa. It is the 
best land that I ever saw. It is far before Wisconsin or Illinois. I live a mile and a quarter 
north of Oscaloosa. Henry Blackburn lives one mile out of town. I am boarding with one 
Jonathan Dillon. Our farms join. Mr. Dillon is a fine man, and his wife too. They are 
Methodists. Both belong to the church. There has been a Methodist camp-meeting one 
mile and a half from us. It held four days. It was held m the woods. They bought five 
acres of land for that purpose. Members of the church build tents to live in during the 
meeting. People come from far and near to that meeting. They have great times in chant- 
ing. There were about 32 joined the church at that great time. I got in my harvest and 
had only seven acres wet. 1 beat most of the farmers in a wheat crop this year. Wheat 
was good in Mahaska and some other counties. 

We have four stores, two blacksmiths, two tailors, one druggist, two doctors. It is sickly 
this season; a great deal of fever and ague. * * * ggg^- regards to brother Eli. 
He wanted to know if it would do for him to leave England. I would advise him to come 
to America, and I will write him all he pleases to hear about it. 

Your affectionate brother, 

JOSEPH BAILEY. 

Oskaloosa, June the 3d, 1847. 

Dear brother: 

******* 

.We have been blessed with reasonable crops. Wheat is worth 50 cents; Indian com 15 to 
20 cents; oats 18 to 20; potatoes from 37 to 50 cents per bushel; flour is worth two dollars 
per hundred; beef is worth four or five dollars per hundred; bacon from six to eight dollars 
per hundred; butter six cents per pound; eggs four to five cents per dozen ; chickens from 
8 to 12 cents apiece; I mean tame chickens, for we have thousands of wild prairie chickens, 
that devour a portion of our crops; they are as large as the tame chicken; I can drive up 
thousands of them in a gang. We have wild turkeys and pheasants, deer, bears, foxes, 
wild-cats, wolves, which catch our sheep, birds of various description, all of which 1 have 
full hbei-ty to hunt. Sheep are worth $1.50 per head; oxen from 30 to 50 dollars per yoke; 
cows are worth from $10 to $12 per head; two-year-olds are worth from 6 to 7 dollars; 
yearlino's are worth $4; calves are worth in the fall $2; horses are worth from 4(J to 60 dol- 
lars. Prairie breaking is worth 2 dollars per acre. Timber is worth from one dollar to $1.50 
per acre. 1 will give the prices of labor: carpenters are worth from $1.50 to $2 per day; 

common labor on a farm is worth from $8 to $10 per month. 

******* 

The common crop of wheat per acre is from 18 to 22 bushels; Indian corn from 40 to 60 



288 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 

bushels. The i-aising of this grain is something new to you, of which I will give you the de- 
scription: First the land must be well broken or plowed up; then it must be crossed both 
ways with a horse and plow about four feet apart, so as to leave it in rows both ways; the 
last time crossing the corn is dropped at the crossing, and then it must be ploughed two or 
three times at least. In sowing wheat we sow from one to one and one-half bushels, and 
sometimes it is too thick. The winters sometimes freeze out our wheat. 

* * * * * :»: :^! 

I will let you know that our land needs no draining. I intend to build on my land when I 
get able. Tea is worth one dollar per pound; sugar 12 cents; coffee 12 cents; tobacco from 
12 to 50 cents; broadcloth from $4.00 to $4.50 per yard; blankets from $3.00 to $5.00: flan- 
nels 50 cents. 1 drink for a beverage cold water, and sometimes cotFee. I will tell you how 
much team it takes to break praii-ie: it takes 4 yoke of good oxen and a steer and one cow, 
two men and a big plough. That is the way prairie is broken in this country. Crow for the 
people of Oscaloosa: 6 stores, 2 groceries, 2 taverns, 2 blacksmith shops, 1 cabinet maker, 8 
house carpenters, 2 shoemakers. 4 tailoi-s, 3 doctors, six lawyers, 1 meeting-house. The 
Methodists hold a camp meeting on the 1 1th of this month within two miles of me. 

******* 

JOSEPH BAILEY. 

TOWNSHIPS. 

On the 7tli of January, 1845, the Commissioners divided Mahaska 
county into fourteen townships, as follows: 

1. White Oak township. 

Ordered, That congressional townships number 74 and 75 north, 14 west, shall form one 
township, to be known by the name of White Oak township, and the place of holding elec- 
tion to be at the house of Mat. Kinsman. 

2. Harrison township. 

Ordered, That congressional township 74 north, 15 west, shall form one township, to be 
known by the name of Harrison, and the place of holding election at Samuel Tibbets'. 

3. Sprin<T Creek township. 

Ordered, That congressional township 75 north, 15 west, shall form a township to be 
known by the name of Spring Creek township, and the place of holding election to be at the 
house of Edwin Mitchell. 

4. Monroe township. 

Ordered, Tliat congressional township 75 north, 14 west, and that part of township 75 
north, 15 west, that lies noi'th of Skunk river, shall form a township to be known by the name 
of Monroe township, and the place of holding election to be at the house of M. P. Crowder, 

5. Union township. 

Ordered, That congressional townships 77 and 78 north, 14 and 15 west, and township 78 
north, 13 west, shall form a township to be known by the name of Union township, and the 
place of holding election to be at the house of Nathan Brown. 

6. Des Moines township. 

Ordered, That congressional township 74 north, Ifi west, shall form a towmship to be 
known by the name of Des Moines township, and the place of holding election to be at the 
house of John Stumbo. 

Ordered, That the part of township 74 north, 17 west, which lies north of the Des Moines 
river, be attached to Des Moines township. 

7. Oskaloosa township. 

Ordered, That congressional township 75 north, 16 west, shall form a township to be 
known by the name, Oskaloosa township, and the place of holding election at Oskaloosa. 

8. Madison township. 

Ordered, That congressional townships 76, 77 and 78 north, and 16 west, and that part of 
township 76 north, 15 west, which lies south of Skunk river, shall form a township to be 
known by the name of Madison township, and the place of holding election to be at the house 
of George N. Duncan, 



HI8T0KY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 289 

9. Jefferson township. 

Ordered, That congressional townships 74 and 75 north, 17 west, the part of which lies 
south of the Des Moines river, shall form a township to be known by the name of Jefferson 
township. 

10. Jackson townsliip. ' 
Ordered, That congressional townships 76, 77 and 78 north, 17 west, and that part of 

township 75 north. 17 west, which lies north of the Des Moines river, shall form a township to 
1)6 known by the name of Jackson township, and the place of holding election shall be at the 
house of Benjamin T. Lonsbeny. 

11. Cedar township. 

Ordered, That the surveyed congressional township which lies south of the Des Moines 
river shall form a township which shall be known by the name of Cedar township. 

12. English River township. 

Ordered, That the unsurveyed township which lies south of the Des Moines river shall be 
known by the name of English River township. 

13. Lake township. 

Ordered, That congressional townships 76 and 77 north, 18 west, and that part of 75 
north and 18 west which lies north of the Des Moines river shall constitute a township to be 
known by the name of Lake township, the place of holding election to be at the house of 
Levi Bainbridge. 

14. Wliite Breast townsliip. 

Ordered, That all the unsurveyed part north of the Des Moines river shall constitute a 
township to be known by the name of White Breast township. Place of holding election to 
be at Phillips'. 

By comparing these descriptions with the county map it will be observed 
that the territory above described included a part of Monroe and Poweshiek 
counties. Subsequently, after the settlement and organization of these 
counties, Mahaska was divided into the present number of townships (15) 
corresponding for the most part with the congressional townships, save in 
the case of Oskaloosa township, which was combined with Spring Creek, 
and formed a single township, about twice the usual size. 

Cedar, Richland, Prairie, Pleasant Grove, White Oak and Black Oak 
townships are so named on account of certain physical features. The 
source of the remaining names is obvious, most being in honor of different 
presidents of the United States. 

The township lines were run in 1843, and the section lines during the 
years 1844 and 1845. 

"We make the following extracts from the commissioner's books: 

Juli/ 9, 1845. 
Ordered, That the clerk of the board of commissioners of Makaska county, be authorized to 
negotiate a loan of two hundred dollars on the faith and credit of the town lot fund, for the 
purpose of entering the quarter section of land on which the seat of justice of said county is 
located, and to obtain the money on as good terms as he can, not to exceed twelve per cent 
per annum. 

TERRITORY OF IOWA, | t, , „ 

Mahaska County. f Treasurer s Report. j^^j^^ ^^ ^^^^ 

Whole amount of taxes for A. D. 1844 $505.63 

Collected 361.99 

Leaving a balance vmpaid of $14:3.64 

Fines collected 15.00 

Wm. D. Canfield, 

Treasurer of Mahaska Co. 



290 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COXTNTY. 

Probably the treasurer of 1945, as he distributes his hundreds of tliou- 
sands, and perhaps millions, among the various departments of bridge, school, 
road, insane, contingent, poor, and a half a score more funds of the machin- 
ery of county government, in that day will look back over a century upon 
this report as incredible, or sigh for the day when one-tenth of his present 
salary was sufficient to maintain the county, while the treasurer had plenty 
of time to run a boardino; house for his amusement, instead of rackin«: him 
brain over columns of figures as long as one side of the county. 

The l)est paid man of his day, seemed to have been the prosecuting attor- 
ney, as witness the following entry: 

Allowed, Edward Thomas the sum of one hundred dollars for semces as prosecuting attor- 
ney during- the year 1844, and half the year 1845. 
AHijHst 5, 1845. 

The loan of two hundred dollars, above mentioned, was negotiated by J. 
W. Cunningham, clerk, from William Wilson, to whom was given the note 
of the commissioners, Harmon Davis, A. S. Nichols and Jacob II. Majors, 
with interest at 12 per cent per annum until paid: 

TERRITORY OF IOWA, { 
Mahaska County. j " " 

This day, August 11, 1845, 0. P. Higgenbothem and Thomas Buxton, having each received 
the same number of votes for the office of county surveyor, appeared at the office of the clerk 
of the board of commissioners, and waived the necessity of having written notices served on 
them, and said tie was pubUcly decided by lot as the law directs, and Thomas Buxton was 
duly elected. 

The territory west of Makaska county under its jurisdiction, was proba- 
bly greater than most persons now realize. The following entry shows the 
jurisdiction of the county commissioners to extend to the point where Des 
Moines city is now located. 

Ordered. That John Scott be permitted to keep a ferry across the Des Moines river at the 
mouth of Raccoon river, near Ft. Des Moines, by the said Scott paying the sum often dollars 
into the county treasury, and the clerk be authorized to give the said Scott license for one 
year from this date, and the said John Scott is hereby authorized to receive the following rates 
of ferriage : 

Two horses and wagon 37 J^ cts. 

Four horses and wagon 50 " 

One man and horse 18% '' 

Single horse 10 " 

Cattle, per head 08 " 

Sheep and hogs, per head 05 " 

Footman 10 " 

The following intemperate entries occur during the spring term of 1846: 

Received, of Jno. W. Jones, fifty dollars for grocery license from April 8, 1846 to April 8, 
1847. 

Oskaloosa, April 12, 1846. 

Receired, of Whetstone & Metter, fifty dollars to keep a grocery in Oskaloosa for one year 
from the 11th day of March, 1846. 

Henry Temple, 
March 11, 1846. Treasurer, Mahaska Co 

Joseph Tall}^, was licensed to keep a ferry at a point called Tally's ford, 
being across the Des Moines river, on the same terms as that of Jno. Scott, 
above mentioned. 

The assessment for county tax during 1846, was five mills on the dollar, 
and fifty cents on each poll. Territorial tax for the same year was three- 





^mu 




HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 293 

fourths of one mill. For school purposes a levy of five mills was made, this 
being the first mention of a school tax. 

The assessed valuation of property in Makaska county, for the year 1846, 

was $85,871.00. 
Whence: 

County tax $429,353^ 

671 Polls at fifty cents on each poll 335.50 

School tax 429.353^ 

Total $1194.21 

March 5, 1847. 

Ordered, By the board, that all that part of Union township, lying in the county of Powe- 
shiek, be and is hereby stricken oft" from Union township, and that the whole of Poweshiek 
county shall constitute one election township, to be called Poweshiek township, and that the 
place of holding elections in said township shall be at the house of Mahlon Woodward. 

At a session of the board April 12, 1847, the following was passed: 

Ordered, By the board, that after this date there shall be no license granted for the retail- 
ing of ardent spirits within the limits of Mahaska county, the poll books having been opened 
and the votes counted by the clerk in the presence of the board, and a majority of sixty-five 
votes found to have been cast at the April election against a grocery license. 

During the same term occurs the following entry: 

It having appeared from the poll books of the election held on the 5th day of April that a 
tie vote existed between John H. Wyatt and Allen Gibson, for the oHice of justice of the 
peace in and for Union township, and between Alexander Job and Geo. N. Duncan for the 
same office in Madison township: therefore, Tifter previous notice having been given each of 
them by me that I would decide by lot which of them should be entitled to a certificate of 
election, on the 21st day of April it was decided that Allen Gibson should receive a certificate 
for Union township and Geo. N. Duncan for Madison township. 

Pi-evious to the summer of 1845 a bounty of fifty cents each was paid on wolf 
scalps, and during the winter of 1844-5 we find that the county commis- 
sioners issued no less than sixty-two orders, in amounts from fifty cents to 
$4.50, in payment for scalps. This was found a rather heavy drain upon a 
light treasury, and the bounty was abolished July 7, 1845. 

For the year 1845 the amount of taxable property in the county was 
$64,273. The countj^ tax collected on this at ^ per cent was $321. 36^. 
Territorial tax at ^ mill on the dollar, $32.13. Number of polls was six 
hundred and fifteen. The poll tax being fifty cents, the revenue from this 
source was $307.50, making the entire county revenue for 1845 $628. 86|-. 
The expenditures for the same year were $857.46. The deficit was proba- 
bly paid in county orders, which in the early times were worth from sixty 
to eighty cents on the dollar. 

LAND SALES. 

For all points in the southern half of Mahaska county the land office was 
at Fairfield, Iowa, and for the northern portion of the county the land 
agency was located at Iowa city. The first settlements were nuide in the 
southern end of the countj^, and the first land sales at Fairfield were held 
in July, 1846. Those who had entered claims were banded together for 
mutual protection. The sale of Spring Creek township took place July 4th. 
About forty different persons were in attendance from this township. For 
the most part these proceeded on foot, the entire distance being' upward ot 
19 



294 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

forty miles. Each settler was armed with a hickory club, and the endeavor 
was to appear as rustic as possible. One of the number, Mr. A. S. Nichols, 
was appointted as bidder, and the land was sold by eighty-acre lots. As 
soon as an individual's claim was put up he took his place beside Mr. 
Nichols, who immediately bid it olf at $1.25 per acre. There was no com- 
petition, and the sales went off very rapidly. After the auction each man 
stepped up and paid over the cash, when the whole party turned home- 
ward. It was the general understanding that if any outsiders should bid 
over $1.25 he would be made to understand the use of hickory clubs. No 
such bids were offered. The nearest approach to a difficulty was in the case 
of the claim of Thomas Stafford, one of the founders of the Quaker settle- 
ment, who had settled upon an abandoned claim about one or two miles 
east of Oskaloosa, Mr. Stafford, belonging to a society of strong peace 
principles, had kept aloof fi'om the club men, and really had no claim to 
their protection. This, perhaps, emboldened tlie men who had abandoned 
the claim now improved by Stafford, for they appeared at Fairfield and 
made their boast that they would bid against the Quaker. The club men, 
however, appointed a committee to wait upon the intruders, and the mat- 
ter was quietly settled before the time of sale, partly b}^ reason of the polit- 
ical considerations and partly hy the threatening front of the settlers. The 
number of acres sold in Spring Creek township on that day was 11,350. 

CLUB LAW. 

As has been already indicated, the early settlers in Mahaska county, as 
elsewhere, were banded together in clubs for mutual protection, and to pre- 
vent the encroachment of land speculators. These clubs existed in almost 
every community, and the claim rights of the settlers were regulated by 
what was called the claim law, that had its origin in Jefferson county, and 
was in a certain sense sanctioned by the legislature in 1839. 

It must be remembered by the reader that some regulation for protec- 
tion and justice, and for the settlement of disputes beyond the courts of 
justice, was necessary in those days, for courts were frequently fifty miles 
from the place of dispute, and difficult of access. That the modern Mahas- 
kian may understand the bj'-laws under which their forefathers adminis- 
tered the claim law, we give the following sample document providing for 
the regulation of a settlers' club: 

Whereas. It has become a custom in the Western States, as soon as the Indian title to 
public lands has been extinguished by the general government, for the citizens of the United 
States to settle on and improve said lands, and heretofore the impi'ovement and claim of the 
settler to the extent of three hundred and twenty acres has been respected by both the citi- 
zens and laws of Iowa. 

_ Resolved, That we will protect all citizens upon the public lands in the peaceable posses- 
sion of their claims to the extent of three hundred and twenty acres for two years after the 
land sales, and longer if necessary. 

Resolved, That if any person or persons shall enter the claim of any settler, that he or they 
shall immediately deed it back again to said settler, and wait three years without interest. 

Resolved, I hat if he refuse to comply with the above requisitions, he shall be subject to 
such punishment as the settlers see tit to inflict. 

Resolved, That we will remove any person or persons who may enter the claim of any set- 
tler and settle upon it, peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must, even if their removal should 
lead to bloodshed, being compelled to do so for our own common safety, that we may not be 
driven by ruthless speculators from our firesides and homes. 

Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to settle all difficulties that may arise. 

Resolved, That any settler who may have signed these by-laws, and refuses to render ser- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTS'. 295 

vice when called upon by the proper officers, and without reasonable excuse, shall be fined the 
sum of ten dollars, to be divided among those that may have rendered the service necessary. 

Ill one ease a speculator from Iowa City, probably to his sorrow, discov- 
ered the trnthfuliiess of the third of the above resolutions. He had en- 
tered and purchased the claim of a settler in the eastern part of the county, 
and when remonstrated witii showed no conciliating disposition. A com- 
mittee of five was sent to Iowa City to interview the gentleman. He was 
brought to Mahaska county, stoutly declaring he would not deed the land 
to the settler. Moral suasion failed. The club met. The speculator was 
taken to tlie banks of the Skunk. His feet were tied and he was thrown 
into the water with a rope attached to his body. Of course he was help- 
less, and sank. In a few moments lie was pulled out, but still was quite 
sure he would not make a deed. A second experience and he was equally 
certain. A third, a little longer, and yet he thought not, but being in- 
formed that the next time he would soak over night, he concluded to suc- 
cumb. He made the deed and received the full price paid for his land, 
less the amount necessary to pay the time and expense of settling his case, 
and the whisky drank by the crowd during the time of iiis inquisition. 

Frequently in the early history of the count}^ the action of the club was 
iiecessary in the settlement of small disputes and the protection of claim- 
ants. The most celebrated case of claim settlements in the county is 
familiarly known as the 

MAJORS CLAIM WAR. 

This took place in Jackson township, now called Scott. The Majors fam- 
ily, consisting of several brothers, two sisters, and their widowed mother, 
emigrated to Scott township, in 18-14 — the different members of the family 
making claims, there became quite a community of the same name, after- 
ward known as the Majors settlement. 

Jacob H. Majors was the most prominent of the family, having been one 
of the county commissioners elected in 18-15. He entered the lands fur the 
entire family at the land sales, after which he also entered some claims be- 
longing to John Gillaspy, Jacob Miller and Peter Parsons, in 18-18. 
Though Majors claimed he did not know these were claims, he failed to 
make restitution, and, of course, the club held a meeting and passed a reso- 
lution denouncing his action and decided on a general coercive movement 
to force a settlement if Majors did not "give in" upon remonstrance. 
Majors was not easily persuaded, and upon a certain elate appointed, the 
several neighboring clubs met at Majors' house. The crowd met in the 
morning to find that Majors had gone to Oskaloosa to attend a meeting of 
the countv commissioners, and a messenger was sent desiring his presence 
for a peaceable settlement. Later a second messenger was sent, informing 
him that if he did not appear before sunrise next morning his property 
would be dstroyed. But Majors was fearless and incorrigible and did not 
make his appearance as desired. 

At night some of the crowd went home, but most of them camped upon 
the ground determined to have some sort of settlement, though probably 
not at that time very strongly in favor of the violent measures which fol- 
lowed. 

In the morning some of Majors' out-buildings were set on fire, and 
some hogs killed and thrown in tlie well by the more impulsive of the mob, 
who were disposed to do something more tangible than the making of 



296 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

threats. Majors hearing of the destruction of his property promised to 
deed the land in dispute to the claimants, and on this promise the mob dis- 
persed. 

But in a few days Majors' boldness led him to the rash resolution, 
not only to violate his promise, but to prosecute the leaders t)f the mob for 
whom he secured warrants of arrest. Peter Parsons was taken to Oska- 
loosa and reported to be in jail. Tiic report was circulated that the sheriff 
of Mahaska county had warrants for the arrest of a number of others, 

From the previous action of the settlers the reader will not be surprised 
to learn that the indignation against Majors was wide-spread and of such 
intensity that prudence kept Majors out of the way of the settlers as much 
as possible. 

A rendezvous for the settlers was appointed at Durham's Ford, and on a 
certain Sunday morning they assembled there in large numbers. Here 
they remained until Monday morning, and large accessions to their ranks 
swelled their number to about five hundred. In military order, with arms, 
flag, and a band of military music, the army started for Oskaloosa, some on 
foot and some on horseback. The army reached the county seat about the 
time set for the trial of Pai-sons. The arms were stacked in wagons under 
guard, and the cavalry and infantry foi-med in the public square. Upon 
this rather formidable demonstration the trial of Parsons was indefinitely 
postponed and he was released, though he had not been confined in jail as 
had been reported among the settlers. 

A meeting was called and the citizens of Oskaloosa invited to be present. 
I. C. Curtis was first spokesman in behalf of the settlei's, and 11. R. Har- 
bour in behalf of the authorities. Various speeches from both sides were 
made occupying most of the afternoon. Majors was secreted during this 
time in a room on the west side of the square and was within hearing of 
the speakers. We believe it was Judge Seevers who finally proposed to the 
crowd that Majors should make a promise to deed back the land, in con- 
sideration of which they would disband and return to their homes. This 
was acquiesced in by the arm}^ and Van Delashmutt, by Majors' request, 
went his security for the fulfillment of his promise. The crowd returned 
to their homes and Majors made the deeds. 

Here the matter might have rested if Majors had been a man of any dis- 
cretion. But the desire for revenge was strong, and nursing his wrongs 
only sent the iron deeper into his soul. Again, he filed informations against 
his persecutors, but b}' the aid of friendly informants, they had little diffi- 
culty in evading arrest, the sheriff too being on the side of the settlers. 
Majors was repeatedly advised not to appear against them, but without 
avail. His obstinacy angered the club men quite deeply. 

About this time Majors was employed in a saw-mill belonging to Hallo- 
well, and located near the mouth of Cedar creek. Here a committee of the 
club were sent after him with instructions to seize hira and bring him to 
Knoxville. 

Majors was here sawing his own lumber, and carried a gun with him 
whenever he left the mill, so that great caution was necessary in making 
the arrest without bloodshed. The men secreted themselves near by, and 
one of them, being a stranger to Majors, was sent as a decoy who was to 
engage his attention until the others could steal in and seize him. The 
ruse was successful, and while the stranger was making inquiry of Majors 
in regard to estray horses which he pretended to be hunting, and got be- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 297 

tween his victim and the sjun, his comrades rushed upon Majors, carried 
him out of the mill, tied him upon a horse and set out for Knoxville. On 
their arrival another committee took chari^e of the prisoner. This com- 
mittee had blacked faces and were prepared to conceal their identity. By 
this committee Majors was taken about a mile north of town where a coat 
of tar and feathers was in waiting. Here " the committee " stripped him 
of his clothing and applied a coat of tar and feathers to his naked body. 
Over this they drew his clothing and completed the job by adding another 
coating of the same, which is said to have added very much to the gentle- 
man's aldermanic proportions. With re])eated admonitions not to attempt 
any further prosecutions, Majors was suffered to return home, from which 
" dearest spot on earth," it is not necessary to state he was not in a suitable 
condition to make his appearance into the world for some days. 

The incorrigible Majors afterward made further attempts at prosecution, 
but it was found that even with the courts it was no laughing matter to 
work against the power of the club. The court house was guarded at time 
of trial and witnesses and lawyers refused admittance or driven away. 
Majors succeeded finally in getting several indictments including one 
against a neighbor named Bush, who was arrested by the authorities and 
put under bonds to appear. 

By arrangement of the club at the time of trial. Bush was not suffered 
to appear, but another member who greatly resembled Bush in appearance 
came into court as the prisoner, took his place in the criminal box and 
plead "not guilty." The suit ]n-oceeded, but when it came to proving the 
identity of the prisoner, the trick was discovered and public symi^athy was 
such that the case was literally laughed out of court. 

This joke seemed to have disgusted Majors, for he soon after abandoned 
the field to the enemy and moved into Missouri, where, a few years ago, he 
was still residing. 

In connection with this incident we have a piece of unwritten liistorj^ 
which is rather amusing. Shortly after the mob's fli'st violent measures a 
meeting of citizens was held in Oskaloosa, pi-esided over by i)r. D. S. 
Sampsel, in which resolutions were passed censuring the action of the mob 
— a sort of indignation meeting, in fact. W. T. Smith was chairman of 
the committee on resolutions. At the August election in 1848, just fol- 
lowing the claim difficulty, the Democrats had a ticket in the field, among 
others composed of M. S. Smith for representative, Theodore Cox for com- 
missioner, George O. Ritchey for sheriff, and W. T. Smith for prosecuting 
attorney. During the campaign inquiry began to be made among the 
Whigs for the resolutions passed at the above-mentioned indignation meet- 
ing, and framed by W. T. Smith, as chairman of committee. It was 
thought they would make a damaging campaign document among Scott 
township Democrats — an opinion which Wm. T. seemed to have shared, 
for he took care to stow the resolutions carefully away in the bottom of his 
trunk. Inquiry was made of tlie recent chairman for his committee reso- 
lutions, but he had "mislaid them," and "would hunt them up in a few 
days." Several ardent AVhigs endeavored to refresh Mr. Smith's memory 
as to the whereabouts of the missing resolutions, but they were nowhere to 
be found until after he had stepped into the district attorney's shoes, a good 
fortune for which he was largely indebted to the voters of Scott and Rich- 
land townships. 

Moral: None so blind as those who will not see. 



298 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

EARLY CLIMATE, ETC. 

The first two winters following the beg-lnning of the settlement of the 
county, being those of 1843-44 and 1844-45, were reniai-kably mild, and 
of course favored the rapid settlement of the country. The winter of 
1848-49 is remembered by the old settlers as the winter of deep snow. 
The crops were good, and, so far as the agricultural yield was concerned, 
the first few years were quite prosperous. There was considerable sickness 
in some parts of the county during 1843 and 1844, being mostly billions 
fever or ague. Mrs. Geo. N. Duncan informs us that in one instance that 
she remembers in the summer of '44 she attended the burial of five men 
in as many consecutive days, whose death resulted from billions fever. 
This, liowever, was an exception, and probably sickness did not prevail in 
Mahaska county to any greater extent than is connnon in new countries, 
where rude accommodations are used, and surface water is all that the 
country affords for drinking purjjoses until wells are dug or cisterns built. 

Wolves were quite numerous and bold when first the white settlers came 
on the prairies. Russell Peck shot seventeen of the beasts from his cabin 
door during the winter of '43-'44. The same season Dr. Boyer, who was 
somewhat of a huntsman, numbered ninety-three scalps as the lawful 
trophies of liis prowess. 

For some reason the size of the rivers has been very decidedly lessened 
since pioneer days. Formerly a saw-mill was run by water powder on the 
Mucliakinock during four or five months of the year, where now, pi-obably, 
the supply of water is insufiicient for as many weeks. The Des Moines 
was once twice or three times the river it is at present. Boats ascended 
far beyond Mahaska, and for a considerable portion of the year. The win- 
ters, too, are quite ])erceptibl3' warmer than they were formerlj^ — so ina- 
terially has the advance of civilization changed the climate and physical 
features of tlie country. 

AN EARLY HUNT. 

In the fall of 1842, before the treaty of that year liad yet been made 
with the Indians, a party of seven hunters came from Jefferson county up 
to the Narrows on a two weeks' hunt. Judge Comstock, with his two 
sons, A. J. and Samuel, and William Pilgrim were of this party. Most 
of their hunting was done between two streams now known in Oskaloosa 
township as Spring creek and Painter creek. These names were given 
them by this hunting party — Spring creek, because the season of '42 had 
been very dry, and this stream was fed by several springs of more than 
ordinary strength; Painter creek, because the hunters heard what they sup- 
posed to be the cries of a panther on this stream. In blazing a route 
across the timber from the Narrows to Skunk river, about a mile this side 
of the river the blazing party sat down on a fallen linn tree to rest. The 
party, while sitting there, noticed bees centering in toward the top of the 
prostrate trunk, and, upon examining the log, found it to contain quite a 
colony of honey bees. These robbers in human shape took from a nine 
foot cavity about ten gallons of strained honey. In all, between the two 
creeks above mentioned, this party found thirty-six bee trees, and secured 
therefrom two barrels of fine, strained honey. They killed five deer and a 
number of fowl. Wolves were quite numerous, and shot without difficulty. 



niSTOKY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. 299 

A bear and two cubs were killed in 1844, by Samuel and Elijah McMur- 
ray, on Painter creek, the only bears ever killed within the present limits 
of Mahaska, since its occupation by white men. 

Judo^e Comstock and Wni. Pilgrim, diirino^ this hunt, prospected for a 
mill site, and decided upon the location of the present ''Warren mill," 
northeast of Oskaloosa, as a suitable place for a mill, when the country should 
come into possession of tiie whites. 

The followin;^ sprin*^ Judge Comstock and Matthew D. Springer set out 
from Fairfield with a surveyor's compass, and rinding, as nearly as possible, 
the geographical center of the county, in May, 1843, laid out a town about 
three miles north of what is now Oskaloosa, hoping to secure the county 
seat on their claim. Of the failure of this location to secure the decision of 
the commissioners we have already made mention. 

During this same month. May, 1843, Judge Comstock and Wm. Pil- 
grim, having associated in partnership with themselves a practical mill 
Wright, Alex McCleery, they commenced building a mill upon the site 
chosen tiie previous fall. This was an odd structure — an open shed covered 
with clapboards, furnished shelter for the machinery. Everything was 
made on the ground save some bolts and nails. The gearing ajid wheels 
were all of wood, made for the most part, with plane, chisel and ax. The 
dam was made of brush anchored in the stream and covered by rock; then 
a layer of rock and another of brush. This was filled in above with dirt. 
The result was quite a substantial structure, and one which stood for years. 
In the dry season of the year, when the fish sought deep water, they would 
attempt to come down over the dam, and would frequently become entan- 
gled in tlie brush. Though this is a "fish story," we are assured that many 
tine specimens of the finny tribe were caught in this cage by hand. The 
mill was completed as a saw mill in Jan., 1844, having what was known as 
sash saw, which would rip twenty-five hundred feet of lumber in twenty- 
four hours, the mill being operated night and day. This lumber sold at 
that time for from $1.50 to $2.00 per hundred. 

A corn cracker was attached to the gearing of the mill — a pair of nigger 
head burrs, Iteijig brought from Cincinnati, capable of grinding about five 
bushels of coi-n perhoui-. A run of French burrs was put in the mill in the 
fall of 1845, Mdien the proprietors were able to gi-ind flour. To this mill 
men came from beyond Des Moines. A register was kept of applicants 
for grists, and each awaited his turn on the list of names. Men have been 
known to wait eight days for a single grist, so crowded was the work of the 
mill. 

Judge Comstock died in the fall of 1848, and the mill was sold to John 
White, who, in 1850, sold to D. M. Colville. In 1860 it passed into the 
hands of Baker and Warren, who took down the old structure, and at a cost 
of $15,000 built a fine new mill with three run of stone. Two years later 
N. Smedley bought this mill, which burned in 1864 with 5000 bushels of 
wheat. John H. Warren bought the site, and in 1868 built what is now 
known as "Glendale Mills." This mill is still conducted by Mr. Warren. 
His three run of stone does both custom and mercantile work. 

A MAHASKA COUNTY ROMANCE. 
During the winter of 1841-2 there appeared at Iowa City a stranger who 



300 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

gave Lis name as Col. Wm. Jolinson, and who was accompanied by a young 
woman whom he represented as his dangliter, and wliom he called Catha- 
rine, or, usually Kit. Both were of more than ordinarj^ strength of charac- 
ter, and well educated. Jolinson claimed to have been the hero of the Can- 
dian revolt, which took place in 1838, and was the occasion of considera- 
ble diplomatic correspondence, and came so near causing war between Great 
Britain and the United States. The girl, he stated, was the ''queen of a 
thousand isles," and authentic history so far corroborates his story as to 
mention the fact that on the St. Lawrence there was a certain young woman 
who gave aid and assistance to the patriots in this border trouble. John- 
son succeeded in cutting quite a figure in Iowa City during the session of 
the legislature. He was honored by a seat on the floor of the house, and 
was toasted and banqueted by some of the law-makers of the then 
State Capital. In 1842 Johnson located at the geographical center of 
Buchanan county, where he proposed laying out a town, and expected by 
his fame and prowess to draw around him a band of followers, and secure 
the county seat. This excited the jealously of the flrst settler of that region, 
Wm. Bennett, a notorious character, who had laid out a village where Quas- 
queton now stands, and where he hoped to enrich himself by securing the 
county seat of the new county. Bennett gathered a few congenial spirits 
about him, went over to Johnson's, loaded up his etfects for him, then tied 
him to a tree and flogged him, though with what severity is unknown, as 
accounts dift'er. Johnson went to Marion where he lodged complaints 
against his persecutors, and the sherifl" of Linn county rode up to Quasque- 
ton to arrest Bennett. The latter awaited him at his cabin door, armed 
with his rifle and a pair of pistols. The sheriff modestly retired and went 
back for a posse. Bennett and his companions became convinced that they 
had better leave Quasqueton for awhile. On their way to a place of escape 
they suffered terribly from intense cold. Some of the parties perished, and 
others were frozen so as to be mutilated for life. This of course aggravated 
Bennett still more and he and Johnson became deadly foes. 

Soon after, Johnson, losing his popularity, left Buchanan county, got in 
with a gang of horse thieves, and fled to Mahaska county to escape the law, 
bringing with him the girl Kit, and another man and woman. Johnson 
seemed to have this girl entirely under his control, and in his fits of passion 
it is said threatened to kill her, in consequence of which she was in mortal 
fear of him. Johnson located on Middle Creek, about eight miles northeast of 
Oskaloosa, in a grove now owned by James K. AYoods. He there built a 
shanty. In the spring of '43, a family by the name of Peck came to a point 
on Skunk river, about four miles from Oskaloosa, where Russell Peck 
with his son-in-law, Geo. N. Duncan, built a grist mill. Johnson and his 
daughter, so-called, lived for some time with the Pecks and Duncans. 
Several times, it is related, during the time he staid with them, strangers 
from the nortli came there and asked to stay over night. They were kindly 
treated, lodged and nothing charged them. This made Johnson very angry, 
the reason for which being, as was afterward learned, that these were of 
Johnson's enemies in Buchanan county, who for some reason did not get an 
opportunity to accomplish their purposes, i. e., revenge on Johnson. Dur- 
ing this time an attachment sprung up between Kit and Job Peck, son of 
Russell Peck, a young man of about 21 years. Johnson was grealy enraged 
on discovering this, and removed to his own cabin above mentioned, taking 
the girl with him. Wm. D. Neeley was engaged to Peck's sister Sarah. 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 301 

An elopement was planned. While Johnson was away one evening, about 
dusk, Kit was stolen away, and the two couples started in an easterly direc- 
tion. The following day they reached the house of a relative of Peck's, 
about four miles from Fairfield, where thej^ were married and lodged for 
the night. Ui>on his return home Johnson set ont in search for them, came 
to the house where the fugitives were, near one o'clock at night, entered the 
house, and with drawn revolver dragged Kit from the bed, compelled her 
to dress herself and mount behind him and ride thus to his home. 

The following evening about seven o'clock Johnson was shot dead, through 
a crevice in his cabin, while standing in front of the fire. Job Peck was 
arrested on charge of the murder, taken to Washington county and lodged 
in jail. His lawyers were J. C. Hall of Mt. Pleasant, and Colonel Tomp- 
son. These gentlemen learning that a warrant was out from the northern 
part of the state, for the arrest of " Kit," as being an accomplice of John- 
son's, it was arranged that the girl should be secreted, until she could be 
provided for. This was done, and a young law student of Hall's, named 
Wamsley, was sent with a buggy to Mahaska county, to the girl's hiding 
place. This Wamsley, while fording the Skunk river, a short distance from 
Oskaloosa, met a man on horseback in the midst of the stream. The stranger 
stated to Wamsley that he was in search of a girl, giving her description, 
being the same one that Wamsley was after. The latter, to throw the ofli- 
cer off the track, told him that he had seen such a girl in a certain house in 
the direction in which he had come. The officer started in pursuit, and 
Wamslej^ proceeded about three miles and a half to "Kit's" hiding place. 
She was taken to Burlington, put on a steamboat and sent by Hall to Pitts- 
burgh, Pennsylvania. Job Peck was acquitted, having proved an alihi. 
Sometime after the murder, and during Peck's imprisonment, a stranger 
stopped at Duncan's and informed them that his name was Bennett; that he 
was one of the men who had stopped with them, and whom they had so 
kindly treated; that he and Johnson had been deadly foes. He told the 
Duncan's that they need not be alarmed in regard to Job's acquittal, as he 
(Bennett) knew Peck was not guilty, and gave the Duncan's to understand 
that he knew who was. 

If we are correctly informed, and we have good authority, the most 
romantic part of this story is yet to come. During the time that he was 
imprisoned Peck knew nothing of his wife's whereabouts, nor was he in- 
formed by his lawyer until some months after his release. Finally her 
address was given him and he set out for Pittsburgh. There he found her 
living with people of the highest respectability, in most elegant style. 
Peck himself stated to our informant that the house was furnished with a 
grandeur that he had not dreamed of; that his wife was a fine musician; 
that she had played for him on a piano in that house, and that he had these 
evidences of her accomplishments which he had not before conjectured. 
She was ready to come away with him, did come, and for several years 
lived near Oskaloosa with him. Parties now living remember her well; say 
that she was a woman of fine education, of refinement and unblemished 
character, wrote a beautiful letter, and gave every evidence of a good "bring- 
ing up." No one believes — she herself denies — that Johnson was her father; 
but who she was, or who Johnson was, possibly her husband, certainlj^ her 
husband's family never knew. She lived happily with Peck in California, 
until the latter's death. She has a noble family, and is again married to a 
devoted husband. Her portrait of late years has nothing of the romantic 



302 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

in it, but every lineament marks her intelHo;ence and happiness. To-day 
this " Queen of a Thousand Isles " is queen of a happy household in a far 
western home. 

Since writin^^ the above we have been cited to an article in Scribner's 
Monthly .for April, ]878, entitled "Amon^ the Thousand Islands." From 
this article we make the following extracts. 

" Of late years perhaps no event caused such a stir of excitement in this 
region as the so-called Patriot war in 1838, a revolt of certain Canadians 
dissatisfied with the government of Sir Francis Bond Head, then Governor- 
general of Canada, which was joined by a number of American agitators, 
ever ripe for any disturbance. 

"It was a wild, insane affair altogether, and after some time consumed in 
petty threats of attack, finally reached a climax in tlie burning of the 
Canadian steamer ' Sir Robert Peel,' one of the finest vessels upon the 
St. Lawrence, The most prominent actor in this aftair was Bill Johnson 
— a name familiar to every one around this region— whose career forms a 
series of romantic adventures, deeds and escapes, followed by his final cap- 
ture, which would fill a novel. Indeed, we understand that a novel has 
been written by a Canadian Frenchman on this theme, though we have 
not had the good fortune to find any one who has read it. 

****** -X- -St** -)«•*•» 

"Johnson was originally a British subject, but turned renegade, serving 
as a spy in the war of 1812, in which capacity he is said to have robbed the 
mails to gain intelligence. He hated his native country with all the bitter- 
ness which a renegade alone is capable of feeling. He was one of the 
earliest agitators upon the American side of the border, and was the one 
who instigated the destruction of the ' Peel.' A reward was oftered by 
the governments of each country for his apprehension, so he was compelled 
to take to the islands for safety. Here he continued for several months, 
though with numbers of hair-breadth escapes, in which he was assisted by 
his daughter, who seems to have been a noble girl. Many stories are told 
of remarkable acts performed by him, of his choking up the inlet of the 
Lake of the Isle with rocks, so as to prevent vessels of any size entering 
that sheet of water; of his having a skift' in which he could outspeed any 
ordinary sailing craft, and which he carried bodily across necks of land 
when his enemies were in pursuit of him, and of his hiding in all manner 
of out-of-the-way spots, once especially in the Devil's Oven, previously 
described, to which his daughter, who alone was in his confidence, disguised 
as a boy, carried provisions. He was finally captured and sent to Albany, 
where after suffering a slight penalty for his oftense, he was subsequently 
released, although he was always very careful to keep out of the clutch ot 
the indignant Canadians." 

a:n" old iowak 

We have met older residents in Mahaska county, but do not remember 
seeing anyone who has a longer Iowa record than William B. Street, Esq., 
of Oskaloosa. His father was Gen. J, M. Street, so well known as the 
humane and christian Indian agent among the Winnebagos. Gen. Street 
read law with Henry Clay, was appointed Indian agent by Adams, and 
re-appointed by Jackson and Yau Buren. He established the Winnebago 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 303 

Mission among one of the most unpromising tribes of the Mississippi 
valley, and through the early seed sown they are now in northern l^Tebraska, 
perhaps the most civilized of the nativ^e race of the country. 

Gen. Street died in 1840. William B. came to Iowa in 1834, being a 
youth of fourteen or fifteen summers, and was constantly among the Indians 
till 1843, part of the time near what is now known as Agency City. He 
is perhaps as thoroughly posted in Indian customs, history and language 
as au}^ man in the state, and has been already mentioned in connection 
with the early history of Mahaska countj^ He can give the scalp raising 
whoop of tlie Sacs to perfection, and can even yet, at almost seventy years 
of age, be sometimes induced to give the Indian war dance, for the benefit 
of his particular friends. He possesses a number of Indian antiques, and 
is a very entertaining talker on Indian nuitters. He settled in Oskaloosa 
in 1844, built the first frame store building within the city limits, being 
located on the west side of the square. He was engaged in merchandising 
until 1857, went into banking, met with some reverses, and has since been 
engaged in railroading on various roads. 

At present (1878) he is enjoying the leisure merited by a life of toil and 
usefulness, and we wish him the continued blessing of a green and happy 
old age. 

MAHASKA IN 1850-1852. 

At this time Mahaska had grown to be quite a county, and Oskaloosa 
bore the appearance of a thrifty town. Upward of 45,000 bushels of wheat 
had been harvested in 1849, and the county was in a prosperous condition. 
July, 1850, the Herald had been started as a weekly county newspaper, 
and though, in comparison with its present size and appearance, it was an 
insignificant sheet, yet it no doubt was one of the best papers in Iowa at 
that day. Little attention was given to local matters for some years by the 
newspaper men, as then jiolitical and national afiairs were considered more 
properly as the province of the editor. 

In 1851 we find upward of one thousand votes cast in the county, elect- 
ing a Whig judge and Democratic sheriff'. At the Presidential election of 
1852 the vote of the county stood: Scott, 599, Pierce, 541 — a Whig majority 
of 58. 

The assessed valuation of property in Mahaska in 1850 was $754,170. 
The population of Oskaloosa two years later is estimated at one thousand 
persons. Tliere were at this time probably a score of saw-mills within the 
limits of the county, and the work of improvement was going rapidly for- 
ward. In both town and country houses were springing up, bridges and 
fences were built, and the work of sowing and reaping was on the increase. 
The virgin soil of the prairies and the untouched alluvium of the bottom- 
lands yielded a ready reward to the plowman's labor, and produced with a 
richness and abundance which later tillage cannot rival. 

Even at this day great difficulty attended the carrying of the mails and 
necessary sup]dies at certain seasons of the year. Though Oskaloosa had 
an eastern and western mail daily, yet letters from St. Louis not unfre- 
quently occupied ten days in transit. As an illustration of the business 
and intelligence of Oskaloosa we give the following items: 

Letters received at the post-office for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1852. . 13,958. 

Letters mailed during same time 15,762. 

Subscribers to newspapers and periodicals 429. 



304 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Printing paper was also very scarce at tliis period, and the Ilerald was 
at times delayed as lono^ as three weeks awaiting a supply, which was then 
usually obtained from St, Louis. 

We give the annexed market reports, which will prove interesting by 
comparison. The reader will be struck by noticing the similarity in prices 
between that of 1851 and the present time, July, 1878. These reports are 
taken from the tiles of the Herald of the different dates named: 

OSKALOOSA PRICE-CUERENT. 





NOV., 1851. 


MAY, 1857. 


jan'y, 1865. 


JULY, 1878. 


Flour f bbl. - 


$5.40 @ 6.00 


$ 9.00 


$ 10.25 


$ 6.00®7.50 


Wheat f bu. - 


60@75 


1.25 


1.35® 1.50 


■ 80® 90 


Oats f bu. - - 


16@20 


75 


40 


17®18 


Corn '^ bu. 


20@25 


1.00 


60® 70 


25® 30 


Potatoes f bu. - 


45@50 


1.00® 1.70 


1.50@2.00 


15@20 


Butter f fe - 


10@12 


20® 25 


35® 40 


7 


Eggs f doz. - 


5 


8@10 


30® 35 


5 


Hay f ton 


4.00® 5.00 


15.00@20.00 


13.00®15.00 




Sugar f ft - - 


9@ll 




28® 40 




Coffee f ft - 


12@15 




40® 55 




Salt f bu. - - 


90@1.00 




1.65 





FOURTH OF JULY. 

The 4th of July, 1852, came on Sunday, and the Saturday preceding was 
the date of a considerable celebration in Oskaloosa. About 2,500 persons 
were present. The Declaration of Independence was read by M. T. Wil- 
liams. The laying of the corner-stone of the normal school building was 
a part of the ceremonies of the day, and in the hearts of the people were 
mingled the memories of the past and the anticipations of times to come. 
The orators of the day were Wm. Loughridge and W. H. Seevers. After 
dinner were numerous toasts and responses, among which we note the 
following temperate sentiment by S. S. Stewart: 

May the toper's bottles speedily be broken, 

And the cause of temperance thiive; 
May the old maids soon get husbands, 

And the okl bachelors wives. 



FLOOD OF '51. 

The year 1851 is known in Mahaska county as the year of the flood. 
The rainfall throughout Iowa in that spring was unprecedented, and the 
smaller rivers of the State attained a high water mark which has not since 
been reaoiied. The overthrow culminated May 29th, and is thus described 
in the Herald of the 30th: 

" One of the heaviest rains we were ever privileged to witness occurred on 
Wednesday of last week. The rain literally fell in torrents for over an 
hour, causing the face of the whole country to present the appearance of 
one vast lake of rushing waters. Much damage has been done in conse- 
quence by the floating away of fences, bridges, etc. It is said that scarcely 
a bridge or foot-log remains over a stream in the whole county. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. 305 

" The usually staid and sober Des Moines has been taking a regular 
'swell,' literally tearing down and carrying off everything that happened to 
come in its current. Kot satisfied with keeping in its own channel, it has 
made free to invade every man's premises in the vicinitj^, in many cases 
literally driving away families domiciled in the neighborhood. It has left 
its ' mark ' on the land near the shore so that the settlers may hereafter 
know how mucii is claimed by it. It is in many places from two to four 
miles wide. A number of dwellings were carried entirely away. This 
calamity will be doubly hard on the sufferei's, as it has not only destroyed 
the present crops, but has taken away the old crop that was in store for the 
present season. 

"The Skunk, too, not having the fear of men before its eyes, has been 
spreadiiuj itself in exevy direction, taking along with it every obstacle that 
could not withstand a perfect rush of sweeping waters. Judging from ap- 
pearances one would su|)pose it determined to declare itself navigable (with- 
out any act of legislature) by removing, without the aid of civil law, ev^ery- 
thing calculated to hinder small crafts from taking an uninterrupted voyage 
to the Father of Waters. 

"On Saturday, a man named Sandert De Yong, a native of Holland, was 
drowned near Union Mills. He and a number of others were engaged in 
replacing the flooring of the bridge when he slipped through and perished 
in the waters without the l)ystanders being able to assist him. 

"A young man was drowned in the Des Moines near Ft. Des Moines on 
Friday, and two small boys near Red Rock a ie\Y days since." 

During this season flour or meal was very difficult to obtain, even in 
Oskaloosa. A pair of burrs or corn crackers were brought upon the front 
carriage of a wagon from Agency City, and attached to the gearing of the 
saw-mill, which stood on the present site of Proudfit's mill, and here was 
meal and hominy made for the settlement in the midst of this western sea 
of mud and water. 

RELIGIOUS. 

You raised these hallowed walls; the desert smiled, 
And Paradise was opened in the wild. — Pope. 

In this day of missionary and benevolent spirit, the Gospel in the West 
rather precedes than follows tl>e settlement of the country. But in the 
earlier days of frontier life the progress toward public worship was of 
necessity slow. Yet the devotional spirit of those who had left godly homes 
opened up here and there an organized body of worshippers, maiiy months 
before they had a regular building for their services. It is claimed that 
the first religious organization in Mahaska county was in the Six Mile 
Prairie settlement, where, in the winter of 184:4, a Methodist class was or- 
ganized and Mr. Chestnut chosen as class-leader. 

In Oskaloosa religious services were frequently held in the frame court 
house mentioned elsewhere in this work. Even as late as August, 1851, 
we find the following advertisement: 

The court house will be open for public worship at all times, but the different religious de- 
nominations must arrang-e the time of holding their meetings among themselves. 

Many of the old settlers will remember quite a lively theological discus- 
sion which was held in the court house in the winter of '51, which lasted 



306 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

for several days, and which would be best described by giving the published 
terms of debate. 

The undersigned agree to debate the following proposition, to-wit: In the economy of 
man's salvation as revealed in the scriptures, is baptism a condition of pardon? 

On the first day Mr. Chatterton atiirms that it is, and gives his arguments in favor of his 
position and Mr.' Teas replies, each party occupying thirty minutes alternately. On the sec- 
ond day Mr. Teas affirms that it is not. and gives his arguments m favor of his position, and 
Mr. Chatterton replies, each party occupying thirty minutes alternately. 

Said debate to be at the court house in Oskaloosa, to commence on Friday, the .31st day of 
January, 1851, at 10 o'clock, a. m. The discussion to be conducted under the supervision of 
Wm. T. Smith, Esq., as chairman, assisted by Esquires M. T. Wilhams and A. M. Cassiday, 
and be governed by parliamentary rules and usages. No new matter to be introduced into 
the closing speech by either party. 

Agreed toby us, January 17th, 1851. 
^ ^ A. CHATTERTON, 

G. W. TEAS. 

Mr. Smith informs us this debate was long and excited considerable in- 
terest. The committee appointed were simply to moderate the discussion 
and preserve order, and the committee made no report upon the merits of 
either argument. Another discussion of a similar nature took place be- 
tween Mr. Chatterton and Mr. I. M. Westfall, in October of this same year. 

INCIDENTS. 

During the early days in Mahaska it was customary for the young law- 
yers of Oskaloosa, and others, to go out into the country and enlighten the 
"bushwhackers " upon the subject of politics, and kindred themes. On one 
of these occasions the accomplished clerk of the district court, with a party 
of friends, went down to hold a neighborhood meeting on Six Mile Prairie, 
in a settler's cabin of the regulation type, having a huge sod chimney out- 
side. The settler whose doniicil this was, with a characteristic desire for 
intimacy with his domestics, had his chicken roost at the end of the house, 
the roost being a pole laid from the sod chimney to the eaves. ^ When the 
speaking had fairly begun, and a young orator from the capital of the 
county was pouring forth the eloquence of his soul, a lively concert was 
started outside. Dame "Ke-tah-cut" and her entire chorus struck out, en- 
tirely drowning the metropolitan speaker, who yielded the floor with bad 
grace, and claimed fowl play — wliich claim was not disputed by the 
amused spectators. 

In the midst of a mud embargo, in the days when the frontiersman of 
the western border went eighty miles to mill, Yan Delashmutt and E. A. 
Boyer found themselves without flour. To go to Bonaparte to mill was 
impossible. About a week after the barrel of meal had wasted, they heard 
of a rustic, several miles up the Des Moines, who liad manufactured a hand- 
mill, so they sent a few bushels of wdieat up there to be ground, but the 
grist arrived just in time to find the mill broken. Their case was getting 
unpleasant. However, on the following day Dr. Boyer saw a steamboat 
ascending the Des Moines, carrying a cargo of flour to soldiers. He hailed 
her, but to no purpose. Manning a large canoe with a couple of his men 
he was soon alongside, and demanded two barrels of flour, saying he was 
ready to pay for it. The captain refused, said it was government property 
and he could not sell it. Boyer told him it made no difference; his family 
was starving, and he proposed to have the flour or sink the boat. The cap- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 307 

tain was not hard to persuade, and lowered two barrels of flour into the 
craft, for which he was fifteen dollars richer, and the government probably 
none the wiser. Bojer got his cargo to land, and rolled it up behind his 
cabin and covered it with some boards. Presently Yan came up to canvass 
the discouraging situation with his friendly neighbor, who took him around 
the house and showed him a sight which probably suggested to Van's mind 
the story of Elijali and the ravens, if he iiad ever read it, for it seemed a 
profound mysterj^ where Boyer could have obtained 400 weight of flour in 
the midst of that wilderness. The pirate explained, and Yan got one 
barrel of the flour, 

MISSISSIPPI AND MISSOURI R. R. LOAN. 

Sometime about 1850 a great air-line railroad route was projected 
through Iowa from the Mississippi to the Missouri river. A company 
named the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad Company undertook the 
project, and began work at Muscatine. The route was proposed through 
Maliaska county. One hundred thousand dollars of county bonds in sub- 
scription were voted to the company during Judge Crookham's adminis- 
tration, but were not issued. 

Shortly after Judge Rhinehart was elected county judge, in answer to 
petition of more than one-fourth the voters of Mahaska county, under act 
of the legislature of January 25, 1855, he submitted to the people the 
question of whether, in addition to the subscription of $100,000 already 
subscribed, he should, in the name of the county, subscribe $150,000 more, 
in bonds payable in twenty years, at ten per cent, payable semi-annually, 
and to be issued at the rate of ten per cent per month. The subscription 
was voted March, 1856, by a majority of 961. The judge refused to deliver 
the bonds without security on the part of the company that the road should 
be built. This security was not giveii, and the bonds were not delivered. 
Judge Rhinehart made a second proclamation in March, 1859, declaring 
that an opportunity would be given to the citizens to decide on the matter 
of rescinding the loan. The result showed 848 ballots for rescinding and 
1,610 against. Bonds to the amount of $200,000 were delivered to John 
A, Dix, president, on the understanding that the road was to be completed 
to Oskaloosa before September, 1860 (it was then flnished to Washington); 
that the company would expend a sum not less than $15,000 in Maliaska 
county during the summer of 1859; that the county should pay the interest 
on $100,000 of the bonds until the road was completed to Oskaloosa, etc. 
The company gave its bond for the execution of the contract, and its cer- 
tificate of stock to the amount of the subscription. Some parts of this 
agreement not being complied with the sale of the bonds was soon enjoined, 
and thus the only loan ever made by the county to any corporation was 
annnlled. 

The bonds remained in the possession of the company until 1870, when 
measures were taken to secure them by the county. In June of that year 
the Board of Supervisors authorized its chairman to take steps for the re- 
covery of the bonds, at an expense not to exceed $500, This amount was 
paid the railroad company for their expense in printing the bonds, etc, and 
at the September meeting Wm, G. Briggs, chairman, reported possession 
of the documents, and also of a receipt of the company in acknowledg- 



308 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

ment of certificate of stock. Mr. Briggs and the auditor were appointed a 
committee to burn the bonds, which thej did. 

COUNTY FINANCES. 

The financial management of Mahaska county has always been an eco- 
nomical one. Opposed to running the county in debt, its financiers have 
never permitted useless extravagance, and in the opinion of many have ig- 
nored the best interests of the county by a too conservative management. 
The county taxes have been light in comparison with other counties of the 
State, and they have been judiciously expended. In the early days county 
orders were sometimes considerably below par, selling at from sixty to sev- 
ety cents on the dollar; but this was years ago, and the present high stand- 
ard of county warrants brings contract bids down to a cash basis, and se- 
cures for the county full work for orders di'awn. No money has ever been 
paid out of the county treasury for any railroads through the tei'ritory of 
the county, nor has any considerable amount ever been spent for public 
buildings. The first court house and jail were built from proceeds of sale 
of Oskaloosa town luts. A rather badly mixed financial transaction is re- 
lated in regard to the commissioners of the early day. After the building 
of the court house there remained a considerable surplus of the lot fund, 
and the regular treasury was empty. The commissioners, understanding 
that the lot fund was not available for other purposes, borrowed, in the 
name of the commissioners of Mahaska county, the sum of $3,000 from the 
commissioners of Mahaska county, and gave as security the official pledge 
of the commissioners of said county. This surplus from sale of lots was 
afterward invested in a new county jail. 

The present year found a mortgage on the county poor farm of $7,000 
and a certain amount of accumulated interest. The law does not permit a 
sufficient levy to cancel this debt immediately, and in consequence it was 
decided by the supervisors that the same should be funded. Accordingly 
bonds to the amount of $8,000 have been issued, bearing the date July 1, 
1878, pjiyable in three, four and five years, or earlier at the option of the 
county, drawing eight per cent interest, payable semi-annually. These 
will probably be redeemed within two years from date of issue. 

The outstanding county warrants July 1, 1878, were near $14,000, of 
which $8,600 belonged to bridge fund, and are not due till April 1, 1879. 
Thus it will be seen the county indebtedness is the merest trifie, and this 
exhibit should force upon its citizens the duty of building at an early day 
a court house which will be a glory to Mahaska county and an ornament 
to the county seat. 

From the auditor's books we make the following quotations of the tax 
lists for 1877: 

No. of polls in county 5,758 

Acres of land (taxed) 359,981 

Assessed valuation of land $4,079,298 

Assessed valuation of lots 738,631 

Assessed valuation or personal property 1 ,775,985 

Exempted from taxation ' 28.139 

Total value (less exemption) 6,565.770 

Consolidated tax for the county 150,485.50 




"^y^-^t^-c^,^^ 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 311 

State tax $13,131.75 

County tax 19,697.82 

School tax 6,565.95 

Bridge tax 19,697.78 

Poor tax 6,565.93 

Insane tax 6,565.93 

School house 11,153.07 

School district 36,105.54 - 

Contingent 15.882.66 

Judgment tax 3,283.11 

City tax 12.967.15 

Poll tax 2,879.00 

Irregular school tax 638.00 

Road tax 3,471.30 

Total tax $158,604.99. 

The assessment for 1878 is as follows: 

358,703 acres of land valued at $3,772, 177 

Town lots 738,631 

Railroads 309,367 

Personal property 1,593,300 

Total valuation $6,413,475. 

BKIDGES. 

Few counties have been called upon for larger expenditure for bridges 
than Mahaska, and in this respect the response of the people has been lib- 
eral. Crossed as the county is by three large streams and a number of 
smaller ones, the expense of building and maintaining bridges for the con- 
venience of the public has been considerable. In most cases substantial 
iron bridges have been constructed, and there are now in the county about 
thirty iron structures, both arch and truss, costing amounts varying from 
$900 to $5,000. These do not include the handsome iron bridge built across 
the Des Moines river at A\^ilson's Ferry, a point near the Des Moines and 
Jefferson township lines. This was built in 1877 by Messrs. McKay & 
iS'elson, of Ft. Wayne, Ind., at an expense of $25,200. It is a heavy iron 
truss bridare, with substantial stone abutments and piers. It consists of four 
spans of 162^ feet each, or 650 feet in all. This bridge has brought in di- 
rect and convenient communication the southwestern part of the county 
with the county seat and surrounding country — an advantage and improve- 
ment worth twice the money expended. As above stated the outstanding 
warrants on this bridge are $8,600, due April 1, 1879, the money for pay- 
ment of which is now ready in the treasury. 

^ POOR HOUSE. 

Asylums for the poor, the disabled and the orphans, are distinctively 
christian institutions. It has been frequently remarked, that among heathen 
nations, Rome, Greece and Macedon, no state institutions were ever estab- 
lished for the use of the destitute. Mahaska county has performed its 
duty of public benevolence in providing an excellent poor farm for its 
paupers; and not only so, but this institution by its last report has been 
shown to be self-sustaining, thus solving in a practical way a problem 
which has puzzled continental economists for centuries. 
20 



312 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The question, " Shall Mahaska county have a poor farm?" was probably 
submitted to the people for the first time in April, 1864. The question 
was negatived. The matter was again agitated in a meeting of the board 
of supervisors November, 1866, but without action. 

A popular vote was again taken in 1867, which, being favorable, resulted 
in the purchase of 80 acres on sec. 30, tp 75 north, 15 west, being about 
three miles southeast of the city of Oskaloosa, and known as the Stanley farm. 
This was secured at a cost of $4,000, being improved by a good, frame 
dwelling house; this was fitted up for the oecupaucy of the county poor. 
The first board of directors having in charge the poor farm was elected by 
the board of supervisors in January, 1868, and was composed of M, Kins- 
njan, W. S. Edgar and C. Houtz. Allen Williamson was chosen first steward, 
being the lowest bidder of fourteen applicants for the position. Mr. Wil- 
liamson proved a very efficient steward, and retained his office until 1871. 
The report of the directors for 1868 showed the expenses, including price 
of the farm, to be $7,983.40. Proceeds from farm products, $132.43. 
Omitting amounts paid for permanent fixtures, the amount paid for keep- 
ing the poor at farm was $972.05. The average number of paupers cared 
for was 5 1-7 persons. 

January, 1869, lots nos. 27, 28, 33 and 34 were purchased in Forest 
Cemetery as burial ground for paupers. 

The directors for 1869 were W. S. Edgar, M. Kinsman and C. Houtz. 
For 1870 the same were continued. In 1871 a single individual, John 
Jeffries, was appointed director. He resigned June, 1872, and C. Houtz 
was appointed to fill vacancy. Mr. N. P. Weaver was steward from 1871 
till 1873, when T. W. Hyde was appointed, who gave good account of his 
stewardship until the farm was sold in 1876. 

Late Sabbath evening, Dec. 12, 1875, after all the paupers had retired, 
it was discovered by the steward that the house was on fire, having, it is 
supposed, caught from a spark on the roof. Eleven paupers were asleep in 
the building, all of whom were roused only in time to escape with their 
lives, and in a few minutes an insurance policy for $1,200 was all that the 
supervisors had to show for the first county poor house. 

Here was a quandai-y. The paupers were to be taken care of, and the 
county needed a poor house, but this could not be built without submitting 
the question to a vote of the people, with doubtful result. Another county 
in Iowa was in the same predicament. So a special act of the Sixteenth 
General Assemblj" was secured, by which the board was authorized to pro- 
vide a new poor house, without submitting the question to the people. 
After a prolonged discussion of matters, it was decided to buy a new farm. 
Accordingly on March 8, 1876, the board bought from A. M. Coon rod a 
farm of 320 acres, being south ^ sec. 24, in Scott township. On this farm 
was a large brick house, which is now used as a county poor house. The 
price paid was $16,000 — $1,000 and the old poor farm at a valuation of 
$4,000 on date of purchase, 4,000 in August, 1876, and the remainder 
secured by mortgage, $7,000. As the law does not allow a levy sufi lent 
to li([uidate this it was deemed best to fund the debt, and bonds to the 
amount of $8,000 have been issued, as already mentioned more particularly 
under the head of county finances. The payment of these bonds will prob- 
ably be anticipated, and two or three years hence the poor farm will be 
substantially without expense to the county. T. H. Lucas is the present 
steward who has had charge ever since the new farm was bought. The num- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 313 

ber of panpers averages at present about twenty-five, a number of whom 
are aged, infirm and unable to work. 

LIST OF COUNTY OFFICERS. 

We regret to be compelled to give this list to the public in an incomplete 
form. We were unable to find any record of elections prior to 1857, and the 
list given previous to that was picked u]) by piecemeal and doubtless con- 
tains iiuiccuracies wdiich were unavoidable as we were sometimes obliged 
to rely upon the unaided memory of old settlers. 

The financial afi^fiirs of the county were first managed by a board of com- 
missioners, viz: 

April to August, 1814 — A. S. Nichols, Wilson Stanley, Eobert Curry. 

August, 1844, to August, 1845 — A. S. Nichols, Harmon Davis, Simeon 
Drowillard. 

August, 1845, to August, 1846 — A. S Nichols, Simeon Drowillard, Jacob 
H. Majors. 

August, 1846, to August, 1847 — A. S. Nichols, Harmon Davis, Jacob H. 
Majors. 

August, 1847, to August, 1848 — Jacob H. Majors, Harmon Davis, Nathan 
Brown. 

August, 1848, to August, 1849 — ^Ilarmon Davis, Theo. Cox, Nat. Brown. 

August, 1849, to August, 1850— Nathan Brown, Theo. Cox, M. W. Well- 
man. 

August, 1850, to August, 1851 — Nathan Brown, Thos. Boss, Sylvester 
Phelps. 

This was the last board of commissioners and by act of the legislature the 
county afiairs were managed by a county judge. 

COUNTY JUDGES. 

Judge John A. L. Crookham, August, 1851, to August, 1855; Jas. Rhine- 
hart, August, 1855, to January, 1864; Samuel Thompson, January, 1864, to 
January, 1870, when the otfice was abolished. The management of county 
afl:airs, however, was virtually taken out of the hands of tlie county judge, 
in 1861, being given into the hands of sixteen supervisors, by Art. 11, 
Chap. 22, Revised Code of Iowa, enumerated below, and the judge's oflSce 
was confined to probate business. 

SUPERVISORS. 

Sixteen were first elected, of whom one-half were for two years, and the 
remainder for one year, divided by lot. 

1861. 

Thos. Paul, Wm. G. Briggs, E. Munsell, P. G. Butler, Thomas Jones, P. 
Loughridge, Orange Hollister, E. H. Bobbitt, Thos. Connor, A. N. Atwood, 
Wm. Ankeney, S. A. Aiken, Thos. B. Campbell, L. Osborne, J. J. Kinker, 
J. N. Dixon. 



314 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

1862. 

E. Munsell, P. Lougliridge, E. IT. Bobbitt, Tlios. Connor, A, K Atwood, 
Wm. Ankeny, J. J. Kl inker, J. K Dixon. G. B. McFall, P. G. Butter, 
"Wm. G. Briggs, Thos. Jones, S. A, Aiken, Lauren Osborne, John Hiatt, 
Orange Hollister. 

CORONERS. 

No earlv records preserved except 1844. 

Britain Edwards, April to August, 1844. 

James E. Alexander, August, 1851, to August, 1853. 

Alonzo Moore, August, 1853, to August, 1855. 

, August, 1855, to August, 1857. 

A. T. Young, August, 1867, to January, 1860. 
Joseph Kelly, 1860-1861. 
W. C. Cummings, 1862-1863. 
Kobert Miller, 1864-1865. 

, 1866-1867. 

G. ^Y. Norton, 1868-1869. 
David Needham, 1869-1873. 

D. M. Gunn, 1874-1875. 

J. M. Byers, 1876 — present incumbent. 

COUNTY SURVEYORS. 

David Stump, April, 1844-1846. 

Silas Sawyer, 1846-1848. 

I. N. Seevers, 1848-1853. 

Samuel Bresslar, August, 1853, to August, 1855. 

A. T. Wright, August, 1855, to August, 1857. 

Samuel Thompson, 1857-1861. 

N. Caven, 1864-1873. 

Samuel Thompson, 1874; present incumbent, 1878. 

DRAINAGE COMMISSIONERS. 

Yan B. Delashmutt, 1857-1859. 

S. H. Berry, 1860-1861 (never qualified). 

E. E. Herbert, 1862-1863 (never qualified). 

(By appointment) Samuel Thompson, 1861, 1862, 1863. 
Nat. Caven, 1864-1873 (oflice abolished.) 

ASSESSORS. 

Mahaska county had one county assessor, Isaac J. Faucett, 1857-1858, 
when the office was abolished. 

PROSECUTING ATTORNEY. 

A. M. Cassiday, 1851-1855. 

PROBATE JUDGES, 

John White, 1844-1849. 
Jno. Bond, 1849-1851. 

The probate business then passed into the hands of the county judge. 
(See above.) 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 315 

DELEGATES. 

First Constitutional Convention, 18-44, Van B. Delashrautt, S. B. Shelle- 
day. 

Second Constitutional Convention, 1846, Stephen B. Slielleday. 
Third Constitutional Convention, 1857, James A. Young. 

LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES. 

Council Delegate — Enoch Ross. House Delegate — S. B. Shelledaj, 1845. 

u a a u u i,i a u 1 84B 

1863. 

G. B. McFall, P. G. Butler, Wm. G. Briggs, Thos. Jones, S. A. Aiken, 
Lauren Osborne, Jno. Hiatt, Orange Ilollister, D. H. Ilybarger, P. Lough- 
ridge, E. H. Bobbitt, Thos. T. Tinslej, A. N. Atwood, W. Ankeny, S. W. 
Lewis, Martin Hawk. 

1864. 

D. H. Hybarger, P. Loughridge, E. H. Bobbitt, Thos. T. Tinsley, A. N. 
Atwood, AY. R. Ankeny, S. W. Lewis, Martin Hawk, Solomon Shaw, R. A. 
Haller, P. G. Butler, R. Y. Clark, James Rhinehart, Terry Mays, Cyrus H. 
Tolbert, R. F. Burden. 

1865. 

Solomon Shaw, R. H. Haller, P. G. Butler, R. Y. Clark, James Rhine- 
hart, Terry Mays, Cyrus H. Talbert, R. F. Burden, P. Loughridge, A. Ag- 
new, W. C. Rhinehart, J. A. Stewai't, Wm. II. Darland, Andrew Ruby, 
Wm. R. Ankeny, Jehu Hiatt, J. H. Fry. 

1866. 

P. Loughridge, A. Agnew, W. C. Rhinehart, J. A. Stewart, Wm. II. Dar- 
land, Andrew Ruby, Wm. R. Ankeny, Jehu Hiatt, J, H. Fry, J. Y. Simp- 
son, Aaron Oldham, P. G. Butler, J. F. Hildreth, C. P. Searle, R. F. Bur- 
den, Hardin Tice. 

1867. 

Jehu Hiatt, J. Y. Simpson, Aaron Oldham, P. G. Butler, J. F. Hildreth, 
C. P. Searle, Robert F. Burden, Hardin Tice, Stephen Lewis, Mahlon 
Stanton, Andrew Ruby, Geo. Lay, James S. Chew, Martin Hawk, James 
Odem, M. Kinsman, Samuel Harlan. 

1868. 

Mahlon Stanton, Andrew Ruby, Geo. La}', James S. Chew, Martin Hawk, 
James Odem, M. Kinsman, Samuel Harlan, Robert Wharton, Samuel Gil- 
more, Wm. G. Briggs, D. M. Gunn, W. J. Jackson, R. F. Burden, Geo. 
Hill.' 

1869. 

Robert Wharton, Samuel Gilmore, Wm. G. Briggs, D. M. Gunn, W. J. 
Jackson, R. F. Burden, Geo. Hill, J, A. Harrold, Mahlon Stanton, C. J. 



316 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Jackson, E. II. MeCann, Wni. Stewart, "Wm. Freeman, S. G. Gary, J. S. 
Chew, Elwood Fisher. 

1870. 

J. A. Harrold, Mahlon Stanton, C. J. Jackson, E. H. McCann, Wm. 
Stewart, Wm, Freeman, S. G. Gary, J. S. Chew, Elwood Fisher, John War- 
ner, Nelson Cone, Chas. Stoddard, James Hiatt, Wm. G. Briggs, W. J. 
Jackson, D. A. Hurst. 

1871. 

In 1870 the law was again changed, and the county affiiirs placed in the 
hands of three commissioners. The first board took their seats in Janu- 
ary, 1871. 

Jno. K. Barnes, 1871-187 ? 

James K. Woods, 1871-1874, inclusive. 

Jehu Hiatt, 1871-187 ? 

L. P. Shriver, 1873-1875, inclusive. 

W. F. Schee, 1874-1870. 

Wm. Stewart, 1875-1877. 

Samuel Knowlton, 1876-1878. 

Samuel Gilmore, 1877 — term expires 1879. 

E. W. Myrick, 1878— term expires 1880. 

COUNTY AUDITORS. 

The first auditor under the laws of Iowa took his office in January, 1869. 

Samuel Thompson, county judge — ex-officio auditor for 1869. 

James Ruan, 1870-1873. 

Geo. A. Ross, 1874 — present incumbent. 

COUNTY TREASURERS AND RECORDERS. 

These two offices were included under one person until 1865, except in 
first election. 

Wm. D. Canfield, treasurer, April till August, 1844. 
Wm. Pilgrim, recorder, April till August, 1844. 

TREASURERS AND RECORDERS. 

AYm. Pilgrim, August, 1844, to August, 1846. 
Richard Parker, 1846-1847. 
Geo. W. Baer, August, 1847, to August, 1849. 
H. Blackburn, August, 1849, to August, 1855. 
Wesley Moreland, August, 1855. to August, 1857. 
John il. Shoemake, August, 1857, to January, 1860. 
John N. Kinsman, January, 1860, to January, 1862. 
James A. Young, January, 1862, to January, 1864. 
At this date the oflices were divided: 

RECORDERS. 



John Larmer, 1865-1872. 

W. R. Cowan, 1873— present incumbent (1878). 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 317 

TKEASUREKS. 



James A. Yonn^, 1865-1871. 

Henry R. Kendig, 1872-1877. 

John R. Barnes, 1877 — present incumbent (1878). 



CLERKS OF COURT 



M. T. Williams, April, 1844, to August, 1854. 

Wm. S. Edgar, August, 1854, to January, 1863. 

Richard Duuiont, 1863-1866. 

Capt. C. P. Searle, 1867-1874. 

David R. Moore, 1875— present incumbent (1878). 



SHERIFFS. 



Wm. Edmundson, 1844, to August, . 

Kinsman August, 1851, to August, 1853. 

D. J. Swearingen, August, 1853, to August, 1855. 

J. K. Keimedy, elected August, 1855— served several months. 

Wm. Edmundson, elected to till vacancy, 1856-1859. 

Jas. H. Macon, 1860-1862. 

J. F. Allumbaugh, 1862-1863. 

J. W. Hinesley,^ 1864-1873. 

Jas. E. Iletherington, 1874-1877. 

Marquis Barr, 1878— present incumbent (1878). 

COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. 

(Office established April, 1858.) 

J. M. Loughridge, 1858-1865. 

J. F. Everett, 1866-1869. 

Geo. T. Carpenter, 1870-1871. 

E. Baker, 1872-1873. 

Jasper Hull, 1874-1875. i 

J. W. Johnson, 1876-1877. 

J. C. Williams, 1878— present incumbent. 

STATE SENATORS FROM THIS DISTRICT. 

R. R. Harbour, 1847-1850. 

Jos. Lowe. 1850-1851, 

Jno R. Needham, 1852-1855. 

Wm. Loughridge, 1856-1859. 

H. H. WiUiams, 1860-1863. 

J. A. L. Grookham, 1864-1867. 

Jno. R. Needham, 1868-1869. 

Jno. N. Dixon, 1870-1871. 

Jas. A. Young, 1872— resigned 1873. 

T. R. Gilmore, 1874 — present incumbent; term expires 1879. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 

Jno. W. Smith, 1846-1848 (died). Wm. Edmundson was elected to till 
vacancy, 1847-48. 

Wm. Jacobs, 1848-1849. 



318 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Wm. Jacobs, R. R. Harbour, 1850-1851 (including Keokuk and Powe- 
shiek counties). 

Wm. R. Ross, 1852-1853. 

Samuel Coffin and M. T. Williams, 1854-1855. 

R. M. Wilson and Jno. H. Fry, 1856-1857. 

A. M. Cassiday and W. H. Seevers, 1858-1859. 

Mahlon Stanton and Tlios. Barnes, 1860-1861. 

M. T. Williams and Samuel G. Castor, 1862-1863. 

J. N. II. Campbell and Epliiram Munsell, 1864-1865. 

T. N. Barnes and S. G. Gary, 1866-1867. 

Chas. Stanley and Thos. Ballinger, 1868-1869. 

Jno. F. Lacey and M. E. Cutts, 1870-1871. 

L. F. Ellsworth and W. L. McAllister, 1872-1873. 

Thos. C. Beach and Kelson Cone, 18'^4-1875. 

Wm. II. Seevers and Hardin Tice, 18*76-1877. 

H. W. Gleason and Jno. R. Nichol, 1878-1879. 

ILLUSTRIOUS DEAD. 

STEPHEN B. SHELLEDAY. 

Among those of the "illustrious dead" of Mahaska county we can 
scarcely sketch a more prominent career than that connected witli the name 
of Stephen B. Shelleday. He came to the state in 1843, spent the first win- 
ter in Henry county, and the next j^ear moved to Mahaska. 

With Yan B. Delashmntt, he represented Washington, Keoknk and 
Mahaska counties in the first constitutional convention, which convened at 
Iowa City, October 7, 1844. He was elected from these counties to the 
House of Representatives of the Seventh Territorial Assembly, met May 
5, 1845, at Iowa City, and was re-elected to the Eighth Assembly, May 4, 
1866. He served as a delegate from Mahaska county to the second consti- 
tutional convention, at the same place. In 1849, during President Taylor's 
administration, he was appointed U. S. Marshal for Iowa, which position 
lie held for several years. He moved to Jasper county in 1849, and later 
served two terms in the Legislature, and was the first Speaker of the House 
after the capital was removed to Des Moines. 

During the war lie served about two years in the greybeard regiment, 
being promoted from the ranks to first lieutenant. Company C. He was 
found dead in the field on his farm in Jasper county, December 17, 1870, 
of heart disease, being nearly seventy years of age. 

HENRY C. LEIGHTON. 

Occasionally we find a man who has been the pride of a community in 
his youth, a brother and friend to his neighbors in manhood, and venerated 
as a father in his old age, who, when in the fullness of years and honor 
has wrapped the "drapery of his couch about him, and lain down to pleas- 
ant dreams," an entii-e section of country sincerely mourns his loss, and 
experiences, in common with his kinsmen, the feeling of genuine affliction. 
But rare, very rare, is the case in which one so young as the subject of this 
sketch is so universally mourned as was Henry 0. Leighton, who died 
January 31, 1878, at the age of thirty-five. We realize that the com- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 319 

munity wliicli so honored him in bis life and remembered him in death, 
will appreciate a sketch of his life in the History of Mahaska county. 

Henry C. Leighton was born in Mt. Sterling, 111., November 21, 1842, 
his parents removing to Oskaloosa in 181:7. With only the common school 
education wliich has furnished equipment for some of the greatest jour- 
nalists of the country, he entei-ed the Oskaloosa Herald office at seventeen 
years of age, in which he worked as a typo. In August, 1862, when not 
yet twenty years of age, he enlisted as a private in Compan}^ D., of the 
gallant Thirtj^-third Iowa Infantry, and soon took his place among those 
who manifested their love for the Union by facing the enemy's guns. Im- 
mediately after his enlistment he was appointed second corporal, and from 
there through the office of second to that of first lieutenant. As adjutant 
of his regiment he mustered out August 7, 1865, just three years after date 
of his enlistment. 

Upon his return from the army he re-entered the Herald office as one of 
its proprietors, and from that time till the day of his death his devotion to 
his profession was most constant and untiring. He sacrificed to his paper, 
probably his life. Chivalrous in editorial debate, enterprising in manage- 
ment, first in every moral reform, his journalistic career made him the idol 
of his friends, the admired of his rivals aud opponents. 

In 1870 he was chosen chairman of the Republican Central committee 
of Mahaska county, and subsequently served two years as chairman of the 
State Central committee, and for his management received the encomiums 
of the press throughout the state. He was post-master at Oskaloosa at the 
time of his death. 

As secretary of Triluminar Lodge in Oskaloosa, from 1872 to 1874; as 
Senior Warden from 1874 till 1876; from 1876 to 1877 as its Master, he 
ffrew in hio-h esteem among: his fellow Masons. He was Eminent Com- 
mander of De rayen's Commandery from 1874 to 1876. 

His death at the date above mentioned was sudden and unexpected. The 
Herald issued just one week previously, January 24, was in part the work 
of his hands, and a copy of the same was fixed in their cold clasp under 
the coffin lid. Inside was a paper on wliich was written the following 
stanza : 

The good alone are truly great, 

To him will virtue yield the yjrize, 
Who seeks to better man's estate, 

And renders earth a paradise. 

A meeting of citizens, another of fellow-soldiers, his brother Sir Knights, 
and members of Lodge, hastened to assemble upon his death to do honor 
to his memory, and express sympathy to his family. The press of the en- 
tire state contained expressions of mourning and regret. But the tes- 
timony of esteem which surrounded his bier was the most tender and 
touching of all. No such a concourse ever before attended a Mahaska cit- 
izen to his grave. The secretary and auditor of state, and the lieutenant- 
governor, his fellow-editors from Keokuk, Des Moines, Ottumwa, Pella, 
Marshalltown, Knoxville, Albia, Eddyville, Montezuma, New Sharon and 
elsewhere, testified their mourning by their presence on the Monday, Feb- 
ruary 4, appointed for his funeral. Two hundred Sir Knights and four 
hundred Master Masons from various parts of the state assisted in the cer- 
emony at the open grave, including the recitation of the Lord's Prayer 
by the entire assembly, a service never to be forgotten by those present. 



320 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Thus did Iowa bnry one of her representative men, and Iowa journalism 
lost one of its brightest ornaments. 

BENJAMIN ROOP. 

Every early settler of Mahaska will recognize this name as one of the 
county's earliest and most enterprising citizens. Mr, Roop came to Oska- 
loosa from Ohio in 1845, a poor man, but was in the prime of life. He 
was one of those individuals who seem to have been made business men. 
He was in various enterprises until about 1850, when he engaged in build- 
ing the Steam Flouring Mill now occupied in West Oskaloosa by Messrs. 
Seibel & Co. This establishment, however, was owned by the firm Roop, 
Harbour & Co., and was completed in 1852, at a cost of about $20,000. To 
the mill was attached a distillery, and to this source of revenue Mr, Roop 
was indebted for much of the money so generouslj^ spent for the benefit of 
those around him. About 1856 he built the building now used as the 
National House, for his residence, and occupied it about ten years. 
Shortly after the building of his mill, the problem of fuel to furnish its 
power engaged his attention. He employed a man named Dascom to 
prospect for coal in the vicinity of the present town of Beacon, and there 
was first discovered by this agency a suitable vein for mining purposes. 
In 1861 he established a large grocery and liquor house in Colorado, and 
inaugui'ated the business of freighting produce across the Rocky Moun- 
tains, Once or twice per year trains of twelve to fifteen large wagons were 
started from Oskaloosa across the Plains. Every enterprise undertaken by 
Mr. Roop seemed to succeed by magic, until he engaged in building the 
Eureka Mills at Beacon. Built in 1865, when everything was at a high 
figure, furnished with the most splendid machinerj', its distillery attach- 
ment interfered with by the government, the genius of Mr, Roop failed to 
save his business from financial disaster. With broken fortunes he re- 
moved in 1871 to Springfield, Missouri, and engaged in milling operations 
there, and with a reasonable degree of success. Death, however, soon over- 
took him, and January 25, 1872, he fell a sudden victim to apoplexy, at the 
age of seventy-two years, 

Mr. Roop was one of the most public spirited men Mahaska county ever 
had, and to his liberality and business capacities many laborers have been 
indebted for good living and comfortable homes. The poor man never 
applied to Mr. Roop in vain, and he enjoyed one of the surest evidences of 
nobility of disposition, the esteem and affection of his employes. 

JOHN R. NEEDHAM. 

This gentleman was a representative Mahaska citizen. Not brilliant 
and scintillating, seldom or never surprising his friends by any pyrotechnic 
displa}', he was one of those men who, like the silent forces of nature, did 
his life work without sound of trumpets, holding ever the calm and even 
tenor of his way, continually bringing to mind the truthful saying, " still 
waters flow deep." Mr. Needham lived a life among the early generation 
of Mahaska county, such as only true men can live, that of an unshaken 
friend, an uncompromising enemy of evil, an enterprising citizen and a 
christian gentleman. 

He was born in Guernsey county, Ohio, December 18, 1824 He entered 
public service quite young. His father being sheriff of the county while 



HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 321 

lie was yet a minor, his son John was appointed deputy. While serving in 
this capacity, he entered a law office as student, in Cambridge, Ohio, where 
he was admitted to practice. 

Emigratiug to Mahaska county in 1840, soon after his arrival he taught 
a three month's school in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. July 2d 
of the following summer he commenced the publication of the Herald^ 
under the tirm of Needham & McNeely. lie continued his interest in the 
paper until 1S65, with such chauge of partners as we have noticed in the 
history of the Herald. 

Mr. jS^eedham was an original Whig, and was the first Whig senator 
ever elected from Mahaska county. His electiou occurred in August, 1852. 
Soon after his settlement in the county he engaged in the practice of law, 
and when he devoted his time to his profession enjoyed a good practice. 
In October, 1861, he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of the state of Iowa, 
and took his seat in January, 1862, discharging the duties of his office with 
credit to himself, and honor to the state. At the close of the legislative 
session was passed the following resolution: 

Resolred, That the Senate hereby tender to Lieut. Governor Needham, their thanks for 
the able, dignified, courteous and impartial manner in which he discharged the duties of pre- 
siding officer during this session. 

He was elected senator a second time, October, 1867, which office he held 
at the time of his decease. lie was universally respected and lamented by 
his fellow senators, and the eulogies pronounced upon the occasion of his 
death are testimonials which few men earn. AVe will allow one of his fel- 
low legislators who knew him well, speak through these pages of his vir- 
tue of mind and heart. 

Senator Dixon said: "After an acquaintance of twelve years, I can truly 
say it has been my fortune to know few such men. Atfable and easy in 
his address, mild and unassuming in his manners, conscientious in every- 
thing he did and said, with a heart as tender as that of a child, to know 
him was but to love and respect. Honesty was his policy; but policy was 
not his honesty. To those of you who knew him, there is nothing strange 
about it, that he occupied so high a place in the affections and confidence of 
the people of his county and state. His constituents never had any fears 
about their interests while entrusted to his care. 

" Senator Needham M-as a moral hero. He overcame evil with good. 
The pathway of his life he strewed with those jewels that do most adorn the 
human heart; he was God's noblest work — an honest man. Nothing I 
could say would add to the luster of his fame, or the endearment of his 
memory. His monuments are planted deeply in the hearts of those who 
knew him." 

As an illustration of his ability and fairness as a parliamentarian, it might 
be stated that he was the only president of the Iowa Senate whose decision 
was never i-eversed. 

As president of the Oskaloosa school board during several years, as mayor 
of the city in 1860 and 1861, as trustee during three years of the Iowa 
Insane Asylum, he discharged lesser public duties with a care, a kindness, 
and enterprise in keeping with his character and good name. 

But, not alone in political life did Gov. Needham receive the suffrages 
of his fellow citizens, and the encomiums of his friends. To him belonged 
the two rarely united qualities, of good statesmanship and a practical chris- 



322 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

tianity. He was an earnest worker in the M. E. Church, of wliich he was 
both officer and member, and in the Sunday schooL As president for a 
time of the County S. S. Association, and as superintendent of the Sabbath 
school of his own church he was recognized as among tlie foremost of those 
engaged in tlie christian education of the youth. 

Mr. I^eedham was an invalid for some iifteeu years previous to his death, 
a fact which made his public services the more praiseworthy and remarka- 
ble. His disease was pulmonary consumption, from which his death occur- 
red July 9, 1868. 

His widow, Evaline Houtz ISTeedliam, who had been the partner of his 
life since September 29, 1852, still survives him and lives in Oskaloosa, 
esteemed not alone on account of her own graces, but also in memory of 
him whose death she has not mourned alone. 

BRIGADIER-GENERAL SAMUEL A. RICE. 

From the work on "Iowa Colonels and Regiments," by Captian A. A. 
Stuart, we draw the following sketch: 

"Samuel A. Rice, who received his death wound at the battle of Jenkins 
Ferry is the most distinguished officer our gallant state has lost in the war 
of the rebellion. Sprung from the great middle class, without name or 
wealth, he had, at the age of thirty -live, attained such distinction as to make 
his death a national calamity. 

"General Rice was born in Cattaraugus county, New York, January 27, 
1828, but passed his boyhood in Belmont county, Ohio, where his parents 
removed when he was quite young. The death of his father when he was a 
lad, deprived him of the privileges of more than a common school education 
in his youth, and placed upon his shoulders, at an early age, the ])artial 
support of a family. Accordingly he engaged in boating on the Ohio and 
Mississippi rivers, as the most remunerative employment, and as flat boat- 
man he made one or more trips to New Orleans." 

Subsequently the enterprise of young Rice secured for him a college 
education. Defraying his own expenses he graduated at Union College, 
'New York, in the literary department of the institution, and attended law 
school one year in the University. 

Immediately removing to Iowa he first settled at Fairfield, where he 
practiced law and occasionally assisted in the editorial room of the Whig 
paper, at that point. In the fall of 1851 he removed to Oskaloosa. 

His first public office in Mahaska county was that of prosecuting attorney, 
which office he filled with such ability as to pave the way to higher civil 
attainments. lie was accordingly nominated and elected attorney -general 
of the State in 1856 when but twenty-eight years of age. Re-elected in 1858, 
the beginning of the war found him in just possession of the term, " one of the 
best lawyers of the state," He assisted in the organization of the Republi- 
can party in Mahaska county, and was formost in advocating the Republi- 
can principles. 

Gen. Rice was commissioned Colonel of the 33d Regiment of Iowa In- 
fantry, on the 10th day of August, 1862, and late in November left with 
his regiment for St. Louis. Of the work of that regiment, and the com- 
mand of Col. Rice, we have occasion to speak more fully in the History of 
the 33d. He was commissioned brigadier-general August, 1863, a dis- 
tinction which he earned by his gallant conduct in the battle of Helena. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 323 

The earl}'- part of the battle of Jenkins' Ferry was a most trying one to 
our troops. Capt. Comstock was quite severely wounded in the midst of 
the engagement, and tells us tliat as Gen. Rice rode over the field, he dis- 
mounted and shook hands with the wounded men, and with tears in his 
eyes expressed botli his sympathy and his fears that the dajMvould be lost. 

It was in the enemy's last and unsuccessful charge that Gen. Rice re- 
ceived the wound which resulted in his death. Riding down his left wing 
he was shut by a musket ball through the right foot, tlie ball passing under 
the instep just in front of the ankle and driving the buckle of the spur be- 
fore it. 

He left Little Rock for his home in Iowa on the 18th day of May. 
For a considerable time after reaching his home, he supposed he was conva- 
lescing, but the virus of his wound had permeated his whole system, 
poisoning the vital fluids and putting his case beyond the reach of human 
aid. He died July 6, 1864. 

The night before the general's death. Judge Louglu-idge, of Oskaloosa, 
his warm and tried friend, watched by his bedside. His pain seemed to be 
intense, making the night drag heavily, and as he turned restlessly in his 
bed, the judge inquired: "General, how do you feel now? Are you will- 
ing to die?" Looking up, and liis eyes brightening, he replied: "I am 
read}'. ' Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will 
fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.' " 

Of the many eulogies called forth by his death, we can give but two or 
three. 

Captain Stnart sa_ys: " My admiration of the character of this noble 
man, I am unable to express. Few as able and deserving as he have been 
sacrificed to the Moloch of Slavery." An army companion: "But abov^e 
all, and over all, stands the name of one, whom Iowa will be proud to own, 
General Samuel A, Rice. I have never ssen his equal, either on the field 
or in the camp." 

"The general was kinddiearted and unassuming. He was scarcely with- 
out a smile u]ion his face, and no one could l)e embarrassed in his presence. 
Few promised him the success he met in the service. He was as successful 
with the sword as he had been in his civil profession. He was a noble ex- 
emplar of our Free State Chivalry." 

EDUCATIOIS^AL. 

The schools of our county are sharing with the newsboys' bundle the 
title of "universities of the poor," and not only so, but they are in a large 
proportion the final educators of the rich. A close observation of the work- 
ing of the public schools shows that if the induction of facts be complete 
it could be demonstrated t\]{it, in fact, the public schools turnout more 
better fitted for business and for usefulness than most of our colleges. The 
freedom and liberty of our public schools afibrds less room for the growth 
of effeminancy and pedantrj'; it educates the youth among the people, and 
not among a caste or class, and since the man or woman is called upon to 
do with a nation in which we, the peojde, are the only factor, the education 
which the common schools afford, especially where they are of the superior 
standard reached in Mahaska county do, fit their recipients for a sphere of 
usefulness nearer the public heart, that can be attained by private schools 
or academies. 

Mahaska county educational affairs are in a flourishing condition. The 



324 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

contrast between tlie settlers school and the present accommodations has 
been marked. The puncheon floor and desks, and doorless aperture for 
entrance, have given phice to more flnislied edifices, in some cases elegant 
ones, possibly not more thoroughly ventihited, but more comfortably so. 
Maliaska county teachers believe in interchange of thought, and in com- 
munity of effort. In few counties have institutes been so well attended 
and noi'mals so well sustained. The profession of teaching has been made 
a study, and when other counties have reached the standard of Mahaska, it 
will cease to be a disputed point as to whether teaching is craft or profes- 
sion. The superintendent's examination grade is of such a standard that 
all applicants do not attain it. It will be noticed that 170 were refused 
during the past year, a showing which is creditable to the standing of those 
who have been successful. 

The first teachers' institute was held in December, 1856, and a teachers' 
association was formed. This was before the oflice of county superintend- 
ent was created. The meeting was held in the Normal School Building, 
with Henry Thorndike as president, and Charles Ball as secretary. The 
lecturers appointed for next meeting were Geo. W. Drake, AY. L. Johnson, 
and Henry Thorndike. 

The first normal nnder the Iowa law was held in Oskaloosa in 1873, and 
has been continued from year to year since that time. The lecturer last 
year was Mr. H. H. Seerley, superintendent of the Oskaloosa schools, and he 
also conducted the Normal of 1878. The number in attendance at last Nor- 
mal was 271. Mr. J. C Williams is the present county superintendent, 
and is endeavoring to secure a somewhat uniform course of study through- 
out the schools of the county. 

The Iowa State Teacher's Association was in session at Oskaloosa, Au- 
gust, 22d, 23d, 24th, and 25th, 1865. The lecturers were O. Faville, State 
Superintendent, Prof AY. F. Phelps, of Minnesota, Prof. AV. O. Hickey, of 
Davenport, Hon. Newton Bateman, of Illinois. The association was not 
so complete a success as some later meetings have been, but yet was a time 
of profit to those in attendance. 

A teachers' county library has recently been established in the office of 
the county superintendent. Three branch libraries are established at Fre- 
mont, Peoria, and New Sharon, where associations are formed, an initia- 
tion fee of $1.00 and annual dues of 50 cents, constituting a membership. 
Each branch is entitled to have on hand from the central library, one-half 
more books than members enrolled, and these books thus held in the 
branch are exchanged for a fresh supply from the superintendent's office. 
This library has only been in existence a short time, and is as yet an infant. 

There are about 330 volumes in its possession, and something over 200 
members. 

There are three towns in the connty which have a system of Graded 
Schools: Oskaloosa, New Sharon, and Beacon. These will be more fully 
described under the sketches of towns. 

The following Normal Institutes have been held in Mahaska county since 
the passage of the state law giving assistance to the same: 



YEAR. 


PLACE OF HOLDING. 


CONDUCTOR. 


TEACHERS 


ATTENDING, 


1874. 


Oskaloosa. 


Prof. J. W. Woody. 




141. 


1875. 


" 


Prof. S. P. Lucy. 




138. 


1876. 


u 


Prof. Eklriclge. 
Prof. H. H. Seerley. 




175. 


1877. 


u 




271. 


1878. 


<( 


<> It <i >> 




240. 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COTJNTY. 325 

It should be noticed with pleasure by the citizens of the county that the 
attendance upon these Normals is quite large, and that the teachers are 
taking a decided interest in their work, determined to give their schools the 
benellt of all that can be attained by co-operation. That the teachers have 
led their patrons in this county in some cases is shown in a rather ludicrous 
manner by the foHowing documents, which do not belong to the present 
decade, however: 

A teacher was dismissed by the board after three days' trial in a certain 
district in this county, and four reasons were given in writing as the cause 
of dissatisfaction, 

1. Doing away with oral spelling, and substituting therefor spelling on 
slates. 

3. Requiring all the smaller children to have slates and pencils, and 
having them draw lines, letters, pictures, etc. 

3. Would not teach the names of the twenty-six letters at first to the 
children. 

4. Taking up too much time with the recitations, and asking too many 
questions on the lessons. 

Verily, here is a modern Galileo and the inquisition. However, they 
gave the j'oung man a good recommendation, and before a progressive 
school committee he could present no more creditable credentials than the 
above. 

Not many years ago, in Union township, a school-master, finding he had 
about five different series of text books, and thinking the parents would 
not object to having old books exchanged for new ones, he requested a 
meeting of the patrons of the school, for the purpose of deciding what 
kind of books should be adopted. He received the following note from one 
fond "parient": 

" Mister huffmier, I well inform you that we hav hairred you two teach 
the skool, and if you Can't teach My Childrin in the books that they bring, 
send them home and you goe two hell, where all of linken purps owt two 
be, and I will inform you that you are hairred two teach the skol, and you git 
the pay for hit, and 1 wont yon two make your own tires and I want them 
that haint got noe books two stay at home and let my child's books alone. 

You sed that the superintender would be a round to exZamen your skool 
and you want them two have books all alike I don't Cair a damn for him 
and you nother that damnable pairty has tride two ruin our Country in 
Chertz and in poletekel a fares. 

I must Cloes. 

from J. M r." 

From the last report of the county superintendent (1877) we quote as 
follows: 

" The People and the Schools. — In America the people are the makers 
and builders of laws and institutions. Whatever the thoughts and con- 
sciences of society dictate, that is our life and condition as a people. The 
schools are pleasant, efficient and progressive, if the people make them so, 
not otherwise. Anything which can be done by educators to awaken closer 
sympathy and a deeper interest in the public mind, should be done. We 
must have for the schools devoted labor and a liberal purse. 

" Coiirse of Study. — The weakness of country schools is their lack of 
system. To overcome this evil the teachers of this county voted, at the 



326 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

institute of 1876, that the county superintendent should write a course of 
study for the country schools, and that they would do what they could to 
introduce and use it. The course has been printed, and put into the hands 
of school boards and teachers. Its suggestions have been adopted b}' some, 
and by others carefull}' considered. By this the question of classifying 
country schools has been brought forward, and is favorably received. If 
the educators of the state will discuss the matter and try it, a much-needed 
reform will be commenced. 

'•'• Norinal Institutes and Normal Schools. — Every institute held in 
Mahaska shows the wisdom of the law. The attendance this year was two 
hundred and seventy-one. Among this number were one hundred persons 
without any experience in teaching, while more than fifty of them held 
iirst-class certificates, from a careful examination. While yonng persons 
learn the theory, older teachers understatid their profession better. Our 
colleges at Oskaloosa have organized normal departments, and are furnish- 
ing good training for teachers. We need more normal schools in Iowa. 

" Educational Association, Lib?'ary, etc. — In the latter part of 1876 an 
educational association was formed among the teachers of the county for 
general improvement, and the discussion of educational topics. Two meet- 
ings are held annually for the county at large, beside local meetings in the 
townships. This is the best means yet discoverred for rousing the people. 
This association also planned a library to circulate among the members. 
It now contains almost three hundred books, is kept at the county superin- 
tendent's office, and does great good among the teachers. Recently branch 
libraries have been formed, to reach every part of the county. 

"For more than three years the teachers have kept a department in some 
of the county papers. In this school questions have been freely discussed. 
Experience teaches that the library and educational column should be sup- 
ported in every county in the state." 

Of those who have received State certificates we note three Mahaska 
county teachers. Miss Amanda E. Rodgers and Laura Hanson, graduates of 
the normal department of the State University in 1871, and Prof. H. H. 
Seerley, graduate of same in 1873. 

Some idea of the present condition of the schools maj' be gained from 
the following table: 

1877. 

EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Number of districts in township - 8 

" " independent districts 75 

" " sub-districts 63 

" " ungraded schools 133 

" '' graded " 11 

Average number of months taught in 1877 7.80 

!Nuraber of male teachers employed Ill 

" " female " " 191 

Average compensation of males per month $35.97 

" " " females " 30.67 

Number of pupils between ages of five and twenty-one 9,792 

" " " enrolled in public schools 7,589 

Average attendance 4,468 

" cost of tuition per month $1 .26 





ic'M^. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



329 



Number of school houses 139 

Value of same _ $200,405.00 

Number of professional certificates issued none 

" " 1st grade " " males 40 

" " " " " " females 46 

" " 2d " " " males 95 

" " " " " " females 100 

" " applicants examined 451 

" " certificates issued 281 

Average age of applicants, males 25 

» " " " females 22 

Number of schools visited by superintendent 100 

Compensation of superintendent, 1877 $939.00 

Private schools in county , 4 

Pupils attending 245 

SCHOOL HOUSE FUND. 

Paid for school houses and sites $19,534.78 

'" " library and apparatus 145.31 

'' on bonds and interest 6,902.31 

On hand 5,847.61 

CONTINGENT FUND. 

Paid for rent, fuel, repairs, etc $19,402.23 

On hand 4,097.33 

teachers' fund. 

Paid teachers $43,910.37 

On hand 19,037.65 

Total expenditures in the three funds for 1877 $89,895.00 

" amounts on hand " " " " 28,982.59 



Of the permanent school fund belonging to the State of Iowa $35,000 is 
in the hands of the auditor of Mahaska county, Mdiose duty it is to keep 
it loaned out on good security and report interest to the State auditor. 

The following is an ofiicial list of the 

teachers in public schools of MAHASKA COUNTY, 1877. 



NAMES. 


ADDRESS. 


h5 




NAMES. 


ADDRESS. 


It 

Si P 


M 03 


Jasper Hull 


Oskaloosa. .. 


40 
3 
7 
5 

14 

11 

9 
o 
10 
2 
6 


10 

•d 

2 

9 

2 
2 

8 
6 
1 
2 


Theophilus White 

Mary E. Root 

Hattie Vicroy 

Anna Bovell 


Oskaloosa. . . 

a 

(( 

u 
i( 


1 
1 

7 

11 

1 

2 
3 

15 


1 


Alice Simmons 

J. W. Sargent 

Nannie Russell 


1 
1 


Becca E. Fisher 

Maiy Pike 


Clara Clyde Lacey 

Lottie H. Gay 

Susie J. Jones 

Ida M Peny 


6 


Emma Wood 

May E. Eastman 

Laura Morrow 

Nora Kemble 


2 


0. H. Brainerd 

Retta Hambleton 

Lyda Hartman 

Emma Waynick 


«? 


Ervilla Harris 


2 


A. M. Davenport 


5 



21 



330 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



TEACHERS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 1877 — CONTINUED. 



HiS 



ADDRESS. 



EllaH. Kimball 

Alice M. Little 

Mollie J. Stanley 

Sarah E. Lindley 

Anna Hawkins 

Jennie McNeilan 

H. H. Seerley 

L. B. Hanson 

Mary Bauo^hman .... 

Jennie BeiTy 

Solomon Hull 

Flora Bearaan 

Helen M. Hull 

Clara Byers 

Minta Bvers 

Maiy Bovell 

Anna McLansborough 

Wm. A. Clymer 

M. W. Beach , 

WilforcIHuU 

Charles Stanley . . . , 

T. C. Craven 

Geo. H. Stone 

Angle Hughes 

M.L.Hull 

Maggie Weltner 

B. H.McGrew 

Ben V. Garwood 

S. E.Pugh 

T. Corwin Young 

Maggie V. Sciple. . . . 

M. D. Hayes 

Albert Stringfellow . . . 

Rebecca Johnson 

Z. W. Thomas 

Alpheus Hunt 

Geo. Hull ... 

Jeptha Hunt 

T.B.White 

Rebecca Bailey 

J. T. Davenport 

J. D. Yocum 

Sadie M. Wright 

Kate A. Wright 

R. Anna Morris 

T. C. Hambleton 

H. T. Pickerell 

M. P. Gilchrist 

W. D, Richardson. . . . 

C. A. Sawin 

Clara M. Gadd 

Alice Collins 

Amelia Ehlers 

Ella Hollister 

Lizzie McDonough 

H. H. Gay 

Clemmie Perdue 

Alice Sellers 

P. L. Kendig 

G. H. Zane 

E. 0. Davis 



Oskaloosa. 



3 
8 
3 
I 

12 
1 

10 
2 
3 
17 
3 
1 
5 
6 
6 
2 
3 
1 
6 
16 
3 
1 

12 
3 
6 
7 

10 
4 
16 
4 
9 
2 
6 
2 
4 
2 
4 
2 
1 

10 
2 
2 



C. S.Hull 

W. J. Brewster. . . . 

Lida Collins 

Carrie M. Hawkins 

G. S. Slagle 

Sallie Cox 

Josie Baker 

Jennie Corse 

0. W. Wade 

Lida J. Pickerell. . 

J. S. Outland 

Lou J. Hawkins. . . 

Alta L. Orvis 

Stella V. Orvis . . . . 

Nellie E. Jones 

Laura Carpenter. . . 

Lizzie Jones 

C. F. Ketner 

J. W. Godfrey. .... 
W. A. Loughridge. 
Susie E. Jones .... 

Flora Cur rie 

Sarah G. Cope 

J. M. Hiatt 

Levi_ M. Hartley. . . 

Lottie Kibbe 

Lucy J. Carson 

Eliza B. Styles .... 

Alice Kirk 

Lizzie Adamson . . . 
Lizzie Johnson. . . . , 
Mattie J. Michner . , 

Belle Smith 

A.J.Wales 

E. P. Michner 

J. S. Dean 

Wm. DoiT 

Robert Styles 

R. E. Busby 

C. E. Hilson 

Came R. Styles. . . . 
Hattie Lip part 

F. D. Reid 

Blanch Reid 

Lizzie Johnson 

Sylvia Hensley 

Abija Hariis 

D. A. Baker 

Annie Miller 

G. T. Darland 

T. H. Bradbury. . . . 

S. J. Jack 

Frank McCabe 

A. C. Ross 

Geo. Fansher 

W. H. Price 

Ella Lamer 

Ella Robertson 

Mollie Male 

S. A. Wilhams 

Ina M. Miller 



I Oskaloosa. 



Beacon 



New Sharon, 



Indianapolis, 

Agricola 

t( 

Leighton 

(( 
It 

Eddy villa 



* Years iostead ot tenns. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY 



331 



TEACHERS IN PUBLIC, SCHOOLS OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 1877 — CONTINUED. 



H5 



5'a 



NAMES. 



L. K. McElroy 

Mary H. Gibson. . . 
F. E. Garwood. . . . 

A. B. Thomas 

Clara Dashiell 

Clara Hodler 

Terzie Stephenson . 

Alice Davis 

Mary Mershon 

MaryMcFall 

J. W. Slater 

Nettie Baitsell. . . . 

M. VV. Bvrain 

C. G. Byram 

James L. Byram. . . 

J. A. Baitsell 

Emma Baitsell . . . 
Emma Z. McAuley. 

Cleo McAuley 

Iva J. Koontz . . . . 
Geo. W. Hamilton. 

Dora Fuller 

C. C. Wroughton. . 

Ella Myers 

Adella Atheam . . . 

Jos. E. Smith 

Belle Kisor 

W. H. Ogborn . . . . 

M. S. Grace 

Daniel Zumwalt 

Reed Brown 

E. T. Lakin 



Eddyville. 



Cedar . . . 
Fremont. 



Peoria 

Rose Hill . . . 

Union Mills. 

MauchChunk 
Muchakinoc' 



8 


1 


3 


1 


3 


1 


1 


1 


2 




1 


1 


7 


8 


1 


2 


3 


2 


17 


8 


9 


12 


8 


5 


41 


8 


18 


4 


5 


2 


6 


5 


15 


9 


12 


5 


7 


3 


1 


1 


9 


2 


12 


6 


33 


6 




2 


6 


2 


3 


2 


2 


1 


33 


12 


5 


4 


19 


8 



Luella Whited 

Lizzie Moore 

Luella Humphreys. . . 

J. K. Vorhees 

W. W. Koek 

A.C.Bell 

F. E. Craven 

Dora Brown 

Lena McCormick . . . 

Sadie Carpenter 

Geo. Hinton 

W. A. Wray 

Clara L. Gilmoi-e . . . . 

Alice Glenn 

S. M. Brewster 

W. J. Brewster 

Mattie Miller 

Mamie Carter 

Belle Stevenson 

Sarah J. Hellings 

Mattie Woods 

Jacob A. Garner 

H. B. Fortney 

J. L. Billings 

H. A. VanWie 

Alice Lord 

Emma Tanner 

Albert Richardson. . . 

J. C. Burkes 

J. E. King 

Hannah Edmundson. 
Hannah Warrington. 



Albia. 



Fairfield 
PeUa . . . 



Tracy 



Feriy. . 
Lovilla. 



Knoxville... . 

Bloomfield . . 

Montezuma . 
Mt. Pleasant 

Keota 

Lacey 



Grandville . . 



Hopewell. . 



Springfield. 

Flint 

Coal Creek. 



4 
2 
4 

2 

1 

10 



10 
1 
1 

7 

1 
1 
9 
1 



Total number of teachers, 210. 

To those within her own boundaries, and to others from abroad wishing 
to pursue their studies beyond the curricuhim of the public schools, Ma- 
liaska count)' offers two excellent institutions, Oskaloosa College and Fenn 
College, both of which receive full notice elsewhere. 



THE PRESS. 

No more infallible index to the state of society or the thrift of a com- 
munity can be found than the press it supports. Decide the question as 
you may, whether the press is the power behind the throne, or simply the 
mirror of public thought, the newspaper does not thrive in a virgin soil, 
but prospers only in a cultivated garden. There are no less than ten 
monthly and weekly publications in Mahaska county, and of these and 
their predecessors we take pleasure in mentioning at length. 

The first newspaper established in the county was the Herald^ which 
issued its first sheet in July, 1850. It was then but a little more than one- 
half its present size, and was called for a time the Iowa Herald^ and after- 
ward changed to the Oskaloosa Herald^ which name it still retains. The 
first proprietors were John R. Needham and Hugh McNeely, and it was 
run as a Whig paper until the Republican party was organized, since which 



332 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

time it has been a strong supporter of the principles of that party. The 
phice of its original publication was in an old frame building on the south- 
east corner of the square, which was in marked contrast with the present 
complete and comfortable quarters of the journal. Type, presses, and gen- 
eral appearance of the paper have kept growth with the rapid development 
of the countrj^, changing a small folio in pica and primer type, to a large, 
ten column journal in nonpareil, brevier and primer. A year or two after 
the paper was started MclS^eely sold out to John AV. Murphy, and the office 
was moved to the west side of the square, in the second story of Street's 
block. Murph}^ sold to James H. Knox; he to James Brown; the latter, 
about the close of 1857, to Charles Beardsley — during all of which time 
John R. Needham continued as a partner. 

At the outbreak of the war a daily was issued for some weeks. There 
was no telegraph station nearer than Eddyville, wliere a courier was sent to 
await the arrival of the train with the Burlington Ilawl'eye, this being the 
great newspaper of Iowa in that day. The courier secured a copy, mounted, 
and rode like a Jehu to the Herald office, where the principal items were 
almost read}' for the press of the Oskaloosa daily before the stage-coach, 
the usual mail carrier, arrived. Four times during the war, we are in- 
formed, every employe in the office of this loyal paper enlisted, leaving the 
proprietors to lind new recruits, whom they might apprentice for the service 
of Uncle Sam. In the spring of 1S65 JX^eedham and Beardslej^ sold to a 
company in which C. AV. Fisher was one of the principal stockholders, and 
C. W. Fisher and W. E Shepherd were editors. Shortly afterward, John 
W. Murphy again bought an interest. November 16, 1865, Mr. Murphy 
sold to H. C. Leighton and W. H. Needham. In January, 1867, W. A. 
Hunter bought the interest of Colonel Fisher, and in March, 1870, sold out 
his share of property to his partners, and the firm became Leighton and 
Needham. August 2, 1877, W. H. IS'eedham was bought out by Geo. R. 
Lee and Wm. M. Leighton, who, with the remaining partner, formed the 
firm of Leighton, Lee and Leighton. Henry C. Leighton, of whom we 
make mention elsewhere, was universally lamented in his death, which oc- 
curred January 31, 1878. Charles Leighton has been appointed adminis- 
trator of the estate of Henry C. Leighton, and the firm continues under 
the old name, with Charles as business manager, and Geo. II. Lee, editor- 
in-chief. Both men are practical printers, have served their days as typos 
and journeymen. Mi'. Lee was, in his day at the types, one of the most 
rapid workmen in the state. Wm. Leighton is manager of the joij office, 
and is recognized as second to none of his rivals in that department. 

The Herald is the largest weekly issued from a country press in Iowa, 
and is now printed in its own building, 20x120 feet on Main street, and is 
most complete in facilities for newspaper printing and job work. This 
paper lives near the hearts of its patrons, and among its two thousand sub- 
scribers it has many warm, personal friends, who do not forget to manifest 
their friendship in a taTigible manner. This mutual good feeling has been 
the occasion of the growth in the Herald office of one of the finest cab- 
inets of specimens in the state. In 1872 the Herald requested Mahaska 
county coal men to bring in specimens of their coal, that they might have 
on exhibition in the oliice the coal products of this banner coal county. 
The response was hearty and prompt. Specimens of other kinds came in, 
and without design began the Herald cabinet. This now contains probably 
15,000 specimens in geology, war relics, entymology, coins, shells, natural 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 333 

history, agriculture, arcluTSology, etc. These have been the result, for the 
most part, of voluntary contribution, the only considerable purchase made 
by the Herald office being a private collection of O. P. Hays, Natural 
Science professor in Oskaloosa college, some years ago. The cabinet con- 
tains about 1,500 rare coins, gold, silver, and copper, a medal in memory 
of the battle of Culloden, most of the one cent pieces for each year since 
1793, and many curious specimens from other lands. ISTumerous old books 
and newspapers have found their way into this collection, among which is 
a copy of the Boston News Letter^ the first newspaper published in 
America, and an old book, from the title page of which we read: 

DE REBUS GESTIS 
ALEXANDER MAGNI, 



TYPIS. 
JOHANNIS BaPTISTAE FoNTANAE, 

Taukini mccxxvi. 

John Fontana was one of the first printers, and this book was probably 
issued in the latter part of the fifteenth century, the date being, perliaps, 
that of the composition of the work. The cabinet also contains a fragment 
of the great Iowa meteor of a few years ago, secured at an expense of 
about fift}' dollars. But general mention of individual specimens is im- 
possible. The problem now with the Herald is, how to find room for their 
specimens. A fine walnut case, covering the whole side of the office from 
floor to ceiling, contains the most valuable contributions upon one liundred 
and sixty feet of shelving, but accommodations are yet lacking for a satis- 
factory display of many of their relics. Undoubtedly they will be pro- 
vided for, as the Herald men are, and justly so, quite proud of their free 
museum. 

Most of the time since 1854, Oskaloosa, or Mahaska county, more prop- 
erly speaking, has supported a Democratic paper. The first sheet of this 
party was the Oskaloosa Times, being the second paper in the county, and 
established January, 185-1, by Messrs. Cameron & Ingersoll. The junior 
partner was the well-known L. D. Ingersoll, or familiarly ''Link," the fa- 
mous AVashington correspondent for various metropolitan papers, and who, 
in later days as a radical Republican, probably looks back with regret upon 
the time when he enlivened Central Iowa by Democratic leaders and Jack- 
sonian paragra])hs. After a time the paper changed hands, and was ably 
conducted by R. R. Harbour and David Coomes. Samuel Bressler next 
bought Coomes' interest. A. A. Wheelock subsecpiently bought out Mr, 
Harbour, and the firm in 1857 was Bressler and Wheelock. Bressler's share 
in the concern soon passed into the hands of Richard Wellslager, then 
post-master. From him Mr. Wheelock purchased entire control of the pa- 
per, who ran it until 1864, when the veteran troops were here on a fur- 
lough, and they, not ap]>reciating the bitter criticisms of the editor upon 
the Union cause, etc., pitched the concern into the street, from which vio- 
lence it never recovered. We shall have occasion elsewhere to make fur- 
ther mention of this occurrence. 

The next Democratic paper was the Watchvian,, edited by Rev. Ira C. 
Mitchell, owned by a stock company. Its race was soon run, having suffered 
from starvation for some weeks before its demise. In 1S65 Samuel B. Evans 



334 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

SO far exhnmed the Watchman as to issue one number of the paper, when 
he abandoned the enterprise Geo. W. Seevers and Rnssel Higgins, both 
men of prominence, made nse of the materials of the old Watchman office 
to start a Democratic paper called the Reveille, early in 186.5, but issued 
only one or two numbers. Thus in several instances men of some means 
and experience had attempted the re-establishment of a Democratic paper 
and failed. Plence, all tlie more credit to the next attempt, made by a 
young man from the plow and grain field — Mr. Porte C. AVelch. Without 
capital, with little encouragement, in ill health, this persevering genius 
seemed to make a paper out of nothing, save his own talents and energy. 
The paper first established by Mr. Welch was the Democratic Conservator, 
Aug. 2, 1866. In 1869 this paper took active steps in advocacy of the 
organization of a new party, and the name Avas changed to that of the Pro- 
gressive Conservator. This paper continued with more or less success 
until June 29, 1871, when the last number was issued. During 1867, in 
this office, was published '''-Proud Mahasha^'' a monthly advertising sheet. 
During 1870 was issued the Battle Field, a liberal monthly paper, devoted 
to the discussion of all questions, and to which contributors were invited of 
all kinds. Mr. Welch also published a paper at Sigonrnej^ called the Iowa 
Phenix, commencing Se]^tember, 1870, and continuing until June, 1871. 

Almost immediately following the suspension of the Conservator, Mr. 
Welch started in the same office The Iowa Reform Leader, the first num- 
ber being issued July 13, 1871. This paper in its prospectus and on its 
title page set forth as its object "the organization of a new party in Iowa," 
and such was its avowed object so long as it was published. It was in 1872 
identified with the Greeley' movement, tliough stubbornly contending that 
that was not the kind of a reform movement that was calculated to succeed. 
In 1873 was identified with, but not in complete harmony, the anti- 
monopol}^ party. In February, 1874, a branch office of the Leader Avas 
established at Albia in Monroe county. April 2d, of this year, Mr. Welch 
sold the lead and cast iron of the Leader ofiice to M. G. Carleton, retaining, 
however, to himself the name Reform Leader. During the same month he 
established the Malcom Magnet at Malcom, Poweshiek county, which he 
conducted for a short time, and in the fall of 1874 removed his office back 
to Oskaloosa, and December 3, 1874, resumed publication of the Reform 
Leader,yfA\\Qk\ he continued until July 12, 1877, when it suspended. The 
pa])er in 1876 supported Cooper for the presidency. 

M. G. Carleton, having purchased Welch's material, issued the first num- 
ber of tlie OsTcaloosa Standard, April 9, 1874. Shortly afterward he sold 
a half interest to Dr. D. H. Hare, and in 1875 Carleton sold his interest to 
Nelson D. Porter. Soon after Dr. Hare sold liis interest to L. H. Boydston. 
The style of the firm is now N. D. Porter & Co. Counting from the issue 
of the Conservator, tlie /Standard is now publishing volume thirteen. The 
Standard is an independent Democratic paper, issued in large folio sheets, 
and is well conducted. The present circulation is one thousand copies. 

Temperance Gem. — Tin's was a paper issued monthly during 1867, first 
conducted by the I. O. G. T., and in the latter part of the year by F. M. 
Call and H. C. Leighton. 

Under tlie caption of '■'■ the press'''' is properly recorded the work of the 
Central Book Concern. This extensive establishment had its rise from a 
a private ])nblishing firm, formed in 1870, Messrs. Call & Bristol. These 
gentlemen published a weekly religious paper, and also some books. This 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 335 

firm was succeeded in 1873, by a joint stock company, composed of some 
twenty-five or thirty gentlemen, mostly members of the denomination known 
as the Christian Chnrcli. These stockholders lived in various parts of 
Iowa, Illinois and Minnesota. While the Book Concern is not under con- 
trol of the church, nor is there any organic connection between the church 
and the publishing company, yet the Central Book Concern is generally 
regarded as the authorized literary depot and publishing house of the denom- 
ination in the West. Here are published the various newspapers and mag- 
azines of the church, the theological works of its divines, and the supplies 
of its Sabbath Schools. 

The Concern was incorporated in 1873, and the present capital stock is 
$30,000. Printing is done by steam, and five presses are kept in almost con- 
stant use, affording employment to about twenty-five persons. The Concern 
have the only book press in this part of the state. Some idea of the busi- 
ness of the establishment luay be had from the knowledge that these presses 
have spread ink over about $17,000 worth of paper during the past year, and 
the postage paid on mailed publications for the same time, was $1019.82. 
Quite a number of books have been issued by the Concern, including some 
models of neatness in typograph}^ and binding. An enumeration of these 
works would be tedions. It is suflicient to know that the stereotype plates 
in possession of the Concern were secnred at a cost for stereotyping alone 
of $8,500, and the illustrations of various publications at an expense of 
$2,000. During' the summer of 1878,15,000 copies of a single Sabbath 
School singing book, published by the Book Concern, have been sold. An- 
other work of a similar kind has had editions to the number of 25,000. 
The present officers are G. H. Langhlin, president, M. P. Collins, secretary, 
though the Concern is practically owned by F. M. Call, J. B. Johnson and 
G. T. Carpenter. The sale was made to these gentlemen of the Concern, 
about a year ago, though some of the old stockholders still retain their 
interest. 

The publications of the Book Concern includes the following: 

The Evangelist^ a religious paper of the Christian denomination, first 
issued in Oskaloosa in 1865, as a monthly magazine, and edited by G. T. 
and W. J. Carpenter. A sale of the paper was afterward made to Allen 
Hickey, who removed it for a short time to Adel, then back to Oskaloosa, 
changed it to a semi-monthly folio, in 1869, and one year later it was sold 
to Call, Bristol & Co., with B. W. Johnson as editor, who published it as a 
weekly. Soon after it passed into the hands of the Book Concern. In 
1875 it was consolidated with the Record^ a paper published in Bedford, 
Indiana, the oldest in the church. The name given the consolidated sheet 
is Record aiul Evangelist, which is now published in a weekly quarto, 31x 
44 inches, and has a circulation of 6000 copies. The editors are B. W. 
Johnson, G. T. Carpenter, and J. M. Mathes. 

The Christian Monitor was purchased by the Central Book Concern in 
August, 1877, and is a ladies' monthly magazine, which had been published 
in Indianapolis, Ind., for fifteen years. It is an octavo of 48 pages and 
has a circulation of 2500 copies per month. It is edited by Mrs. M. M. B. 
Goodwin. 

The Little Christian is an illustrated paper for the Sunday school, and 
is issued in weekly, semi-weekly, and monthly editions, being in fact three 
different papers. It has a circulation of 12,000 copies and is edited by B. 
W. Johnson. Its publication began in January, 1876. 



336 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Cotemporary with the publication of tlie Little Christian^ was begun a 
monthly magazine known as the Christian Sunday School Teacher, by B, 
"W. Johnson, a magazine devoted, as its name indicates, to Sunday school 
instruction and interests. This is a monthly publication of 32 octavo pages. 

Lesson Leaves is a small sheet issued monthly for the use of Sabbath 
school scholars to aid in studying the international series of lessons. Its 
circulation is 20,000 copies, edited by B. W. Johnson. 

It is the purpose of the management to establish two more monthlies at 
the beginning of 1879, for the infant classes of Sunday schools. 

In addition to its own publications, the compan^'does the press work for 
the Temperance Reformer, a paper established in the interest of Temper- 
ance, by C, H. Browning, in June, 1878. This is a monthly quarto and 
disposes of an issue of 2000 copies. 

They also do the press work for the Inter-State Normal Monthly, pub- 
lished at Moulton, Iowa, and for Common School Teacher, at Bedford, 
Indiana. Thus far has the fame of the Book Concern extended as a prompt 
and reliable publishing house. 

In 1867 at Oskaloosa was started a paper called the Central Lowa Citi- 
zen, published by M. G. Carleton and R. P. Bacon. It was Eepublican in 
its politics, and during the time of its existence it shared with the Herald 
the readers of that party. After continuing about two 3'ears it passed into 
the hands of Samuel L. and Joseph R. C. Hunter, who continued its pub- 
lication about two months. On account of limited patronage, they were 
compelled, December 7, 1869, to display the following head lines: "Good- 
bye! Suspended! Fizzled! Busted! Petered! Collapsed! The running out 
process kinder gin eout! Gone up the spout generally! Grand Finale." 

Thus facetiously the Central Iowa Citizen took its place among the 
illustrious dead of western journalism — starved to death. 

NeiD Sharon Star. The publication of this excellent countr^^ paper was 
commenced by H. J. Vail, January 22, 1873, at New Sharon. Two years 
previous, Mr. Vail had "started in" at the printer's case to learn the 
business, and his success in newspaper publishing and editing shows that 
he not only served a faithful apprenticeship at the types, but knows how 
to push a pencil for the satisfaction and encouragement of his patrons. 

The Star began its career as a seven column folio, and when an infant 
of six weeks' existence, was enlarged to eight columns. December 8, 1875, 
it became a six column quarto, whicli is its present size. Its circulation 
varies from 700 to 1,000 copies, being verj' considerably larger in the win- 
ter, when its former subscribers have more time to read. It has ever been 
republican in politics, but violently opposes the present administration, 
neither appreciating Mr. Hayes, nor his policy. 

cakeiek's address. 

Tiie following is the first " carrier's address " ever issued in Mahaska 
county, and was written by Geo. W. Seevers, of Oskaloosa. It made its 
appearance January 1, 1851, and was addressed to the patrons of the 
Herald: 

All hail! and good morning! kind patrons I'm here, 
To wish you a healthy and happy New Year. 
Once more has the annual circuit been driven, 
And all are another year closer to Heaven j 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 337 

Rejoice and be happy, and hail with a cheer 
The glorious birth of the welcome New Year. 
It is a glad morning; so hail it with joy, 
And hand out your dimes to the eARRiEU boy. 

I've served you. kind patrons, in days that are gone. 

And hope, if I live, to keep serving you on. 

I've brought you the news from the east and the west, 

And the north and the south; whatever was best, 

And newest, and rarest, was brought you by me, 

And poetry written by Uncle Boozee, 

And other great bards in the muses' employ; 

So open your hearts to the carrier boy. 

'Mysterious rappings " are heard, it is said; 
The living are learning to talk with the dead ; 
The ^ast is enchanted with Jenny Lind's voice; 
The "Fugitive Slave Law" is i-aising a noise; 
And great California is fooling mankind. 
And making them seek what but few of them find, 
And news of all this you shall have, to enjoy; 
So fork out your dimes to the carrier boy. 

The " Herald " does all that it can for your town, 
And by it your village is gaining renown; 
The world is beginning to think its location 
Is "right in the center of all creation "; 
And this right impression is more or less made 
By facts in the '* Herald " correctly portrayed; 
And bearing the " Herald " shall be my employ; 
So spare a few dimes for the carrier boy. 

A railroad to run from the east to the west, 
Tlu'ough fair Oskaloosa is no longer a jest; 
Besides, that the capital ought to come here. 
Still plainer and plainer begms to appear; 
And surely this state of affaks, more or less, 
Is cau.sed by the aid of your own County Press; 
So while such a state of affairs you enjoy, 
Pray, be not unkind to the carrier boy. 

Ye lawyers so witty, ye sages so wise, 
Ye preachers well fed on fat chickens and pies; 
Ye doctors who kindly relieve us from pain. 
Or fix us, at least, so we cease to complain; 
Ye store-keepers, tailors and carpenters too. 
Be manly and give the poor ' ' devil his due ' ' ; 
And you, ye sweet lassies, so lovely and coy. 
Remember what's due to the carrier boy. 

But this I will say, ye enchanting young misses, 

Your debt's easy paid, for I'll take it in kisses; 

So crack away freely, and be not afraid. 

But only remembei-, if thus it is paid. 

To keep it untold, or you'll raise a great evil. 

For people would plague you 'bout kissing the devil, 

And thus would they grieve you and sorely annoy. 

For harmlessly kissing the carrier boy. 

And now, in conclusion, kind patrons and friends, 
My prayer for all of you humbly ascends. 
May Heaven gi-ant all of you virtue and health, 
And Plutus consign you a part of his wealth. 
And the muses and graces and fates be your friends, 
'Till a long, hapi3y life in sweet Paradise ends. 
So now worthy patrons I wish you much joy, 
And return you the thanks of the 

CARRIER BOY. 



338 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

TEMPEEANCE. 



The question of temperance has been pretty thoroughly ventilated in all 
the days of Mahaska count}'. To discover the different phases of the tem- 
perance cause in all the times since the day in which men were indicted 
for selling fire-water to the Indians, would be almost an impossibility. 
From the commissioners' books, we find that in May, 1844, the cost of a 
grocery license was $25 per year. Why a grocery should be compelled to 
pay license, and what groceries have to do with the cause of temperance, 
will not be a question to those who lived in pioneer times in Iowa. Shortly 
after this the Washington ian temperance movement struck Mahaska 
County. A temperance society was organized at Oskaloosa; its meetings 
were held in the court house; its silver tongued speakers were the judge 
on the bench and the pleaders at the bar; it was quite a judicial aft'air, and 
from the record, at the July term of court, 1845, we make the following 
curious extract. 

"On motion of William W. Chapman, Esq., ordered that the following proceedings of the 
temperance meeting of Oskaloosa be spread upon the records of this court, to-wit: 

"At a meeting of Oskaloosa Washingtonian Temperance Society held at Oskaloosa, 
Mahaska county, and Territory of Iowa, on Thursday evening, July 24, A. D., 1845. Present, 

M. T. Peters, President. 

"The meeting was ably addressed by the Hon. Joseph Williams, Judge of the District 
Court, by Messrs. Wright, Ives and May, Esqs. The following pledge was submitted for 
signatures, and the following names thereto subscribed, to-wit: 

"We, the undersigned, pledge our sacred honor each to the other, to abstain from all 
intoxicating drinks as a beverage : 

Daniel Altman, 



Mrs. Lee, 
Mrs. Baer, 
Mrs. GaiTison, 
Miss Cameron, 
Miss Wellman, 
Miss Cameron, 
Mrs. Ash, 
Mrs. Sheperd, 
Miss D. Gan-ison, 
George W. Baer, 
Levi Bainbridge, 
Mrs. Long, 
Miss Murphy, 
N. Mosier, 
M. S. Gai-rison, 
C. Mosier, 
Mosier, 
Wellman, 
Nichols, 
E. C. Owen, 
S. A. Roop, 
EUza Owen, 
R. I. Baer, 
M. C. Roop, 
Jane Wilkins, 
Wilson, 
C. Frederick, 
Cameron, 
A. E. Wright, 
Sarah Jones, 



0. Wright, 
S. Gandy, 
S. Kinsman, 
S. Knight, 

1. Rupert, 
Knight, 
Martin Lyon, 
George G. Wright, 
Adam Tool, 
Samuel McFall, 
Green T. Clark, 
Allen Lowe, 
M. T. Williams, 



Henry Blockburn, 
Moses Knowles, 
M. S. Morris, 
John Miller. 
Wesley H. Freel, 
A. B. Miller, 
Parrish Ellis, 
Andrew Gossage, 
James Spurlock, 
S. W. Babbot, 
Thomas McMurry, 
John R. Sparks, 



Matthew Edmundson, Andrew Ham, 



Charles Currier, 
John Vance, 
E. Muncell, 
A. G. Phillips. 
J. B. Hamilton, 
Lewis Pitts, 
Edward Long, 
H. W. Chapman, 
George May, 
R. S. Lowry, 
A. C. Shorpe, 
George Gillaspy, 
T. A. Springer, 
Jasper Koons, 
John Montgomery, 
Leonard Fowler, 



Joseph Williams, 
Absalom Myers, 
Thomas Black, » 

R. M. McPherson, 
Matthew D. Springer, 
James M. Dixon, 
Harry Horton, 
R. M. Billips, 
Andrew Storts, 
Samuel Morgan, 
Lewis Murphy, 
C. S. Stedman, 
John D. Crane, 
A. W. Blair, 



Wellington Nossman, Enos Myers, 



Randolph Harber, 
C. G. Owen, 
J. N. Edgar, 
Isaac Miller, 
F. S. Cleaves, 
Joseph Gossage, 
George Gossage, 
Johnathan Garrison, 
J. S. Fredricks, 
William Edgar, 
William Drummer, 
Joseph B. Royale, 
William Windsor, 
H. D. Ives, 
James Edgar, 



G. S. Lathrop, 
W. D. Canfield, 
Noah Whitlash, 
H. B. Owen, 
Jacob H. Majors, 
William Williams, 
Andrew Stephenson, 
Henry Humphrey, 
Joseph Dronellard, 
John M. Cameron, 
J. W. Bailey. 
Charles Blackburn, 
Miss A. Wright, 
Mrs. E. J. Jolly. 



On motion of W. W. Chapman, Esq: 

Resolved, By the unanimous vote of the meeting, that as a testimony of the respect due 
to the Hon. Joseph Williams, judge of the second judicial district of the territory of Iowa, 
for his eminent and distinguished services in the temperance cause, and as a memorial of the 
unprecedented revival of total abstinence from the use of intoxicating drinks as a beverage, 
and that the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the president and secretary, and, 



HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 339 

together with the pledge and names, be placed upon the minutes of the district court of said 
county of Mahaska. 
W. H. Seevers, Secretari/. M. T. Peter, President. 

Probably, as a result of this movement, the question of license or no li- 
cense was submitted to the people in April, 1847, and was decided, no license, 
by a majority of sixtj'-five votes. This expression of opinion, however, does 
not seem to have been followed, or, if so, the decision was soon set aside in 
some manner; for in 1848 we find the count}^ commissioners issuing grocery 
licenses at $33-^ per annum, or proportion thereof for shorter time. 

In Oskaloosa city prohibition was voted in May, 1868, and a prohibition 
ordinance framed, but it soon afterward became of no effect. In the 
spring of 1874 was the women's crusade. Quite an organization was ef- 
fected in Oskaloosa, and shortly after the beginning of the excitement a 
band of sixty women sometimes collected, holding prayer meetings in tlie 
saloons, etc. This method of work did not accomplish a great deal among 
the saloon keepers, who were not thus easily induced to leave their profita- 
ble business. On February 17, 1874, a Women's Temperance band was 
formed, with a membership of two hundred. In June a Mahaska county 
temperance organization was formed, and a mass convention was held in 
Oskaloosa. In the latter town a second prohibition ordinance was framed, 
wdiich has been pretty generally enforced since its passage. Murphy was 
liere and lectured in 1875, and though he awakened considerable interest 
during the time of his stay, the temperance cause did not thrive after his 
departure — at least the movement he attempted to inaugurate did not at- 
tain to any great proportions. However, the blue ribbon nwvement which 
he started in the East during the latter part of 1876, reached Oskaloosa 
about fifteen months later. In February, 1878, the well-known temperance 
lecturer and organizer, Jno. W. Drew, made his appearance in Oskaloosa, 
and held meetings every night for one week. Part of the time he was as- 
sisted by Fred. Getchell, of Des Moines, who has taken great interest in the 
temperance reform of Iowa. On the Saturday evening closing Mr. Drew's 
sta}' was organized the Mahaska County Temperance Peform club, with all 
signers of the pledge as members. The ofiicers elected were Wm. H. 
l!^eedham, president; M. T. Williams, W. S. Kenworthy and T. J. Hay- 
wood, vice-presidents; M. H. Waring, secretary; Jno. M. Huber, treasurer. 
The secretar}^, Mr. Waring, has since resigned, and Jno. M. Huber elected 
to fill vacancy. The success of this movement in Oskaloosa, as elsewhere, 
has been remarkable. Within twenty-four hours after the pledge book was 
opened there were six hundred names attached — at the close of the week, 
or upon the organization of the society, there were three thousand and sev- 
enty persons in and about Oskaloosa who had signed the following 

REFORM CLUB PLEDGE: 

"We, the enrolled members of the Mahaska County Temperance Reform club, do solemnly 
promise, with the divine help, and in the presence of these witnesses, that we will never make, 
buy, sell, or use as a beverage any spirituous or malt liquors, wine or cider, and that we will 
in all proper ways discourage the manufacture, sale and use of the same." 

At this writing, six months after the inauguration of the movement, 

there have been very few cases of violation of the pledge, and among those 

who were hard drinkers before, we might say, none have backslidden. The 

club holds meetings in Oskaloosa every Tuesday evening, for the transaction 

of business and the hearing of a lecture from some home or foreign speaker. 

Membei-s of the club have been sent out through the count}' to organize 

associations in the different communities, and thirteen subordinate clubs 



340 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTT. 

have been established; at Leighton, Fairview Church, Beacon, East Center 
S. H., West Center S. H., Union, Mills, Coffin's S. H., Eose Hill, Indian- 
apolis, Wing's S H., Peoria and Bellefontaine. There is an independent 
club at New Sharon. The total membership in the county in August, 
1878, is six thousand and thirty. "Will the readers of this sketch, in ten 
years from now have occasion to look back on this movement with a sneer, 
and justly pronounce it a faihire, in that it has not accomplished its pur- 
pose — a permanent moral reform? Will a few months bring about a reac- 
tion, and an indifference to this vice, which stalks in tremendous and alarm- 
ing proportions from one end of our land to another, from city to hamlet, 
and from hamlet to country home; or, will the moral forces of this people 
continue in united phalanx, determined to slay the monster under their 
feet? These are questions which the philanthropist must face, and they are 
hard questions to answer satisfactorily in this world of sin and death, where 
evil seems permanent and good almost transitory, where the tendency is 
downward, and abstinence a victory. 

POLITICAL. 

In recording the political history of the county it will be our endeavor 
to avoid giving any partisan coloring to the facts related, which coloring 
might arise from prejudices of the historian himself, or those parties from 
whom he drew his information. 

As is well known, in the early history of the county there were but two 
parties in the field, the Democratic and the Wliig. Mahaska county 
usually gave a Whig majority, and did so in the Presidential elections of 
1844 and 1848. However, in local politics, attention was given to the 
qualities of men rather than to their politics, and in almost every county 
election for a number of years the result was divided between the different 
parties. The Democrats had treasurer and recorder for some five or six 
terms, besides some other county offices. As is related elsewhere, in 1851 
a Whig majority was voted for judge and a Democratic majority for sheriff'. 

About 1852 we have the first intimation of a new factor in politics. At 
this time most of the trading by Oskaloosa merchants was through St. 
Louis. Some of these men who were at the metropolis buying goods be- 
came connected with a Know Nothing lodge there, and came back home 
to organize a similar movement among their neighbors. A lodge was 
formed in Oskaloosa, and in town developed considerable strength, having 
in secret conclave over one hundred voters, which was a very considerable 
portion of the voting population of Oskaloosa in 1852. The movement did 
not extend to any great distance throughout the county, nor were the far- 
mers in any considerable number drawn into sj^mpathy with the Know 
Nothing, or as it was afterward called, the American party The move- 
ment hung along on the " ragged edge " for two or three years, and a short 
time after its failure it was almost impossible to find a man in the county 
who was free to acknowledge his Know Nothing proclivities. Those who 
had been in sympathy with the American party divided into Old Line 
Whigs and the New Republicans. Of the rise of this latter party we shall 
have occasion to speak next. 

The first intimation of a local Republican movement was in the Herald 
of April 18, 1856. In this paper appeared the following call: 

The citizens of Mahaska county opposed to the political principles of the present adminis- 
tration, and to the introduction of slavery into territory now free, are requested to meet in 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTr. 34:1 

mass convention in Union Hall, Oskaloosa, the 3d day of May, at 1 o'clock p. m., for the 
purpose of affecting a more thorough organization of the Republican party, of appointing a 
central committee and electing delegates to attend the ensuing congressional convention, and 
for such other business as may come before the convention. 

This was signed by quite a number of citizens, but wlien the appointed 
day and hour came only nine persons assembled in the hall, though a num- 
ber were on the sidewalk below, but did not wish to place themselves on 
record as members of the convention; their faith was weak. Those pres- 
ent have been since quite prominently engaged in the movements of the 
party which they then adoj^ted, and were the following named gentlemen: 
S. A. Rice, Wm. H. Seevers, J. A. Young, Jos. Kelly, Jno. R. ISJeedham, 
Jas. H. Knox, Butler Dunbar, Oliver Smith and Harvey Cruzen. If we 
are correctly informed there are but four of this number now living, and 
three of them in Mahaska county. 

Of this convention Oliver Smith, Sr., was appointed president, and J. H. 
Knox, secretary. The committee on resolutions, Jno. R. Needham, J. A. 
Young and Harvey Cruzen, reported the following: 

United'by a common purpose to maintain Right against Wrong, and believing in the abil- 
ity of a virtuous and intelligent people to sustain justice, we declare : 

1. That governments are instituted among men to secure the inalienable rights of life, 
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, in the equality of civil privileges and the free exercise 
of religious belief and worship. 

2. That Freedom is National, Slavery Local, and that involuntary servitude, except for 
the punishment of crime, should not exist in any temtory of the United States. 

3. That while we regard the " peculiar institution '' as productive of evil — as antagonis- 
tic to Republicanism — a disgrace to humanity and a curse to the world, we do not deem that 
Congress should interfere with it in States where it already exists, but ive do demand that our 
National Legislature should prevent its extension into territory now free. 

4. That the mission of the Republican party is to maintain the Liberties of the People, 
the Sovereignties of the States, and the Perpetuity of the American Union. 

5. That the repeal of the Missouri Compromise and the refusal of the Slave Power to 
abide by the principle on which that repeal was professedly based, makes the National do- 
main the battle-ground between Freedom and Slavery; and while true Republicans stand 
on a National basis, and endeavor to cultivate a National spirit, they will shrink from no 
necessary conflict, and shirk no responsibility on this issue. 

6. That we ask no conformity of opinion, and no unity of belief, in minor matters State or 
National, but we cordially invite men of all political parties who sanction these principles to 
unite with us m the present contest. 

A central committee was appointed, consisting of Jno. R. x^eedhara, 
Judge Seevers, A. E. Dunsmore, Z. T. Fisher, J. A. Young and Dr. J. H. 
Fry. It will be noticed that some members of this committee had not 
been present at the convention, but all acquiesced in the action of the meet- 
ing, and the work of organizing was rapid. During the ten days preceed- 
ing the Presidential election sixteen township meetings were appointed by 
this committee, and the resulting vote in Mahaska county was: Fremont, 
1,224; Buchanan, 940; Fillmore, 268. The Republican party maintained 
its ascendency nntil 1873. 

The ''New Party" reform movement in Mahaska county took its rise 
among the first, if not the first counties in the Union. This movement was 
inagurated in 1869, its leading spirit being Porte C. Welch, at that time 
the editor of the Conse7'vator, at Oskaloosa. Welch was dissatisfied with 
the action of the State Democratic Convention of that year, and advocated 
the formation of a new party in Iowa. The division continued with indif- 
ferent success until 1871, when it culminated in what was known as the 
"Reform Movement." "The proceedings of the County Mass Conven- 
tion of May, 1871, were headed ' Anti-Monopoly,' and the first ' Anti-Monop' 



34r2 HISTORY or mahaska county. 

platfonn in Iowa was written, for the most part, by R. R. Harbour." 
June 24, 1871, a county ticket was placed in nomination. A resolution was 
adopted favoring the call of a State Reform Convention at an early day, for 
the purpose of forming a State Reform Party, In July Welch changed 
the name of this paper, which was the Reform party organ, to that of the 
^^loioa Reform Leader,''^ whose purpose was announced, " the organization 
of a new party in Iowa,"' advocating no special financial policy at that time 
but the "burial of old leaders, the adoption of free trade," and economic 
management of public affairs. Of the county ticket, the Reform party 
succeeded only in electing one candidate, Prof. E. Baker for county super- 
intendent. In 1872 this local movement merged into the Liberal or Gree- 
ley movement, and the victory of the Republican party was overwhelming, 
being 1,281 majority in the county. 

In the fall of 1872 one Wilkinson came into Mahaska county and 

commenced organizing Granges of the order " Patrons of Husbandry." At 
the beginning of this work it was stoutly denied that the Grange would be 
a political organization, but it was soon perceived that the movement would 
be fruitless without some political tendency. Finally, in 1873, the several 
granges proceeded to select candidates to a county convention, and to place 
in nomination a county ticket. When the convention assembled the move- 
ment was without any newspaper organ, and the only paper in the county 
that was hopefully in sympathy with them, was the Reform Leader. The 
editor, Mr. Welch, who had been announced, as is claimed for a strategic 
purpose, as candidate for the legislature, withdrew his name after this 
convention, and gave the support of his paper to the Anti-Monoply (grange) 
ticket. 

The Reform party followed with their support, and the result was the 
election of Anti-Monop candidates as follows: The two members of legis- 
lature (lower house), county auditor, county supervisor, superintendent of 
schools and county surveyor, the republicans electing by small majorities 
their candidates for treasurer, sherifl', the latter by a majority of thirteen 
votes. This was the first campaign in which Mahaska republicans were 
defeated since the organization of the party. 

To a real or imaginary attempt by democratic politicians made in 1874, 
to " capture " the anti-monopoly movement, is attributed by the friends of 
that party the defeat they suffered in that campaign. The republicans 
elected their entire ticket. This caused divisions in the grange, and conse- 
quent apathy toward grange politics, which ceased to be a factor in Mahaska 
county political affairs in 1875. 

For a number of years previous, there was a large element which regarded 
the financial questions as the issue on which a new party should be organ- 
ized and in 1875 important steps were taken in that direction. A thor- 
ough organization was effected in 1876, and now known as the "National 
Greenback Labor Party." In the campaign of 1877 the party polled 
from nine to eleven hundred votes on the straight greenback ticket, and 
through a combination with the den\ocratic element, they elected county 
treasurer, auditor, and superintendent of schools. In the spring of 1878 
the greenback element and workingmen combined in Oskaloosa, and elected 
their city ticket. 

In the campaign of 1878 there was a combination of the Democrats with 
the Greenback Labor Party, on County, Judicial, Congressional and State 
tickets, which caused a dissatisfaction in the latter party, and resulted in 
the success of the Republicans. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

STATISTICS. 



343 



The following' are the votes cast for presidency in Mahaska since 1S52: 

1852. Pierce, 541; Scott, 599; Hale, 45. 

1856. Buchanan, 940; Freemont, 1,224; Fillmore, 268. 

1860. Lincoln, 1.640; Douglas, 1,332. 

1864. Lincoln, 1,836; McClellan, 954. 

1868. Grant, 2,646; Seymour, 1,511. 

1872. Grant, 2,532; Greeley, 1,176; O'Connor, 75. 

1876. Hayes, 3,218; Tilden, 1,701; Cooper, 338. 

In 1876 the following is an abstract of the official vote: 



NAMES OF CANDIDATES. 



d 



NAMES OF CANDIDATES. 



Presidential Electors at large. 

John Van Valkenburg 

William P. Hepburn 

Daniel F. Miller 

John P. Irish 

Porte C. Welch 

A. M. Dawley 



District Electors, 6th District. 

W. 0. Crosby 

T. B. Pern/ 

J. W. Murphy 



Secretary of State. 



Josiah T. Young 

John H. Stubenrauch. 
A. Macready 



Auditor of State. 

Buren R. Sherman 

William Groneweg 



Leonard Brown. 

Treasurer of State. 

George W. Bemis 

Wesley Jones 

George C. Fry 



Register of State Land Office. 



David Secor 

N. C. Ridenour. . 
Geo. M. Walker. 



Attorney General. 



JohnF. McJunkin. 
J. C. Cook 



Supreme Judge— Cole Vacancy. 

William H. Seevers 

Walter I. Hayes 



Judge Supreme Court. 



3218 
3218 

1701 
1686 

328 
338 



3216 

1690 
340 



3217 

1703 
338 



3219 

1698 
332 



3219 

1698 

332 



3217 

1697 

332 



3218 
1701 



2876 
1600 



William H. Seevers. 
Walter I. Hayes 



Supreme Judge — Vacancy 1879. 



James H. Rothrock. 
William Graham 



Superintendent of Public Instruction 

Carl W. von Coelln 

J. A . Nash 



Representative in Congress. 



E. S. Sampson 

H. B. Hendershott. 

James Mathews 

D. M. Conley 

H. H. Trimble 



Circuit Judge. 



L. C. Blanchard. 
D. P.Stubbs 



Representative. 



John Dodds.. . . 
Dr. J. A. Lucy. 



Clerk of Court. 



D. R. MooRE 

Geo. L. Shinnick. 



Recorder. 

William R. Cowan. . . 
John A. Proudfit 



Board of Supervisors. 



Samuel Gilmore. 
G.B.McFall 



3209 
1644 



3215 
1697 



3214 
332 



3167 
1838 
...4 
169 
...1 



3224 
1730 



3168 
1711 



3210 

1985 



3199 
2013 



3202 
2010 



Republicans in small capitals; Democrats m Italics; Greenbackers in Roman type. 
Republican majority 1522j Republican gain over vote on Governor in 1875, 906. 



344 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



OFFICIAL YOTE 

OF MAHASKA COUNTY AT GENERAL ELECTION HELD OCTOBER 9, 1877. 



Names of Candidates. 


u 

-a 


d 
o 

"u 
u 

C8 
W 


o 

s 


1 


1 

CO 


o 
_o 

O 


O 
-2 
'a 


& 
o 

la 
o 


a 

< 


o 
1 


o 

S 


a 
2 
S 


s 

U 


a 
a 


2 

CS 


"3 


.2 



'5" 


WoVernor. 






























1 




John H. Gear 


101 


109 


61 


45 


73 


555 


91 


95 


100 


78 


70 


86 


194 


99 


66:2327 


737 


John P. Irish 


89 


38 


16 


55 


33 


290 


96 


88 


54 


18 


34 


100 


65 


42 


68 


1086 




1).P. Stubbs 


12 


43 


154 


55 


83 


339 


18 


20 


30 


36 


74 


75 


30 


32 


10 


1011 




*Elia8 Jessup 


17 


31 


4 


21 


5 


361 


2 


8 


6 


31 


5 


7 


82 


13 


3 


596 




L<ieut. Governor. 




Frank T. Campbell 


111 


134 


61 


63 


76 


880 


92 


104 


104 


102 


76 


97 


263 


115 


70 


2338 


1255 


W. C. James 


90 

18 


37 
50 


16 

158 


64 
59 


30 

87 


299 
379 


96 
21 


88 
18 


50 
36 


19 
41 


35 

72 


100 

75 


64 
39 


27 
45 


68 
10 


1083 
1108 




A. JVIacready 




Judge i!»up. Court. 




































James G. Day 


110 


134 


61 


53 


76 


873 


92 


104 


104 


102 


76 


97 


268 


116 


70 


2336 


1251 


H. E. J. Boardman . 


90 


37 


16 


64 


30 


30a 


96 


90 


50 


19 


36 


100 


64 


24 


68 


1085 




John Porter 


19 


50 


158 


59 


87 


383 


21 


16 


36 


42 


72 


75 


40 


45 


10 '1114 




iSup. Public Instruc'n. 




































Cabl Von Coelln 


109 
90 
20 


132 

37 
52 


60 
16 

158 


53 

64 
59 


77 
30 
86 


822 
303 
394 


92 
96 
21 


103 
91 
16 


103 
50 
36 


102 
19 
41 


77 
35 
71 


95 

100 

75 


262 
64 
39 


116 
25 
46 


70 
68 
10 


2273 
1088 
1124 


1185 


Q. H, CuUison 




S. T. Ballard 




Representatives. 






























1 




H. W. Gleason 


102 


124 


65 


53 


71 


688 


88 


95 


89 


75 


71 


93 


256 


112 


6912051 


498 


J. R. NiCHOL 


101 


111 


51 


51 


79 


733 


90 


102 


84 


90 


76 


95 


211 


106 


70 


2050 


497 




106 

58 


73 
76 


31 
156 


69 

67 


40 
91 


58j 
518 


100 
31 


97 
33 


68 
69 


35 

85 


38 
71 


107 

83 


91 

97 


50 
57 


68 
16 


1653 

1508 




Mahloii Stanton 




G. W. Ilouver 


9 


33 


153 


66 


77 


307 


17 


10 


24 


34 


102 


86 


17 


25 


23 


983 




Auditor. 




D. H. LeSuer 


101 


114 


68 


52 


63 


729 


82 


100 


99 


84 


70 


99 


265 


103 


70 2099 




iGeo. A. Moss 


117 


106 


167 


117 


128 


815 


1^7 


110 


91 


79 


112 


1V2 


108 


84 


78,2411 


312 


Treaisurer. 


































J.H.Fbt 


98 
118 


116 
100 


61 
174 


38 
138 


63 
129 


745 

798 


87 
118 


100 
107 


106 

84 


87 
74 


68 
113 


96 
173 


256 
113 


131 

52 


6612148 
74 2365 

1 




■\Johii It. Barnes 


247 


Sheriff. 




Marquis Uarr 


99 


114 


51 


45 


75 


756 


82 


104 


121 


114 


62 


95 


276 


128 


59 2181 


833 


T. J. (Shipley 


108 


71 


36 


80 


18 


520 


87 


88 


45 


16 


6 


102 


66 


26 


79:1348 




I.N.Leidy 


9 


35 


145 


50 


98 


270 


4 


15 


21 


34 


116 


75 


29 


42 


9 951 


fi^upt. Com. Schools. 






























1 


J. W. Johnson 


57 
155 


114 
101 


60 
175 


52 
123 


64 

127 


877 
674 


90 
117 


95 

109 


102 

85 


90 

72 


76 
106 


97 
175 


263 
109 


118 
67 


67 2222 


iJ. (J. Williams 


78 2273 


51 


Member of Board. 


































E. W. Myrick 


110 


132 


m 


49 


71 


860 


92 


104 


105 


lOo 


76 


96 


266 


114 


70 2310 


1173 


A. L. Shaugle 


92 


31 


11 


64 


30 


286 


95 


90 


49 


20 


34 


103 


75 


29 


67 


1076 




W. J.McFall 


18 


50 


159 


60 


9a 


411 


20 


16 


36 


42 


73 


73 


32 


44 


11 


1137 




Coroner. 




































J. M. Byeks 


110 
91 


124 
36 


61 
16 


53 
64 


75 
30 


832 
271 


90 
93 


105 


104 
50 


102 
19 


76 
34 


96 
99 


268 
63 


115 
25 


70 
68 


2281 
959 


1050 


J. P. Gruweli 






19 


52 


158 


55 


88 


418 


23 


102 


36 


42 


72 


70 


40 


46 


10 


1231 




Surveyor. 




A. F. Tracy 


lo:- 


112 


65 


51 


7^ 


819 


88 


107 


89 


40 


75 


89 


234 


108 


69 


1812 




iSainuel Thompson 


117 


101 


170 


124 


116 


732 


120 


101 


96 


123 


107 


172 


137 


77 


79 


2237 


'>45 


Court House Vote. 




































For bonds aud tax 


8 
202 


5 
189 


61 
123 


6 
157 


12 
167 


760 
527 


49 
153 


12 
173 


13 
153 


10 
99 


23 
147 


13 

228 


19 
255 


4 
161 


132 


989 
2876 




Agaiust bonds aud tax 


1887 



Republicans in small capitals. Greeubackers in Italics. Democrats in Roman type. 

♦Prohibition ticket. 

tOu both Democratic and Greenback tickets . 

Scattering votes were cast as follows: H. W. Maxwell for Governor, 1 vote in Richland; E. Baker for Supt. 
Public Instruction, 1 vote in Adams; Fred Nelson for Lieut. Governor, 6 votes in Prairie; E. B. Kephart for 
Supt. Public Instruction, 6 votes in PrairiS and 8 in Oskaloosa; N. R. Hook for Representative, 2 votes in 
White Oak; A. L. Shangle for Auditor, 1 vote in Richland; H. R. Kendig for Treasurer, 1 vote in Pleasant 
Grove; J. W. Johnson for Coroner, 8 votes in Oskaloosa; S. T. Ballard for Supt Common Schools, 1 vote in 
Cedar. 

KAILEOADS. 



CENTRAL RAILROAD OF IOWA. 



As early as 1858 the subject of a north and south line through Central 
Iowa was agitated, and the project was canvassed by Hon. J. B. Grinnell 
and others. At this early day the wealth of coal dej30sits in this section 
was recognized, as well as the demand for fuel among the railroads about 
to be built in Minnesota and Northern Iowa. But the rebellion breaking 





^d^.^ 




HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 317 

out, this project slnnibered along with hniidreds of other northern enter- 
prises. In 1864 a Quaker named David Morgan (who had come from Ten- 
nessee to Xew Sharon), with a limited number following, formed an incor- 
poration with headquarters at Oskaloosa, under the name of Iowa Central 
Railroad Compan_y. This company was organized at New Sharon, January 
5, 1865, with the following officers: David Morgan, president; A. C. Will- 
iams, vice-president; Z. T. Fisher, secretary; Wm. T. Smith, treasurer. Di- 
rectors: David Morgan, H. P. Pickerell,AV. T. Smith, W. PI. Seevers, Daniel 
Anderson, A. C. Williams, Peter Melend}', Z. T. Fisher and Reuben Mickel. 
After a few meetings Mr. Fisher resigned his secretar^'ship, and Judge 
Thompson, of Oskaloosa, was elected to that office, which he filled for a long 
time. During the year 1865 a railroad convention of several counties was 
called in Oskaloosa to consider the mutual interests of the different delega- 
tions. The question was discussed by delegates from Monroe, Tama, Black 
Hawk, Appanoose and Poweshiek counties, and it was generally resolved to 
be the interest of this section to lend its aid to the Iowa Central Company, al- 
ready formed. Thus encouraged, President Morgan tlirew the first spade- 
ful of dirt near Cedar Falls, and at the same time let twenty miles of grad- 
ing. This grading has never been occupied by the company, as the loca- 
tion of the road was afterward changed to pass through Marshall county on 
account of the indifferent aid of the Black Hawk and Tama count}' citizens. 
At the January meeting of 1866 Wm. T. Smith was elected president, and 
to his enterprise and push the citizens of Mahaska county are lai-gely in- 
debted for the Iowa Central road. This gentleman held meetings in various 
school houses, churches and court houses, in company with others, through 
the various counties, and private subscriptions were secured to a surprising 
amount. Mahaska county contributed upward of $130,000 in local sub- 
scriptions. June, 1866, grading was commenced at the State line, and with 
one foot in Iowa and the other in Missouri, he threw the first shovelful of 
dirt on the southern part of the road. Under Mr. Smith's administration 
a large amount of grading was done, and the road began to attract consid- 
erable attention. At the end of two years Mr. Smith was succeeded by 
Jno. White, who resigned in two or three weeks, leaving vice-president 
Melendy in charge of the road. From this time on until the election of 
Judge Seevers, the project was at a stand-still. With Judge Seevers' election 
the enterprise revived, but all efforts to get responsible parties to iron and 
run the road were without avail. Finall}' a consolidation was effected, 
through President Gilman, with the Iowa River R. R. Co., under the name 
of Central Railroad of Iowa. Tlie work of the road was then pushed for- 
ward with all possible speed, and on February 4, 1871, the road was com- 
pleted from Albia (about thirt}' miles'north of the State line) to Mason City, 
'^wa. This is the present extent of the road (July, 1878). The last spike 
ras driven February 4, 1871, near the bridge across North Skunk river, and 
die ceremony is thus described bj' the Oskaloosa Herald: 

The last rail was down and a polished spike, represented as that famous last spike, of 
which all have read and all longed to hear, was driven. At 5:15 o'clock President Uilnian 
took the sledge to which was attached the telegraph wire, and handed it to F. W. H. Shef- 
field, president of the construction company, who struck the spike a fine hck and surrendered 
the sledge to Judge Seevers, who swung it around, to the great risk of all bystanders, hit the 
nail a lively whack that would have done credit to any Irishman on the line, and then tried 
to play " shenanigan " and get another lick at it, but after several ineffectual attempts to hit 
it, gave up to Hon. G. M. Woodljury. He was followed by Hon. J. B. Grinnell, who spotted 
it after a trial or two, and then President Gilman took the hammer and drove home the 

22 



348 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

spike amid clieers.shouts, screeches of five locomotives, music, etc. Tlie spike was driven 
about thirty feet this side of tlie county Hne. 

Though the Central Railroad has done a good business, it has shared a 
disastrous financial state in common with most new western roads, and is 
now in the hands of a receiver. The first receiver appointed was D. N. 
Pickering, about 1875; succeeded by J. B. Grinnell, and more recently by 
H. L. Morrill, appointed during the present year (1878). Mr. Morrill now 
manages the road pending an appeal before the U. S. Supreme Court, after 
the decision of which the probabilities are that the road will be secured in 
the interest of the bondholders. 

CHICAGO, EOCK ISLAND AND PACIFIC. 

The terminus of this branch was for a considerable time at Sigourney. 
In the summer of 1875 Superintendent Riddle proposed to the citizens of 
Oskaloosa that the company would build the road to that place immediately 
if the citizens would furnish the right of way and raise the sum of $20,000. 
This was done by local subscription, and the trains were running to Oska- 
loosa in February, 1876. The road extends across the county through 
townships range 75 north, and is now completed to Knoxville. 

KEOKUK AND DES MOINES. 

This road was built through the southwestern part of Mahaska county, 
up the valley of the Muchakinock, during the summer of 1864. It had 
been completed from Keokuk as far as Eddyville for some years previous, 
and was in that day known as the Keokuk, Des Moines and Minnesota 
Railroad Company. This was changed to tliat of the Des Moines Yalley 
Railroad Companj^, and several years since, to that of the Keokuk and Des 
Moines Railroad Company. 

This road has a station at Beacon, two and one-half miles southwest of 
Oskaloosa, and for several years this was the only railroad station near the 
county seat, a fact which has long been a source of regret, not only to the 
friends of the road, but likewise to the citizens of Oskaloosa. It w'ill be 
remembered that it was, and lias been, a question of a good deal of interest 
why the road was not built through Oskaloosa, and we will endeavor to 
answer the same. 

During the legislature of 1863-4 Geo. W. McCrarj', of Keokuk, was 
chairman of the railroad committee in the Senate, and B. S. Merriam, of 
the same place, was chairman of the railroad committee in the House. 
The building of the Des Moines road was largelj^ in the interest of Keokuk, 
and as that was the only road pressing legislative aid during that session, 
the influence of the Gate City was very considerable. While the road was 
under the name of the K., D. M, & M. R. R., the men who furnished the 
capital and really owned the road, were Gilman & Son, of New York City. 
As has been already mentioned, the road was completed to Eddyville pre- 
vious to 1864. At this session of the legislature it was the desire of the 
company to secure such legislation as would secure them such a title to 
certain lands, granted them by the state, that they might raise capital by 
mortgaging the same, and continue the building of the road. These lands 
were certain alternate sections along the Des Moines river which had been 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 349 

granted by Congress to the Des Moines River Improvement Company, 
but in the failure of which company were transferred to the K. D. M. & 
M. E.. R., on condition of their assuming certain claims of tlie improve- 
ment company. These lands were within ten miles of the Des Moines 
river, for the most part, though certain indemnity lands were also granted 
to the company in some of the northern counties of the State. The grade 
being easy up the Des Moines, and their lands being located there, it was 
to the interest of the company, or rather to Gilman & Son, to bnild along 
the high water mark of the river. Messrs. lieid & Kilbourne, of Keokuk, 
were the western managers and builders of the road. They acted, however, 
under instructions from Gilman & Son. AVhile the proposed bill was 
being shaped in the room of tlie Senate committee, a very decided opposi- 
tion was developed by the Mahaska county delegation, and others, who 
wished the road to pass through Oskaloosa. Mahaska county was repre- 
sented by Judge Crookham, and Poweshiek and Iowa counties by M. E. 
Cutts, who gave his influence in favor of Oskaloosa. These gentlemen, 
while they favored the grant, and wanted to see the road built, determined 
to tight tlie bill in order to force the road through Oskaloosa and away 
from the Des Moines. A corregpondence with Gilman & Son gained the 
consent of those gentlemen to build the road up Muchakinock creek to 
the pi'esent town of Beacon, and then back to the Des Moines river, mak- 
ing about a mile greater distance, this to be done with the understanding 
that Oskaloosa, or the Keokuk men who favored the Oskaloosa route on ac- 
count of its additional trade, would pay the additional cost, being about 
$13,00U, McCrary introduced his bill providing the road should be built 
up the valley of the Des Moines, with the private understanding that the 
friends of Oskaloosa would introduce an amendment in accordance with 
Gilman & Son's proposition. An amendment was introduced through the 
agency of Judge Crookham, and presented by senator Clarkson providing 
that tlie road should pass within one-half mile of the square in Oskaloosa. 
After considerable wrangling the bill passed the Senate on a vote of 33 to 
9. It went down to the House. The chairman of the House committee 
put it in his pocket and refused to report it to that body, he being on the 
other side of the question. The objection urged by Gilman against the 
Oskaloosa route was that they would be troubled by the prairie snows, 
some of the Iowa roads having expended great amounts of money in clear- 
ing their tracks the previous winter. The main reason, however, was to 
enhance the value of his own hinds along the river. The raih'oad men de- 
clared that if the Oskaloosa amendment was insisted upon, they would 
build fort)' miles of road up the river bank during the next summer, with- 
out legislation, and leave Oskaloosa out in the cold altogether. At this 
stage a lobby of Oskaloosa citizens was summoned to the capital. The 
case was laid before them, and it was tinallj' decided to agree to a bill pro- 
viding that the road should be built up the valley of the Muchakinock to 
the point on that stream nearest Oskaloosa, wliere a station should be 
located, and from there it was expected the road would turn back to the 
Des Moines. 

In 1860 a company was organized in Oskaloosa under the name of Ma- 
haska County Railroad Company, for the purpose of building a road from 
Eddyville to Oskaloosa, and the road was graded, partly bridged and ties 
furnished. 

In 1864 the K., D. M. R. R. built upon this grade to Beacon, and have 



350 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

since occupied it, while the Mahaska county company are still whistling 
for their pay. An offer of some thousands of dollars bonus from Pella 
relieved Mr. Oilman of his alarm in respect to prairie snows, and instead 
of passing from Beacon back to the Des Moines river the road does not 
again enter the valley until it reaches Des Moines city. 

June 13, 1864, the road was leased to Messrs. Keid, Leighton, Perry, & 
Kilbourne, of Keokuk, who conducted it as lessees for a numl)er of years. 
In 1874: the road between Keokuk and Des Moines was bought in the in- 
terest of the first mortgage bondholders for $1,175,000, and called the 
Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad Company. During the present year a 
lease of the road has been perfected hy the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
Com^iany, which will run it as a branch. 

It is hoped that the crossing of the two branches of this companj' near 
Oskaloosa, may be of very material benefit to the town, which it will be 
if the company decide to locate shops here, which there are strong reasons 
for their doing. 

MAHASKA COUNTY AORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

Mahaska is pre-eminently an agricultural county, and great ijiterest is 
taken in everything that belongs to the society which encourages the 
farmer in his work, brings him in contact with his neighbor, gratifies his 
pride, affords him opportunity to display the fruits of his industry and to 
stud}' the successes and experiments of others. 

The first meeting, having in view the formation of a county society, was 
an assemblage of farmers in the court house in answer to a call in the Os- 
kaloosa Herald, meeting on the 15th of March, 1852. Of this meeting P. 
Loughridge was chosen president, and T. F. Seevers, secretary. The matter 
was pretty thoroughly discussed, and it was the sense of the meeting that 
it would be for the best interest of Mahaska count}' agriculturists to unite 
into a permanent organization. For this purpose a committee of five were 
appointed to draft a constitution. The committee was composed of the 
following gentlemen: E. W. Eastman, Andrew Williams, Jno. S. Walker, 
T. F. Seevers and A. M. Galer. 

At an adjourned meeting held at the same place on March 27th, tlie com- 
mittee reported a constitution for the "Mahaska County Agricultural So- 
ciety," and articles of incorporation which were adopted. Of this organ- 
ization the first officers as elected at this meeting were: President, P. 
Loughridge; Vice Presidents, John Bond and C. ]^. Smith; Secretarj', 
Thos. F. Seevers; and Treasurer, Andrew Williams. The society adjourned 
until June 12th, when a meeting was held at which it was decided to hold 
a fair at Oskaloosa on the 23d day of October, 1852. The officers elected 
for the ensuing yenY were: President, P. Loughridge; Vice Presidents, C. 
I^. Smith and T. Cox; Secretary, Thos. F. Seevers •" Treasurer, M. T. Wil- 
liams. Board of Managers was composed of E. W. Eastman, Alfred See- 
vers, W. Lawrence, II. Dobyns, J. F. Moore, and Dr. ]N"ichol. In a short 
time a premium list was advertised which would not compare very favora- 
bly with one of 1878, but which oftered premiums to the amount of $11:0, 
for various agricultural exhibits. The fair was held as appointed, and was 
located, we are informed, in the public square. Some of the more delicate 
articles were exhibited in the court house, and the stock was tied along a 
rail fence in Mark's lots, about the locality of G. H. Baugh's present res- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 351 

idence. At tliis time the fair received no assistance from the State. The 
first county fair, under the hiw, was probably lield in 1856, and in conse- 
quence the fair for 1S7S is called the 23d annual exhibition, being in fact, 
however, the twenty-seventh. 

Twice has Oskaloosa had the state fair, being in 1858 and 1859. It will 
be remembered that at that time there was not a railroad in Mahaska 
county and the facilities for reaching Oskaloosa from different points in 
the state was not what it now is. The year preceeding the fair of 1858 
had been a disastrous one. Crops had not succeeded very well and the 
country was onl}^ convalescing from the financial sick-bed of 1857. The 
fair was held on the Mahaska county fair grounds, then consisting of about 
twenty acres, and including a part of the present society grounds. There 
was a good attendance and a very general intererst manifested. The pre- 
vious season of almost continual rain had deprived exhibitors the ex])ected 
pleasure of making a display which should excel previous years. The re- 
ceipts were $2,813 and the premiums paid were $1,012. It is intei-esting 
to compare these figures with those of the state and count}^ fairs of 1876, 
as showing the wonderful agricultural growth of the country and the grow- 
ing interest in agricultural exhibits. 

In the state fair of 1876 the receipts were $13,657; premiums paid were 
$9,020, being about 500 per cent in advance of eighteen years previous. 
Mahaska county fair receipts for the centennial j'ear were $1,300, and 
amount of premiums paid $3,000, or nearly double that of the state fair in 
1858. In the latter not a single entry of thoroughbred cattle was made 
from Mahaska county. There are now some hundreds of short horns 
owned by Mahaska county farmers, and quite a number of them thorough- 
breds. Among those who have interested themselves in raising the grade 
of cattle on Mahaska prairies might be mentioned E. II. McCann, A. 
Lewis, and James Bridges, in Monroe township; II. H. Prine, W.T. Smith, 
S. L. Pomeroy, and Chas. Hutchinson, in Oskaloosa township; AY. A. 
Bryan and James Mcintosh, ot Prairie township; and X. Cone, of Jeffer- 
son. Each of these gentlemen has a fine hei'd of cattle, and through 
their enterprise a finer line of stock is being distributed throughout the 
county. Attention is mostly given to short horns, though some Jerseys 
and Devons are to be found. Messrs. Smith and Prine had a cattle sale on 
the fair grounds in 1877, which was largelj^ attended. 

The agricultural society abandoned the old articles of incorporation in 
1873. On December 30th, of that year, was incorporated what was called 
the Mahaska Agricultural Association, but this society met with financial 
reverses, and a new organization, a joint stock company, was organized and 
incorporated February 9tli, 1871, under the name and title of Mahaska 
County Agricultural Society. This is the present organization and has a 
capital stock paid up of $10,000, with privilege of increasing to $10,000. 
The society is now on a good financial basis and out of debt. Moreover, 
the articles of incorporation provide that no indebtedness shall be incurred 
beyond $5,000, which insures its secure footing financially, if the provision 
is not violated. The first officers of the present incorporation were James 
W. McMullen, President; Henry II. Prine, Yice President; Samuel Ingles, 
Treasurer; John H. Green, Secretary. 

The grounds of the society are located upon a gentle eminence on the 
northwest portion of the Oskaloosa plat, and contain about thirty acres. 
They are enclosed by a substantial board fence, and are easy of access from 



352 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

the city. They contain an excellent half mile track, well drained and 
wide enough for six sulkys abreast. Tlie society is able to offer facilities 
for speed trials second to no county in the west. The Fine Art Hall is in 
the shape of a Greek cross, and is ample in accommodation for any prob- 
able exhibit for years to come. The amphitheater will comfortably seat 
two thousand persons. For the fair of 1878 the S()ciet3M)ffers nearly $4,000 
in premiums, and approaches the state fair in its speed list, $1,700 being 
offered for the coming fair. It is no exaggeration to say that Mahaska 
county holds a fair second to no county in the State, save that of Scott, 
where larger premiums are offered, and larger receipts are realized. 

HOG KAISING. 

Considerable interest has been manifested in the department of hog 
raising for a number of years. At an earlier day, among fancj^ breeders, 
the preference was given to Chester AVhites, but more recently the Poland 
China and Berkshire have almost entirely taken their place. Most of the 
hogs raised in Mahaska county are sliipped to Cliicago, the facilities for 
shipping in that direction being excellent over the Chicago, Rock Island & 
Pacific Railroad. We take pleasure in mentioning some of those farmers 
who liave given their special attention and energy to the raising of fine 
hogs : 

A. Lewis, of Pleasant Grove, and E. H. McCann and James Bridges, of 
Monroe, are engaged in the raising of Berkshires. In Oskaloosa township 
A. J. Lytle, S. R. Pettit & Sons, and S. L. Pomeroy, have manifested their 
preference for Poland Chinas. Tlie fine Berkshires in the same township, 
by M. K. Prine & Sons, have taken premiums at the State and St. Louis 
fairs. Wile}^ Wray is a breeder of Berkshires, C. N. S?nith of Chester 
Whites, and W. T. Smith of Essex. In Jefferson township Moore Brothers 
breed Poland Chinas and cultivate artichokes in large quantities as a feed, 
claiming that such a diet is a cholera preventive. 

HORTICULTURAL. 

Whatever rank Mahaska county ma}^ have taken in fruit raising has 
been well earned. The lessons of her liorticulturists have been taken in 
the school of bitter experience. Attention was given to fruit growing with 
the first settlement of the country. Bushels of peach and apple seeds were 
brought from the east and planted; hundreds of trees were shipped b}' way 
of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The favorites of a dozen states from 
Maine or New York to North Carolina, were brought to the far West, to 
which it was hoped they might acclimatize. About 1848, Robert Seevers 
sent to his brothers near Oskaloosa nineteen hundred young apple trees, 
which were set out and started in a flourishing condition. Some of the 
more hardy of these trees are still beai-ing. Many fruit trees began to bear 
about 1854 and 1855. During botli of these j'ears a large crop of peaches 
was gathered, as these and the winter preceding had not been severe. But the 
winter of 1855-6 was intensely' cold, and then followed a dry summer. The 
result was most heartily discouraging. Scarcely a peach tree survived the 
winter in Mahaska county. The favorite apples, Rhode Island, Greening, 
Bell Flower, Newton Pippin, Baldwin — in short the cream of eastern 



HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 353 

varieties — were nearly all killed. But in the language of John N". Dixon, 
in one of his reports, "there were a few men like Wellington at Waterloo, 
that did not know when they were defeated, or were too obstinate to 
acknowledge it. These men went to work to select varieties wherever 
they could he found, from the wreck of our orchards that had survived 
those terrible winters, and from these selections and other varieties since 
added, as experience has justified, we have to-day as valuable a list of choice 
apples as any state in the Union." 

Through toil and sacrifice other obstacles were overcome. The gopher 
grubbed the young trees. The county supervisors allowed a bounty of two 
dollars per dozen for gopher scalps, and in six months claims for 20,000 
scalps were allowed, and bounty- paid to the amount of $3,333. 33|-. Isaac 
Jackson killed 5,207 gophers in a single season. Still the orchard men had 
no peace: the borer bored, the mice and rabbits girdled the young trees; 
the crumpler preyed upon the leaves, and likewise the canker worm, cod- 
dling moth, the caterpillar, etc., and we presume the conflict will continue 
until the " varmints " give up, for it is evident the fruit growers do not 
intend to. 

Though most of the eastern favorites have been abandoned by Mahaska 
count}' pomologists, yet a flne fruit list remains. Of apples there are 
many clioice varieties; one hundred and ten kinds were exhibited in 1876 
at the Centennial, and one hundred and seventy-five varieties at the State 
Horticultural meeting from Mahaska alone, in January, 1877. Keither of 
these lists included the summer varieties. The staple early apples include, 
among others, Early Harvest, Red June, Yellow June, Red Astrachan and 
Duchess of Oldenburg. Fall varieties as fine as anywhere in the world. 
Pound Royal, Lowell, Porter, Dyre, Famense, Early Winter, Rambo. Perry 
Russet, Grimes' Golden Pippin, White Winter Pearmain. Later: Johna- 
than, Westfield, Seek-no-further, Ben. Davis, Genitan, Willow Twig and 
Virginia Greening. Dwarf pears in Mahaska county may be considered 
for the most part as a failure, though standard pears do very well. Peaches 
can be raised in this latitude after a moderate winter, and especially on 
oak ridges on thin land where the trees do not develop too rapidly, and are 
reasonably sheltei'ed. But, on the prairies, ever}' i'ew years most of the 
trees are killed by a severe winter, and the work of planting and nursing 
has to be resumed. Small fruits are raised in abundance, and of various 
kinds; they grow wild in great plenty. Grapes seem to be a natural 
product, and the yield is prolific. 

Mahaska county is privileged to boast of some of the largest orchards in 
the West. Several of these are deserving of mention: 

John J^. Dixon, in Oskaloosa township, has an apple orchard of 10,000 
trees. In the same township Thomas C. Beach has 3,000 bearing trees, M. 
K. Prine 2,000, and George Avey 1,500. lu Harrison Township Samuel 
Low has 1,500 trees, and in Pleasant Grove is the orchard of Albert Lewis, 
containing 1,200 trees. These fiud a ready shipment north and west, some 
of them having been sent across the Rocky M(.>untains to Virginia City, 
Nevada. In one school district in Oskaloosa township are 21,000 apple 
trees, most of them bearing. Possibly this statement is not true of any 
other district in the West. 

A County Horticultural Society was organized in the oflice of Joseph 
Kelly, January 15, 1869. The first officers elected were D. A. Coleson, 
President; Amos Kemble, Vice President; W. A. Hunter, Secretary; 



354 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

James Tluan, Corresponding Secretary; Treasurer, Mrs. Win. Kemper. 
This association continued for some years, but the Agricultural Society 
having given a good deal of attention to fruit growing, it gradually ab- 
sorbed tlie interest of those connected with the Horticultural Society, and 
a few years ago the funds in the treasury of the latter were passed over to 
the agricultural interest, and they have since really, though not formally, 
united in one association. 

The meeting of the State Horticultural Society was appointed for Oska- 
loosa, January 16, 1877. Iowa had taken the ribbon at the world's fair in 
the previous fall, and considerable interest was manifested in this, the first 
subsequent meeting. Mahaska citizens determined to make as good a 
showing as possible. Several citizens spent no little time in going over 
tlie county to select the finest and greatest variety of apples, and the reward 
they received amply re-paid them for their time and trouble. The state 
meeting was held in the court room. Ap])les from various counties were 
tasteful!}^ displayed upon difierent tables. The meeting began on Tuesday, 
the 16th, and continued three days. At this meeting from the report of 
E. H. Calkins, chairman of committee on awards, we make the following 
extract: 

"For best collection of fruits grown in any one county we award the first 
premium to Mahaska county. The exhibit of fruit by Mahaska county de- 
serves more than a passing notice for its intrinsic value as to varieties, its 
extent in numbers, the superior quality of its specimens, and the fact that 
several of the trulj^ valuable varieties originated within its borders. Many 
of the specimens are immense in size, forcibly reminding us of the fabled 
story we read in our boyhood days of a certain ambitious frog who one day 
saw a noble ox grazing near the little puddle in which he reigned, con- 
ceived he miglit possibly 'attain to the dimensions of the ox and com- 
menced to swell ' accordingly; r-nly these apples stopped a little short of 
the disastrous consequences which overtook the frog. Prominent among 
this collection we find a pyramid of Jonathans, by Thos. C. Beach, grown 
near Oskaloosa, perfect in form, beautiful in symmetry, and blushing the 
deepest scarlet. We fully endorse the remarks made last night, that if the 
title to the term, -Proud Mahaska,' was not rightfully acquired, it should 
justly be bestowed from this time forward. And we should like to hint 
to our friend Dixon that if such scenes as he has delineated on canvas and 
placed in this room are of ordinary" occurrence in his vicinity, he and his 
friends should direct their best efibrts in the future to teach such persons 
that they labor under a sad mistake." 

This last allusion was to a caricature designed by Jno. ]S^. Dixon and ex- 
ecuted by B. Y. Seevers, of a cadaverous looking Hoosier emigrant who 
has headed his equipage toward the rising sun, and who is represented as 
giving utterance to the discouraging sentiment, "Gwine back to Injeanny; 
my brats must have apples and you can't raise them in Iowa." 

To M. K. Prine was awarded the premium for the best ])eck of apples 
for profit, being of the Ben Davis variety. During the session of the so- 
ciety was read a report on "Orchard Culture and Management," by John 
'N. Dixon, who was elected vice-president of the association. Also an es- 
say was read by Amos Kemble, on "Small Fruits and their Culture," and 
another paper on "How to Utilize Fruits and Yegetables." 

As the first premium county in the banner fruit state of the world, Ma- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 355 

haska can hope to do no better than to maintain her present rank; and her 
prospect in fruit raising- is a brilliant one. 

In this connection it is but proper to notice .the extensive Canning and 
Pickling Works of A. Ivenible & Co., at Oskaloosa. These gentlemen had 
been gardening for some years, and the growth, or rather the start of their 
canning enterprise was the result of accident. In the 3'ear 1873 the 
Downing House, instead of canning its own tomatoes as had been the cus- 
tom heretofore, made a contract with Kemble & Co. to put up five hundred 
cans of this vegetable. This was done without other apparatus than a com- 
mon wash boiler on a cooking stove. The following year Mr. Kemble 
resolved to can tomatoes for the trade, and the casual remark of a friend 
led him tu undei-take also the canning of corn. In a temporary shed 
Kemble & Co. put up 1,500 cans of tomatoes, and the same amount of 
green corn. The tomato canning was quite successful, though the corn 
was a partial failure. JS^othing daunted, preparations were made in 1875, 
and 7,000 cans of corn and tomatoes were sealed for the market and success 
crowned the eifort. 

In 1877 the firm put up no less than 25,000 cans of these vegetables, and 
the trade of 1878 will probably exceed this. Kemble & Co's establishment is 
a simple frame building and divided into several apartments. In one of 
these the cans are made by men employed for that purpose. The cans are 
prepared to be soldered and a small hole about the size of a pin head is 
punchen in the center of the can lid. In another apartment the vegetables 
are prepared and put into the cans cold and soldered up, as also is the small 
aperture at the top. Then the cans are taken into another apartment, where 
they are placed in large pans of water and cooked by steam. The process 
is a delicate one and has been perfected only by much patience and long 
experiment. The air being confined in the can, if cooked too long without 
relief, would explode. By the use of thermometors and time pieces the 
little aperture in the lid is re-opened for a moment and the air allowed to 
escape, when it is again sealed. This process retains the flavor of the fruit 
which would be lost to a great degree if cooked in an open vessel. After 
sufficient cooking the cans are labeled and are ready for the market. 

Kemble & Co. have facilities for putting up 2,500 cans per day. They 
ship their goods mostly to surrounding points in this state. This is the 
only considerable canning establishment in Iowa, except one started in 
Marshalltown during the present season. Kemble & Co. have never given 
much attention to fruit canning. 

This same firm have also been engaged for some time in putting up cu- 
cumber pickels. These are pickled in tanks holding from 50 to 100 barrels 
and are kept in brine until the season for marketing, when they are barreled 
in vinegar. Thus have been put up 130 to liO barrels of pickles annually 
for a number of years past. 

Just north of the canning establishment is Kemble & Co's green house, 
the only one heated by steam in the State of Iowa. Here the business of 
flower gardening has been carried on quite extensively for three years, and 
here under 5,000 feet of glass about 15,000 potted plants were in stock for 
the spring trade of 1878. The steam heating apparatus will produce a 
temperature of 90 degrees the coldest winter days, but the temperature is 
usually kept at from 50 to 70 degrees, which lower temperature makes the 
plants more hardy. 



356 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

MAHASKA COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY. 

This society was organized in the office of the county superintendent, 
June 14, 1872. At the first meeting the physicians present were Dr. 
Smith, of Grranville, Dr. Page, of New Sharon, Dr. Chamberlain, of Beacon, 
Dr. Gruwell, Dr. Hoffman, Dr. Coolidge, Dr. McMillen and Dr. Hurst, of 
Oskaloosa. 

Of this meeting Dr. J. F. Smitli was president, and Dr. Hurst, secretary. 

A meeting for permanent organization was held on the ISth of July, 
when officers were elected for one year, as follows: D. A. Hurst, president; 
W. L. Chamberlain, secretary; J. P. Gruwell, vice-president, and F. W. 
Coolidge, treasurer; Drs. Huntsman, Page and Chamberlain, censors. 

A constitution and by-laws were then adopted. 

The society has held its meetings semi-annually, and of late years in the 
office of Dr. Hurst, in Oskaloosa. The purpose of the society is purely 
professional, and for mutual improvement. Diagnoses of remarkable cases 
are read and discussed. 

At the last meeting, held July 9, 1878. F. W. Coolidge was elected 
president, Wm. Butler, vice-president, J. C. Barringer, secretary. 

The following is the roll of meuibers, August, 1878: F. W. Coolidge, 
D. A. Hurst, IL K. Page, H. C. Huntsman, W. E. Chamberlain, J. P. Gru- 
well, Lncian Smith, Wm. Butler, W. L. Chamberlain, W. L. McAllister, 
S. E. PJiinehart, D. H. Hare, W. M. Bonnet, R. S. Dean, Grover Ilillis, 
J. F. Smith, J. C. Barringer. 

MAHASKA COUNTY BIBLE SOCIETY. 

This branch of the American Bible Society was probaJjlt/ established in 
1845. The official records have been mislaid, of all business and meetings 
previous to 1855. 

The contributions to the Bible cause for the year previous to the meeting 
of 1855 were twenty-two dollars. The society reached its maximum con- 
tributions in 1868, when the rev^enue from gifts was three hundred and 
twenty-seven dollars. 

The last meeting of the society was held September 30, 1877, at which 
time the officers elected were Chas. Hutchinson, president; Dr. D. A. 
Hurst, vice-president; Wm. H. Shaw, secretary; Henry Howard, treasurer. 

The society has not accomplished much in the way of active service since 
1876. The contributions last year were about fifty dollars. The county 
depository is at the store of R. Whitaker, and is quite depleted — the new 
regulation of the parent society being to send out no more booivs without 
cash in advance — and the local society is not now prepared to purchase 
very heavily on those terms. 

The county has not been canvassed by a Bible agent for several years. 

COUNTY SUNDAY SCHOOL ASSOCIATION. 

The first Sabbath-school convention in Mahaska county was held in 1863. 
This was a sort of called or impromptu meeting, and no regular association 
was formed. 

The sec,ond convention was held in Oskaloosa, beginning October 31, 



niSTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



357 



1866. Three years had elapsed since the previous meeting, and in nnm- 
berint^ the conventions we believe the convention of 1866 is usuallj^ called 
the iirst. 

The president of this convention was John E.. Needham; secretar}', Dr. 
J. F. Erving; and treasurer, Henrv Howard. The convention continued in 
session three days, and a very profitable time seems to have been spent. 

The speakers from abroad were B. W. Cliidlaw, of Cincinnati, Rev, J. 
M. Strong, of the American Sunday School Union, and Dwight L. Moody, 
then an enthusiastic young man from Chicago, a warm friend of the Sun- 
day-scliool work. Perhaps little did those present at the convention of 
1866 think that tliis was a man wlio had power to stir both sides of the 
Atlantic by the simple eloquence and earnestness of his speaking. Not 
only angels but great men are frequently entertained unawares. 

At this convention the following report was presented: 



NAME OF SCHOOL. 



O B I O 






First M. E., Oskaloosa 

Second M. E., Oskaloosa. . 

First Presbyterian 

United Presbyterian .... 

Cong're^ational '. 

First Baptist 

Christian 

Cumberland Presbyterian . 

Friends, City 

Friends, Oskaloosa 

Six Mile.. 

Farmersville 

Given 

Union 

Madison Township 

Spring Creek Friends 

Pleasant Dale.' 

Enterprise 



341) 


y:-; 


60 


12 


110 


13 


S2 


13 


110 


14 


128 


1-1 


144 


15 


64 


11 


82 


8 


65 


6 


80 


8 


41 


8 


79 


7 


3.5 


61 


55 


4! 


65 


4 


40 


6 


90 


9 



500 
1.50 
250 
250 
250 
300 
-500 
300 
80 
400 
125 
200 
200 
146 

1.50 

124 

50 



In June, 1872, the state Sabbath-school convention was held in Oska- 
loosa, at which about one hundred and fifty delegates were present from 
abroad, and a very pleasant and profitable time was spent by those in at- 
tendance. 

We believe that county conventions have been held every year since 1866, 
and usually in Oskaloosa, which, though moderately well attended and in- 
teresting, have experienced nothing of peculiar interest to the historian. 
Of the Sabbath-schools of the county we have occasion to speak more par- 
ticularly in connection w^itli the various churches under whose care they 
may be organized. 

MASOXRY. 



For the following histor}' of Masonry in Mahaska county we are in- 
debted to Henry R. Kendig, Esq., of Oskaloosa: 

The written history concerning the introduction of the mystic order in 
Mahaska county, may never reveal the fact as to when, where, or upon 
whom the peculiar ritualism of the order was first conferred. 



358 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Who knows, but that among the noted chiefs of the once powerful and 
intellectual Sac and Fox tribe, the ancestors of a "Keokuk" or "Black- 
Hawk " may have bowed before a rude altar, " on a high hill or in a low 
dale" of Makaska county's beautiful prairies, bedecked with grasses, serving 
as the "checkered pavement" and tessellated with flowers native to the 
land, as the " middle chamber," wliile the " clouded canopy of Heaven" 
most spaciously and speciously served as the " santum sanctorum," and the 
morning, evening, and the brightest of the southern stars, serv^ed as the 
lesser, while the handwriting of Almighty God, as revealed to them in 
^Nature, the greater lights of their boundless "Holy of Holies." 

Of this, however, as already indicated, w^e know not, and never will, and 
it is more to note the introduction of Masonry into Mahaska county by the 
present inhabitants who people her borders and interior, than to theorize 
upon the probabilities of centuries ago, that we write. 

Among the pioneers of every frontier ever settled by the Anglo-Saxon, 
there were to be found those who were regularly instructed in mind, and 
cherished in their hearts a love of the mysteries and principles of the an- 
cient and time-honored institution. Mahaska county was not by any means 
an exception to this rule, for among the very first of all comers, when 
wagons, tents, and rude log-huts hastily constructed, marked the early set- 
tler's hearth and home, came James Seevers, from Winchester, Virginia, 
(the father of Hon. W. H. Seevers, one of the judges of the Supreme Court 
of Iowa), who was chosen the first Worshipful Master of the first Lodge 
organized in Mahaska county, as will hereafter appear. This gentleman has 
survived the hardships and toils of the early settler, and yet lives at the 
advanced age of eighty-six years, an esteemed citizen of Oskaloosa, a zealous 
votary of Masonry — one, who until prevented within the last year, by the 
infirmity of age, always identified himself with the order on funeral and all 
other public occasions, and as far as it was possible for him to do, in the 
private councils of the Lodge room. 

Cotemporaneous with his coming, came also Daniel liogers, of whom 
much of what has been said of James Seevers, is true of the veteran, zealous 
man and Mason, save that he on July 30, 1878, gathered up his " working 
tools," and departed to that "bourne from whence no traveler returns," at 
the ripe old age of eighty-two years. About the same time came James 
Edgar (father of W. S. Edgar), who also has since died. Likewise James 
Comstock came about the same time as did also Alfred Seevers, first cousin 
of James Seevers, above referred to. These fraters longed for the time 
when a sufficient number could be obtained, and enroll themselves as char- 
ter members to petition the Grand Master of Iowa jurisdiction, for a dispen- 
sation to organize a Lodge in Oskaloosa. 

This day, after "awaiting a time with patience," at last came, and, Janu- 
ary 16th, A. D. 1849, James Seevers, as AV. M., Thos. A. Freeman, S. W., 
and David S. Sam pel, J. W., each to serve in his respective station, under 
appointment by the Most Worshipful Grand Master of Iowa jurisdictions, 
obtained such dispensation, and in due time, after presenting their doings 
and workings under dispensation, at the session of Grand Lodge, June 7th, 
A. D. IS-IO, a charter was granted these brethren, and their newly admitted 
members. Kaming and numbering it, Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, and 
afterward the following officers duly elected by their brethren, to serve them 
for the then ensuing year: 

James Seevers, W. M. ; Thomas A. Freeman, S. W. : David S. Sampel, J. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 359 

W.; W. S. Dart, Treas.; Samuel Bresslar, Sec; Alfred Seevers, S. D.; 
James Edgar, J. D.; G. C. Kitcliie, Tyler. 

The present officers are: E. M. Beatty, W. M.; James Atchison, S. W.; 
Alonzo T. Drinkle, J. W.; A. A. Kendig, Sec; Morris L. Levi, Ti'eas. ; 
Homer H. Seerley, S. D.; A. W. Warrington, J. D.; J. S. Walker, S. S.; 
W. P. Ilellings, J. S.; Benj. R. Perdue, Tyler. Total number of present 
membership, 207. 

For above five j^ears Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, did good and square 
work, as was repeatedly attested by resolution in Grand Lodge, offered and 
passed. AV^hen Dec. Stli, A. D. 1854, a constitutional number of her mem- 
bers applied for, and obtained a dispensation to organize a new Lodge, with 
Nelson J. Smith as first W. M.; Geo. W. Baer, S. W.; W. S. Edgar, J. W.; 
S. Stephens, Treas.; F. B. Mathews, Sec; L. D. Haines, S. D.; Geo. Delong, 
J. I).; Francis Castles, Tyler; and, at Grand Lodge session, June 6, 1855, 
obtained a charter, under name and number of Seevers Lodge, No. 54. 

Oskaloosa village, in Masonry at least, had now grown into city propor 
tions, having two " Blue Lodges " in full and liealthy working order. Under 
the workings of the two Lodges, Masonry moved forward with unprece- 
dented thrift, until January 8th, 1863, when a better and more commodious 
hall was obtained, and on account of the enlistments into the union armies, 
of the membership of both Lodges, Seevers Lodge, No. 54, surrendered her 
charter and consolidated with the parent Lodge, Triluminar, No. 18. 

War! War!! Who can foresee or foretell the extent of all the evils to fol- 
low the wake of the desolatins>: and devastating; march? Whose sacred and 
hallowed homes and altars are absolutely tree from the stealthy insinuation, 
or protected against desecration by the tainting touch of the blotjdy hands, 
the tell-tale of the vile butcheries and treachery? Who can successfully 
withstand the sowings of distraction and dissension? No one. Is it strange 
then, that the rebellion of 1861 to 1865, which convulsed the entire nation, 
and made the world interested spectators, as with bated breath they anx- 
iously looked forward to the close, swayed in ^^artisan spirit, as each indivi- 
dual interest caused him to incline? Which sought to divide the sentiment 
of a people hitherto bound in one bond of national union, and, to divide the 
territorial inheritance of the fathers, by sectional lines, traced by " that sum 
of all villainies," Slavery? That entered the Holy and sacred home of God, 
and divided the communicants into factions, and the homes of loved and 
loving kindred, arraying father against son, son against father, brother 
against brother. Is it strange we ask, that Masonry could not escajDC the 
direfnl results of the leprous touch? 

Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, felt this touch. She had, by the consolidation 
of Seevers Lodge, No. 54, with her own already numerous membership, a 
large aggregation of members, who, though not permitted in lodge assem- 
bled to avow any sectarian or particular political party creed, yet very nat- 
urally were divided in their preferences as to petitioners presenting their 
names as candidates for the mysteries of the order. These differences grow- 
ing out of the issues of the internicine war, the nation's great calamity, 
through which we were then passing, caused distraction to some extent, and 
the working of the order was interrupted for a season. To correct the then 
existing evil, on the 12th day of April, 1866, a large number of the mem- 
bership of Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, with J. Y. Hopkins as AV. M., Henry 
R. Kendig S. AV., and M. L. Jackson J. AV., applied to and obtained from 
the Most AVorshipful Grand Master of Iowa, letters of dispensation to 



360 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

organize tlie second time a new lodge, wliich on tlie 6tli day of June, A. D. 
1806, was chartered by the Grand Lodge under the name and number of 
Amity Lodge, No. 186. The war having closed, tlie storm of excitement 
incident thereto subsided, the troubled waters quieted, Triluminar, 'No. 18, 
and Amity, No. 186, with their officers and members harmoniously worked 
together, and emulated each other in that grandest of virtues of " who can 
best work, and best agree," when in the winter of 187-1, Amity Lodge, l^o. 
186, surrendered her charter, and, again, with her membership, old and new, 
consolidated with Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, making her at present time, 
one of the most powerful, and the strongest (numerically) lodge in the Iowa 
Grand Lodge jurisdiction. The reason for the surrender of Amity Lodge's 
charter and consolidation with Triluminar, No. 18, was that in meantime 
(though having had a chapter of R A. M's, of which mention will hereafter 
appear), a council of royal and select masters, and a commandery of Knights 
Templar were organized, and each having its own peculiar i-itualism, and 
consequently necessitating separate evenings of holding their meetings, 
nearly every working evening of the week was occupied, and there were too 
few for "refreshment and sleejD." It was urged as a means of better attend- 
ance upon all tlie meetings of the different orders and lessening the labors 
of the workers in each, to thus gain one evening more, by the consolidation, 
that they should be united, and now the "peace and harmony" of Trilum- 
inar, No. 18, flows like a river, and Masonry in Oskaloosa city was never 
stronger than at present. 

Many of Mahaska county's noble men (members of the various lodges), at 
their country's call, to prevent the nation's threatened ruin, enlisted with 
that patriotism peculiar to the American people alone, and with the flag of 
their country unfurled, marched to fields of carnage, blood and death. The 
voices of some are now hushed in death, but their deeds of valor and hero- 
ism yet re-echo throughout the land that " they died not in vain." The 
nation lives by and through their great sacrifice; life, and a country and 
home are vouchsafed to those who shall live after them. 

In 1866 the several Masonic bodies as then organized in the city of Oska- 
loosa, in order to own and have a home, through the individual membership 
contributing of their means, created a loan fund, to build a hall over two 
buildings erected by Samuel Knowlton, on south side of public square, 
taking the notes of Triluminar Lodge, No. 18, the foundation stone, or 
institution of all the other bodies. This hall, 40 feet by 80 feet, was put on 
the buildings above named as the third story, which was finished in com- 
fortal.)le and elegant style, superbly furnished in furniture, ornaments and 
paraphernalia of the chapter and commandery, and nearly all the indebted- 
ness of the fraternity paid, save $600 borrowed from the Grand Lodge (on 
which the Grand Lodge subsequently very kindly and graciously extended 
time of payment without interest for three years) when tlie fire of January 
20, 1873, which originated in an adjacent building, in one short hour swept 
everything before its power, leaving naught but ashes and embers of what 
was before every Mason's just pride, making a loss in building and costly 
paraphernalia of about eight thousand five hundred dollars, on which an 
insurance of two thousand dollars was promptly paid. In this insurance 
the several bodies have an equal interest, and has ever since served as an 
interest bearing fund, more than necessary to liquidate the annual expense 
of rents, leaving each and all of them in a flattering future financial condi- 
tion. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. dSl 

Of the membersliip, first and last, but not least, are to be found men who 
have at various times filled prominent and responsible places of trust, both 
in the state as well as the Grand Lodge of Iowa, viz: W. S. Dart, Grand 
Steward in 1849; G. W. Teas, Deputy Grand Master in ; J. Y. Hop- 
kins, Senior Grand Warden in 1855; H. R. Kendio-, Grand Pursuivant in 
1870; C. H. Plielps, Junior Grand Warden in 1870; H. R. Kendig, Senior 
Grand Warden in 1871; L. C. Blanchard, Grand Orator Elect in 1879; W. 
S. Easton, District Deputy Grand Master in Illinois. 

E. W. Eastman, Lieutenant Governor; J. A. L. Crookham, first County 
Judge, also State Senator; Samuel Coffin, Member Iowa Legislature, two 
terms; W. T. Smith, County Prosecutor and Democratic nominee for Con- 
gress in 1870; Capt. S. G. Gary, Capt. Iowa Yolunteers and Member Iowa 
State Legislature; T. C. Beach, Member Iowa Legislature; John Dodds, 
Member of Legislature; H, W. Gleason, Member of Legislature; J. N. 
Dixon, State Senator; L. C. Blanchard, Judge Sixth Judicial Circuit; 
Samuel Knowlton, Member Board County Supervisors for three years; 
James Rhinehart, County Judge for eight years; W. S. Edgar, Clerk of 
Courts for ten years; Samuel Thompson, County Judge and County Audi- 
tor one term each, and County Surveyor for twelve years; Henry R. Ken- 
dig, County Treasurer for six years; M, T. Williams, Member of Iowa 
Legislature for two terms, and United States Commissioner for fifteen 
years; W. H. JSTeedham, Postmaster for six years; H. C. Leigh ton, Editor 
of Oskaloosa Weekly Herald for twelve years. Chairman Republican State 
Central Committee two successive years, and Postmaster for one j'ear and 
until his decease; John Larmer, County Recorder for eight years; W. R. 
Cowan, County Recorder for six years; Elliott W. Rice, Commissioned 
Brigadier General of Volunteers, Union Army, 186- ; Samuel A. Rice, 
Attorney General of State for two terms and Commissioned Brigadier 
General of Yolunteers, Union Armj^, 1863. 

The Grand Lodge of Iowa, in June, 1856, held its session in Oskaloosa 
in Union Hall, nothing further or noteworthy transpiring than are usual to 
all annual meetings of the Grand Lodge in its formal business transactions. 

The foregoing completes the history of " Blue Lodge " Masonry and its 
membership in Oskaloosa city, the county seat, which necessarily is some- 
what limited for want of space allotted to a work of this kind. Much 
more might be said and not exhaust all the matters of interest, were it a 
history t)f Masonry and eminent Masons alone, that these pages were to re- 
cord, and we pass to the borders of the county, and note: That, on the 12th 
day of December, 1861, J. M. Roberts, as W. M., Henry R. Kendig, S. W., 
C. M. Ewing, J. W., and eight others in and around the village of Belle- 
fontaine, petitioned for and obtained a dispensation to organize a lodge at 
that place, and at session of Grand Lodge, June 4, 1862, were chartered 
regularly under name and number of Bellefontaine Lodge No. 163. This 
Lodge is now located at Tracy, a station on the Albia tfe Knoxville branch 
of the C. B. & Q. R. R. in Marion county, where a goodly number of good 
men and true correctly disseminate the ritual of the Order. 

The Annals of Masonry, Vol. 1, page 131, recite: "That on the 10th 
day of November, 1852, Grand Master W. D. McCord granted a dispensa- 
tion to B. Bates and nine others to open a Lodge at Kirkville, Wapello 
county, Iowa, and June 2d, 1852, a charter was granted Kirkville Lodge 
No. 35," and in Vol. 2, page 125, "That Kirkville Lodge, No. 35, peti- 



362 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTT. 

tioned to remove the Lodge to Fremont, Mahaska county, and that the 
prayer of petitioner was granted." 

And of Kirkville Lodge, Ko. 35, so far as the present historian is con- 
cerned, all trace is lost, but it is found that on tlie 17th day of March, 
1868, a dispensation was granted J. D. Cochran, W. M , P. Akerman, S. 
W., J. C. Keith, J. W., and eight others. Master Masons, to organize a 
Lodge at the town of Fremont, and on the day of June, 1868, a char- 
ter was granted by the Grand Lodge, naming and numbering it Toleration 
Lodge, iS^o. 236. 

Present officers are: K Allender, W. M.; F. K Byram, S. W.; S. F. 
McFall, J. W.; Geo. Shavler, Treasurer; M. ^Y. Bvram, Secretary; S H. 
Heinzman, S. D.; C. G. Byram, J. D.; E. H. White, Tyler. (See History 
of Fremont.) 

On the 22d day of June, 1874, G. F. Bates, as W. M., H. J. Yail, S. W., 
J. W. Upton, J. W., and eleven others, petitioned for dispensation to open 
a Lodge at the town of New Sharon, and on the 3d day of June, 1875, at ses- 
sion of Grand Lodije, were duly chartered to do all reyfular Masonic work 
under the name of Mahaska Lodge, No. 336. (For further particulars see 
History of New Sharon.) 

On the 25th day of March, 1869, Industry Lodge, No. 260, was organ- 
ixed regularly at Springtield, Keokuk county, and by permission of Grand 
Lodge, in session assembled, the Lodge was moved to the town of Rose 
Hill, in January, 1877. (For further particulars see History of Pose Hill.) 

With this close, we pass on to 

CAPITULAE MASONRY. 

There has been but one chapter of Poyal Arch Masons organized in the 
county. 

On the 15th day of November, 1854, letters of dispensation were granted 
J. Y. Hopkins, H. P.; Edwin Davis, King; Francis Barker, Scribe; and 
Companions J. L. Hogin, N. J. Smith, D. Stanley, S. Stephens, M. A. Ma- 
lone, S. M. Rankin, and L. D. Haines to organize and open a Chapter of 
R. A. M's, and on the 14th day of December of the same year, T. S. Par- 
vin, then Tlie Most Excellent Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter of 
L"»wa being present, and, officiating, tlie machinery of the Chapter was 
successfully put in motion, doing a large amount of work until session of 
Grand Chapter, June 2, 1855, a charter was granted, and July 7, 1855, by 
J. R. Hartsock, M. E. Gr. H. P., Lliram Chapter, No. 6, was duly consti- 
tuted with the following elective and appointed officers, viz: 

J. Y. Hopkins, H. P.; G. W. Baer, K.; D. H. Colville, S.; W. M. 
Wells, Treas.; W. S. Edgar, Sec; S. Stephens, Tyler; E. AV. Eastman, C. 
H.; H. Lyster, P. S.; L. A. Chorn, R. A. C; W. M. Wells, G. M. 3d Y.; 
Geo. Delong, G. M. 2d Y.; and Francis Castles, G. M. 1st Y. 

Past Graiid Officers: W. M. W^ells, Gr. King, and Gr. Treasurer, 1872. 

Members of Gr. Council of Order of High Priesthood in Iowa: J. Y. 
Hopkins, W. M. Wells, and H. R. Kendig. 

The Grand Chapter of Iowa convened in Masonic Hall at its annual 
meeting in 1872, at which session there was a full attendance of the Royal 
Arch Ci'aft. The eminent and leading men of the subordinate chapters, 
as well, also, of them of the town and city where they reside. 

The present officers are Henry R. Kendig, H. P. ; Gideon Dougherty, K. ; 



(L 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 365 

George N. Beecliler, S. ; Henry Howard, Treas. ; T. 11. Green, Sec. ; H. C. 
Leighton (since decW), C. H.; C. H. Phelps, P. S.; A. T. Drinkle, K. A. 
C; W. 11. Needham, G. M. 3d V.; H. W. Gleason, G. M., 2dy.; B. F. 
Beebe, G.M., 1st V.; B. R. Perdue, Tyler. Total number of present mem- 
bership, 103. 

And we pass on to 

CKYl'TIC MASONKY. 

Oskaloosa Council, Xo, 7, of Ro^yal and Select Masters, was organized 
under dispensation on the 11th day of April, 1866, with C. "W. Fisher, T. I. 
M. ; J. Y. Hopkins, R. I. M. ; Henry Howard, P. C. of W., as iirst officers, 
with 111' Companions W. A. Hunter, Henry Lyster, Reese Jones, J. M. 
Shaffer and Wm. Shaffer as members, and on June 4, 1866, was duly char- 
tered by the Grand Council of Iowa. 

Present officers are D. H. LeSuer, T. I. M.; H. W. Gleason, R. I. M.; 
C. H. Phelps, P. C. of W.; H. Howard, Treas.; T. H. Green, Recorder; 

B. R. Perdue, Sentinel. Present number of members, 39. 
And we close with 

KNIGHTHOOD. 

" De Payens " Commandery, No. 6, of Knights Templar, was organized 
under dispensation, December 1, 1865, with Sirs David A. Hoffman, E. C; 
W. M. A¥ells, G.; B. R. Perdue, C. G., as first officers, and Sir Knights 
W. A. Hunter, J. Y. Hopkins, J. S. Iloygin, J. W. Hall and Reuben 
Mickel co-petitioners, and on the 2d day of June, 1866, was chartered by 
the Grand Commandery of Iowa, since which time the order has steadily 
increased its membership, and improved itself in drill, and finally, by the 
constant persistence of the working Sir Knights, the entire Commandery, 
nearly, is uniformed with full dress equipments. 

Among the Sir Knights who have held official positions in the Grand 
Commandei-y, are Dr. D. A. Hoffman, Grand S. Bearer; H. R. Kendig, 
Grand Warden; II. C. Leighton, Grand S. Bearer in 1873, and Grand Capt. 
General in 1877. 

Present officers: C. II. Phelps, E. C; G. N. Beechler. G.; W. H. Wray, 

C. G.; R. P. Bacon, Prelate; H. Howard, Treas.; O. C. G. Phillips, Re- 
corder; W. H. Needham, S. W.; W. C. Perdue, J. W. Total number of 
Sir Knights, 84. 

Dear reader, and the fraternity in particular, in closing this part of Ma- 
haska county's history, we have constantly labored under an apprehension 
of omitting important dates, or ignoring some individual Mason who has a 
claim to distinction equal to, or above, tliose of his fellows, whose names 
have received special mention. Let this be our apology, that limit of space, 
and want of time, and press of other business upon the writer, have mater- 
ially interfered with making these sketches as full and complete as they 
otherwise would be. However this may be, we have the consciousness of 
having endeavored to cover the entire field spread out before us, and cherish 
the proud experience of having written about institutions and individual 
members thereof, who have organized and maintained the various bodies of 
Masonry in this county, also in ever}' other particular have been important 
and prominent factors in the early settlement, as well as the after develop- 
ment of " Proud Mahaska " county. 

23 



366 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

SOCIETY OF FEIENDS. 

In sketching a history of tliis society we give tlie growth of a churcli 
comprising in its limits a very considerable portion of the people of Ma- 
haska county. Of the principles, belief and origin of this sect, little is 
known by the general public, and we have considered it a matter worthy of 
such importance as to preface the history of the society in Mahaska county 
by a general sketch. 

The sect arose in England about the middle of the seventeenth century, 
and the ministry of Geo. Fox was the chief human instrument in their es- 
tablishment as an organized body. Fox was the son of pious parents, who 
were members of the Established Church of England. From childhood he 
felt a deep concern for the salvation of his soul, and spent much time in 
meditation and prayer. Discovering much formality in the professed re- 
ligion of his day, he set out on foot, preaching the gospel in its purity, and 
setting forth substantially the doctrines of the present Quaker churcli. The 
rapid spread of his teachings was surprising, including several Episcopalian 
priests, and ministers of other denominations. As early as 1655 the dis- 
ciples of Fox traveled and preached upon the continent, making many con- 
verts and suffering much persecution. About this same time Friends began 
to arrive in America, and to commence their labors in the new world. Per- 
secution greeted them here, where, it is said, four of them suffered death on 
the gallows. Large numbers came over in 16S2 with William Penn, the 
famous champion of their sect, and founded the state of Pennsylvania. 
Since that time their growth has been steady, and the spirit of persecution 
has lon^ since died out. They have now in America nine great assemblies 
called 1 early Meetings, one of which meets at Oskaloosa. 

The doctrine of the Friends is, briefly, as follows: They believe in "one 
only wise, omnipotent and eternal God, the creator and upholder of all 
things, visible and invisible," and in " manifestations, individualities and 
titles of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost." They do not differ materially from 
orthodox Christians as to the doctrines of atonement, depravity, resurrec- 
tion of the dead, etc. They believe in the inspiration of the Scriptures, in 
a personal devil, and the immortality of the soul. 

In church government, in many respects they resemble the Presbyterian 
form. They have four grades of meetings for discipline or government — 
the preparative meeting, monthly meeting, quarterly meeting and yearly 
meeting. The first is the lowest, and each in order is subordinate to the 
following, the yearly meeting being the court of last appeal. The first 
meeting is composed of any number worshiping at a certain place or con- 
gregation. Yiolations of discipline by members are reported by the pre- 
parative meeting to the monthly meeting, when efforts are made to reclaim 
them. If dissatisfied, appeal may be taken in turn to the quarterly and 
yearly meetings, which is the court of last resort. 

The ministers are chosen from the lay members upon evidence of ability, 
and are recorded upon application of the preparative meeting to the monthly 
meeting, and subject to the approval of the quarterly. The ministry are 
not paid, it being the belief of the sect that they should provide for them- 
selves. If they are sent abroad on the work of the church, their expenses 
are usually borne by the meeting sending them. The tenets of the church 
are opposed to secret societies, do not allow its members to .engage in war- 
fare, nor to take oaths. Divorce is granted only according to the rules of 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 367 

the cliurcTi. The sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper are not ad- 
ministered in meetings of the Friends, they believing that the baptism of 
"the present dispensation is that of Christ, who baptizes his peoj)le with 
tlie Iloly Ghost; and tliat tlie true communion is a spiritual partaking of 
the body and blood of Christ (by faith);' 

In their manner of life and in their self-examination the Friends are mod- 
els to the Christian world. This is illustrated by the "Queries" which are 
each year propounded to each congregation, and answers to which are sent 
to the superior meetings. 

1. Are all our regularly established meetings kept up, and held with be- 
coming good order? 

2. Do Friends avoid and discourage tale-bearing and detraction, and are 
they preserved in Christian love? 

3. Do Friends train their children and those under their care in the 
knowledge of the promises and precepts of the gospel; do they guard them 
against pernicious reading, evil company and corrupt conversation, and en- 
courage them to read the Holy Scriptures; do they teach them that conform- 
ing to the vain fashions and customs of the world is inconsistent with 
Christian religion? 

4. Do Friends deal with transgressors seasonably and impartially, and 
evince to them the spirit of restoring love? 

5. Do Friends pay due regard to the First day of the week as a day of 
rest and devotion, avoiding secular business, and all manual labor not really 
necessary ? 

6. Are the circumstances of tJiose who require aid inspected, and their 
necessities relieved; are they advised and assisted in such employment as is 
adapted to their capacity? 

7. Are there any known cases of a breach of our testimony against war, 
against judicial swearing, lotteries, and against the use, manutVicture, or 
trtiffic in intoxicating liquors, except for medicinal or mechanical purposes? 

8. Is every family of Friends furnished with a copy of the Holy Scrip- 
tures; and is family devotion, with scripture reading, practiced in each fam- 
ily daily; if not all, how many are in the practice? 

9. What new meetings settled, and what meetings discontinued? 

10. What ministers recorded, and what number of recorded ministers 
within your limits? 

11. What is your number of families, and parts of families, and of 
members, male and female; what is your increase of membership by re- 
quest, by birth, and by certihcate from outside the yearly meeting; and 
"what is your decrease by disownment, resignation, death and removal, be- 
yond the yearly meeting, separately considered? 

12. How many of your members are in the habitual use of tobacco, 
male and female; and how many are engaged in the production, manufac- 
ture or sale thereof? 

It will be noticed that these queries cover pretty thoroughly the whole of 
Christian life and practice, and the consciousness that these will be put to 
each individual every year is disposed to beget and maintain a purity of life 
which most Christians would do well to emulate. 

The first settlement of Friends in Iowa was made near Salem, in Henry 
county, in 1837 or '38. Two preparative and one monthly meeting were 
established at that place about 1840. In 1843 some settlements began to be 
formed near Oskaloosa, where, in February, 1844, Joseph D. Hoag held the 



368 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

first Friends' meeting in the county. It was held at the residence of Thomas 
Stafford, whose door-step served for a pulpit, from which, in the light of a 
pile of burning logs, he proclaimed the doctrines of his society, the house 
being filled with women, and the yard with men and boys. From this time 
an ^'- indulged''^ meeting was kej^t up until 1848, when a meeting for worship 
and a preparative meeting were formally established at Spring Creek, where, 
in 1853, a monthly meeting was also established. 

The first quarterly meeting was established at Salem in August, 1848. 
Shortly after this, meetings of this kind were established at Pleasant Plain, 
Ked Cedar, and Western Plain (now Bangor), in Marshall county. Decem- 
ber 12, 1858, a committee from these four quarterly meetings met in Oska- 
loosa, and petitioned the Indiana yearly meeting, to which they had been up 
to that time attached, to be constituted a separate yearly meeting, to be 
known as the Iowa Yearly Meeting of Friends. The request was granted 
in October, 1800, the meetino; to be established in 1863. 

The first session of Iowa Nearly Meeting was held at Spring Creek meet- 
ing house, near Oskaloosa, September, 1863. During the years 1864 and 
1865 the general society erected a large yearly meeting house just outside 
the city limits on the north, at a cost of $25,000. This building is a two- 
story brick structure, 52 by 104 feet, and has a seating capacity of about 
nine hundred persons on each floor. The women's yearly meeting is held 
on one floor, and the men's meeting on the other. These meetings are held 
" to commence on the fourth day following the first First day in the Ninth 
month" of each year, and usually continue about one week. The attend- 
ance of Friends outside the county is frequently as high as one thousand 
persons. Friends from other yearly meetings are provided for by the meet- 
ing, and though about half the members of the yearly meeting are enter- 
tained free of charge, the rule is for each Friend to pay his own way. The 
quarterly meetings composing the Iowa Yearly Meeting are Salem, Pleas- 
ant Plain, Springdale, Bangor, Ackworth, Oskaloosa, Winneshiek, Lynn 
Grove, Bear Creek and Honey Creek. These include a membership of 8,846. 
Of these quarterly meetings, Oskaloosa comprises those subordinate 
meetings now existing within the bounds of Mahaska county, and has its 
place of assembling alternately at Oskaloosa city and New Sharon. At 
each of these points is a monthly meeting, including five meetings for wor- 
ship about Oskaloosa, and three about New Sharon. 

Of the former, as before mentioned, the first established was known as 
Spring Creek, located about two miles northeast from Oskaloosa, Avhere a 
meeting house was afterward erected, and which still stands. This society 
was organized in 1848 with about fifty-five members, and it now numbers 
ninety-five members. The first minister of this meeting was William 
Pearson. This house is located upon a beautiful spot of ground and sur- 
rounded by a large number of Friends. The present minister is Agnes 
Sopher. 

The next meeting organized in the county was known as Center Grove 
and was held about two miles north of Oskaloosa. The cono-reffation that 
worshiped at this place is now known as Oskaloosa meeting, and meets at 
the yearly meeting house near the city for religious exercises. 

This society was organized in 1854 with about thirty-five members. Its 
first ministers were Benjamin Fry and William Pearson. The present 
membersbip is 192, and the ministry is composed of Dr. Elias Jessup, 
Micajah Pickerel, David Crispin, and N. Hodgins. 



HISTORY OF MAFASKA COUNTY. 869 

The next meeting in order of organization was " Bloomfield," which was 
located about four miles southeast from Oskaloosa. Tiiis society was or- 
ganized in 1801 with about forty-five members. A meeting house was 
built about 1875 at a cost of near $1,200. The present ministers are Mary 
Lawson, John AV. Smith, and William Sopher, with a membership of one 
hundred and twenty-six. 

The church in "Oskaloosa City '" was organized in 186 — , with about, 
twenty-seven members, and now numbers in the vicinity of one hundred 
and eighty-two. The first minister was Dr. Eli Jessnp, since deceased. 
This society has a comfortable brick meeting house which they purchased 
from the United Presbyterians in 1865. It is eligibly located, neat and 
commodious. The ministers are Dorcas Hunt, Sarah Gruwell, James E. 
Bailey, Jephtha AY. Morgan, Clias A. Tibbits, and Mary Tibbits. This 
church, in connection with the Oakaloosa meeting, form one preparative 
meeting. The other three churches have a preparative meeting each. 

Mahafika meeting. — Five miles west of Oskaloosa on Pella road. No 
recorded minister. Membership forty-seven. 

The monthly meeting at New Sharon includes the following preparative 
meetings. 

New Sharon meeting. — The first meeting for worship of this society 
was held, probably, in Frederick Schelp's house. The first minister among 
this people was Bridget Haiglit, who preached from house to house about 
1854. The preparative meeting was first established in 1857, in a school 
house built by the Society of Friends south of town, for school and meet- 
ing purposes. AVm. Pearson was the first resident minister. A monthly 
meeting was also organized in the school house. A meeting house was 
built in 1860, whichhas been moved into New Sharon, and still stands, 
and is used by this meeting. They have now six ministers, AVm. Pearson, 
Mary Morris, Sarah Hughes, Rachel Stiles, George Brings, and Mary 
Ellis. 

Prairie Ridge meeting. — Is a preparative meeting held about one and 
one-half miles northwest of New Sharon, having been established several 
years ago for the convenience of those who lived in that vicinity and found 
it burdensome to come to town. This meeting has but one recorded min- 
ister, Mary Ann Roberts, and has no church building, but meets in a school 
house. Its membership includes but four or five families. 

The Friends engage in two distinctive classes of missionarj^ work. The 
yearly meeting of Iowa is now at work among the Freedmen of the South, 
and the Indians of the AYest. Among these they establish schools and ed- 
ucate the youths of either race, to preach the gospel to theii- fellows. 
AVhile the Friends are not remarkable for their liberality, they do not do 
theii- alms to be seen of men, but in a quiet way further the cause of their 
religion, and give abundant aid to the widow and the fatherless. They are 
gradually laying aside some former austerities of manner and peculiar 
habits, and, catching the spirit of the age, are disappointing many who 
suppose them to be slow% or to be lacking in enterprise. The improvements 
they have made, in and about Oskaloosa, are not in harmony with the 
statement of Tom Paine, that, " had the Quakers been consulted in the 
creation everything would have been colored drab." Of Penn College and 
its tine building we speak elsewhere. 



370 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

MAHASKA'S CENTENNIAL. 

Great preparations were made for a grand ce]e])ration to be lield in Os- 
kaloosa July 4th, 1876. It was arranged to liave an extensive street parade 
of various associations, companies and societies. These arragenieiits were 
in a large measure carried out, save the procession, whicli was interfered 
.with by a heavy wind and rain storm which visited the county on the even- 
ing of July 3d. This storm did great damage in diiferent parts of the 
coun'y, demolishing buildings and destroying crops, Boyer & Son's store 
building, in Tracy, was blown down, causing a loss of $8,00(1. On the even- 
ing of the Fourth a similar storm worked great damage in Leighton and 
the northwestern part of the county. 

There was quite a large attendance on the Fourth in Oskaloosa, notwith- 
standing the weather. Programme: Address of welcome by Mayor Baugh; 
Declaration of Independece read hy Capt. Searle; Rev. I. P. Teter, orator 
of the day; dinner, toasts and responses. These exercises, with two days 
of liorse racing, wei-e "Proud Mahaska's" memorial to the hundredth year 
of our national independence. 

CASUALTIES. 

On Saturday, July 21, 1878, two young women named Elizabeth Todd, 
daughter of Ben Todd, and Dora McAllister, daughter of a widow 
living in company with Miss Mary Iloenspiess, were all at the residence of 
Ben Todd who lives about five miles northeast of town, and near the treach- 
erous Skunk river, and in the afternoon determined to go down to the river 
to bathe. It seems the girls were in the habit of so doing, and neither they 
nor other members of the family apprehended danger therefrom. Proceed- 
ing to the river they entered the water at a point just above where formerly 
stood the old Currier mill. At this place the current sets in strong from 
the opposite shore, and besides being quite swift, there is a very deep hole 
nearby; but for some distance out the bottom slopes out gradually. The 
two girls, Todd and McAllister, each wearing a light bathing dress, went in 
leaving their companion on the bank. From some unknown cause, they got 
beyond the place of salfety, and where they knew the condition of the river, 
and were drawn into the deep water. As soon as she discovered their peril, 
Miss Roenspiess screamed and ran into the water, hoping to render assis- 
tance, but after getting where the water came up to her neck, she saw she 
could do nothing, and returned to the bank. By that time Mr. Todd, who 
was working near by, and heard the call for help, ran down, but too late to 
save either of the unfortnnate girls. The sorrowful news was at once spread, 
and the search for the l)odies soon began. The body of Miss Todd was found 
in an hour or so after the accident, about three or fonr rods from where they 
went in. The other body was not found until the next morning, at eleven 
o'clock, when it was discovered in a drift about three-fourths of a mile below. 

The bodies were buried in the cemetery near the Friends' meeting house, 
east of town, Sunday afternoon, a large concourse of friends and neighbors 
following them to their last resting place. 

Miss Todd was 22 years old, and only daughter. Miss McAllister was IS 
years o'd, and assisted by her labor to maintain her widowed mother. 

On the following morning in the same river occurred the death of Marion 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 371 

Campbell, Captain of Co. F, 8th Iowa Infantry in the late war. Accompanied 
by his brother Chester, two neighboas, W. J. Boyd and J. H. Horner, he 
proceeded to South Skunk river for the purpose of enjoying a bath after a 
week of hard labor in tlie harvest field. The point at which the party entered 
the stream is in a bend in the river where the current is swift and the treach- 
erous sands continually shifting. It was soon apparent that Marion was en- 
gaged in a struggle for life, and his younger brother becoming alarmed there- 
by, lost presenceof mind, and was rescued with difficulty. This consumed 
time, that otherwise might have been spent in assisting Marion, and precious 
time it proved, as now he was beyond all human aid. He sank to rise no 
more. The dark waters rolled on and death claimed the victory. 

The remains were found Sunday at 4 p. m., about eighty rods from where 
tlie drowning occurred. The funeral was held Monday, at 11 a. m., the 
remains finding a last resting place in the cemetery near Peter Appel's. 
Thus closed a "brilliant life — one that promised much, and with its sudden 
close hundreds of brave hearts were filled with grief, for they had come to 
love the man for his quiet ways and manly bearing. 

THE CAUSE OF SCIENCE ON THE BOKDEK. 

In the s])ring of 1850, at the time emigration across the Plains to the 
"Golden Gate" was at its height, a party of about thirty men in wagons, 
on tlieir way to California, encam])ed about four miles southeast of Oska- 
loosa. The company, we believe, was from Push county, Indiana. One of 
tlieir leaders was quite ill, and he was brought to Oskaloosa for proper 
medical care and nursing, the company intending to wait a few days in 
hope of liis recovery; but Death soon claimed his victim, and the traveler 
was buried in the old cemetery south of town. 

On the morning following the burial it was found that hyenas in human 
shape had been at work, and upon examination it was found that the body 
was missing. The guilty parties, finding tliey were watched, placed the 
body in a fence corner east of town. Diligent search was made for tlie re- 
mains of the unfortunate man, but without avail. A day or two later the 
corpse was discovered by a man not engaged in the search. 

Two young physicians, Sam])sell and Pearson, of this city, and a young 
dentist whose name we did not learn, wei'e arrested and brought to trial. 
Investigation showed that a man named Captain James Moore had been 
employed by the parties arrested to raise the body; that he had done this 
in a most barbarous manner, having uncovered the grave and dragged the 
corpse from the coffin b}^ a rope placed around its neck, and had carried it 
away to his employers. 

The indignation of the emigration company was intense, and there was a 
strong disposition to do violence. The prisoners were guarded until after 
the com])any had left the country. Then, there being no one to prosecute 
the case, the matter was finally dropped and the accused sufiered to go free 
without being tried in the courts — the first trial being before a town mag- 
istrate. 

BOWEN MUKDEK CASE. 

One of the most exciting incidents in the history of Mahaska county oc- 
curred during the month of August, 1857. At this time political excite- 



372 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

ment ran very liigli. Questions between Whigs and Democrats, as well as 
between temperance and anti-temperance, bad divided tlie voters into sev- 
eral tactions, and in many cases the feeling of antagonism rose to bitter- 
ness, and in one case to a fatal termination. At this time Mr. James M. 
Brown was editor of tbe Herald. He was bitterly opposed to the anti- 
temperance party, and made liis paper the spokesman of his sentiments. 
In this way he incurred the enmity of the liquor men. 

J. W. Bowen had kept a hotel in Oskaloosa, known as the Bowen House, 
but had disposed of his business a short time before tlie occurrence we are" 
about to relate, and was keeping saloon. He was the victim of a passion 
for liquor, and on a certain evening, while nnder the influence of strong 
drink, was carousing about the S{|uare in Oskaloosa with a number of his 
companions. About midnight they happened in front of Rice & Lough- 
ridge's law office, which adjoined the Herald office, and where Brown was 
talking in front of an open window with E, W. Rice. This office was on 
the west side of the square, second floor, in the room now occu]ned by M. 
T. Williams as his office. Bowen proposed, with an oath, that they would 
go up and see Brown and have a settlement with him, and clean out the 
Herald office. Bowen reached the head of the stairs and tried the door- 
latch, but found the door locked. Brown had heard them coming, and fir- 
ing through the thin door panel, shot Bowen through the breast, killing 
him almost instantl>\ Brown was arrested, and information was made be- 
fore several justices, all of whom were afraid to trv the case, lest tliey should 
make enemies by their decision. Tlie excitement was at highest pitch. 
Threats of lynching were made, though peace lovers and friends were ready 
to protect him. Finally information was filed before the Mayor of Oska- 
loosa, Wm. T. Smith. Brown, after a lengthy trial, was bound over to the 
next term of court, having given bail for $5,000. The rival newpapers, the 
Oskaloosa Thnes, in the mean time, did and said everything possible to create 
public feeling against Brown. The grand jury, however, failed to find an 
indictment against him, which so enraged his political enemies that they 
posted notices over the town as follows: 

TO THE CITIZENS OF MAHASKA. 

The citizens of Mahaska county are requested to attend a meeting to be held on the public 
square on 

Tuesday, Skptember 15, 1857, 

at 6 o'clock, p. M.. to take into consideration the unprecedented action of the grand jury in 
acquitting James M. Brown of the murder of J. W. Bowen, without a fair and open trial by 
a jury of his peers, thereby permitting a murder to remain unpunished in our midst, a course 
calculated to create distrust in the efficiency of our criminal laws, and indirectly encouraging 
the mob spirit which is at present so rife throughout our State. 

MANY CITIZENS. 
Oskaloosa, September 12, 1857. 

The place of meeting was changed to Union Hall, where several hundred 
persons had assembled. Among resolutions passed as the sense of that 
meeting, was the following: 

Resoh-ed, That the safety, peace, and above all, the harmony of the community, as also, the 
welfare of Mr. Brown, requires that he shall no longer remain a citizen of Mahaska county. 

Mr. Brown fearing personal violence, soon afterward removed to Ohio, 
and the Herald passed into the hands of John R. Needham, who had for- 
merly been its editor. 



HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 373 

LOYE, DESERTION AND SUICIDE. . 

To Leander Dasconi belongs the name of having first opened a coal mine 
in that prolific mining district which surrounds the present town of Bea- 
con. His home was Ehnira, New York, where it was afterward learned he 
had a devoted wife and an only child. In Mahaska county he represented 
himself as a single man. While living in Oskaloosa, he formed the ac- 
quaintance of a school teacher, Miss Mary E. Emery, a lady of about 28 
years of age, whose parents lived in New Hampshire. He so far won the 
favor of this young woman as to secure from her a promise of marriage. 
On Friday evening, January 8, 1858, he visited her and it was arranged 
that he should marry her the following morning, and they should proceed 
immediately to her home in New Hampshire. He succeeded in obtaining 
from her the amount of her savings from a season's work in the school 
room, and the same night absconded, left for parts unknown, taking with 
him, it is said, a woman of abandoned character. Learning that her affec- 
tions had been betrayed, on the following Sunday Miss Emery committed 
suicide by taking strychnine, having made the coolest preparations there- 
for, writing to the family with whom she was living, and also to the scoun- 
drel, Dasconi. The latter unfortunately escaped the punishment which his 
infamy deserved, unless a life of wretchedness more terrible than death has 
been meted out by Him, who has said: " Yengeance is mine — I will 
repay." 

SHOOTING. 

In July, 1877, occurred a case of shooting at Blattner & Newbrand's 
brewery, which is remarkable only from the verdict of the jury which 
cleared the prisoner from any blame in the matter. 

Saturday afternoon, July 21st, a party of men were at the brewery drink- 
ing some beer, got into a war of words and left, swearing vengeance. 

About six o'clock they returned and some others with them, threatening 
to clean out the institution. One of the party threw a brickbat at random, 
whereupon the bar-tender, one Max Roenspeiss, appeared on the platform, 
and with a revolver shot one of the party, David Golden, inflicting a wound 
from which he died in a few days. The testimony on trial showed that 
Dave Golden had not been engaged in the dispute and quarrel which had 
preceded the shooting, and that he was shot while walking away from the 
brewery, Roenspeiss making the remark: "I know what he came for," just 
as he fired the pistol. Golden was unarmed. 

Roenspeiss was bound over under bond of $10,000 to appear at District 
Court, where, after trial, he was pronounced ''not guilty," and suffered to 
go free. 

LOCAL TROUBLES DURING THE WAR. 

Of those events which we have classed under this head, no correct history 
has ever been written. At the time of their occurrence, the most exagger- 
ated accounts were given. They were greatly magnified, distorted beyond 
recognition in the press, and some traditionary accounts are simply ridicu- 
lous. From newspaper accounts, from eye witnesses, from the printed tes- 
timony upon trial, and from official reports, we have gathered what we 



374 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

believe to be a substantially true account of a number of local difficulties 
growing out of war questions between the years of 1862 and 1865. 

During this period, there was a very decided element composed of citi- 
zens in different parts of the county, and especially along the northern 
border, who were not in sympathy with the war policy of President Lincoln, 
and many of whom, if we can credit their own statements, were in reality 
the well wishers and willing abettors of the Southern Confederacy. 

It is very generally claimed that these men were banded together in cer- 
tain secret organizations known as " Knights of the Golden. Circle," that 
they had a system of pass-words, and were in correspondence with similar 
societies in other counties. On the other hand, it is stoutly denied that 
such organizations ever existed in Mahaska county, and that in any cases of 
companies of men visiting the county seat or elsewhere, they were banded 
simply b}^ communit}^ of sentiment. Men whose credibility on ordinary 
subjects no man in the county would dispute, have declared upon their oath 
that they had attended meetings of the kind suggested, in disguise. As to 
their possible delusion or mendacity, it is not for the historian to decide, 
but the privilege of the reader to learn the known tacts and judge for him- 
self from the rapidity and community of action on the part of the accused, 
whether they were or were not parties to a mutual understanding. 

On one occasion three men who lived near Indianapolis, on I^orth Skunk 
river, were arrested on charge of treason, by the United States Marshal. 
These men were Silas Parr, a justice of the peace, B. A. Smith, a Cumber- 
land Presbyterian minister, and Wesley Thomas, also a minister, we believe 
of the Christian denomination. These men were brought to Oskaloosa and 
lodged in jail. Fearing an attempt rtiiglit be inade by their friends to 
release the" prisoners, a company of Guards was summoned from Eddyville. 
A day or two following the arrest some two or tliree hundred armed men 
from the northern partof the county headed for Oskaloosa, avowing as their 
purpose the release of the prisoners. Most of these stopped on the north 
side of South Skunk river, and a chosen band was sent to Oskaloosa, who, 
after canvassing the situation and making idle threats of their intentions, 
returned to their comrades, and the entire party dispersed to their homes. 

By some compromise and tlie payment of small fines. Parr and Thomas 
were released. Smith being a poor man, was taken to Des Moines and 
there imprisoned. His friends made up the amount of his fine, and sent 
him a purse to secure his release, but he, preferring martyrdom, sent the 
ransom to his family to provide for their wants, while he himself served the 
term of his imprisonment, which was six or nine months, after which he 
was permitted to go free. It should have been stated that the charges 
against these men were treasonable utterances made by them, of which they 
were j^robably guilty. 

TALLY RAID. 

On Saturday, August 1, 1863, a Democratic mass meeting was held near 
English river, in Keokuk county. The speaking occurred in a grove, about 
one-half mile from town. The chief speaker was George Tally, who had 
been a Baptist minister, but who had been silenced in the church on account 
of his ultra politics. Several hundred persons were present at this meeting, 
most of whom had come in wagons, in the bottom of which was hay or 
straw, and therein secreted were arms of different kinds, which fact was 



HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 3T5 

developed at a later hour in tlie day. Speeches were made during the fore- 
noon, and as some Republicans were present, party spirit ran high. As an 
illustration of the excitement, it is related that in a stripping of butternut 
badges the clothing was almost torn from a couple of ladies present, who 
displaj'ed the objectionable emblems. Wild, and perhaps idle threats were 
made, that the party would come up in the afternoon and clean out the 
town of South English, which was quite a radical stronghold. Reports of 
these were carried up into the town, where, from the balcony of a hotel a 
Republican Was addressing a meeting of his party, and in the town the rad- 
ical feeling was also quite strong. To be prepared for emergencies, the 
citizens were armed as far as there w^re weapons for their use. In the 
afternoon the Tally party came up to the town in wagons. In the front 
wagon were several men, including Tally, M'ho stood up in the rear part. 
The Republican meeting had just closed, and arms were freely displayed. 
Some persons warned Tally that he had best not go through the town, as 
there would be trouble, but he claimed he meant no injury to anyone, and 
merely asked the privilege of the street. As the first wagon came into the 
crowd, there were cries from the street of "Coward!" "Copperhead!" 
"Afraid to shoot!" etc. Previous to this time no weapons had been dis- 
played by the \)nvtj in the wagon, but upon these cries they came up from 
the bottom of the conveyance. Just then the street became so crowded that 
it was necessary to stop the wagon for a moment. At that instant a citizen, 
accidentally, as he claims, discharged one barrel of his revolver into the 
ground. This was the occasion for a general firing, and it is marvelous 
that the loss of life was not much greater. It has been estimated that 150 
shots were fired, which is evidently a great exaggeration. Tally stood in 
the l)ack part of the wagon with revolver and bowie knife in hand; he evi- 
dently fired twice, as two chambers were emjHy, when he fell from the 
wagon dead, having been shot once through the head and twice through the 
body. One of the horses attached to the wagon was wounded, which caused 
the team to run, and probably avoided more serious consequences. The 
only other party severely wounded was a Democrat named Wyant, who 
afterward recovered. Tally was taken up and carried to his home at loka. 
The revolver and knife were so firmly clinched in his hand that they re- 
mained there until they were removed at his liome. The firing was so gen- 
eral it was never positively known who killed Tally, and no ari'ests were made. 

A commission of three were appointed by tlie South English citizens to 
effect a peaceable settlement with Tally's friends. On that Saturday after- 
noon and night messengers M-ere sent out all over the country to sympa- 
thizers of the Tally party, and before daylight Sabbath morning wagon 
loads of men were on the way from the western border of Mahaska to the 
place of rendezvous on Skunk river. These volunteers formed wdiat is cur- 
rently known as the Skunk River Army. Probably 150 men went from 
this over into Keokuk county. The leader of this movement was Bill 
Tally, a cousin, we believe of George Tally's. This Sunday in loka and 
elsewhere was spent by the Democrats in moulding bullets, preparing arms, 
etc., and everything indicated a preparation for business, but a day or two 
later the determination weakened. With Bill Tally, the leader, better 
counsels prevailed, and he gave up the warlike measures; and petty jeal- 
ousies and lack of leadership soon broke the backbone of the expedition. 

In the meantime Governor Kirkwood had been notified at Iowa City, and 
troops and a couple of cannon were ordered to South English, when the 



376 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Gov^ernor himself arrived about Wednesday, and made a speech to the 
citizens. 

The popuhxr story of the Governor's threat of minie balls and canister to 
the Skunk River xlrmy, and of their terror stricken flight from the camp is 
a myth, the truth being that there was no considerable number of armed 
men nearer English river than Skunk river, which is sixteen miles from the 
town. The project of armed resistance had been practically abandoned 
before Governor Kirkwood reached the town, many of the Mahaska county 
troops having returned to their homes on Monday or Tuesday. It is prob- 
able that there were still some men assembled at the time of Governor 
Kirkwood's visit, and that his proclamation was read to them, which gave 
rise to the more extravagant story. There was nobody badly frightened on 
either side, and no particular cowardice manifested. It is highly probable 
that if Bill Tally had continued as leader that the result would have been 
quite disastrous. 

The Skunk River Army has been variously estimated at numbers ranging 
from five hundred to four thousand; the first figure is probably not far 
from the truth. 

According to the Adjutant General's report, the following list of com- 
panies were engaged in vai'ious parts of Keokuk county in suppressing dis- 
turbances during August, 1S63: Muscatine Rangers, Washington Provost 
Guards, Brighton Guards, Richland Home Guards, Fairfield Prairie Guards, 
Fairfield Union Guards, Abington Home Guards, Liberty ville Guards, Mt. 
Pleasant Infantry, Mt. Pleasant Artillery and Sigourney Home Guards — 
eleven companies. 

PEORIA RIOT. 

Shortly after the Tally raid an occurrence took place in tlie northwest- 
ern part of the county in some respects similar. On the 22d of August, 
1863, a so-called Democratic rally was held about one-half mile west of the 
town of Peoria, on Buckley creek. Here were assembled in mass meeting 
several hundred men, most of whom were Democrats. 

There were at that time near Peoria two soldiers of Co. IT of the Third 
Iowa Infantry, who were home on wounded furlough, having been wounded 
at Jackson, Miss. These were Capt Simon G. Gary and Sergt. Abraham 
T. Alloway. Gary attended the meeting in the forenoon, and had had 
some words with some of his political opponents in regard to wearing but- 
ternut badges. He returned to Peoria about noon and met Alloway. Gary 
was quite severely wounded in the thigh, and Alloway but slightly in the 
hip. Gary borrowed a single-barreled pistol from a friend in Peoria, and 
having indulged in some of tlie town beei', as was shown on testimony at 
the trial, he and Alloway started for the meeting. While Capt. James 
A. Seevers, of Oskaloosa, was addressing the meeting, they arrived on the 
grounds, and soon after got into a war of words, when some of the soldiers' 
friends approached and tried to get them ofli" the ground. While they were 
moving away a farmer named Mart Myers stepped up in front of the men 
and declared with an oath that no man would dare remove his badge. He 
had no sooner spoken than the offensive emblem was snatched from his 
lapel by one of the wounded men. He and Alloway (who was unarmed) 
immediately clinched, and while they were struggling Myers drew his re- 
volver and shot Alloway through the body. The latter snatched the revol- 
ver from him, and throwing him on the ground tried several times to shoot 
him through the head, but the pistol snapped, and after striking Myers a 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTS. 377 

couple of times with the butt of the pistol he fell back exhausted. As soon 
as Mjers fired the lirst shot an indiscriminate discharge of weapons took 
place. Gary emptied his pistol without etfect, and was himself shot through 
the wrist, and a Dr. Spain was shot in the leg. This of course broke up 
the meeting, and the voice of Capt. Seevers above the din of battle order- 
ing every man to his home cleared the ground of every Democrat in a very 
few minutes. Few Republicans were present, and these placed Sergt. Al- 
loway in a spring wagon, but lie died before reaching Peoria. His body 
was taken to the house of B. F. Wintermute, from whence the funeral took 
place a few days afterward, and the procession is said to have been one and 
one-half miles in length, showing that by some in Mahaska a soldier's life 
was not lightlj^ valued. Allow^ay was to have been married in a few days 
to a cousin of his murderer. 

The day after the shooting Sheriif Allumbaugh and two marshals, Jesse 
Dodd and Wm. Johnson, went up to Sugar Grove, and after some difficulty- 
succeeded by strategy in arresting Myers, who was lodged in jail at Oskaloosa. 

After a trial at Ottumwa, and again at Albia, without successful convic- 
tion, and in the last of which testimony was introduced to prove that Gary 
had fired the ball which killed Alloway, the county having already been 
involved some thousands of dollars in costs, resolved to dismiss the case, 
and Myers was allowed to go unpunished. 

We have it from those wiio claim to have seen it that a three-sti'iped flag 
with butternut trimmings was exhilnted and cheered at the meeting at 
which this shooting took place, a statement scarcely credible were it not 
supported by other circumstances equally culpable. 

TIMES OFFICE RAID. 

At the time of the killing of Alloway, A. A. Wheelock, an ultra-Demo- 
crat, was in charge of the Times, as editor and proprietor. The Times was 
a Democratic paper which had been running in Oskaloosa since 1854. In 
commenting upon the murder of Alloway Wheelock gave publicity through 
his columns to sentiments something like this: "Alloway was nothing 
but a Lincoln hireling, employed in killing his betters," and intimated he 
did not consider the death of a soldier as of much consequence anyway. 

Alloway, as has been mentioned, was a sergeant in Co. H, Third Iowa. 
Several copies of the Times of the above-mentioned issue found their way 
into the camp of Co. II, and proved quite inflammator}' diet to his old com- 
rades, as might well be expected. Men who are exposing their lives for 
tlieir country's sake do not appreciate the innuendoes and sneers of those 
who stay at home and possibly sympathize with the enemy. Co. H M^as 
at this time at Natchez. A meeting was called in which it was resolved 
that certain alternatives should be offered Mr. Wheelock by the indignant 
Co. H. These were three: to retract his statement, to take Confedei'ate 
money for his paper at face value, and thus tangibly manifest his confi- 
dence in the ^'hetters " of Union soldiers, or to suffer supj^ression when Co. 
H could reach him by physical force. The first two alternatives were of- 
fered him by mail, but were rejected. The soldiers determined to enforce 
the third. It was known that part of Co. II of the Third Infantry, Co. 
of the Fifteentli and Co. II of the Eighth would be at home on veteran fur- 
lough about the same time. Hence a correspendence was opened up be- 
tween certain parties of each company, in which an understanding for mu- 
tual aid was come to in the matter of the Times suppression. 



378 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The soldiers returned in March, 1864. Co, H liad a meeting in the hotel 
at Eddyville, where quite a portion of the veterans expressed their disap- 
proval of violent measures, and proposed letting the matter drop; but not 
so with some. 

The folk)wing morning tlie stage drove up to the Madison House with 
eight men in blue of Co. H, Third. These went around to the Times office 
and told the editor they were the comrades of Alloway, and tliey wished the 
publication of the Times suspended during their short stay of thirty days 
at home. "Bj^ what authority?" said Mr. Wheelock. " By military au- 
thority." The soldiers then left. 

In the next issue of his paper, Mr. Wheelock stated that he had been 
threatened by furloughed soldiers; that he desired no quarrel with them, 
and expected to attend to his own business; if physical force were resorted 
to, that the soldiers would have to face the Democracy' of Mahaska count3\ 

The following Saturday afternoon was secretly selected by the soldiers as the 
time for " business." That there were quite a number of the Democracy in 
the city prepared to defend the Times, and armed for that purpose, was evi- 
dent, for some appeared on tlie street that afternoon. Portions of the three 
companies al)ove mentioned were in Oskaloosa. They had at the armory 
ninety stand of arms, loaded, which 11 ey were prepared to use if a riot ensued. 

About two o'clock in the afternoon the soldiers of Co. IT, Third Iowa, 
left the Madison House aud proceeded to the Times office on High street, 
a few steps from the northeast corner of the square. They entered the 
press-room, and carrying the forms there lying, to the windows, threw the 
type in the street. The fonts were emptied in a like manner, and a few 
minutes left the Times office with onh' a few scattering type in the build- 
ing. Nothing else was touched. The soldiers then left and met their com- 
rades outside. Not a shot was fired by either party. The suppression was 
successful. The Times did not again appear. Mr. AV^heelock soon after- 
ward left Oskaloosa, and has since experienced a more prosperous journey 
in another walk of life. 

KILLING or THE MARSHALS. 

In the draft of 1864, certain men drafted from Sugar Creek township in 
Poweshiek county, failed to report themselves in obedience to orders, and 
under the law became deserters. On Saturday, October 1st, the Provost 
Marshal of the fourth district of Iowa, with headquarteas at Grinnell, sent 
out two officers with orders for arrest of these deserters. These officers 
were Capt. John L. Bashore, of Appanoose county. Deputy Provost Mar- 
shal, and Josiah M. Woodrutt", of Knoxville, witii headquarters at Oska- 
loosa. These men entered Sugar Creek townsliip before noon, and meeting 
with a certain Mike Gleason, made some inquiries as to the men of whom 
they were in search, thinking Gleason to be a loyalist. After leaving 
Gleason they proceeded to the house of Craver, where they stopped for din- 
ner. After refreshments they had not proceeded far when they met tliree 
men, John and Joe Fleener (who were brothers-in-law to Myers, who had 
shot Alloway in the previous autumn), and the man Gleason. The manner 
of the men convinced the officers that they meant mischief, and Bashore 
sprang out of the buggy in which the marshals were riding, and with re- 
volver in hand commenced remonstrating with the men, telling them they 
were not the citizens of whom they (the marshals) were in search, and they 
had no business with them. Woodruff remained in the buggy. Almost 
immediately the Fleeners and Gleason commenced firing. Woodruff was 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 379 

shot through the head and killed almost instantly. Bashore was shot in 
the back, the ball entering near the kidneys, from the effects of which he 
died in a few hours, but not before giving an account of the shooting. 
Gleason was shot, probably by Bashore, in the thigh, and was so severely 
wounded he was not able to leave the spot, but had strength enough to 
break his gun over the head of the prostrate marshal. The Fleeners made 
good their escape, leaving Gleason to his fate. 

Several citizens hearing the shooting came to the spot immediately, and 
removed the dead and wounded to the house of Graver, near by. 

If the testimony of Gleason is to be believed, he went, after meeting the 
marshals in the forenoon to a meeting of the so-called "Democrat Kan- 
gers"inthat vicinity, and it was there decided that the marshals should 
be "attended to," and certain parties were appointed to take care of them. 
Certain it is that several wagon loads of men passed the spot after the 
marshals were shot and while lying in the road, without ofiering assistance. 
Where thej' had been is a matter of conjecture. 

By marshal James Matthews, of Grinnell, two companies of militia from 
Grinnell and Montezuma were at cnce ordered to the scene of the shoot- 
ing, to assist in making arrests, and on Sunday evening Gleason, with 
seven others, were sent to Oskaloosa ii:xler guard. The seven additional 
men arrested were Andrew Powers an^i son Joseph, Solomon Watson and 
son George, John Maloney, Allen McDaniel, and Perry McFarland. 
These were subsequently sent to Davenport under a^strong guard, and as 
there was no evidence sufficient to convict them, they were soon after re- 
leased. A number of other arrests were made, but of little consequence. 

On Monday following the bodies of the dead marshals were brought to 
Oskaloosa, and the sight of their marred forms roused the crowd to such a 
frenzy that nothing but a strong guard and brick walls saved Gleason from 
speedy punishment. The following day the corpses were removed to Cen- 
terville and Knoxville, the separate homes of these victims of mad and un- 
provoked assault. 

All efforts to find the Fleener brothers were unavailing. They immedi- 
ately left the country and have never been publicly seen since. We are 
informed that they now live in Kansas under assumed names, and that of 
late 3'ear one of them made a visit to Sugar Creek in disguise, but did not 
remain long. 

Gleason lay in jail at Oskaloosa for a number of months w^aiting for his 
wound to heal, lie was finally brought to trial and was sentenced for a 
long term in the state penitentiary, where he has since died. 

Some accounts state that there were a number of men secreted in the 
surrounding bushes at the time of the murder, who assisted in the shooting 
but this is not probable in view of conflicting circumstances, and it is likely 
that " the Fleeners " and Mike Gleason were the only parties actively en- 
gaged in the bloody work. 

This, of course, was a most dastardly and unwarrantable deed, as were 
all cases of violence against marshals in different parts of the country, 
w'here they were were simply performing their duty under orders — they 
being in no way responsible fer the conscription laws which they were 
sworn to support and enforce. 

OTHER DIFFICULTIES. 

Another occurrence which excited considerable comment and ex- 



380 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

citement at the time, occurred in the southeastern part of Mahaska. 
Joseph Macon, an ex-sherifF of Mahaska, got into a quarrel with a soldier 
of a Union organization known as the "Border Brigade." The difhculty 
occurred in Oskaloosa in June, 1863, Jose])h Macon was an extreme Dem- 
ocrat, and a number of the niembers of the Brigade took it upon tliem- 
selves to be the champions of their comrades, wliich cliampionship they 
displayed in a most cowardly manner. 

A short time after the Oskaloosa difficulty Macon had occasion to go to 
Eddyville to meet a relative, an old gentleman, at the train, that being at 
that time the railroad point nearest Oskaloosa. Having found his passen- 
ger and started for home, just as he was leaving town a party of the "Brig- 
ade " present in Eddyville, commenced tiring at him, but without eflect. 
Macon urged his horse to the top of his speed and temporarily escaped, 
but linding he was pursued, he left his buggy in charge of his companion 
and took to the woods, where he concealed himself until his batiled enemies 
abandoned the search, and he was permitted to return home. 

We believe no arrests were made in this case and Macon was not further 
molested. 

In another case a man named Street, from some of the southern coun- 
ties, was to be taken to Des Moines, having been sentenced to imprison- 
ment there for treason. It was resolved, by wliat has been known as the 
"Skunk River Army," to rescue the prisoner as he should pass through 
Oskaloosa in the stage. On the day appointed for his removal to Des 
Moines, about one hundred armed men appeared in Oskaloosa, intending 
to intercept the stage. But unfortunately for the deliverers, the authorities 
wei'e forewarned of their purpose. The stage containing the prisoner did 
not enter Oskaloosa by tlie usual route, but branching toward the north 
outside the limits, proceeded to the jail, escorted by a company of Eddy- 
ville militia, which had been sent on in advance. This thwarted the inten- 
tion of the insurgents, who returned to their homes, when the prisoner was 
taken on the same night. 

A BIG FRIGHT. 

Most towns in Southern Iowa had their day of a big scare sometime or 
other during the war, and Oskaloosa was not an exception. 

One morning, probably in the fall of 1863, it was reported in town that 
Bill Anderson with his guerilla band was marching upon the city. The 
source of the rumor was unknown, but in such panics as similar reports 
usually cause, the origin of reports is not sought after, and people are deter- 
mined to'believe the worst, and nothing but the worst. 

In this case, bells were rung, whistles blown, and riders scoured the 
country for aid. The schools were dismissed, and the larger boys, with all 
other available citizens, were formed into militia companies, and the day 
spent in drilling on the square. No pickets were out, and had a dozen 
rebel cavalry charged down one of the streets unannounced, thej' could 
probably have cleaned out the whole militia force, which would undoubt- 
edly have discovered the utility of heels as a defense against rebels. 

About the time the guns began to get heavy and the boys were feeling 
weary, word came tliat Anderson and his bushwhackers were far enough 
beyond the Missouri line. The next morning not a man could be found 
who had experienced any alarm, but all had drilled because " the others 
did," and " for the fun of the thing." 



WAR HISTORY. 



MAHASHA COUNTY WAR RECORD. 

In the presidential election of 1860, Mahaska county polled 2971 votes. 
In the War of the Rebellion she sent to the tield 127-1 of her strongest, 
most promising and vigorous sons. 

At the time of the outbreak of the war, Mahaska was absorbed in the 
vocations of peace. Her great agricultural opportunities were beginning 
to be known She was just recovering from the panic of 1857, which liad 
so prostrated business throughout the Northwest. The country was alive 
with industry and hopes for the future. Those who had been in the coun- 
try in the days that had " tried men's souls," and their descendants, had 
begun to see tlie dawning of a better day. "When immediately surrounded 
with peace and tranquility, they paid but little attention to the rumored 
plots and plans of those who liv'ed and grew rich from the sweat and toil, 
blood and tlesli of others — aye, even by trafficking in the offspring of their 
own loins." But still the war was upon them, the thundering of cannon 
within the nation's very gates, before the people of the Northwest realized 
the issues at stake. 

April 12, 1861, Fort Sumpter, near Charleston, South Carolina, was fired 
upon, by what the more charitable of the nation believed to be a drunken 
mob. But the surrender of Capt. Anderson, made necessary by the mur- 
derous and continued fire of the enemy's guns, awakened the whole North 
from its dream of securitj' and perpetual union. 

When the cloud of treason darkened 

Freedom's light in Sumpter's sky, 
Bravely stepped they forth to battle, 

They to conquer or to die. 

April 15th, the following proclamation of the President sped over the 
wires from the National Capital to the land beyond the Mississippi: 

Whereas, the laws of the United States have been, and now are opposed in several States 
by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in an ordinary way, I, therefore, call upon the 
militia of the several States of the Union to the aggregate number of 75,000 to suppress said 
combination and execute the laws. I appeal to all loyal citizens for State aid in this effort to 
maintain the laws, integrity, National Union, perpetuity of popular government, and redress 
wi'ongs long enough endured. 

The first service assigned forces will probably be to re -possess forts, places, and property 
which have been seized from the Union. The utmost care should be taken consistent with 
our object, to avoid devastation, destruction and interference with the property of peaceful 
citizens in any part of the country, and I hereby command persons commanding the aforesaid 
combinations to disperse within twenty days fi-om date. 

24 



384 HISTORY OF MA.HASKA COUNTY. 

I hei-eby convene both Houses of Cong-i-ess for the 4th day of July next, to determine upon 
measures for the public safety as its interests may demand. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 
President of the United States. 
By W. H. SEWARD, 

Secretary of State. 

Of this call for volunteers only one ref^iment was required to fill the 
quota of Iowa. The proclamation of Gov. Kirkwood calling for this regi- 
ment was issued April 17th, from Iowa City. The urgent exhortation of the 
Governor was patriotic but not necessary. The men of Iowa sprang to 
arms as one man, and hundreds of volunteers were offered which the State 
did not need. Company H, of the Third regiment, Capt. Warren, was the 
first one ready in Mahaska county, being filled June 1, 1861. This com- 
pany had made application for a place in the First regiment, but too late 
for a rank in the same. By the first of July, Iowa had provided for the 
Nation's use six regiments of volunteers, and still the enlistments were 
going on. In July, 1861, Co. C of the Seventh Iowa Infantry, left Mahas- 
ka, and a little later Co. II of the Eighth Iowa, marched. Next was Co. C 
of the Fifteenth. 

Then came that well remembered lull in the conflict, when sanguine men 
grew more hopeful, and the desponding less in despair; a time when it 
was hoped the war would soon end, and once more would be " beaten the 
swords into ploughshares, and the spears into pruning hooks." But soon 
was the spirit of the north again roused, and the blood of chivalry of Mahaska 
sent leaping in boiling currents through veins swollen with righteous wrath, 
as the terrible news of Shiloh, of thousands slain, and Mahaska's sons in 
southern prisons, came to fathers, brothers, and friends of those who had 
gone to the front. 

The call of President Lincoln, for three hundred thousand men, met a 
most liberal response from Mahaska. From the plow, from the workshop 
and counting house, leaving the school-room, the desk, the bar, the pulpit, 
the press, men of every rank of life, of all ages, grey -beard and youth, those 
who showed themselves the bravest of the brave, came forth and enrolled 
their names among those who were ready to face the cannon's mouth, if 
neccessary to die for their country. Four companies were enrolled for a sin- 
gle regiment, the gallant Thirty-third. Those who were kept at home by 
age, infirmity or sex, did noble service too. They assisted with their hands, 
their money and their words of cheer. Ethically considered, to the wives and 
mothers who gave up their husbands and sons, their natural protectors, and 
with a passive self-sacrifice, suffered them to go to the field of carnage, an 
even greater debt of gratitude is due than to those brave men who then act- 
ively, and with less self-denial rendered their service, and suffered like hard- 
ships, in the preservation of that other mother-life, the nation itself. 

Company C, of the 40th Iowa, was raised at the same time. Finally was 
sent Company I, 47th Iowa. Besides, these full company organizations, 
numerous squads and individuals enlisted in other companies in this and other 
States, of whom record is made in the following pages. 

In September, 1862, the Board of Supervisors of Mahaska county passed 
a resolution offering a ten dollar bounty warrant, receivable for county taxes, 
to all volunteer privates from Mahaska county. This offer continued in 
force until January, 1863. 

The ladies in Mahaska county did much for the aid of the soldiers during 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 385 

the war. Aid societies were formed, sanitary supplies sent, widows and or- 
phans of soldiers relieved, a good and noble work which time will reward. 

During the summer of lS6i, alone, the people of Mahaska county made 
the following subscriptions: 

Sanitary Commission, over $1,000 

Christian Commission, over 1,000 

Freedmen's Aid Commission 1,000 

Soldiers' Orphan's Home 2,000 

$5,000 

Forty-five men were drafted from Mahaska county, November, 1864. Of 
these we were not able to secure a complete list. In fact we are quite un- 
willingly driven to an apology for the meagerness of parts of our war history. 
IS'ewspaper files could not be found covering the war period, a most impor- 
tant era in the history of the county, and we have been obliged to depend 
very considerably upon the frail memory of mortals in regard to facts whose 
occurrence is removed by years. 

January 10, 1865, a committee appointed to solicit donations for soldiers' 
families, about ten days previous, submitted the following as their partial 
report, with the stateinent that some townsliips had not yet reported: "Des 
Moines, §150; Harrison, $175; White Oak, §4.50; Adams, $125; Madison, 
$275; Richland, $309.89; Pleasant Grove, $200; Monroe (south part), $93 ; 
Prairie (New Sharon), $65.75 ; Union, $217.06 ; Oskaloosa, $1291.67. Total, 
$3,382.37." 

Two men from Mahaska became generals, and by a singular coincidence,^ 
they were brothers. These were the lamented Gen. S. A. Rice, commissioned ^ 
Brig. General, August, 1863, and Elliott W. Rice, of the Seventh Iowa In- 
fantry, promoted Brigadier General about the same time with his brother, 
and afterward breveted Major General. 

Capt. Comstock of Company C, 33d Infantry, had been a volunteer in the 
Mexican war, the only one from Mahaska county. He enlisted Oct. 25, 1848, 
at Hannibal, Mo., as private in 14th Tennessee Regiment. Mustered out 
August, 1849. 

Having thus hurriedly sketched in general terms the history of Mahaska 
in the war, there yet remains another duty for our pen. This is, to collect 
the names so far as possible, of those brave men who left their homes at their 
country's call ; and to place on imperishable record the enlistments, jn-omo- 
tions and casualties of the humblest knight in Mahaskian chivalry. This is 
a duty we gladly perform, not alone for those yet living, but for the memory 
of those whose blood was made to fatten southern battle fields, whose loss a 
multitude of widows and orphans have mourned with a bitterness which no 
pension can ever sweeten, nor crown of glory drive away. When another 
generation has passed, we trust an occasional gray haired veteran, bowed 
with the infirmity of years, will point to these pages with the commendable 
pride of a volunteer of 1812, in this day; while the orphans of the slain and 
their children, will look upon this brief epitaph of their forefathers, as an 
undying witness that the blood of their loyal ancestry, not only pulsated 
with a patriot's devotion, but fatally left its living fountain upon the nation's 
battle-field. 

All hail to our gallant defenders, all hail! 

Our noblest, our bravest, our best; 
Proud peers of the world's worshiped heroes ye stand, 
By freedom's dear attributes blest. 



386 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Ah. the voice of the past to your heart and ours, 

It brings in its eloquent breath 
The wild tones of victory, softened and blent, 

With the low mystic cadence of death. 
But the angel of faith with her magical wand. 

Lifts the vail from our grief, and behold! 
The invisible ami of a pitying God 

Hath gathered them into the fold. 

The following is compiled in part, from the Adjutant General's Reports: 

THIRD INFANTRY. 

This regiment contained volunteers from all parts of the State. It was 
one of those bodies of volunteers which sprang to arms at the tirst call for 
men, and was an enthusiastic command from the very beginning of service. 
The volunteers were sworn into the service at Keokuk, on the 8th and 10th 
of June, 1801. The regiment left the Gate City on June 29, and proceeded 
by river to Hannibal, Missouri. This State was then in an unhappy eondi-, 
tion. Guerillas, horse-thieves, and rebel bushwhackers w^ere continually 
harassing the Unionists of the State. The regiment was ordered to Chilli- 
cothe, where the men tirst met their colonel, Nelson G. Williams, of Du- 
buque count^^ During part of July and August most of the regiment sta- 
tioned at Chillicothe were drilled seven hours daily. Rigid discipline, irk- 
some camp duties, and fruitless marching and couter-marching began to 
breed a spirit of discontent. For some ott'ense Colonel Williams had been 
ordered to St. Louis in arrest. The regiment proceeded to Macon City, and 
from thence to Cameron early in September. The regiment was under com- 
mand of Lieutenant-colonel Scott. Scott, w^ith five hundred able men of 
the Third Iowa, about seventy home guards, a squad of artillery, and a sin- 
gle six-pounder gun left Cameron on the afternoon of September 15th, and 
reached Liberty early on the 17th, expecting there to co-operate with Colonel 
Smith, Sixteenth Illinois, against the rebel general Atchinson, commanding 
three regiments, two battalions, and one battery — about four thousand men. 
The enemy had marched through Liberty the evening before, and j^roceeded 
to Blue Mills Landing, where they expected to cross the river. Colonel 
Smith had not arrived. The troops under Scott were impatient for battle, 
and tiring being heard in the direction of the landing about eleven o'clock, 
the eagerness of our troops for liattle was dithcult to restrain. The inter- 
vening country between Liberty and Blue Mills was covered by a thick for- 
est and underbrush, and impenetrable in line of battle. Yielding to the 
clamor of his men, Scott marched in column into the woods, with skirmish- 
ers in the van. They had not proceeded tar when surprised by rebel am- 
bush, and were under tire along the entire line. The cannon was brought 
into action, but only tired two rounds when so many of the gunners were 
killed that the piece could be no longer worked. The men fought bravely, 
but were compelled to fall back, which they did in good order, bringing otf 
the cannon l)y band. In a short time ten out of sixteen officei's had fallen, 
killed or wounded. On reaching the open tield a battalion was formed, but 
the rebels declined attack. The retreat -was continued to Liberty. During 
the night the enemy crossed the river, and moved rapidly toward Lexington. 
The loss to the Third low^a in this engagement was ninety-four in killed and 
wounded, and though a rash adventure and severe lesson, the etiect on the 



JIISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 



3S'< 



command was a good one. From Liberty the regiment proceeded to Wj- 
andott, Kansas. From thence, on the 18th of October, the regiment pro- 
ceeded by rail to Quincy, Illinois, where they remained in cjimp nntil 
November 9, a ball being there given by tlie citizens in honor of the com- 
mand. 

Thence liy river the regiment proceeded to Benton Barracks, near St. 
Louis. December 26 the regiment was distributed in scpiads along the line 
of the Nortli Missouri railroad, for the purpose of guarding the track. Thus 
employed, they spent the winter. Eecalled to St. Louis early in March, the 
command was soon on a steamer embarked to join the forces of General 
Grant, in Tennessee. Disembarking at Pittsburg Landing, here our regi- 
ment remained nntil the surprise of April 6. In tlie battle of Shilolithe 
Third regiment distinguished itself by its bravery and desperate fighting. 
The loss of most of its line officers in killed and wounded attests its activity 
in the fight. In carrying a bridge at Matamora, in September, in a few 
minutes it lost sixty officers and men out of three hundred engaged. On the 
17th of May the regiment embarked on the steamer Crescent City, for 
Yicksburg. This steamer was in advance of a fleet bearing re-enforcements 
to Grant. She was fired into by a considerable number of rebels, but the 
Third Iowa men sprang to their arms and drove the enemy from the shore. 
Fourteen men of the regiment were wounded. May 25th it took its place 
among those besieging Yicksburg, and during the entire siege, and in several 
engagements, maintained its former reputation for valor. In the campaign 
against Joe Johnson the Third bore a more conspicuous part of gallantry 
and suftering than any other command from Iowa. Its conduct in the sec- 
ond siege of Jackson was equally heroic. In December it returned to 
Yicksburg; took part in the Meridian raid; and after the return to Yicks- 
burg again, the veterans were furloughed. The non-veterans under com- 
mand of Lieutenant-colonel Tullis, of Mahaska, proceeded to assist in the 
Ked Eiver campaign. The two portions were never re-united, the non- 
veterans being mustered out after their campaign nnder Banks. The lew 
returning veterans were consolidated into a battalion of three companies, 
but in the battle of Atlanta literally fought itself out of existence. In this 
battle, their color-bearer being slain"", "still the mass stood there, madly fight- 
ing for defense. Their numbers fast decreasing by death their hopes be- 
gan to fail, and as they surrendered themselves to the enemy they torethe 
emblems of our nationality and regimental designation into pieces and into 
shreds, which, concealed, they proudly brought l)ack to us, untouched and 
unsoiled by impious and traitorous hands." 

The few remaining members of the organization consolidated with the 
Second Iowa Infantry, taking part with Sherman in his campaigns to the 
close of the war. 

Lieut. Col. James Tullis. See below, Co. II. 
Com. Sergt. Charles A. Croney, mustered in January, 1862, reduced to 

ranks, February, 1862. 
Com. Sergt. Webster W. Majors, enlisted Second Corporal, Co. I-I,_June 1, 
1861, promoted fourth Sergeant, January 6, 1S62, promoted first Ser- 
geant, February 1, 1862, Commissary Sergeant, February, 1862, taken 
prisoner at Shiloli, April 6, 1862, and paroled, died October 31, 1862. 
Com. Sergt. Edward W. Hall, enlisted as private in Co. B, May 21, 1861, 
promoted Commissary Sergeant, June 28, 1862, First Lieutenant Co. B, 
November 1, 1862. 



388 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



COMPANY B. 



PRIVATES. 



Dongliman, Daniel, enlisted May 21, 
1801, killed in battle at Jackson, 
Miss. 

Defei'-bano^li, E., enlisted May 10, 
1864, dropped from rolls as de- 
serted, September 30, 1864. 

Garden, Robert I., enlisted May 21, 
1861. 

Lntlier, Henry F., enlisted May 21, 
1861. 

Moore, Jacob, enlisted May 21, 1861, 
wounded very severely at Shiloli, 
died of fever, June 16, 1862. 

Pearson, Henry, enlisted Mav 21, 
1861. 

Sweene, Thos. C, enlisted May 21, 
1861, discharo^ed at Sturgeon, Mo., 
February 12,1862. 

COMPANY C. 

Warren, Ezra G., enlisted May 20, 
1861, wounded and missing at 
Jackson, July 12, 1863, died . 

COMPANY H. 

Captain John H. Warren, enlisted 
June 1, 1861, wounded severely 
in legs at Blue Mills, Mo., Sep- 
tember 17, 1861, and resigned 
February 12, 1862. 

Captain James Tullis, enlisted as 
First Lieutenant June 1, 1861, 
wounded severely at Black Mills, 
Mo., promoted Captain Februaiy 
13, 1862, wounded severely at 
Sliiloh, promoted Lieutenant Col- 
onel November 21, 1862, mus- 
tered out June 18, 1864. 

Captain Simon G. Gary, enlisted 
First Sergeant, Co. H, June 1, 
1861, promoted Second Lieuten- 
ant February 22, 1862, promoted 
First Lieutenant October 6, 1862, 
wounded slightly at Shiloh, pro- 
moted Captain November 22, 1862, 
wounded severely in left thigh at 
battle of Jackson, July 12, 1863, 
mustered out June 18, 1864. 



First Lieutenant William P. Dodd, 
enlisted as private June 1, 1861, 
promoted Second Lieutenant Dec. 
1,1861, promoted First Lieutenant 
February 22, 1862, killed in bat- 
tle, Matamora, Tenn., Oct. 5, 1862. 

Second Sergeant Jno. Farmer, en- 
listed June 1, 1861, severely 
wounded at Jackson in right fore- 
arm, discharged February 12, 1864, 
for wounds. 

Third Sergeant Chas. W. Peach, en- 
listed June 1, 1861, reduced to 
ranks November 1, 1861, veteran- 
ized Jan 4, 1864, in Co. I, Second 
Veteran Infantry. 

Third Sei-geant Abraham T. Allo- 
way, enlisted as private June 1, 

1861, promoted Third Sergeant 
November 1, 1861, wounded at 
Jackson, Miss., killed at Peoria, 
Mahaska countj^, in a riot August 
22, 1863, of which account is giv- 
en elsewhere. 

Fourth Sergeant Albert E. Lough, 
enlisted June 1, 1861, died of ty- 
phoid fever at Oskaloosa, Iowa, 
January 6, 1862. 

First Corporal John H. Seevers, en- 
listed June 1, 1861, discharged 
for disability at Pittsburg Land- 
ing, May 1,*1862. 

Second Corporal Wm. H. Bowker, 
enlisted June 1, 1861 as private, 
promoted Second Corporal April 
22, 1862, veteranized Januaiw 4, 
1864, Co. I, Second Veteran In- 
fantry. 

Second Corporal John R. Blattner, 
enlisted June 1, 1861, killed in 
battle Shiloh, April 6, 1862. 

Third Corporal Clinton DeWitt, en- 
listed as private October 24, 1861, 
promoted Third Corpoi-al July 26, 

1862, re-enlisted Co. I, Second 
Veteran Infantry, commissioned 
First Lieutenant July 8, 1864, 
Wounded at Jackson, Miss, 

Fourth Corporal Jno. F. Lacy, en- 
listed June 1, 1861, discharged at 
Qnincy November 1, 1861, par- 
oled prisoner. 



IIISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 



389 



Fourth Corporal Edward A. Bar- 
bour, enlisted June 1, 1861, as 
private, wonnded severely at Blue 
Mills, promoted Fourth Corporal 
February 13, 1862, wounded se- 
verely in hip at Siiiloh, discharged 
September 29, 1862, at Keokuk, 
for disability. 

Fifth Corporal J. A. Breckenridge, 
enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged 
at Quincy, October 25, 1861. 

Fifth Corporal Edward J. Ball, en- 
listed as private June 1, 1861, 
promoted Fifth Coi-poral, wound- 
ed at Shiloh, reduced to ranks by 
court martial, October 3, 1862. 

Fifth Corporal Jas. F. Lacy, enlisted 
as private, June 1, 1861. promoted 
Fifth Corporal November 1,1861, 
died at Oskaloosa, Feb. 11,1862. 

Fifth Corporal Jonas II. Gatewood, 
enlisted as private, promoted Fifth 
Corporal, October 27, 1862. 

Sixth Corporal Wm. A. Ovrell, en- 
listed June 1, 1861, wounded 
sligiitly in hip at Shiloh, veter- 
anized February 27, 186-1, in Co. 
I, Second Veteran Infantry, dis- 
charged January 4, 1865, to re- 
ceive an appointment in U. S. Col. 
Troops. 

Seventh Corporal Chas. "W. Kapp, 
enlisted June 1, 1861, discharged 
for disability at St. Louis, Januarj^ 
1, 1862. 

Seventh Corporal Geo. W. Coverson, 
enlisted as private June 1, 1861, 
promoted Seventh Corporal Feb- 
ruary 3, 1862, missing at Jackson, 
Miss., July 12, 1863. 

Eighth Corporal Geo. Godfrey, en- 
listed June 1, 1861, wounded se- 
verel}^ at Shiloh, taken prisoner 
June 25, 1862, and exchanged, 
died at Memphis, March 22, 1863. 

Fifer Thos. Kerr, enlisted June 1, 
1861, discharged for deafness, St. 
Louis, Mo., November 30,1861. 

Wagoner Wheeler Chadwick, enlist- 
ed June 1, 1861, reduced to ranks, 
discharged June 20, 1861, for dis- 
ability. 



Wagoner William W. AVheeler, en- 
listed as private June 1, 1861, 
promoted wagoner. 



PRIVATES. 



Barton, James C, enlisted June 1, 
1861, died of typhoid fever at 
Mexico, Mo., February 20, 1862. 

Bigham, Samuel, enlisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized January 4,1864, 
in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. 

Ball, Basil K., enlisted June 1, 1861, 
veteranized January 4, 1864, in 
Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, 
discharged March 27, 1865, to re- 
ceive appointment in U. S. col- 
ored troops. 

Boswell, Francis M., enlisted June 
1, 1861, discharged for disability 
at St. Louis, November 15, 1861. 

Benson, Samuel, eidisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized January 4,1864, 
in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, 
appointed 5tli corporal. 

Benson, Maulorff, enlisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, 
in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. 

Brown, M. V. B., enlisted June 1, 
1861, discharged for disability at 
St. Louis, December 12, 1861. 

Brockaway, Philo J„ enlisted June 
1, 1861, veteranized December 17, 
1863, into Co. I, Second Veteran 
Infantrj'. 

Campbell, Richard H., enlisted June 
1, 1861. 

Crawford, J. Lewis, enlisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, 
in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. 

Coverston, Wm. A., enlisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized in Second Vet- 
eran Infantry, January 4, 1864, 
wounded and captured at Canton, 
Miss., February 27, 1864. 

Coverston, Lafayette, enlisted Sep- 
tember 5, 1862, veteranized in Co. 
I, Second Veteran infantry. 

Davis, Clement, enlisted June 1, 
1861, discharged at Sturgeon, Mo., 
February 19, 1862, for disability. 



390 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Dick, Jonathan, enlisted June 1, 
1861, wounded severely at Ha- 
ger's AVoods, Mo., discharged at 
St. Louis, November 18, 1861. 
Felt, Jas. H., enlisted June 1, 1861, 
discharged for disability at Pitts- 
burg Landing, May 2, 1862. 
Fenderson, Chas. W., enlisted June 
1, 1861, "wounded severely in leg 
at Shiloh, killed at Jackson, Miss., 
in battle. 
Gibson, John D., enlisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized Dec. 17, 1863, 
in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, 
taken prisoner near Cheran, S. C. 
Gamble, Isaac, enlisted June 1,1861, 
wounded severely in leg at Blue 
Mills. 
Gatewood, Chas. A., enlisted June 1, 
1861, discharged for disability at 
Sturgeon, Mo"., February 19, 1862. 
Gately, James T., enlisted June 1, 
1861, discharged for disability at 
Pittsburg Landing, May 1, li"-62. 
Golden, Geo., enlisted June 1;- i'861, 
wounded severely at Shiloh, dis- 
charged at Keokuk for wounds, 
March 3, 1863. 
Henderson, Isaac II., enlisted June 
1, 1861, veteranized December 17, 
1863, in Co. I, Second Veteran 
Infantry, taken prisoner. 
Haywood, Tlios. J., enlisted June 1, 

1861, discharged Nov. 26, 1862. 
Lyster, Wm. A., enlisted June 1, 
1861, taken prisoner at Bolivar, 
Tenn., September 21, 1862, dis- 
charged March 30, 1862. 
Linville, Solomon A., enlisted June 
1, 1861, mortally wounded at Shi- 
loh, died at Keokuk, May 12, 1862. 
McClure, Wm., enlisted June 1, 
1861, died of typhoid fever at Pa- 
ducah, Ky., June 17, 1862. 
McCarn, Barney, enlisted June 1, 

1861. 
McKay, Francis, enlisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized January -1, 1864, 
in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry, 
wounded severely in left hip on 
steamer near Island No. 82, May 
18, 1863. 



Mott, Peter E., enlisted June 1, 1861. 
McGruder, Wm. M., enlisted June 

I, 1861, wounded at Vicksburg, 
June 20, 1863. 

Mehanna, John W., enlisted June 1, 
1861, wounded slightly in face at 
Shiloh. 

McClure, Jesse, enlisted June 1, 1861, 
wounded sevei'ely in head at Blue 
Mills, Mo., again at Vicksburg. 

McClure, John, enlisted August 

II, 1862, died of diarrhoea, Sep- 
tember 12, 1863, at Natchez. 

Parks, John D., enlisted June 1, 
1861, M^ounded at Jackson, Miss. 

Parks, Alfred, enlisted June 1, 1861. 

Ramy, John H., enlisted June 1, 
1861, discharged for disability at 
Quincy, February 1, 1862. 

Rice. Benjamin F,, enlisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, 
in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. 

Shafer, Aaron, enlisted June 1,1861. 

Sprague, Andrew S., enlisted June 1, 
1861, veteranized January 4, 1864, 
in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. 

Shepard, Wm. E., enlisted June 1, 
186L 

Smith, Thos. R., enlisted June 1, 
1861, lost right arm at Matamora, 
Tenn., discharged December 27, 
1862. 

Tomson, AVm., enlisted June 1, 1861, 
veteranized January 4, 1864, Co. 
I, Second Veteran Infantry. 

Talbott, John H., enlisted June 1, 
1861, mortally Avounded at Shiloh, 
died April 20, 1861, at St. Louis. 

Williams, Francis M., enlisted June 
1, 1861, veteranized January 4, 
1864, in Co. I, Second Veteran 
Infantry. 

Williams, John W., enlisted June 1, 
1861, died of fever at Hudson, 
Mo., September 17,1861. 

Wierna, Michael, enlisted June 1, 
1861, mortally wounded at Blue 
Mills, died November 19, 1861, at 
Oskaloosa. 

West, Cyrus W., enlisted June 1, 
1861, killed in battle of Monroe, 
Mo., July 11, 1861. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 391 

Worth, John "W"., enlisted June 1, Zane, Benajah, enlisted June 1, 1861, 

1861. wounded severely in leg at Shiloli, 

Wells, Cja-us B., enlisted June 1, veteranized in Co. 1, Second Vet- 

1861, veteranized January 4,1864, eran Infantry, January 4, 1864. 

in Co. I, Second Veteran Infantry. Coverston, F. M., enlisted June 1, 

Young, John C, enlisted June 1, 1861. 

1861, discharged for disability at Dodd, Jesse, re-enlisted January 3, 

Pittsburg Landing, April 24, 1864. 

1862. 

SEVENTH INFANTEY. 

This regiment was sworn into the service at Burlington, in July, 1861, 
just after the battle of Bull Run. Mahaska's contribution to the 7th 
Infantry was Co. C, with rank and file of one hundred men, from which 
several were promoted to regimental offices, and to which numerous recruits 
were subsequently added. At the time of enlistment troops were sadly 
needed, and the regiment was hurried to St. Louis, where it was armed and 
immediately transported to Ironton, about one hundred miles south from 
St. Louis, where the regiment first drilled in the manual of arms. Thence 
marching to Jackson, thence to Cape Girardeau, thence by steamer to Cairo, 
it encamped for a fortnight on the opposite side of the river; then the com- 
mand proceeded to Camp Crittenden, thence to Fort Jefferson, thence by 
.way of Bird's Point to Norfolk. Here Sergeant Elliott W. Rice was com- 
jnissioned Major of the regiment. Retui.iing to Cairo, the men were 
drilled several hours daily, until summoned in November to take part in 
the battle of Belmont. In this engagement, November 7, 1861, the conduct 
of the 7th Regiment was heroic. Col. Dougherty says the regiment 
" throughout the battle fought like veterans, dealing death to rebels wherever 
they encountered them. Iowa may well feel proud of her sons who fought 
,at Belmont." General Grant says " the regiment behaved with great gal- 
lantry, and suffered more severely than any other of the troops." 

After the battle the troops returned to Bird's Point, and thence to Benton 
Barracks, where they remained two months, and then proceeded against Ft. 
Henry, which was soon captured and taken possession of by the troops. 
Feb. 12 they joined the column marching upon Ft. Donelson, and in tha 
siege and assault of this stronghold, the 7th Regiment bore a conspicuous 
part. Enjoying the comfortable quarters of the surrendered fort for about 
a month, it proceeded thence to Pittsburg Landing, where it shared the 
glory belonging to the " Iowa Brigade," in the battle of Shiloh. Engaging 
in the siege of Corinth, and the pursuit of the rebels which followed, it 
enjoyed the leisure of a beautiful encampment about two miles southeast of 
the last named city until September 15, when the regiment was ordered to 
luka. The 7th was not engaged in that battle, fought on the 19th, but were 
used for strategic purposes by General Grant. The command soon returned 
to Corinth, where it remained two weeks longer. In the battle of Corinth 
on the 3d and 4th of October, the 7th Regiment was in the thickest of the 
combat, and under heavy fire during most of the engagement. The loss 
amounted to about one-third the men engaged. The winter was quietly 
spent in the Corinthian encampment. The year 1863 was employed in the 
irksome and inglorious duties of guarding the frontier, and in an encamp- 
ment at Pulaski. In December opportunity was granted those who had 



392 msTOKT OF mahaska county. 

been in the service two years to re-enlist, and to those who thus became 
veterans, according to tlie rules of the War Department, a furlough was 
granted. In April the regiment engaged in the not-to-be-forgotten cam- 
paign against Atlanta. The most severe engagement ]iarticipated in by the 
7th Regiment was at Oostanaula river, where with an enthusiasm almost 
blameworthy, the troops threw themselves against and ronted the column 
of the enemy. The loss in killed and wounded was sixty. Before taking 
part in the promenade with " Sherman to the Sea," the privilege of Iowa 
citizens Avas granted the boys, and the result was 320 votes for Lincoln and 
two for McClellan. From Rome to Savannah, from Savannah four hundred 
and eighty miles to Goldsboro, through dismal swamps, through hardship, 
labor and storm, these men marched patiently and without a mnrmur, and 
with perhaps the loss of a single man, taken prisoner. The end of the war 
fonnd the regiment at Goldsboro. They proceeded by way of Raleigh to 
"Washington City, participated in the grand review, were transported to 
Lonisville, where the gallant survivors of the great conflict mustered out 
July 12, 1865. The total casualties of the regiment were 559. 
Colonel Elliott W. Rice, enlisted as Second Sergeant in Co. C, promoted 
Major, August 30, 1861, wounded at Belmont, promoted Colonel, March 
22, 1862, promoted Brigadier General, June 20, 1864. 
Major James W. McMullen, enlisted in Co. C, commissioned Captian, July 
24, 1861, promoted Major, March 22, 1862, wounded in leg at battle of 
Corinth by rifle ball, resigned August 6, 1864. 

Sergeant-Major, Benton K. Smith, enlisted -, 1861, as Eiglith Corporal, 

Co. C, appointed Sergeant-Major, Julv 30, 1861, Second Lieutenant, Co. 
O, Feb. 26, 1862, First Lieutenant, May 13, 1862, Captain, June 22, 1862, 
killed in battle of Corinth. 
Quarter-Master Sergeant, George J. Bennett, enlisted as ])rivate in Co. C, 
July, 1861, promoted Quarter-Master Sergeant, August 5, 1861, wounded 
at Corinth, Second Lieutenant Co. C, June 22, 1862, First Lieutenant, 
October 5, 1862, Captain, February 11, 1864, resigned August 4, 1864. 
Fife-Major, William Jolinson, enlisted as private in Co. C, promoted Fife- 
Major, August 30, 1861. 

COMPANY C. 1862, promoted Captain, October 

5, 1862, died, February 10, 1864, 

For record of Captains McMullen, of small-pox, at Oskaloosa. 

Smith, and Beimett, see above; First Lieutenant James IST. Smith, 
Ca]>tain Ilelmick, see below. commissioned July 24, 1861, re- 
Captain Wesley Moreland, enlisted signed at St. Louis on account of 
as Sixth Corporal, 1861, promoted ill health, November 25, 1861. 
Second ''Sergeant, October 2, 1861, Second Lieutenant Benj. Ream, com- 
wounded at Belmont, promoted missioned July 24, 1861, mortally 
First Lieutenant. December 16, wounded at Belmont, died at 
1862, promoted Captain, May 13, Cairo, November 22, 1862. 
1862, died of chronic diarrhoea. Second Lieutentant Wm. G. Moore, 
June 22, 1862. enlisted as private Jul3% 1861, pro- 
Captain John P. Longhridge, enlist- moted Fifth Corporal, October 14, 
ed as Fifth Corporal, July, 1861, 1861, taken prisoner at Belmont, 
promoted Fourth Sergeant, Octo- released, promoted Second Lieu- 
ber, 16, 1861, promoted First Ser- tenant, December 16, 1861, lost 
geant, November 27, 1861, pro- left eye at Ft. Donelson, resigned 
moted First Lieutenant, June 22, in consequence, February 25, 1862. 



HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



393 



Second Lieutenant Wm. H. Berkey, 
enlisted as Second Corporal, July 
15, 1861, promoted Second Ser- 
geant, November 26, 1861, wound- 
ed at Donelson and Corinth, pro- 
moted Second Lieutenant, October 
5, 1862, First Lieutenant, Febru- 
ary 11, 1864, resigned, August 6, 
1864. 

First Sergeant A. G. Young, enlist- 
ed July, 1861, killed at Belmont, 
IsTovember 7, 1861. 

Third Sergeant J. Gr. Crookham, en- 
listed July, 1861, wounded in 
thigh at Corinth. 

Fourth Sergeant B. F. Yocum, en- 
listed July, 1861, discharged at 
Is^orfolk, Mo., October 1, 1861. 

Fourth Sergeant Henry Butterton, 
enlisted as private, July, 1861, 
promoted Fourth Sergeant, De- 
cember 2, 1861, discharged at Cor- 
inth, October 7, 1862. 

Fifth Sergeant David Clumer, en- 
listed July, 1861, wounded in 
thigh at Belmont, discharged at 
Corinth, July 1, 1862. 

First Corporal Michael Rodgers, en- 
listed July, 1861, reduced to ranks, 
November 1, 1861. 

First Corporal Wm. Moore, enlisted 
as private, July, 1861, promoted 
First Corporal, November 2, 1861. 

Third Corporal John Darnell, en- 
listed July, 1861, reduced to ranks 
at his own request, and discharged 
at Pittsburg Landing, April 10, 
1862. 

Third Corporal Lawrence A. Gregg, 
enlisted as private, July, 1861, 
promoted Third Corporal, August 
27, 1861, wounded at Belmont, 
and died at Columbus, Ky., No- 
vember 10, 1861. 

Fourth Corporal Eli P. Tracy, en- 
listed July, 1861, reduced to ranks, 
November 1, 1861. 

Fourth Corporal Geo. Mastellar, en- 
listed as private July, 1861, pro- 
moted Sixth Corporal, October 14, 
1861, promoted Fourth Corporal, 
November 1, 1861, taken prisoner 



at Belmont, died at Annapolis, 
October 21, 1862. 

Sixth Corporal Jno. R. Baer, enlist- 
ed as private, July, 1861, promo- 
ted Sixth Corporal, November 1, 
1861. 

Seventh Corporal Isaac G. Ileynsell, 
enlisted July, 1861, reduced to 
ranks at his own request, died at 
St. Louis, May 12, 1862. 

Seventh Corporal Wm. H. Jones, 
enlisted as private July, 1861, pro- 
moted Corj)oral, August 27, 1861, 
killed at Belmont, Nov. 7, 1861. 

Eighth Corporal Albert Hawkins, 
enlisted July, 1861, as private, 
promoted Corporal, August 27, 
1861. 



PRIVATES. 



Addy, George, enlisted Jnly, 1861, 
mortally wounded at Belmont, died 
at Mound City, December 12, 1861. 

Blair, Samuel H., enlisted July, 
1861, wounded at Corinth, after- 
ward Cor^-toral. 

Bonsall, William J., enlisted July, 
1861, discharged for disability at 
Pittsburg Landing, March 24, 
1862. 

Bristol, Reuben R., enlisted July, 
1861, died at Mound City Hos- 
pital, November 6, 1861. 

Clarke, Solomon B., enlisted July, 
1861, slightly wounded at Belmont. 

Clair, Francis M., enlisted July, 1861, 
discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., 
March 24, 1862. 

Darnell, Wm., enlisted July, 1861, 
re-enlisted as veteran, December 
9, 1863, taken prisoner at Bone 
Yard, Miss. 

Dodge, Francis M., enlisted July 24, 
1861, died at Mound City Hospi- 
tal, March 9, 1862. 

Else, Will., enlisted Jnly, 1861, 
wounded at Ft, Donelson in right 
shoulder, discharged at Keokuk, 
December 29, 1863. 

Finarty, Robert, enlisted July 24, 
1861, died at Keokuk, November 
22, 1861. 



394 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Gasldll, Olander, enlistedJnly, 1861, 
discharged at St. Louis, August 17, 
1861. 

Grant, Harrison A., enlisted July, 
1861, slightly Avouiided at Bel- 
mont, died at Ft. Holt, Ky., Jan- 
uary 25, 1862. 

Grant, James O., enlisted July, 1861, 
discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., 
April 10, 1862, for disease of lungs, 

Gregory, Wm., enlisted July, 1861, 
discharged at St. Louis, August 
15, 1861. 

Griffis, John, enlisted July, 1861, re- 
enlisted as veteran, December 26, 
1863. 

Glass, Washington, enlisted July, 
1861, dropped from rolls by order 
of Halleck, May 17, 1862. 

Hartman, Joshua, enlisted July, 
1861, discharged at Keokuk, Aug- 
ust 21, 1862. 

Haun, Hugh F., enlisted July, 1861, 
discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., 
April 28, 1862. 

Helmick, Jason, enlisted July, 1861, 
wounded at Donelson and Corinth. 

Helmick, Simon, enlisted July, 1861, 
promoted Second Lieutenant, Feb- 
ruary 11, 186-4, promoted Captain 
August 5, 1864. 

Hodges, Simpson, enlisted July, 
1861, wounded at Corinth in right 
shoulder. 

Henry, Wm. C, enlisted July, 1861, 
wounded at Pittsburg Landing, 
discharged at Belmont, April 10, 
1862. 

Hites, Albert, enlisted July, 1861, 
mortally wounded at Belmont, died 
at Mound City, November 25, 
186L 

Hites, John, enlisted July, 1861, 
wounded at Corinth, died of 
wounds at St. Louis, October 31, 
1862. 

Harlan, Luther C, enlisted July, 
1861, discharged at St. Louis, Aug- 
ust 16, 1861. 

Hoover, Francis M., enlisted July, 
1861, killed at Corinth, October 3, 
1862. 



Hoit, Nicholas, enlisted July, 1861, 
taken prisoner. 

Jones, Price, enlisted July, 1861, re- 
enlisted as veteran, December 29, 
1863. 

Jarvis, Bruce, enlisted July, 1861. 

Mendenhall, Geo. W., enlisted July, 
1861, re-enlisted as veteran, Decem- 
ber 29, 1863. 

McCullough, Robert, enlisted July, 
1861. . 

Mullen, Wm., enlisted July, 1861, 
wounded at Belmont and Corinth. 

McMahan, R. C, enlisted July, 1861, 
taken prisoner at Corinth, released, 
re-enlisted, December 29, 1863, as 
veteran. 

Myer, Solomon, enlisted July, 1861, 
wounded at Corinth, re-enlisted as 
veteran, January 4, 1864, killed in 
battle Oostanaula River, Ga., May 
15, 1864. 

Mills, Thos. C, enlisted July, 1861. 

McDonald, Joseph, enlisted July, 
1861, died at Mound City ILosp'i- 
tal, October 26, 1861. 

Morgan, Jno. L. enlisted July, 1861, 
taken prisoner at Belmont, Novem- 
ber 17, 1861, released, re-enlisted 
December 29, 1864, as veteran. 

Mohaney, Jos. D., enlisted July, 
1861, taken prisoner at Belmont, 
died at Annapolis, Md., of chronic 
diarrhoaa, December 2, 1862. 

Mady, Wm., enlisted July, 1861. 

McClure, Thos. B., enlisted July, 
1861, wounded in leg at Belmont, 
discharged at Corinth July 26, 
1862. 

Martin, Geo. W., enlisted July, 1861, 
wounded at Belmont, discharged 
July 1, 1862, at Corinth. 

Norton, Gilbert W., enlisted July, 
1861, discharged for disability at 
Pittsburg, Tenn., March 24, 1862. 

Oswandle, Henry C, enlisted July, 
1861, severely wounded at Corinth, 
re-enlisted as veteran, February 
6, 1864. 

Phillips, Aaron, enlisted July, 1861, 
discharged on account of sickness 
at Keokuk, March 7, 1863. 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



395 



Parsons, Silas, enlisted July, 1861, 
wounded at Belmont, discharged 
at Pittsburg, Tenn., Marcli 24, 

1862, re-enlisted August 13, 1862, 
killed at Oostanaula River, Ga., 
May 15, 1864. 

Pearsons, John L., enlisted July, 

1861, wounded at Corinth. 
Pierson, John W., enlisted July, 

1861, taken prisoner at Belmont. 
Sharp,Stephen I)., enlisted July,1861, 

afterward corporal, wounded at 

Donelson, discharged at Keokuk 

August 21, 1862. 
Schock, Jacob, enlisted July, 1861, 

afterwards corporal, discharged 

May 24, 1862. 
Snooks, James "VY., enlisted July, 

1861, wounded at Belmont and 

Corinth, killed at Sliiloh April 6, 

1862. 
Sproule, Thos. S., enlisted July, 1861, 

re-enlisted as veteran December 29, 

1863, killed in action near Mariet- 
ta, Ga., July 4, 1864. 

Snooks, Isaiah, enlisted July, 1861, 
lost left arm, discharged January 
7, 1863. 

Silverthorn, Wm. AV,, enlisted Jul}'-, 
1861, discharged at Corinth Aug- 
ust 1], 1862. 

Summers, James W., enlisted July, 
1861, killed in battle of Sliiloh, 
April 6, 1862. 

Shipley, James G., enlisted July, 
1861, discharged at Pittsburg, 

. Tenn., April 28, 1862, for disabili- 
ty- 
Smith, Harvey, enlisted July, 18 ol, 
wounded at Belmont, died at 
Smithland, Ky. 

Tredick, Thomas, enlisted July, 1861, 
re-enlisted as veteran December 

/ 29, 1863. 

Thompson, Johnson, enlisted July, 
1861, wounded at Belmont, dis- 
charged at Corinth September 17, 
1862. 

Todd, Wm. II., enlisted July, 1861, 
wounded in head at Sliiloh, dis- 
charged at Keokuk September 3, 
1862. 



Thompson, Thos. J., enlisted July, 
1861, re-enlisted as veteran Jan- 
uary 4, 1864. 

Yanlandingliam, W. H., enlisted 
July, 1861, wounded at Donelson 
and Sliiloh, discharged at Keokuk 
September 12, 1862. 

Walker Sam J., enlisted July, 1861, 
taken prisoner at Belmont, died at 
Macon, Ga., a prisoner of Avar. 

Winkleman, Benj. F., enlisted July, 
1861, discharged for disability at 
Pittsburg, March 24, 1862. 

Wyniore, Samuel H., enlisted July, 
1861, wounded in arm at Belmont, 
jawl)one broken at Corinth, re-en- 
listed as veteran December 25, 
1863. 

White, Elias, enlisted July, 1861, kill- 
ed at Belmont, November 7, 1861, 

Wharton, Robt., enlisted July, 1861. 
died at Mound City Hospital, 
October 26, 1861. 

Wilson, Philander D., enlisted July, 
1861, taken prisoner at Belmont 
^November 7, 1861, discharged at 
St. Louis December 30, 1862. 

Wharton, Cyrus B., enlisted July, 
1861, died at Corinth, August 11, 
1862. 

Wagner, Fred B., enlisted July, 1861, 
discharged at Pittsburg, Tenn., 
April 10, 1862, for lung disease. 

Worth, Lawrence B., enlisted July, 
1861. 



ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. 

Seary, Thos. I., enlisted August 13, 
1861. 

Stattler, David E., enlisted Septem- 
ber 2, 1861, died at Mound City 
Hospital, November 6, 1861. 

Paidei", Thos. G., enlisted September 
6, 1861, re-enlisted as corporal 
December 29, 1863. 

Bonsel, Jas. S., enlisted September 
2, 1861, killed at Shiloh April 6, 
1862. 

Gregg, Hayden A., enlisted Decem- 
ber 1, 1861. 



396 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Johnson, Francis M., enlisted Dec. 
1, 18(!1, died at Lagrange, Tenn., 
of lung disease, Sept. 21, 1863. 

Petticord, Hedgemau, enlisted De- 
cember 1, 1861, discharged at 
Pittsburg, Tenn., March 24, 1862. 

Summerville, B. F., enlisted Decem- 
ber 1, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran 
December 29, 1863. 

Denny, Jno. E., enlisted Dec. 1, 1861, 
discharged at Keokuk, September 
30, 1862. 

Lamb, Isaac F., enlisted December 
1, 1861, died of measles at St. 
Louis, January 12, 1862. 

Gaston, James E., enlisted December 
1, 1861, discharged for disability 
at St. Louis, April 11, 1862. 

Hollingsworth, H. C, enlisted De- 
cember 1, 1861, killed at Corinth, 
October 3, 1862. 

Proctor, James M., enlisted Decem- 
ber 1, 1861, re-enlisted January 2, 
1864, as veteran, wounded. 

Sproule, John S., enlisted December 
1, 1861, re-enllsted as veteran De- 
cember 29, 1863, promoted Fifth 
Corporal February 11, 1864. 

Dunbar, Theo M., enlisted Decem- 
ber 27, 1861, wounded at Corinth. 

Jones, Edward, enlisted December 
27, 1861, wounded at Corinth, dis- 
charged for wounds January 19, 
1863. 

Robart, Iliram, enlisted December 

27, 1861, wounded in breast at 
Ft. Donelson, re-enlisted veteran 
December 26, 1863. 

Jarvis, John M., enlisted January 

28, 1862, died of inflammation of 
the brain at Pittsburg, Tenn., 
March 29, 1862. 

Jenny, Thos., enlisted August 23, 
1861. 

Gaston, Jasper H., enlisted Septem- 
ber, 1, 1862. 

Groves, James W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 1, 1862. 

Hoit, John W., enlisted August 12, 
1862. 

Hoit, William, enlisted August 12, 
186L 



Smith, Joseph R., enlisted August 
12, 1861, promoted First Lieuten- 
ant September 20, 1864. 

Horn, Daniel W., enlisted August 
12, 1861, transferred to Yeteran 
Reserve Corps July 1, 1864. 

Smith, Joseph, enlisted August 12, 
1861. 

Hoover, H. S., enlisted August 13, 
1861. 

Michener, Wm. P., enlisted August 
14, 1861. 

"Weekly, Artemas, enlisted August 

25, 1861. 

Hallo well, David J., enlisted Aug- 
ust 26, 1861, transferred to Inva- 
lid Corps August 13, 1863. 

Hallowell, Wm. C, enlisted August 

26, 1861. 

Woodward, Wm. H., enlisted Sep- 
tember 12, 1861. 
Bonsall, Whiton C, enlisted Decem- 
ber 22, 1862. 
Martin, Geo. W., enlisted August 

21, 1862. 
Mattox, James C, enlisted June 8, 

1862. 
Critchell, Ephraim, enlisted January 

29, 1864. 
Craver, Jarel, enlisted Feb. 20, 1864. 
Garner, Wm. II., enlisted February 

19, 1864. 
Groves, John H., enlisted February 

3, 1864. 
Gullion, Jeremiah, enlisted February 

21, 1864, transferred to Veteran 

Reserve Corps, December 30, 1864. 
Hayes, Henry, enlisted February 6, 

1864, captured. 
Hensevl, Henry, enlisted February 

3, 1864. 
Hern, Sam. A., enlisted Feb. 21, 

1864. 
Hoit, Amasa, enlisted September 3, 

1864. 
James, Barnabas, enlisted February 

3, 1864. 
Kalson, S. Y., enlisted February 2, 

1864, wounded, and discharged at 

Keokuk, June 21, 1865. 
Knudson, O. G., enlisted February 

2, 1864. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



39T 



Matthews, IS^elson, enlisted February 
21, 1864. 

Matthews, Win., enlisted February 
29, 1864 

Matthews, Tlios. J., enlisted Febru- 
ary 29, 1864. 

McIJunough, James, enlisted Febru- 
ary 15, 1864. 

McKama, Cyrus C, enlisted Janu- 
ary 27, 1864. 

McMains, Sanford C, enlisted Feb- 
ruary 7, 1864. 

McMains, Francis, enlisted February 
7, 1864, killed at Oostanaula riv- 
er, Ga., May 15, 1864. 

McDonough, E. C, enlisted March 
31, 1864. 

McGrue, George, enlisted March 7, 
1864. 

Oswandle, Henry C, enlisted Feb- 
ruary 6, 1864. 

Rhone, Dandridge, enlisted Decem- 
ber 4, 1863. 

Rhone, Thos, enlisted December 4, 
1863. 

"Whitten, Warren T., enlisted Feb. 
18, 1864. 

COMPANY F. 

First Lieutenant Thomas S. Barnes, 



commissioned Second Lieutenant 
July 24, 1861, promoted First Lieu- 
tenant June 12, 1862, resigned 
August 2, 1864. 



PRIVATES. 

Bridenstine, Mason, enlisted July 11, 
1861, killed at Belmont, November 
7, 1861. 

Beers, Wade, enlisted July, 1861, 
discharged at Bird's Point, No- 
vember 1, 1861. 

Doran, Isaac S., enlisted as veteran 
December 24, 1863. 

Ewing, Thomas, enlisted as veteran 
December 26, 1863. 

COMPANY I. 

Lawson, George, enlisted as veteran 
December 24, 1863. 

Schwallen, enlisted as veteran De- 
cember 24, 1863. 

AYoodruti", Jolm W., enlisted as vet- 
eran December 24, 1863, severely 
wounded at Lay's Ferry, Georgia, 
died at Keokuk, May 6, 1865, of 
chronic diarrhoea. 



EIGHTH INFANTRY. 

The greater part of Mahaska's enlistments in this regiment were enrolled 
in Company H. The regiment rendezvoused at Davenport during the sum- 
mer of 1861, at Camp McClellan. In September it was removed to Benton 
Barracks, near St. Louis, and there equipped for the field. After remaining 
there two weeks the command was ordered to Syracuse; from thence it was 
engaged in a scouting party sent down through Springfield in pursuit of 
Price, who retreated into Arkansas. The regiment countermarched to Se- 
dalia, Missouri, in November, and then went into winter quarters. In 
March they removed by steamer to Pittsburg Landing, where they were 
encamped for some days previous to the battle of Sliiloh. In this battle, 
on Sunday, April 6, after holding an exposed position for ten hours, this 
regiment, with other Iowa volunteers, was surrounded and captured at six 
o'clock in the evening, having lost near two hundred in killed and wounded. 
The prisoners included almost all the volunteers of the Eighth Iowa, and 
were marched to Corinth; thence by train to Memphis; by steamer to Mo- 
bile, and up the Alabama river to Montgomery, where they were put into 
some cotton sheds. After six weeks of rough treatment they were removed 
to worse quarters at Macon, Georgia, where some of the prisoners were shot 



398 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

down without provocation, and otherwise shamefully treated, as was the cus- 
tom in Southern prisons. Here thej remained upward of three months, 
when they were taken to Libby prison, and there exchanged. The men were 
allowed to go home on furlough, and to reorganize in December, 1862. 
Being ordered again to St. Louis, they spent some time in Benton Barracks. 
In the spring of 1863, after assisting in Grant's first movement on Vieks- 
burg, they passed through Louisiana south of the city, and crossed into 
Mississippi. After taking part in the iirst siege of Jackson, they spent 
forty da^^s in rifle pits in rear of Vicksburg. Lost heavily in the assault of 
May 22. At Black river, second seige of Jackson, and Brandon, the regi- 
ment engaged in battle, with more or less loss. The command came to 
Mempliis in the fall of 1863, and remained there nearly a year on provost 
duty, assisting in resisting Forrest's raid. In the fall of 1864 the regiment 
engaged in the siege of Mobile, and remained in tliat vicinity until they 
were mustered out. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Selma, Alabama, April 20, 1866. Officers not 
otherwise accounted tor, mustered out as with the regiment.] 

Major Fred S. Palmer, enlisted in Co. H, commissioned Captain Septem- 
ber 23, 1861, Avounded at Shiloh, commissioned Major April -l, 1863, re- 
signed June 22, 1863. 

Adjutant Marion Campbell, from Sergeant-Major to Captain Co. F, Janu- 
ary 11, 1865, flrst enlisted as private, September 28, 1861, in Co. H, then 
Third Sergeant, wounded and prisoner at Shiloh. 

Sergeant-Major John S. Lytle, enlisted Third Sergeant Co. H, August 12, 
1861, promoted Second Sergeant November 1, 1861, promoted Sergeant- 
Major March, 1862, taken prisoner at Shiloh April 6, 1862, released, pro- 
moted Second Lieutenant, Co. H, April 4, 1863, promoted First Lieuten- 
ant July 26, 1864, promoted Captain January 7, 1865, discharged for 
disability September 1, 1865, died at Oskaloosa November 20, 1865. 

COMPANY E. Captains Palmer and Lytle, see 

T) IX' T? ^ TiJA ,- ■^o above for record. 

Bull, i^rank, enlisted Aumist 13, /-, , • t i tit tj n t *. a a 

. ' 1 ,. ,' T . 5'^ -lonc, Captain John M. Ball, enlisted Aug- 

1861, discharo^ed Au<i;ust 9, 1862. .10 10,. 1 i?- J n ^ n 

r\ n.- TT rr ^ T . ? A ^ -10 i^st 12, 1861, lirst Corporal, Co. 

Cotinian, H. 1., en isted Auo^ust 13, tx ' , , rni -10 ^ , at 

^„^, ',. , ' , ,. ,. P.,.^ ' 11, promoted Ihird Sero-eant JNo- 

1861, discharged lor disability at ^1 ^ 10/31 *. i c? j 
o 1 • T 10 10,.-. "^ vember 1, 1861, promoted Second 
Sedalia, January 13, 1862. o <. ivr 11 1 cr>o <- ^ 

,» ^,, ,, 1 ^M I- i. 1 <. Sergeant March 1, 1862, taken 

McCullouo-h, Chas., enlisted as vet- • <- qi -i 1 1 .i 

T " 1 lorn prisoner at Shiloh, released, ap- 

eran January 1, 1864. • *. 1 x,^- <- c *- t. a 

•^ ' pointed lirst Sergeant, promoted 

First Lieutenant January 7, 1865, 

COMPANY F. promoted Captain December 2, 

Sixth Corporal Henry B. Abston, ^^^^- ^ 

discharged for disability June 10, ^""^t Lieutenant David G. Craigie, 

1862, at Sedalia. enlisted A.ugust 12, 1861, wound- 

ed at Shiloh, promoted Captain 

COMPANY H ^^*"^ ^' ^* ^' '^' ^t>lunteers 

July 2, 1864. 

Captain Charles S. Wells, enlisted First Lieutenant "William Ivirkjmt- 

as Second Lieutenant August 12, rick, enlisted as private Septem- 

1861, promoted Captain April 4, ber 28, 1861, wounded and priso- 

1863, mustered out September 28, ner at Shiloh, commissioned De- 

1864, wounded at Shiloh. cember 2, 1865. 




J.WM^ Mullen 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



401 



First Sergeant H. W. H. Widows, 
enlisted August 12, 1861, taken 
prisoner at Shiloh, died a prisoner 
of war at Macon, Ga., of tj^phoid 
fever, June 20, 1 862. 

Fourth Sergeant Francis E. Yearick, 
enlisted Aug. 12, 1861, promoted 
to Cominissor}' Sergeant Nov. 1, 
1861, re-enlisted Jan. 1, 1861. 

Fourth Sergeant Charles Blanchard, 
enlisted as private, promoted Ser- 
geant November 1, 1861, wounded 
and taken prisoner at Shiloh. 

First Corporal Francis M. Ellis, en- 
listed Seventh Corporal August 
12, 1861, promoted First Corporal 
November 1, 1861, taken prisoner 
at Shiloh. 

Second Corporal Robert McManus, 
enlisted August 12, 1861, killed 
at Corinth October 3, 1862. 

Third Corporal Wm. II. Else, enlist- 
ed August 12, 1861. 

Fourth Corporal Jonathan Platz, en- 
listed August 12, 1861, mortally 
wounded at Shiloh, died at Savan- 
nah, Tenn., April 10, 1862. 

Fifth Corporal Thos. J. Marsh, en- 
listed August 12, 1861. 

Sixth Corporal Geo. McDevitt, en- 
listed August 12, 1861, wounded 
and taken prisoner at Shiloh, re- 
enlisted as veteran Jan. 1 ,1864, dis- 
charged Feb. 5, 1865, for disability. 

Seventh Corporal Hiram C. Tuttle, 
enlisted as Eighth Corporal Aug- 
ust 12, 1861, promoted Seventh 
Corporal November 1, 1861, taken 
prisoner at Shiloh, discharged 
February 14, 1863. 

Eighth Corporal Noah W. Peach, 
enlisted as private August 12, 
1861, promoted Eighth Corporal 
November 1, 1861, taken prisoner 
at battle of Shiloh, re-enlisted as 
veteran January 1, 1864. 



PRIVATES. 



Blizzard, Jno. M., enlisted August 
12, 1861, missing at Shiloh, re- 
enlisted as veteran Jan. 1, 1864. 

25 



Billings, Jacob L., enlisted August 
12, 1861, wounded at Shiloh, and 
discharged at Keokuk August 21, 
1862. 

Belli, Caggett C, enlisted August 
12, 1861. 

Cousins, Wm. S., enlisted August 
13, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 
1864. 

Calvin, Luther, enlisted August 12, 
1861, wounded in right leg at 
Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran Jan- 
uary 1, 1864. 

Dove, Silas P., enlisted August 12, 
1861, wounded at Corinth, re-en- 
listed as veteran January 1, 1864. 

Davis, James S., enlisted August 12, 
1861, wounded in hand and arm, 
discharged August 13, 1 862. 

Ellis, S. A., enlisted August 12, 
1861. 

Fife, Wm., enlisted August 12,1861, 
discharged at St. Louis by order 
of Gen, Ilalleck. 

Follett, David E., enlisted August 
12, 1861. 

Goodwin, David II., enlisted August 
12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran 
Januar}^ 1, 1864. 

Gregory, Nathan, enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
discharged October 13, 1862. 

Groves, Morton D., enlisted August 
12, 1861, mortally wounded at 
Shiloh, died at Pittsburg, Tenn., 
May 10, 1862. 

Gerard, F. Marion, enlisted August 
12, 1861, discharged for disability 
July 27, 1862. 

Hartman, Mahlon, enlisted August 
12, 1861, died at Sedalia, Mo., 
February 1, 1862. 

Hart, John, enlisted August 12, 
1861, re-enlisted as veteran Janu- 
ary 1, 1864. 

Hurley, Wm. H., enlisted August 
12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran 
January 1, 1864, wounded, died of 
wounds, at New Orleans, April 
22, 1865. 



402 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Ingham, John, enlisted August 12, 
1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. 

Johnson, Simeon O., enlisted August 
12, 1861. 

Lyon, Joseph F., enlisted August 
12, 1861, wounded at Shiloh, dis- 
charged at Keokuk, November 8, 
1862. 

Lathrop, Benj. II., enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran January I, 
1864. 

Lowrey, Chancey, enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 
1864. 

Dower, H. H., enlisted August 12, 
1861, wounded at Shiloh. 

McGlasson, Wm. T., enlisted Aug- 
est 12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran 
January 1, 1864. 

McDevitt, Chas., enlisted August 
12, 1861, wounded at Shiloh and 
Corinth, discharged at Keokuk 
October 5, 1862. 

Moore, Edwin W., enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran January 1, 
1864. 

Moore, Geo., enlisted August 12, 
1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re- 
enlisted as veteran, January 1, 
1864. 

Morris, Thos. H., enlisted August 12, 
1861, afterward Sergeant, wounded 
at Jackson, Miss., died of wounds 
July 19, 1863. 

Millar, Henry T,, enlisted August 
12, 1861, discharged for disability 
July 11,1862, at Corinth. 

Middleton, Andrew J., enlisted Au- 

' gust 12, 1861, taken prisoner at 
Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, 
January 1, 1864. 

Marks, Nelson "W., enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prison at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran and corpo- 
ral, January 1, 1864, 

McFall, Geo." W., enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
discharged for disability, Septem- 
ber 3, 1863. 



McMains, Anderson, enlisted Au- 
gust 12, 1861, taken prisoner at 
Shiloh. 

Murph}^ John, enliited August 12, 
1861, missing at Shiloh. 

Padgett, Wra. H., enlisted August 
12, 1861, discharged at Corinth' 
August 5, 1862. 

Phillips, Wm., enlisted August 12, 
1861, wounded at Shiloh. 

Prine, Wm. II,, eidisted August 12, 
1861, accidentally wounded at 
Sedalia, wounded at Corinth, dis- 
charged at Keokuk, July 31, 1862. 

Patrie, Jeremiah, enlisted August 
12, 1861, killed at Shiloh. 

Pomeroy, W. K. enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. 

Rolirer, Stephen D., enlisted August 
12, 1861, died of wounds at Savan- 
nah, Tenn., April 10, 1862. 

Reome, Chas., enlisted August 12, 
1861, discharged at St. Louis, 
April 13, 1862. 

Rockwell, enlisted August 12, 1861, 
discharged at St. Louis, April 13, 
1862. 

Skiver, James, enlisted August 12, 
1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, re- 
enlisted as veteran, January 1, 
1864. 

Stratton, Jacob, enlisted August 12, 
1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. 

Shoemake, Isaac G., enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 
1864. 

Slater, Chauncey H,, enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 
1864, 

Totten, Phillip, enlisted August 12, 
1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 
1864. 

Vanhook, Marion S., enlisted August 
12, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran, 
January 1, 1864. 

Wayman, Solomon R., enlisted Au- 

fust 12, 1861, died at Sedalia, 
ebruary 5, 1862. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



403 



"Wilcox, Wm. M., enlisted August 
12, 1862, wounded in shoulder at 
Shiloh, discharsj^ed at Keokuk, 
September 6, 1802. 

Williams, Cyrus T., enlisted August 
12, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
discharged January 8, 1863. 

ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. 

Allen, Franklin, enlisted September 
28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 
1864. 

Bryan, K., enlisted September 28, 
1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh. 

Barr, Z. H., enlisted September 28, 
1861, accidentally shot and killed 
at Corinth, July 21, 1862. 

Chadwick, O. B., enlisted September 
28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloli, 
re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 
1864. 

Coffin, Erastus, enlisted September 
28, 1861, wounded at Corinth. 

Deboard, Geo. J., enlisted September 
28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
re-enlisted as veteran, January 1, 
1864, died of congestion at Mont- 
gomery, July 10, 1865. 

Cummins, Wm. H., enlisted Sep- 
tember 28, 1861, taken prisoner at 
Shiloh, re-enlisted as veteran, Jan- 
uary 1, 1864. 

Hurley, Isaac B., enlisted September 
28, 1861, taken prisoner at Shiloh, 
died a prisoner of war at Ander- 
sonville, September 20, 1864. 

Hiatt, Jesse, enlisted September 28, 
1861, discharged for disability, 
February 2, 1862. 

Joy, Jas. M., enlisted September 28, 
discharged for disability, October 
19, 1861. 

Mendenhall, F. M., enlisted Septem- 
ber 28, 1861. 

Noel, Isaac, enlisted September 28, 
1861, mortally wounded at Shiloli, 
died, April 11, 1862. 



Sherman, Wm., enlisted September 
28, 1861. 

Thorp, Wm. M., enlisted September 
28, 1861, discharged August 11, 
1863, for disability. 

Williams, Enoch, enlisted Septem- 
ber 28, 1861, taken prisoner at 
Shiloh. 

Wilson, Jonathan, enlisted Septem- 
ber 28, 1861, discharged for disa- 
bility, July 22, 1862. 

Warner, Wm. A. S., enlisted Septem- 
ber 28, 1861, discharged at Seda- 
lia, January 22, 1862. 

Winder, Wm. W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 28, 1861, discharged at Shiloh 
by order Gen. Grant, April 26, 
1862. 

Zane, Isaac H., enlisted September 
28, 1861, wounded and taken pris- 
oner at Shiloh. 

Prine, Mathew E., enlisted August 
21, 1861, promoted Eighth Cor- 
poral, May 1, 1863, re-enlisted as 
veteran, January 1, 1864, dis- 
charged for disability, November 
2, 1864. 

Pomeroy, Edward, enlisted Decem- 
ber 22, 1862, promoted Third Ser- 
geant, September 1, 1863. 

Campbell, Perry, enlisted December 
20, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran 
January 1, 1864. 

FoUett, Jas. K., enlisted March 10, 
1863. 

Kedpath, Wm. R., enlisted as vet- 
eran, January 1, 2864. 

COMPANY I. 

Captain Charles P. Searle, enlisted 
August 12, 1861, in Co. H, as 
Second Sergeant, promoted Ser- 
geant-Major, March 1, 1862, pro- 
moted First Lieutenant, Co. I, 
August 12, 1801, taken prisoner 
at Shiloli, commissioned Captain 
Co. I, March 4, 1803, resigned, 
January 21, 1865. 



404 HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

FIFTEENTH INFANTEY. 

The place of rendezvous for volunteers in the Fifteenth Infantry was at 
Keokuk, where the first companies of the regiment appeared in autumn, 
1861. Not until the latter part of February, 1862, were all the companies 
mustered in. In marked contrast with the enlistment of the Seventh Reg- 
iment, from the same place, the Fifteenth had had weeks of military drill, and 
few companies ever went out of the state better prepared for the field than 
those of this regiment. After several days spent at St. Louis in Benton 
Barracks, on the first day of April the regiment eagerly embarked on 
steamer for the department of the Tennessee. The regiment reached Pitts- 
burg Landing on that memorable Sunday, the 6tli of April, when the con- 
test had already been raging for some hours. Immediately ordered to the 
front, on that and the following day the regiment won the praise of the com- 
manders for its bravery and desperate fighting. The maiden sacrifice of the 
Fifteenth was one hundred and eighty-eight in killed, wounded and missing. 
The regiment assisted in the siege of Corinth without serious loss. In rec- 
onnoitering about Bolivar, in a march to Corinth, and thence to luka, where 
the regiment was not ordered into action, the time was spent until the bat- 
tle of Corinth, in which the Fifteenth took a gallant part. In this battle, 
as well as at Pittsburg Landing, Captain Seevers received honorable mention 
in the reports of his superiors. The loss in this battle from the regiment in 
wounded, killed and missing, M'as eighty-five. 

November 2d the regiment was ordered to Grand Junction, and for sev- 
eral weeks was engaged in drill with other troops. The command engaged 
in the unsuccessful campaign against Yicksburg, and in January, 1863, 
went into camp at Memphis. In a few days the regiment was transported 
to Milliken's Bend, thence to Lake Providence, and back to Milliken's Bend 
in April. In the spring campaign against Vicksburg the regiment had the 
remarkable experience of frequent engagements and several weeks in rifle 
pits, without a single casualty during the entire siege. A share was taken 
in the movement against Jackson immediately following. 

The command took part in the luckless expedition to Monroe, Louisiana, 
and also in the famous Meridian raid. It had in the meantime become a 
veteran organization, and was furloughed in March, 1864. The first impor- 
tant campaign participated in after furlough was that of Atlanta. Even 
before the battle, it had lost in heavy skirmishing nearly one hundred ofiicers 
and men. Most desperate fighting was done by the regiment in the battle 
of July 22, the total casualties for that day being one hundred and thirty- 
two. The Fifteenth was engaged in the battle of Ezra Church, but with 
small loss. 

With undiminished bravery and fortitude the Fifteeenth engaged in the 
"Siege of Atlanta" and the "March to the Sea." Savannah to Goldsboro, 
Goldsboro to Raleigh, and thence to Washington City, by way of Peters- 
burg and the evacuated Southern capital. The regiment next went to Louis- 
ville for muster out, and to Davenport for discharge, an aggregate travel of 
8,518 miles. The Fifteenth Iowa suffered a greater number of casualties 
than any other regiment ever sent out from the state. Of one thousand, 
seven hundred and sixty-three men who had been members of the regiment, 
one thousand and fifty -one were absent at the muster out. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865. Officers not other- 
wise accounted for, mustered out as with the regiment. 1 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



405 



Nathan A. Leonard, Drum-Major, enlisted October 22, 1861, as musician 
in Company B, promoted March 15, 1862, discharged for disability at Cor- 
inth, July 11, 1862. 



COMPANY C. 

Captain James A. Seevers, enlisted 
October 17, 1861, resigned Novem- 
ber 27, 1862. 

First Lieutenant John D. Shannon, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, com- 
missioned Quarter-Master Decem- 
ber 9, 1862. 

Second Lieutenant Edmund Krause, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, as pri- 
vate, commissioned Second Lieu- 
tenant December 15, 1864, mus- 
tered out December 31, 1864. 

Second Lieutenant Ebenezer E. Her- 
bert, enlisted October 17, 1861, re- 
signed at Pittsburg Landing April 
22, 1862. 

Second Lieutenant John D. Kins- 
man, enlisted October 17, 1861, as 
First Sergeant, promoted to Second 
Lieutenant April 23, 1862, killed 
at battle of Corinth. 

Second Lieutenant Sylvester Rynear- 
son, enlisted as Fourth Corporal 
November 1, 1861, promoted Sec- 
ond Sergeant March 1, 1862, pro- 
moted First Sergeant May 1, 1862, 
promoted Second Lieutenant Oc- 
tober 24, 1862, promoted First 
Lieutenant December 10, 1862, 
Captain June 26, 1865, mustered 
out June 29, 1865, at Louisville, 
Kentucky. 

First Sergeant Johnson Totten, en- 
listed as First Corporal October 
17, 1861, promoted Second Ser- 
geant May 1, 1862, promoted First 
Sergeant November 1, 1862, trans- 
ferred for promotion in Tliirteenth 
Iov7a Infantry. 

Second Sergeant Andrew B. McMur- 
ray, enlisted as Second Sergeant 
October 17, 1861, reduced to ranks 
March 1, 1862, promoted Second 
Corporal November 1, 1862, died 
at Keokuk October 1, 1864, of 
chronic diarrhoea. 



Second Sergeant "William S. Winters, 
enlisted as private October 17, 

1861, promoted November 1, 1862, 
to Second Sergeant, captured at 
Atlanta, Georgia. 

Third Sergeant Andrew W. Mather, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, died 
July 30, 1862. 

Third Sergeant David Hoff, enlisted 
October 17, 1861, as priv^ate, pro- 
moted Third Sergeant July 30, 

1862, wounded severely in shoul- 
der at Shiloh, slightly in leg at 
Corinth, October 3, 1862, promo- 
ted Second Lieutenant March 20, 

1863, re-enlisted as veteran, re- 
signed June 9, 1864. 

Fourth Sergeant Eli Lundy, enlisted 
October 17, 1861, reduced to ranks 
November 1, 1862, discharged De- 
cember 16, 1862. 

Fourth Sergeant Israel S. Warner, 
enlisted October 7, 1861, wounded 
severely in breast at Shiloh, pro- 
moted Fifth Sergeant August 24, 
1862, promoted November 1, 1862, 
to Fourth Sergeant, wounded 
slightly in leg at Corinth, died 
August 5, 1863, at Keokuk. 

Fiftli Sergeant Milton Spain, enlisted 
October 7, 1861, died of diarrhoea 
at Corinth, Mississippi, July 3, 
1862. 

Fifth Sergeant William C. Laird, en- 
listed as private October 30, 1861, 
promoted Fifth Sergeant Novem- 
ber 1, 1862. 

First Corporal Noah Griffis, enlisted 
October 17, 1861, promoted First 
Corporal May 1, 1862, wounded 
slightly in leg at Corinth, October 
3, 1862, promoted Sergeant, re- 
enlisted as veteran, Dec. 30, 1863. 

Second Corporal Chas. M. Stuart, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced 
to ranks March 31, 1862, re-en- 
listed January 1, 1864, promoted 
First Lieutenant June 24, 1865. 



406 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Third Corporal Walter A. Tanner, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, killed 
at Corinth October 3, 1862. 

Third Corporal Jacob Timbrel, en- 
listed as private October 17, 1861, 
promoted Third Corporal Novem- 
ber 1, 1862, wounded in thigh at 
Shiloh. 

Fourth Coi-jooral James Hawkins, 
enlisted October 26, 1861, promo- 
ted Fourth Corporal November 1, 
1862, re-enlisted as veteran No- 
vember 19, 1863. 

Fifth Corporal Wm. H. Romesha, 
enlisted February 16, 1862, as pri- 
vate, promoted Fifth Corporal No- 
vember 1, 1863, re-enlisted as vet- 
eran February 16, 1864, wounded 
in side at Atlanta August 27, 1864. 

Fifth Corporal Wm. E,. Good, en- 
listed October 17, 1861, died at 
Keokuk June 18, 1862. 

Fifth Corporal Wm. T. Algood, en- 
listed November 17, 1861, promo- 
ted Fifth Corporal November 1, 
1862, re-enlisted as veteran private 
November 19, 1863. 

Sixth Corporal James M. Ballinger, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced 
to ranks August 18, 1862, dis- 
charged for disability. 

Seventh Corporal Uriah A. Smith, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, re- 
duced to ranks March 31, 1862. 

Eighth Corporal Robert W. Oldham, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced 
to ranks August 18, 1862. 

Eighth Corporal John Stackley, en- 
listed November 1, 18H1, promo- 
ted Eighth Corporal May 15, 1862. 

Musician Louis Crowder, enlisted 
October 17, 1861, re-enlisted as 
veteran January 1, 1864, wounded 
near Atlanta July 28, 1864, dis- 
charged for wounds. 

Musician John P. Jones, enlisted as 
private October 17, 1861, promo- 
ted drummer December 31, 1861, 
discharged July 12, 1862, re-en- 
listed as veteran Dec. 21, 1863. 

Wagoner Wm. P. Hazlett, enlisted 
October 17, 1861. 



PRIVATES. 

Abies, H. C, enlisted October 12, 
1861, transferred July 1, 1864, to 
veteran reserve corps. 

Antry, Simon P., enlisted Novem- 
ber 1, 1861, wounded severely in 
leg at Shik)h, and discharged 
August 20, 1862. 

Borrell, Henry, enlisted October 17, 
1861, wounded severely in leg at 
Shiloh, and discharged August 20, 
1862. 

Bolton, Geo. T., enlisted October 17, 

1861, discharged December 16, 

1862, at Abbeville, Miss., for dis- 
ability. 

Bi'own, Wm. H., enlisted October 17, 

1861, wounded severely in hand at 
Shiloh, and discharged at Corinth 
September 28, 1862^ 

Bordrick, Chas. W., enlisted Novem- 
ber 12, 1861, killed at Shiloh. 
Bowles, Frank, enlisted January 4, 

1862, died of fever at Monterey, 
Tenn., June 3, 1862. 

Bolton, I. J., enlisted January 4, 
1862, died of measels at Keokuk, 
March 13, 1862. 

Chadwick, Oliver, enlisted January 
4, 1862. 

Campbell, Wm, T., enlisted January 
28, 1862, died of measles at Keo- 
kuk March 11, 1862. 

Curry, John G., enlisted December 
28, 1861. 

Cooley, James, enlisted March 21, 
1864, wounded at Atlanta August 
23, 1864. 

Dysart, Simon K., enlisted October 
17, 1861, died of fever at Keokuk 
May 1 9, 1 862. 

Devore, David, enlisted October 17, 
1861, wounded slightly in side at 
Shiloh, and discharged December 
16, 1862. 

Dawsey, James, enlisted October 17, 
1861, discharged for disability at 
Corinth July 6, 1862. 

Douglas, Benjamin, enlisted Octo- 
ber 17, 1861, died at La Grange, 
Tenn., January 9, 1863. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



407 



Dove, Isaiah, enlisted November 1, 

1863, wounded sliglitly in leg at 
Shiloh, and discharged for disabil- 
ity at Corinth June 13, 1862. 

Dawson, Andrew J., enlisted Decem- 
ber 16, 1861, deserted May 16, 
1862. 

Dickson, Joseph W., enlisted Janu- 
ary 4, 1862, discharged October 
10, 1862, for disability. 

Dickson, Robert H., enlisted Janu- 
ary 4, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran 
January 4, 1864. 

Haines, John Q., enlisted October 
17, 1861, discharged for disability 
at Corinth June 16, 1862. 

Hiler, C. V., enlisted October 17, 
1861, re-enlisted as veteran De- 
cember 6, 1863, missing at Atlanta 
July 22, 1864, prisoner. 

Hunt, Levi, enlisted October 17, 
1861, died March 21, 1864, at 
home, of chronic diarrhoea. 

Hensell, Henry, enlisted October 17, 
1861, discharged July 20, 1862. 

Hensell, George, enlisted October 
17, 1861. 

Hinkle, Benjamin, enlisted October 
17, 1861, died of fever at St. Louis 
May 18, 1862. 

Hodge, Nathan, enlisted December 
29, 1861, discharged for disability 
at Quincy, III, October 20, 1862. 

Huit, Wm., enlisted Decenilter 29, 
1861, discharged May 23, 1862. 

Hunt, Eden E.., enlisted October 17, 

1861, wounded severely in side at 
Shiloh, and in right leg at Atlanta. 

Hawley, Jerome R., enlisted October 
17, 1861, wounded slightly in hand 
at Corinth October 3, 1862, re-en- 
listed as veteran January 1, 1864. 

Hawkins, Stephen E., enlisted Janu- 
ary 4, 1862, re-enlisted January 4, 

1864, wounded severely in hand 
near Atlanta, Ga., July 21, 1864. 

Jackson, Wm., enlisted January 6, 

1862, wounded slightly in arm at 
Corinth October 3, 1862, re-en- 
listed as veteran January 4, 1864, 
died at Yicksburg February 20, 
1864. 



Jackson, Byron, enlisted October 17, 
1861, afterwards drummer, died at 
Vicksburg December, 1863, of in- 
flammation of the bowels. 

Jackson, Geo. S., enlisted October 
17, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran 
January 1, 1864. 

Johnson, Charley, enlisted Novem- 
ber 1, 1861, wounded severely in 
arm at Shiloh, captured near At- 
lanta July 22, 1864. 

Kirk, Caleb L., enlisted October 17, 

1861, wounded at Shiloh and died 
from wounds at Keokuk, May 12, 
1862. 

Lewis, Jacob H., enlisted , re- 
enlisted as veteran January 2, 
1864. 

Lundy, Edmund, enlisted October 
17, 1861, discharged at Grand 
Junction, Miss., November 13, 

1862, for disability. 

Lewis, Geo., enlisted October 17, 
1861, discharged July 25, 1862. 

Lewis, Henry, enlisted January 4, 
1862. 

Lathrop, J. R., enlisted October 30, 

1861, re-enlisted as veteran De- 
cember 6, 1863, wounded in left 
arm near Atlanta, July 22, 1864, 
discharged at Keokuk June 14, 
1865, for disability. 

Lloyd, Samuel, enlisted November 
23, 1861, wounded in leg at Shi- 
loh, and killed at Corinth. 

Myers, John D., enlisted October 
30, 1861, died at St. Louis Janu- 
ary 12, 1863. 

Myers, Wesley W., enlisted October 
30, 1861, discharged for disabil- 
ity- 

Miller, Joseph F., enlisted October 

17, 1861, discharged for disability 
at Corinth October 23, 1862. 
Morton, James, enlisted January 8, 

1862, left tlie service at Corinth 
July 11, 1862, re-enlisted as vet- 
eran January 4, 1864, wounded 
near Atlanta, Ga., July 4, 1864. 

Quitance, Chas., enlisted January 4, 
1862, died at Odin, 111., of Bron- 
chitis. 



408 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Reed, Wra. J., enlisted January 2, 
1862. 

Spates, Wm., enlisted January 4, 
1862. 

Rea, John C, enlisted October 17, 
1861, wounded slit^litly in head at 
Corinth, captured near Atlanta, 
July 22, 1864. 

Smith, Edward, enlisted October 17, 
1861, discharged for disability, 
July 15, 1862. 

Spates, R. T., enlisted October 17, 
1861, re-enlisted as veteran No- 
vember 19, 1868, wounded at At- 
lanta in left hand. 

Tanner, A. C, enlisted October 17, 

1861, killed August 9, 1864, on 
picket duty. 

Yancleave, Henry, enlisted January 
1, 1862, wounded severely in lett 
leg at Atlanta, July 22, 1864. 

Yancleave, Joshua V., enlisted Jan- 
uary 1, 1862, wounded slightly in 
hand at battle of Corinth, October 
3,1862, transferred to Marine Brig- 
ade at St. Louis, January 3, 1863. 

Weaver, Cyrus, enlisted January 4, 

1862, deserted at Corinth July 11, 
1862. 

Whaling, O. M., enlisted October 
17, 1861, discharged tor disability 
at Lake Providence, La., March, 
1863. 

Whitlock, Asa, enlisted October 17, 
1861. 

Whitlock, E. B., wounded slightly 
in abdomen at battle of Shiloii. 

Wymore, G. W., enlisted October 
17, 1861, wounded and missing at 
battle of Corinth, October 3, 
1862. 

Wymore, Amos, enlisted October 
17, 1861, discharged for disability 
at Grand Junction, Miss., No- 
vember 13, 1862. 

Whi taker, Noah, enlisted October 
17, 1861, died at Keokuk of meas- 
les January 6, 1862. 

Williams, Benj., enlisted October 



17, 1861, discharged for disability 
at Grand Junction, Miss., Novem- 
ber 18, 1862. 

Walker, Smith, enlisted December 
28, 1861. 

Wilkins, H , enlisted March 28, 1864, 
died of chronic diarrhoea at Rome, 
Ga., August 4, 1864. 

Williams, Clark, enlisted December 
28, 1861, discharged for disability 
at Grand Junction, Miss., Novem- 
ber 18,1862. 

Youngblood, James, enlisted No- 
vember 1, 1861, wounded severely 
in thigh at battle of Shiloh, re-en- 
listed December 6, 1863. 

Fallow, Greenville, enlisted , 

re-enlisted as veteran February 1, 
1864, killed at Kenesaw Moun- 
tain, Ga., June 19, 1864. 

Fields, Wilson, enlisted March 26, 
1864, died of chronic diarrhoea at 
Atlanta, September 11, 1864. 

COMPANY D. 

First Sergeant Edward C. Fowler, 
enlisted October 15, 1861 as First 
Corporal, promoted First Sergeant 
March 14, 1862, killed at battle of 
Shiloh. 

First Sergeant Benj. F. Stevens, en- 
listed October 1, 1861, as Third 
Sergeant, promoted First Sergeant 
July 1, 1862, missing after battle 
of Corinth. 

PRIVATES. 

Benbow, Edom, enlisted October 15, 
1861, died October 26, 1864, at 
Atlanta, Ga., of chronic diarrhoea. 

Hetherington, James E., enlisted 
October 15, 1861, re-enlisted as 
veteran December 31, 1863. 

White, J. W., enlisted October 1, 
1861, died at Keokuk January 26, 
1862. 



HISTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 409 

COMPANY G. listed as veteran February 1, 

1864. 
Fifth Sergeant Jacob McYay,enlisted 

February 25, 1862, as private, COMPANY H. 
wounded in hand at Shiloh, pro- 
moted Fiftli Sergeant October, Alfred Baker, enlisted February 10, 
1862, promoted Second Sergeant 1862, and was discharged at Keo- 
August 1, 1864, Second Lieuten- kuk for disability, September 30, 
ant December 22, 1864, re-en- 1862. 



SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY. 

This regiment rendezvoused at Keokuk and mustered into the service 
with Jno. W. Rankin as Colonel, April 16, 1862, Proceeding to St. Louis 
to receive equipage the new volunteers reached Mississippi in time to as- 
sist at the siege of Corinth. The part taken by the Seventeenth in the bat- 
tle of luka received, probably unjustly, the censure of Rosecrans. Smarting 
under this, the command went into the battle of Corinth with the determin- 
ation to wipe out the stain cast upon its reputation. Its success is best told 
by the following general order. No. 145: 

" The General commanding cannot forbear to give pleasure to many, besides 
the brave men immediately concerned, by announcing in advance of the 
regular order, that the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, by its gallantry in the 
battle of Corinth, on the fourth of October, charging the enemy, and captur- 
ing the flag of the Fortieth Mississippi, has amply atoned for its misfortune 
at luka, and stands among the honored regiments of his command. Long 
may they wear with unceasing brightness the honors they have won. 

" By order of Major General, W. S. Rosecrans. 

C. GODDAED, 

A. A. A. G." 

Notwithstanding, the whole number of casualties was but twenty-five, of 
whom only two were killed. 

Before Yicksburg, at Chattanooga and in the defense cf Tilton, these 
troops fought with a bravery unrivaled. In the defense of Tilton, the gar- 
rison was compelled to surrender, and the entire regiment with the excep- 
tion of forty or fifty men, were carried away prisoners. Those who 
remained were furloughed and were a sorry looking band when compared 
with the stout nine hundred and fifty-six, who had left Iowa two and a half 
years before. 

The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, July 25, 1865. 

COMPANY C. PRIVATES. 

Second Corporal Jacob L. Mason, Barrickman, Geo., enlisted March 14, 

enlisted as private March 27, 1862, 1862, captured at Tilton, Ga. 

promoted Sixth Corporal, promo- Cox, Harvey, enlisted February 10, 

ted Second Corporal, date not 1862. 

known, re-enlisted as veteran Martin, "Wm., enlisted March 6, 

March 29, 1864, captured at Tilton, 1862. 
Ga. 



410 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



McKee, "Win., enlisted March 11, 
1862, died of diarrluea at Farm- 
ington, Miss., July 19, 1862. 

McCormick, James F., enlisted 
March 7, 1862, discharged at 
Quincy for disability December 9, 
1862. 

Summerlot, Levi, enlisted March 16, 
1862. 

Tomson, Theodore, enlisted March 
19, 1862, re-enlisted as veteran, 
commissioned First Lieutenant 
January 30, 186-1, prisoner at Til- 
ton, October 13, 1864. 

Wright, David, enlisted Marcli 14, 
1862, captured at Tilton, Ga. 

Appleton, Geo. W., enlisted 

1862, re-enlisted as veteran March 
25, 1864, prisoner at Tilton, Ga. 

Bodenhammer, A. C, enlisted 

1862, discharged at Keokuk Octo- 
ber 14, 1862. 

Champion, J. R., enlisted 

1862, discharged October 30, 1862, 
at Keokuk for disability. 

Doan, Wm. H., enlisted 1862, 

captured at Tilton, Ga. 

Elmer, James, enlisted 1862, 



discharged at St. Lonis ITovem- 
ber 13, 1862, for disability. 
Fenner, John D., enlisted 



1862, discharged for disability at 
Jackson, Tenn., June 30, 1863. 

Graham, John R., enlisted 

1862. 

Hardy, "VVm. D., enlisted 

1862, wounded May 16, 1862, at 
Champion Plills, discharged Sep- 
tember 2, 1864. 

Marshall, John, enlisted 1862, 

discharged October 16, 1862, for 
disability. 

Larimer, Thos, M., enlisted as veter- 
an March 21, 1864, captured at 
Tilton, Ga. 

Stafford, Thomas, enlisted March 27, 
1864, wounded at luka. 

Bodenhammer, J. M., enlisted April 

8, 1862, discharged for disability at 
Cairo January 6, 1863. 

COMPANY I. 

Yogeler, Jacob, enlisted January 1, 
1862, killed at Jackson, Miss., 
May 13, 1862. 



EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY 

Contained squads in Co's D and K, from Mahaska county. The men 
were mustered in at Clinton, the place of rendezvous, in the early part of 
August, 1862, with John Edwards, of Lucas county, as Colonel. 

The regiment was almost immediately ordered into the service in the 
army of the Southwest, where, after a wearisome campaign, it was made a 
part of the garrison of Springfield during the winter of 1862-3. It had a 
taste of real war in the battle of Springrield in January, 1863, in which a 
loss of lifty-six was incurred in killed and wounded. The irksome duties 
of the garrison continued until the fall of 1863. After a vain chase in pur- 
suit of Shelby, the regiment was again placed on garrison duty at Ft. Smith, 
Arkansas. 

Disastrous campaigning and some brilliant skirmishing at Prairie 
D'Anne, and about Camden, tried the energies of the Eighteenth until 
their brilliant struggle April 17, near Poison Spring, in defense of a forage 
train, where, for a considerable time, the regiment "kept at bay" a force 
of five to one of its number. At Jenkin's Ferry it was used as a reserve 
force, and was not brought into action. 

From this time the regiment was on garrison duty at Ft. Smith most of 
the time until the date of its muster out — often enduring hardships, poor 
rations and heavy labor. 

[Note. — This regiment mustered out at Little Rock, Arkansas, July 20, 1865.] 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY: 



411 



Quarter-Master Sidney S. Smith, commissioned August 9, 1862. 
Commissary Sero;eant David M. Clover, commissioned August 9, 1862, 
discharged at Springfield, Missouri, for disability February 24, 1863. 

Wagoner Barnabas B. White, en- 
listed July 7, 1862, discharged for 
disability February 18, 1863. 



COMPANY D. 



PRIVATES. 



Badger, David W., enlisted July 7, 
1862, promoted First Corporal, 
captured by guerrillas at Darda- 
nelles, Ark., May 11, 1864. 

Billings, Wm. J., enlisted July 7, 
1862, wounded and captured at 
Poison Spring, Ark., April 18, 
1864. 

Billings, Joseph, enlisted July 7, 
1862. 

Clark, Wni.. enlisted June 18, 1862. 

Gardner, Aaron B., enlisted July 11, 
1862. 

Hoover, Aaron A., enlisted June 
18, 1862. 

Hull, L. K., enlisted July 11, 1862, 
died of typhoid fever December 
30, 1862, at Springfield, Mo. 

Joy, James M., enlisted July 11, 
1862. 

Kinceback, Conrad, enlisted Julv 11, 
1862. 

Robertson, P^ranklin, enlisted June 
18, 1862, taken prisoner at Poison 
Spring, Ark., April 18, 1864. 

COMPANY K. 

First Sergeant Charles Stanley, en- 
listed Jnly 7, 1862. 

Fifth Sergeant Wesley Depew, en- 
listed as private July 7, 1862, pro- 
moted Fifth Sei-geant August 27, 
1862. 

First Corporal Woodson Brown, en- 
listed Julv 7, 1862, discharged for 
disabilitv at Springfield, Mo., Jan- 
uary, 19"; 1863. 

Fourth Corporal Simeon Stevens, 
enlisted July 7, 1862, died at St. 
Louis, Mo., of congestion of brain, 
January 22, 1863. 

Seventh Corporal Henry Bond, en- 
listed July 7,. 1862, died of ty- 
phoid fever, at Springfield, Mo., 
December 6, 1862. 



PRIVATES. 



Alloway, Nelson, enlisted Julv 7, 

1862! 
Beaghen, Wm., enlisted July 25, 

1862. 
Bircher, Pudolph, enlisted July 7, 

1862, discharged for disability 

October 7, 1863. 
Bond, Wm., enlisted July 8, 1862, 

discharged for disability January 
19, 1863. 
Billings, Joseph M., enlisted July 

10, 1862. 
Cousins, Cornelius, enlisted July 7, 

1862, died at Springfield, Mo., 

Nov. 15, 1862. 
Clover, David M., enlisted August 

8, 1862. 
Doan, Levi C, enlisted July 7, 1862. 
Follett, Wm.' F., enlisted July 7, 

1862, discharged for disability 

February 24, 1863. 
Grimes, M. D., enlisted July 8, 1862, 

discharged for disability February 

25, 1863. 
Galer, John B., enlisted July 7, 

1862. 
Hale, Albert, enlisted July 7, 1862. 
Hale, John F., enlisted July 7, 1862. 
Neal, Samuel, enlisted June 25, 

1862. 
Ramy, Wm., enlisted July 7, 1862. 
Summer, John M., enlisted July 7, 

1862. 
Taylor, Levi H., enlisted July 7, 

1862, taken prisoner at Moscow, 

Ark., April 13, 1864. 
White, Abner C, enlisted July 7, 

1862, discharged for disability 

February 24, 1863. 
White, Eli'hu, enlisted July 22, 1862. 
Williams, Geo. W., enlisted July 7, 

1862, died March 13, 1863, at 

Springfield, Mo., of fever. 



412 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

THIETY-THIED KEGIMENT INFANTEY. 

This regiment contained a greater number of Mahaska county men than any 
other engaged in tlie war, and its gallant record will, by general consent, be 
adjudged a more minute notice than can be accorded to others. The regi- 
ment was raised and organized by the gallant General S. A. Eice, of whose 
brilliant record and noble sacrifice we have occasion to speak elsewhere. 
The companies of this regiment, composedof four from Mahaska, three from 
Keokuk, and three from Marion county, were all filled up and organized 
about the first of September, 1862, within a short time after Colonel Eice's 
commission as commander of the regiment. 

The rendezv^ous was at Oskaloosa, the encampment being on the county 
fair grounds, and named Camp Tuttle, in honor of the gallant colonel of the 
Second Infantry. October 1st, the regiment was solemnly sworn into the 
service, and numbered in all nine hundred and eighty men. 

The command left their barracks November 20, marching tO' Eddyville, 
and there taking the cars for Keokuk, thence by steamer to St. Louis, where 
the men were assigned to provost guard duty and to the guarding of prisons. 
At midnight, December 21, command was passed through the regiment to 
get ready to move, and in the early morning a transport steaming down the 
river was conveying the young volunteers to Columbus, Ky. Eeaching 
that point on the morning of the 24th, they disembarked and were marched 
to the bottoms, just below town, where they were drawn up in line, expect- 
ing attack until the middle of the afternoon, when work was commenced, 
throwing up earthworks, and was continued far into the night. A sorry 
Christmas, and several succeeding days and nights were spent in line with- 
out shelter, the men sleeping on the bare ground in mud and rain. Tents 
were afterward procured, but on ]S"ew Year's day were struck, and the regi- 
ment moved to Union City, Tennessee, where an attack was expected. None 
was made, and on the 3d the command returned to Columbus. January 8, 
1863, found the regiment on steamer, bound for Helena, Arkansas, which 
point was reached in five days. A camp was pitched one-half mile south of 
town. Expeditions were made to Yazoo pass and Fort Pemberton during 
the weeks following — the latter without success, the former for the purpose 
of clearing the pass of obstructions, which was done in a season of almost 
incessant rain fall, occasioning much sickness and disability among both oflEi- 
cers and regiment. Tlie camp was moved April 9th, to a better location 
northwest of town. About this time Colonel Eice assumed command of 
the brigade, and Lieut. Colonel Mackey became the first oflicer in the regi- 
ment. Picket duties, scouting parties, foraging expeditions, the repelling 
of fancied invasions, drilling, etc., took up the time of the regiment, and 
taxed the energies of the soldiers until July 4-th. 

It was the resolve of the Confederate Lieut. Gen. Holmes, commanding a 
large body of troops at Little Eock, to take his fourth of July dinner at 
Helena. Eeveille aroused our men about two o'clock a. m. ; pickets were 
driven in at four o'clock, and fighting commenced at the same time. A full 
description of the battle would not here be in place, but, be it remembered, 
that the Thirty-third Iowa acquitted itself bravely and heroically. The en- 
emy was defeated and driven back toward Little Eock, about eleven o'clock, 
A. M. Lieut. Colonel Mackey commanding the Thirty-third, has the follow- 
ing to say of his regiment: "The men were very much exhausted, having 
been constantly engaged for six hours. The loss of my own regiment was : 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTF. 413 

Killed on the field, 17; wounded, 52; taken prisoner, 17 (of the wounded 
several afterward died). I went into the engagement with five hundred 
men. The officers and men of the entire command behaved themselves 
splendid!}'. The force we had to contend with was at least five to one, and I 
feel perfectly safe in sajang that the regiment took as many prisoners as we 
had men in action." Special mention is made of Captains Lofland and 
Yerger. 

The enemy was afterward followed toward Little Rock, and that place was 
captured on September 10th. Rude log barracks were built by tlie men 
themselves, wliere they were quartered until tlie commencement of the south- 
western expedition in March, 1864. 

In course of this expedition considerable skirmishing and artillery duel- 
ling took place on Prairie D'Anne, in Hempstead County, Arkansas, from 
the 10th to the 13th of March. Gen. Steele, commanding Union forces, re- 
solved to march rapidly upon Camden, then unoccupied, and get possession 
of it before the rebels could reach it. His purpose becoming known a lively 
race followed between the two armies. There was more or less skirmishing 
all the wa}", but with the Tiiirty-third holding the van, the advanced column 
entered Camden on the evening of the fifteenth, and occupied the strong 
works of the rebels. Here they were for five days without rations. The 
men lived on four ears of corn apiece per day, which they ground in hand- 
mills and made into cakes. 

The capture of supplies and otlier misfortunes overtook tlie command at 
this place, and on the evening of the twenty-sixth, the men "folded their 
tents like Arabs, and quietly stole away." The rebels did not come up with 
the rear guard of the retreat, until the noon of March 29th, from which time 
there was skirmishing until dark, and on the banks of the Saline River, 
some times known as the battle of Jenkin's Ferry. Here it was, that Gen- 
eral Rice received a wound in his ankle, from which, after much snfl'ering, 
he died on the 6th of Jul}', in his own home, surrounded by those who 
loved him well. The battle here was fought upon ground affording little 
advantage to either party. The slaughter was terrible. It was a battle of 
musketry alone, and for seven mortal hours the roar of the muskets was 
unbroken, and undistinguishable. Charge after charge, made by the rebels 
upon the Union forces, was without avail, and they ingloriously withdrew 
with heavy loss, about one o'clock p. m. The loss of the Thirty-third was: 
Killed on the field, 8; wounded, 113; missing, 12; total 123. Though our 
forces were victorious, the commander knew that safety lay only in retreat, 
which was immediately made across the muddy and swollen stream to Lit- 
tle Rock. At this point the regiment under command of Lieut. Colonel 
Lofland remained on garrison duty, and under constant drill until October 
30, 1864, when it marched toward Ft. Smith, guarding a supply train. At 
Van Buren the train was uidoaded, and the regiment returned to Little 
Rock. Here was lived out the remainder of 1864, and most of the first of 
1865, at which time the regiment numbered 788 men. 

January 21, 1865, an expedition was undertaken to Mt. Elba, Ark., and 
return, lasting about fourteen days, and involving a march of one hundred 
and sixty miles. The regiment left Little Rock for New Orleans February 
14th, and arrived there on the 19th, thence it proceeded to Navy Cove, 
Ala., where an army was organized for an expedition against Mobile. The 
regiment took part in this expedition, which was successful, with small loss. 
From Mobile the regiment removed to Whistler Station, thence to Mcln- 



414 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

tosh's Bluff, Ala., April, 1865, where it remained until the first of June, 
when it was ordered to Brazos Island, Texas, thence up the Rio Grande to 
Bagdad, thence to New Orleans, where the regiment was mustered out on 
the 17tii of July, 1865, except those of tlie three jear recruits who were 
transferred to the Thirty-fourth Regiment. 

The number mustered out was 430 

Total number of men killed 26 

Number of deaths from wounds and disease 236 

Number of men discharged for various causes 164 

Number of men wounded 166 

Number of men taken prisoner 73 

Transferred to other regiments 27 

[Note. — This regiment mustered out at New Orleans July 17, 1865. Volunteers not oth- 
erwise accounted for, mustered out with the regiment. 1 

Colonel Samuel A. Rice, commissioned August 10, 1862, promoted Briga- 
dier-General August 4, 18»)3, died at home July 6, 1864, of wounds re- 
ceived at the battle of Jenkin's Ferry. See biographical sketch on pro- 
ceeding pages. 

Lieutenant-Colonel John Lofland, commissioned August 18, 1863, enlisted 
August 7, 1862, as Captain Co. D, mustered out at New Orleans, July 
17, 1865. 

Surgeon John Y. Hopkins, commissioned September 16, 1862, as assistant 
surgeon, promoted surgeon June 12, 1864, mustered out July 17, 1865. 

Quarter-Master Henry B. Myers, commissioned August 22, 1862, honorably 
discharged March 16, 1864. 

Quarter-Master EugeneW. Rice, appointed Quarter-Master-Sergeant August 
22, 1862, commissioned Quarter-Master April 1, 1864, mustered out July 
17, 1865. 

Chaplain, Rev. R. A. McAyeal, commissioned September 23, 1862, resigned 
July 24, 1863. 

Sergeant-Major Jno. F. Lacey, appointed August 23, 1862, First Lieutenant 
Co. C, April 16, 1863, Captain and A. A. G., June 30, 1864, Brevet-Ma- 
jor U. S. Volunteers, March 26, 1863. 

Drum-Major A. L. Ellis, appointed September 8, 1862. 

COMPANY C. Second Lieutenant Normam B. 

Captain Andrew J. Comstock, en- ^^^k, enlisted Fourth Sergeant 

listed August 10, 1862, commis- September 4, 1862, promoted Sec- 

sioned October 1, 1862, wounded o"*^ Lieutenant December 8,1864, 

severely and taken prisoner at mustered out July 17, 1865. 

battle of Jenkin's Ferry April 30, Second Lieutenant Cyrus H. Tal- 

1864, resigned September 7, 1864. ^^tt, enlisted August 10, 1862, 

Captain Joshua B. Wells, enlisted as resigned June 2, 1863. 

Second Sergeant September 4, Second Lieutenant Oliver J. Ken- 

1862, promoted Captain Decem- ^^g' enlisted September 4, 1862, 

her 8, 1864, wounded slightly in ^^ private, commissioned Second 

right thigh at Saline River, mus- Lieutenant June 26, 1863, pro- 

tered out July 17, 1865. ' moted First Lieutenant December 

First Lieutenant Robert F. Burden, 8, 1864, mustered out July 17, 

enlisted August 10, 1862, resigned 1865. 
April 8, 1863. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



415 



First Sergeant Joseph P. Stnart, en- 
listed August 10, 1862, reduced 
to ranks October 2, 1862, mus- 
tered out July 17, 1865. 

First Sergeant Hamilton Duke, en- 
listed August 10, 1862, promoted 
Sergeant October 2, 1862, dis- 
charged at St. Louis February 25, 
1863. 

Third Sergeant Geo. Foreman, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, mus- 
tered out July 17, 1865. 

Fifth Sergeant John T. Gaunt, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, wound- 
ed severely in the shoulder at Sa- 
line River, mustered out July 17, 
1865. 

First Corporal Geo. G. Curry, en- 
listed September 4. 1862, missing 
at Helena, Ark., July 4, 1863, 
taken prisoner. 

Second Corporal Reuben Coomes, 
enlisted September 4, 1862, wound- 
ed in right shoulder at Helena, 
taken prisoner at Saline River. 

Third Corporal Robert Kissick, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, dis- 
charged for promotion in Sixth 
Arkansas Infantry. 

Fourth Corporal E. J. Chick, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, reduced 
to ranks October 2, 1862. 

Fourth Corporal Thos. Crowder, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, promot- 
ed Fourth Corporal October 2, 
1862, discharged March 10, 1863, 
at Helena, Ai-k., for disability. 

Fifth Corporal Emanuel Castleman, 
enlisted September 4, 1863, re- 
duced to ranks October 21, 1862, 
mustered out July 17, 1865. 

Fifth Corporal Frederick Butler, en- 
listed as private September 4, 
1862, promoted Corporal October 
2, 1862, missing after battle of 
Helena, Ark., taken prisoner. 

Sixth Corporal Joseph Harper, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, reduced 
to ranks October 2, 1862, mus- 
tered out July 17, 1865. 

Sixth Corporal James B. Scott, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, as pri- 



vate, promoted Sixth Corporal 
October 2, 1862, dischai-ged for 
disability at Memphis April 17, 
1863. 

Seventh Corporal James F. I^ation, 
enlisted September 4, 1862, died 
at Memphis, Tenn., March 25, 
1863. 

Eighth Corporal A. B. Kendig, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, mus- 
tered out July 17, 1865. 

Musician Chas. F. Crowder, enlisted 
September 4, 1862, mustered out 
July 17, 1865. 

Musician Samuel Yeader, enlisted 
September 4, 1862, mustered out 
July 17, 1865. 

Wagoner Geo. R. Davis, enlisted 
September 4, 1862, died at St. 
Louis, Mo., March 14, 1863. 



PRIVATES. 



Adair, Jas., enlisted September 4, 
1862, wounded at Helena and dis- 
charged at St. Louis, October 26, 
1862, for wounds. 

Adair, Marion, enlisted February 1, 
1864, transferred to Thirty-Fourth 
Infantry, July 12, 1865. 

Bartlett, Owen, enlisted January 30, 
1864, wounded slightly at Saline 
River, in ankle, mustered out 
July 17, 1865. 

Barleen, Samuel, enlisted September 
4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 
1865 

Bailey, Quary, enlisted August 9, 
1862, mustered out June 14, 1865, 
at N. O. 

Barleen, Jonas, enlisted September 
4, 1862, mustered out July 18, 
1865. 

Butler, Jacob, B., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, died of typhoid fever 
at St. Louis, December 22, 1862. 

Baker, James W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, discharged at Little 
Rock, February 5, 1865, for disa- 
bility. 

Baldwin, Sylvester, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, mustered out July 
17, 1865. 



416 



HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Berry, Jos. M., enlisted February 29, 
1864, died at Little Rock, Septem- 
ber, 11, 1S64, of chronic diarrhcea. 

Coomes, Henry, enlisted September 
4, 1862, wounded in ri^ht shoul- 
der at Helena, mustered out July 
17, 1865. 

Chick, Jas. E., enlisted September 4, 
1862, missing after battle of Hel- 
ena, taken prisoner. 

Cotrell, Weslej^ enlisted September 
4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 
1865. 

Crayton, James, enlisted September 
4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 
1865. 

Campbell, Win., enlisted September 
4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 
1865. 

Currier, Edward, enlisted September 
4, 1862, wounded in head at Hel- 
ena, Ark., and died from effects at 
Memphis, August 8, 1863. 

Curry, R. W. B., enlisted September 
4, 1862, wounded and taken pris- 
oner at Saline River. 

Chaplin, James M., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 
1865. 

Dodge, AVm., enlisted September 4, 
1862, discharged for disability at 
St. Louis, March 14, 1863. 

Delong, Thos., enlisted September 4, 
1862, promoted Corporal, wounded 
severely in left thigh at Helena, 
mustered out July 17, 1865. 

Dove, Geo. M., enlisted September 4, 
1862, mustered out July 17, 1865. 

Dove, John, enlisted September 4, 
1862, wounded in left breast at 
Saline River and taken prisoner. 

Eckroate, John, enlisted September 
4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 
1865. 

Ellis, "Wm. A., enlisted September 
4, 1862, died at Helena, April 29, 
1863. 

Ellington, M. W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, mustered out July 17, 
1865. 

Ellington, Jno. D., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, deserted October 8, 



brought back October 13, deserted 
again October 24. 

Fox, Jacob, enlisted September 4, 
1862, killed at Helena in battle, 
July 4, 1863. 

Fenn, Lerno, enlisted September 4, 
1862. 

Goodwin, J. H. D., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, missing after battle 
of Helena. 

Graham, Sanford, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, wounded at Helena in 
left side and discharged for w^ounds 
at St. Louis, November 18, 1863. 

Graham, Nelson, enlisted February 
27, 1864. 

Garey, Frederick, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4. 1862. 

Grant, Cyrus A., enlisted September 
4, 1862, died at Duval's Bluff, 
Ark., October 1, 1863. 

Grace, James R., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Grace, Jno. R., enlisted September 
4, 1862, died May 16, 1863, at 
Helena, of disease. 

Gooden, Thos. G., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Graham, Edward, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, wounded severely in 
left groin at Saline River, and died 
from wounds at Princeton, Ark., 
May 5, 1864. 

Groves, Jno. H., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Goodwin, Abraham, enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862. 

Holton, Richard, enlisted March 31, 
1864. 

Hains, Wm. H., enlisted September 
4, 1862, wounded at Helena in hip 
and side, and died from effects at 
Granville, October 5, 1863. 

Johnston, Oliver, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, wounded at Helena, 
Arkansas, July 4, 1863, died 
at Memphis, August 13, 1863, of 
wounds. 

Jackson, Mortimer, enlisted January 
18, 1864, wounded and prisoner at 
Saline River, April 30, 1864. 

Jones, AlonzOj enlisted Sept. 4, 1862. 




'■^-„ 




'• .' Genl E.W.Rice 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



419 



Knzman, Jno. G., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Kirkpatrick, Jas. W., enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862. 

Knight, Samuel, enlisted September 
4, 1862, discharged at Little E.ock, 
June 9, 1864, for disability. 

Lnndy, Wm., enlisted September 4, 
1862, discharged at St. Louis, Mo., 
March 5, 1865. 

Ludington, Hetiry H., enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862, promoted Corporal, 
killed at Helena, Ark. 

Lincoln, Levi W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Leatherman, Jno. D., enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862. 

Miles, Elias, enlisted September 4, 
1862. 

McBride, Harry G., enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862. 

Morrow, Wm. W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Mullen, Isaac A., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Mcintosh, Wm., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Mcintosh, Jeremiah, enlisted De- 
cember 22, 1863. 

Osborn, Wm., enlisted September 4, 
1862, wounded at Helena, wounded 
and captured at Saline River, 
April 30, 1864. 

Pilgrim, Jno. V., enlisted September 
4, 1862, missing after battle of 
Helena. 

Patton, Wm. H., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Petty, Amos D., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Hardin, Jethro, enlisted September 
4, 1862, transferred to invalid 
corps December 1, 1863. 

Ryan, Jacob S,, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Reeves, Jas. IL, enlisted September 
4, 1862, transferred to invalid 
corps December 1, 1863. 

Ream, John T., enlisted Octobor 9, 
1864, transferred to Thirty-fourth 
Infantry July 12, 1865. 



26 



Ream, Samuel, enlisted September 
4, 1862, promoted corporal wound- 
ed at Saline river. 

Strond, Wm. H., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Sharp, Geo. IL, enlisted September 
4, 1862, discharged at Helena 
April 21, 1863, for disability. 

Spain, Jas. B., enlisted September 
4, 1862, wounded severely in foot 
and side at Helena. 

Stephen, Geo. W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, died at Duvall's Bluff 
August 23, 1863. 

Talbott, Robert, enlisted September 
4, 1862, transferred to Invalid 
Corps July 1, 1864. 

Talbott, R. J., enlisted September 
4, 1862, discharged at Helena 
April 11, 1863, for disability. 

Vancleave, Sam. G., enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862. 

Victor, Wm., enlisted September 4, 
1862. 

Yancleave, Albert, enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862. 

Wilson, Wm., enlisted September 
4, 1862, discharged at Cairo Feb- 
ruary 7, 1863. 

Wilson, Clark, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Wilson, Robert, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Wright, Joshua, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Weeves, John, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Winn, Robert, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Williams, Jno. B., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, killed at Helena July 
4, 1863. 

Walker, Wm. B., enlisted December 
11, 1863, wounded and taken pris- 
oner at Saline River April 30, 
1864. 

COMPANY D. 

CaptainJohnLofland, commissioned 
October 1, 1862, promoted Lieu- 
tenant-Colonel August 18, 1863, 



420 



HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Captain Riley Jessnp, enlisted Oct. 
1, 1862, as Second Lieutenant, 
promoted Captain April 11, 1864. 

First Lieutenant Denny M. Gunn, 
enlisted October 1, 1862, resigned 
October 24, 1864. 

First Lieutenant Henry C. Leighton, 
enlisted September 6, 1862, as 
Second Corporal, promoted Sec- 
ond Lieutenant June 11, 1864, 
First Lieutenant October 25, 1864, 
mustered out August T, 1865, 
died at Oskaloosa January 31, 
1878. He was Adjutant of regi- 
ment at time of muster out. 

Second Lieutenant Amos Hiatt, en- 
listed as private September 6, 
1862, promoted Sergeant, promo- 
ted Second Lieutenant October 25, 
1864. 

Fii'st Sergeant Ezra F. Hinds, en- 
listed September 6, 1862, trans- 
ferred July 8, 1865, for promotion 
in Second U. S. Volunteers. 

Second Sergeant Jno. R. Craw- 
ford, enlisted September 6, 1862. 

Third Sergeant Jacob Ilouser, en- 
listed September 6, 1862, killed at 
Helena July 4, 1863. 

Fourth Sergeant Chas. G. Bennett, 

Fifth Sergeant Jared Hughes, en- 
listed September 6, 1862. 

First Corporal David Stevens, en- 
listed September 6, 1862. 

Third Corporal Wm. Ilillard, en- 
listed September 6, 1862, wounded 
and taken prisoner at Helena. 

Fourth Corporal Jno. N. Evving, en- 
listed September 6. 1862, after- 
ward Sergeant, killed at Saline 
River April 30, 1864. 

Fifth Corporal Geo. Adams, enlisted 
September 6, 1862, died at Little 
Rock March 3, 1864. 

Sixth Corporal Oran Counsil, en- 
listed September 6, 1862. 

Seventh Corporal James E. Darrow, 
enlisted September 6, 1862. 

Eighth Corporal John W. Jones, en- 
listed September 6, 1862, wounded 
and taken prisoner at Saline River, 
Arkansas. 



Musician A. S. Ellis, enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862. 

Musician Elisha W. Slater, enlisted 
September 6, 1862. 



PRIVATES. 



Atwood, Moses F., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, wounded slightly in 
foot at Helena July 4, 1863. 

Brown, David M. C, enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862. 

Bass, Andrew J., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Berkey, Albert G., enlisted Septem- 
ber '6, 1862. 

Benscoter, Philander, enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862. 

Brown, Nathaniel PL, enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, transferred to In- 
valid Corps December 27, 1863. 

Batterson, Edwin B., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, killed at Helena 
July 4, 1863. 

Brundege, Levi E., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, wounded at Helena 
and died from wounds July 6, 
1864. 

Boyer, William E., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, taken prisoner at 
Helena July 4, 1863. 

Chomp, Thornton, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, accidentally wounded, 
died June 18, 1863, at Helena, 
Arkansas. 

Coe, Alvin H., enlisted September 
6, 1862. 

Cope, Henry, enlisted September 6, 
1862, discharged for disability at 
St. Louis, March 7, 1863. 

Doughman, Samuel, enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, wounded slightly 
in the face at Saline River. 

Deweese, William J., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, died at St. Louis 
December 21, 1862. 

Deweese, Samuel L., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, wounded severely 
in arm at Saline River, discharged 
at Keokuk March 21, 1865, on ac- 
count of wounds. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



421 



Donghtnan, Andrew J., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, afterward corporal, 
died at Vicksburg February 20, 
1865. 

Donelson, Amos "VV., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862. 

Dixon, Harvey M., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, discharged at Little 
Rock December 16, 1863, for dis- 
ability. 

Evans, William M., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, transt'eri-ed to Invalid 
Corps January 22, 1861. 

Garden, Tliomas J., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Hopkins, Abram C, enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, taken prisoner at 
Helena July 4, 1863. 

Hiner, Jesse, enlisted September 6, 
1862. 

Hiner, David, enlisted September 6, 
1862, discharged at Helena April 
18, 1863, for disability. 

Hiner, AYilliam, enlisted September 
6, 1862, discharged May 6, 1863. 

Kendig, William H., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, 

Hull, Benjamin, enlisted September 
6, 1862. 

Killough, John H., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Kirkpatrick, George IST., enlisted 
September 6, 1862. 

Locke, William G., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Likens, William, enlisted September 
6, 1862, discharged April IS, 1863, 
at Helena, for disability. 

Lafollet, John W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Moore, Eliphas, enlisted September 
6, 1862, died at Shell Mound, 
Mississippi, April 4, 1863. 

Middleton, Jesse H., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, died February 11, 
1863. 

Mahalfey, John, enlisted September 
6, 1862, died at Helena. 

McKinsey, David P., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, discharged at St. 
Louis February 18, 1863, for dis- 
ability. 



Michener, Henry P., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, died at St. Louis 
January 18, 1863. 

Keedham, David L., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, discharged May 
4, 1863, at Helena, for disability. 

Kewton, Henry, enlisted September 
6, 1862, discluirged at Helena, Ar- 
kansas, for disability, April 14, 
1863.- 

Pope, Harrington C, enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862. 

Peckover, AVilliam, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Peters, William C, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Proctor, Jefferson, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Proctor, William, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Packer, Isaac W. D., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862. 

Quaintance, Morris, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, wounded and taken 
prisoner Saline River, Arkansas. 

Reny, John IL, enlisted September 
6, 1862, wounded at Helena in the 
hand. 

Rockwell, Alanson, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, discharged at St. Louis 
February 22, 1863. 

Roberts, James M., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Stevens, Hugh, enlisted September 
6, 1862. 

Sandiland, William, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Sandiland, Alex, enlisted September 
6, 1862, died of typhoid fever at 
Columbus, Kentucky, Jan. 1, 1863. 

Shannon, John A., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Stout, Thomas C, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Tracy, William, enlisted September 
6, 1862. 

Totman, N^athaniel, enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Tracv, Marion, enlisted September 
6, "1862. 

Tomson, Joseph, enlisted September 
6, 1862. 



422 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Yickers, Sanford, enlisted September 

6, 1862. 

Vickroy, Lewis F., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Williams, Thomas I., enlisted Sep- 
tember 6, 1862, died at Oskaloosa 
October 4, 1863. 

Winder, Hugh W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

Widows, James H., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, died ? '■ St. Louis De- 
cember 25, 1862. 

Wood, David J. M., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862, transferred to Four- 
teenth Kansas Cavalry March 28, 
1863. 

Young, Jolm C, enlisted September 
6,1862. 

Zane, William L., enlisted Septem- 
ber 6, 1862. 

ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. 

Adams, David, enlisted January 4, 

1864, wounded severely in the leg 

at Saline River and taken prisoner. 
Clark, Henry M., enlisted January 

4, 1864. 
Collins, Jno. C, enlisted December 

9, 1863. 
Diliey, David M., enlisted December 

25, 1863. 
Gray, Amos, enlisted May 27, 1863. 

Heaverlo, Andrew, enlisted . 

Larkins, Joseph W., enlisted J anuary 

4, 1864. 
Peckover, John, enlisted December 

12, 1863. 
Reams, Vincent, enlisted December 

7, 1863. 

Swalm, Albert W., enlisted Novem- 
ber 9, 1863. 

Speley, Benj. F., enlisted January 4, 
1864. 

Thorp, Wm. M., enlisted December 
22, 1863, wounded severely in the 
breast at Saline River and died at 
Camden, Ark., July 3, 1864, from 
effects. 

Warner, James M., enlisted Decem- 
ber 12, 1863. 

Enos, Wm. J., enlisted, February 5, 



1864, died of chronic diarrhoea, 
September 11, 1864, at Little 
Rock. 

Flanders, Nathan N., enlisted Jan- 
uary 14, 1864, died of measles, 
February 18, 1864, at Cairo. 

Mitchell, Riley, enlisted 1864, 
wounded severely and taken pris- 
oner, April 30, 1864, at Saline 
River. 

Smitli, Wm. T., of Scott Township, 
enlisted March 21, 1864. 

Trobridge, William, enlisted Febru- 
ary 1, 1864, died from wounds in 
head at Saline River. 

McNeill, Henry, enlisted October 18, 

1862, transferred to Thirty-Fourth 
Infantry, July 12, 1865. 

Mendenhall, Wm., enlisted, 186-, 
died on Steamer Carrie Jacobs, 
September 9, 1864. 

COMPANY E, 

Captain John P. Walker, enlisted 
July 21, 1862, commissioned Oc- 
tober 1, 1862, resigned April 2, 
1863. 

Captain Cheney C. Prouty, enlisted 
July 24, 1862, as First Lieutenant, 
commissioned Captain April 3, 

1863, mustered out July 17, 1865. 
First Lieutenant Theodorick L. See- 

vers, enlisted July 21, 1862, as 
Second Leiutenant, commissioned 
First Lieutenant April 3, 1863, 
mustered out July 17, 1865. 

Second Lieutenant Jno. A. Brecken- 
ridge, enlisted July 21, 1862, as 
First Corporal, promoted Second 
Lieutenant June 2, 1863, resigned 
May 26, 1864. 

Second Lieutenant Geo. L. Robb, 
enlisted July 28, 1862, as private, 
commissioned January 6, 1865, 
never mustered in, mustered out 
as First Sergeant, mustered out 
July 17, 1865. 

First Sergeant Geo. Himes, enlisted 
July 23, 1862, died at Helena, 
September 5, 1863. 

Second Sergeant Wm. S. Glenn, en- 
listed July 24, 1862. 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



423 



Third Seri^eant Jno, M. Finney, en- 
listed Jul}' 24, 1862, wounded at 
Saline River, and discharged Au- 
gust 24, 1864. 

Fourth Sergeant Jno. "Whittaker, 
enlisted July 24, 1862, wounded 
at Helena in right arm, died from 
efl'ects September 14, 1863, at 
Memphis. 

Fifth Sergeant Henry T. Miller, en- 
listed July 30, 1862. 

Second Corporal Marion Dunbar, en- 
listed July 22, 1862, taken pris- 
oner at Saline River. 

Third Corporal Lewis H. Cochran, 
enlisted July 24. 1862, wounded 
in back at Saline River, 

Fourth Corporal James S. Flumley, 
enlisted July 30, 1862. 

Fifth Corporal Robert H. Haynes, 
enlisted July 30, 1862, wounded 
at Helena in left arm. 

Sixth Corporal Wm, M. Blackstone, 
enlisted July 30. 1862. 

Seventh Corporal Richard M. Boyer, 
enlisted July 24, 1862. 

Eighth Corporal Clement A. Davis, 
enlisted July 24, 1862, probably 
reduced to ranks. 

Eighth Corporal Tilford H. Ruby, 
enlisted as private July 28, 1862, 
died of fever at Columbus, Ky., 
December 31, 1862. 

Eighth Corporal Jno. West, enlisted 
as private July 23, 1862, promoted 
Corporal January 15, 1863. 

Musician James M. Ogden, enlisted 
July 21, 1862. 

Musician Hale B. W. Brown, en- 
listed July 21, 1862. 

Wagoner Henry Snoke, enlisted 
July 21, 1862. 



PRIVATES. 



Allen, Elam, enlisted July 21, 1862. 
Brown, J. D., enlisted July 21, 1862, 

died at Helena, March is, 1863. 
Bones, John, enlisted July 24, 1862. 
Baugliman, Elias, enlisted July 24. 

1862, transferred to Invalid Corps, 

January 15, 1864. 



Barnes, Wm. A., enlisted July 24, 

1862, died at Little Rock, Septem- 
ber 8, 1864. 

Boswell, Joshua R., enlisted July 24, 

1862. 
Bird, Willis S., enlisted June 9, 

1863, slightly wounded April 30, 

1864, wounded at Saline River. 
Chad wick, Wheeler, enlisted January 

4, 1864, died of wounds, May 26, 
1864. 

Capper, Howai , enlisted July 24, 
1862. 

Clammer, David, enlisted July 24, 
1862, transferred for promotion in 
U. S. colored troops at Helena, 
July 28, 1863. 

Cnurch, Alonzo H., enlisted July 24, 
1862 

Corns, Amos, enlisted July 25, 1862, 
wounded in abdomen, at Saline 
River, died from effects at Prince- 
ton, May 15, 1864. 

Couzen, Benj., enlisted July 21,1862, 
wounded and taken prisoner at 
Saline River. 

Cochran, John T., enlisted July 23, 
1862. 

Church, Washington, enlisted July 
23, 1862, killed by fall from hay 
wagon, July 30, 1867. 

Carson, Geo. S., enlisted July 23, 
1862, taken prisoner at Saline 
River. 

Cralty, Wm.M., enlisted August 23, 
1862, discharged at Helena, De- 
cember 27, 1864. 

Crowder, Rob't S., enlisted August 
23, 1862, discharged April 14, 
1863. 

Dodd, Jesse, enlisted July 21, 1862, 
discharged at St. Louis, January 
23, 1863, on provost duty. 

Downing, Wm. H., enlisted July 21, 
1862, 

Eichel barge r, Adam, enlisted July 
21, 1862, wounded and taken pris- 
oner at Saline River. 

Evelaiid, Lewis, G., enlisted July 
27, 1862, died at Little Rock, Oc- 
tober 18, 1863. 



424 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Eveland, Frank, enlisted July 27, 

1862, died at Memjihis, December 

10, 1863. 
Faucett, Geo., enlisted July 21, 

1862, transferred for promotion in 

Fiftj-foiirtli Regiment Calvary 

Troops, September, 1863. 
Grover, James H., enlisted January 

30, 1864, died of wounds May 18, 

1864, received at Saline River. 
Glendenning, Jas. E., enlisted Aug- 
ust 21, 1862. 
Green, Wra. L., enlisted September 

1, 1864. 
Gosnell, Sara. D., enlisted August 

21, 1862, died at Memphis, Tenn., 

April 15, 1863. 
Gosnell, Jesse S., enlisted August 

21, 1862, died in Mound City 

Hospital, of jDaralysis, June 5, 

3 863. 
Halman, Jas. B., enlisted July 24, 

1862. 
Harris, Wm. B , enlisted July 27, 

1862. 
Harris, John B., enlisted July 27, 

1862, wounded slightly at Saline 

River in left thigh. 
Howard, Walter, enlisted July 26, 

1862, discharged at Cairo August 

27, 1863. 
Hawk, Wm. W., enlisted Julv 22, 

1862. 
Himes, Jacob M., enlisted July 22, 

1862. 
Hollowav, Jno. S., enlisted July 22, 

1862. " 
Hanej', Jacob D., enlisted July 21, 

1862, died at Memphis March 29, 

1863. 
Harland, H. M., enlisted July 25, 

1862. 
Horn, Jno. W., enlisted July 22, 

1862, discharged at Keokuk for 

disability, February 7, 1865. 
Haydock, Daniel W., enlisted July 

21, 1862. 
Hinkle, Thos. H., enlisted Julv 28, 

1862,- killed at Saline River, April 

13, 1864. 
Hall, Zachary T., enlisted July 21, 

1862. 



Hawk, Anthony, enlisted July 21, 

1862. 
Hines, Theodore, enlisted July 21, 

1862, discharged at Mound City, 

August 18, 1863. 
Kirkendall, Jos, W., enlisted July 

24, 1862, died at Shell Mound, 

Miss., March 23, 1863. 
Kinsman, Theo. S„ enlisted July 22, 

1862, died at St. Louis, Septem- 
ber 4, 1863. 
Lvster, Arthur W., enlisted July 27, 

"1862. 
Lockart, Isaac M., enlisted August 

20, 1862. 
Miller, Jno. PL, enlisted November 

19, 1863, .wounded at Saline River 

and taken prisoner. 
McMullen, Pliilander, enlisted July 

30, 1862, wounded and taken 

prisoner at Saline River. 
McClean, John, enlisted July 30, 

1862, died of small pox, January 

2, 1863. 
McClean, Alex., enlisted July 30, 

1862, discharged for disability 

May 17, 1863, at St. Louis. 
McCulley, James A., enlisted July 

30, 1862, died at Helena, July 22, 

1863. 
McCulley, Wm. S., enlisted July 30, 

1862. 
Miller, Philander M., wounded and 

taken prisoner at Saline River. 
Nolan, Eugene, enlisted July 21, 

1862. 
Phillips, John, enlisted July 21, 

1862, wounded at Little Rock 

severely in the leg. 
Perrigo, Ambrose, enlisted July 21, 

1862, discharged at St. Louis, 

April 21, 1863. 
Robertson, Wm. A., enlisted July 

28. 1862, died at Oskaloosa, No- 
vember 14, 1863. 
Ross, AV'm. A., enlisted July 23, 

1862, died at Helena, January 28, 

1863. 
Rowland, Geo. W., enlisted July 

23, 1862, died at St. Louis, De- 
cember 21, 1862. 
Ruby, M. C, enlisted July 23, 1862. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



425 



Reno, William, enlisted July 28, 
1862. 

Red path, James T., enlisted Jnlj 21, 
1862, sliijhtly wounded at Saline 
River in left arm. 

Robertson, Samuel S„ enlisted July 
31, 1862, sliglitl}^ wounded in 
right breast at Saline River. 

Redpath, Joseph, enlisted January 
4, 1864, wounded in left arm at 
Saline River. 

Sawyer, James H., enlisted July 21, 
1862, wounded in breast at He- 
lena. 

Shaver, Levi C, enlisted July 30, 

1862, discharged November 27, 

1863, at St. Louis. 

Shaw, Levi, enlisted July 30, 1862, 
wounded slightly in hand at Sa- 
line River. 

Shaw, Charles W., enlisted July 30, 
1862, died at Little Rock January 
14, 1865, of wounds. 

Satchell, James W., enlisted July 
30, 1862. 

Shelleday, LeanderN., enlisted July 
21, 1862. 

Stolzer, Stephen, enlisted July 21, 
1862, died at Helena, July 26, 
1863. 

Summer, Wm. H., enlisted July 23, 
1862, died at Little Rock, Decem- 
ber 7, 1863. 

Smith, Marion D., enlisted July 23, 
1862, died at Helena, August 7, 
1863. 

Stephenson, Charles M., enlisted 
J uly 25, 1862. 

Slamal, Peter, enlisted July 25, 1862, 
died at St. Louis, January 5, 
1863. 

Tipton, Joshua D., enlisted July 23, 
1862, discharged at Helena March 
1, 1863. 

Wharton, John S., enlisted July 30 
1862. 

Wilson, David G., enlisted July 30, 
1862, afterwards Corporal, wound- 
en severeh' in shoulder at Saline 
River, died at Camden, October 
20, 1864, of wounds. 



Whi taker, Reuben, enlisted August 
^22, 1862. 
Young, Thos. H., enlisted July 28, 

1862. 
Young, Jonathan E., enlisted July 

28, 1862. 
Welch, Hiram, enlisted February 

24, 1864, died at Little Rock, July 

10, 1864, of fever. 
Wells, John W., enlisted July 21, 

1862. 

COMPANY F. 

Third Corporal John McCreen}^, en- 
listed August 20, 1862, appointed 
Corporal August 23, 1862, dis- 
charged for disability at St. Louis, 
January 21, 1863. 

COMPANY G. 

First Lieutenant Geo. R. Ledyard, 
enlisted October 1, 1862. 

PRIVATE. 

John W. Owen, enlisted September 
4, 1862, transferred to Mississippi 
Marine Brigade February 19, 1863. 

COMPANY H. 

Fourth Corporal Albert Cooper, en- 
listed September 1, 1862, and ap- 
pointed Fourth Corporal, discharg- 
ed at Mempliis September 9, 1863. 

PRIVATES. 

Edmundson, Wm. F., enlisted Sep- 
tember J, 1862, discharged at 
Helena for disability April 22, 
1863. 

Thompson, Thos M., enlisted March 
30, 1864. 

Hallaway, David, enlisted Septem- 
ber 1, 1862. 

Newport, Jesse, enlisted March 26, 
1864. 

Hale, Henry, enlisted September 1, 
1862. 



426 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



COMPANY K. 

Captain Thornton Mcintosh, com- 
missioned October 1, 1862, re- 
signed Marcli 31, 1863. 

Captain John M, Bangh, enlisted 
and commissioned Second Lieu- 
tenant October 1, 1862, promoted 
Captain March 4, 1863, resigned 
August 16, 1864. 

Captain Wm. A, Rankin, enlisted 
as Corporal September 4, 1862, 
promoted Second Lieutenant 
March 4, 1863, promoted First 
Lieutenant June 18, 1864, pro- 
moted Captain August 17, 1864, 
mustered out July 17, 1865. 

First Lieutenant Geo. L. Gilchrist, 
commissioned October 1, 1862, 
resigned March 3, 1863. 

First Lieutenant Thomas R. Conner, 
enlisted September 4, 1862 as 
Fourth Sergeant, promoted First 
Lieutenant March 4, 1863, mor- 
tally wounded at battle ot" Jenkin's 
Ferry April 30, 1864, died July 
5, 1864. 

First Lieutenant James Loughridge, 
enlisted as First Sergeant Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, promoted Second 
Lieutenant June 18, 1864, pro- 
moted First Lieutenant Aug. 17, 
1864, mustered out July 17, 1865. 

Second Sergeant Wm. H. Shaw, en- 
listed September 2, 1862. 

Third Sergeant Henry S. Drinkle, 
enlisted September 2, 1862. 

Fifth Sergeant Henry S. Heath, en- 
listed September 4, 18G2, discharg- 
ed for disability at St. Louis Feb- 
ruary 19, 1863. 

First Corporal Benjamin Foster, en- 
listed September 4, 1862. 

Second Corporal Solomon William- 
son, enlisted September 4, 1862. 

Third Corporal Royal Haskell, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, reduced 
to ranks December 3, 1862. 

Third Corporal Jasper H. Gordon, 
enlisted September 4, 1862 as pri- 
vate, promoted Third Corporal 
December 3, 1863. 



Fourth Corporal S. A. Williamson, 
enlisted September 4, 1862, re- 
duced to ranks at his own request 
November 2, 1S62. 

Fourth Corporal Andrevv J. Burgess, 
enlisted as private September 4, 
1862, promoted corporal Novem- 
ber 3, 1862. 

Fifth Corporal Benj. S. Musgrove, 
enlisted September 4, 1862, died 
at Oskaloosa October 6, 1862. 

Fifth Corporal J. B, Shipley, enlist- 
ed as private September 4, 1862, 
promoted Fifth Corporal Novem- 
ber 3, 1862, died at Clarendon, 
Ark., August 18, 1863. 

Sixth Corporal M. D. Gilchrist, en- 
listed September 4, 1862, killed 
at Helena. 

Eighth Corporal Wm. T. McAllister, 
enlisted September 4, 1862, died 
at St. Louis, Mo., of chronic diar- 
rhoea February 3, 1863. 

Musician Felix G. Mershon, enlist- 
ed September 4, 1862, discharged 
at Keokuk for disability March 
23, 1863. 

Musician John A. Morris, enlisted 
September 26, 1862, died of mea- 
sles at St. Louis, December 21, 
1862. 

Wagoner T. A, Kernahain, enlisted 
September 4, 1862, wounded at 
Helena in the arm July 4, 1863, 
died there of disease January 13, 
1864. 



PRIVATES. 



Andrews, T. R., enlisted September 
4, 1862, transferred to Invalid 
Corps February 16, 1864. 

Ashmead, J. T., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Agnevv, James, enlisted September 
4, 1862, discharged at St. Louis 
for disability March 13, 1863. 

Allgood, Jefferson, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, discharged at Helena 
for disability April 16, 1863. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



427 



Boswell, John, enlisted September 
4, 1862, died at Little Kock, No- 
vember 3, 1863. 

Blair, Robert, enlisted September 4, 
1862. 

Bell, James M., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Bond, Wni., enlisted September 4, 
1862. 

Broyles, enlisted September 4, 1862. 

Buntain, Carj A., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, died at St. Louis Jan- 
nary 21, 1863. 

Burgess, Amos, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Boyd, Robert I. F., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, discharged at Keokuk 
October 20, 1863. 

Boswell, Levi, enlisted September 4, 
1862, died at Helena, Ark., May 
9, 1863. 

Crozier, Thos. S., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Cowan, Wm. R., enlisted September 
4, 1862, afterward Corporal, 
wounded at Helena and at Saline 
River. 

Collins, Merrill P. 

Crozier, Matthew W. 

Carnahan, Francis M. 

Criss, John, enlisted September 4, 
1862, discharged at St, Louis Feb- 
ruary 14, 1864. 

Dickinson, N. C, enlisted September 
30, 1862, died of fever at Browns- 
ville, Arkansas, Sept. 24, 1863. 

Dysart, David, enlisted September 
4, 1862, transferred to U. S. Ma- 
rine Corps January 12, 1863. 

Dixon, Matthew, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Douglass, John W., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Eastburn, Sanford, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, discharged at Little 
Rock May 10, 1864. 

Evans, David T., enlisted September 
4, 1862, wounded at Saline River, 
died at Little Rock September 22, 
1864. 

Emory, William T., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 



Fox, James B., enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Furgeson, John, enlisted September 
4, 1862, discharged at Mound City 
for disability, December 7, 1863. 

Gregory, William, enlisted Novem- 
ber 7, 1862, discharged at Quincy, 
Illinois, for wounds, Feb. 22, 1864. 

Gaston, Cyrus, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Huff, Charles A., enlisted September 
4, 1862, discharged January 23, 
1863, at Memphis, for disability. 

Higgins, Thomas, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Haskell, Daniel, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Hartman, Robert R., enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862, died at Helena, 
Arkansas, February 9, 1863. 

Howe, William H., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, died at St. Louis May 
14, 1863. 

Harris, Augustus A., enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862, died of measles at 
St. Louis December 25, 1862. 

Henry, John N., enlisted September 
4, i862. 

James, Alexander, enlisted Novem- 
ber 7, 1862, wounded and taken 
prisoner at Saline River. 

Haskell, Henry C, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, wounded at Saline 
River, and died from wounds at 
Princeton, Ark., June 24, 1864. 

Morgan, John G., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Miller, William G., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

McFall, David, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

McCunes, David, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Myers, David, enlisted September 4, 
1862, died of fever at Oskaloosa 
October 7, 1862. 

Morgan, Lewis, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

McKinney, William, enlisted No- 
vember 7, 1862, discharged for 
disability at Helena, April 16, 
1863. 



428 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Nicliol, David F., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Porter, John, enlisted September 4, 
1862. 

Pleyel, Francis M., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, wonnded at Saline 
River, and died at Princeton, May 
23, 1864, of wounds. 

Pettichord, "William M., enlisted 
September 4, 1862. 

Padget, James, enlisted September 
4, 1862, discharged at Memphis 
May 6, 1863, for disability. 

Robertson, Darius, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Robinson, James, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Pea, John B., enlisted September 4, 
1862. 

Pea, Cyrus, enlisted September 4, 
1862. 

Roberts, John C, enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, wounded slightly in 
the leg at Saline River, discharged 
at Keokuk June 14, 1865. 

Ryan, Charles E., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, died at Little Rock, 
Arkansas, September 25, 1864, of 
falling from a window in the hos- 
pital. 

Stratton, George B., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, severely wounded at 
Saline River, afterward corporal. 

Smith, Franklin, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Tucker, Leander O., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Todd, Benjamin, enlisted September 
4, 1862. 

Tennis, Samuel N., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, taken prisoner at 
Mark's Mills, Arkansas, April 25, 
1864. 

"Walker, James A., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862. 

Wymore, Robert E., enlisted Sep- 
tember 4, 1862. 

"Wagoner, Lazarus, enlisted Septem- 



ber 4, 1862, transferred to Missis- 
sippi Marine Brigade. 

ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS. 

Elwell, Thomas, enlisted December 
25, 1863, died July 25, 1864, at 
Little Rock. 

Jackson, William M., enlisted De- 
cember 14, 1863. 

Johnson, James M., enlisted Novem- 
ber 27, 1863. 

Kunnon, Frances, enlisted December 
15, 1863. 

Martin, John N., enlisted December 

11. 1863, wonnded at Saline River. 
Stephenson, James M., enlisted Feb- 
ruary 3, 1863. 

Wendel, James, enlisted August 3, 
1863, killed at Saline River. 

"Withrow, William II., enlisted Jan- 
nary 4, 1864, wounded at Camden, 
and again at Saline River. 

Anderson, Wm. IL, enlisted Janu- 
ary, 4, 1864, wounded at Saline 
River, also at Camden, Ark., both 
times in the thigh. 

George, Jacob, enlisted February 25, 
1864, died at Little Rock, Septem- 
ber 8, 1864. 

Henderson, E. F., enlisted January 

19. 1864, wounded at Saline River. 
Lockard, Samuel M., enlisted Feb- 
ruary 6, 1864, died December 29, 
1864, at Little Rock. 

Remington, Sylvester, enlisted 

March 29, 1864. 
Smith, Samuel, enlisted February 6, 

1864, wounded at Saline river in 
the ankle, and discharged May 16, 

1865, at St. Louis. 

Smith, Ephraim S., enlisted Febru- 
ary 29, 1864, wounded at Saline 
River, and died from wonnds at 
Princeton, Ark., May 1, 1864. 

Loughridge, Wm. A., enlisted !N^o- 
vember 3, 1862, wounded at 
Helena. 



HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

THmXY-SIXTII INFANTRY. 



429 



COMPANY B. 

Eighth Corporal Joshua N. Miller, 
enlisted August 6, 1862, discharg- 
ed at Keokuk for disability March 
7, 1863. 

PKIVATES. 

Archer, Thomas, enlisted August 6, 
1862, mustered out August 24, 
1865. 

Blowers, Squire, enlisted August 6, 
1862, discharged at St. Louis for 
disability February 26, 1863. 

Dutton, Jesse, enlisted August 4, 
1862, taken prisoner at Mark's 
Mills, Ark. 

Hox, Wm. II., enlisted August 11, 
1862, discliarged at Little Rock 
for disability November 21, 1863. 

Harsh barge r, Ilenrj^, enlisted Aug- 
ust 6, 1862, mustered out August 
24, 1865. 

Harshbarger, John, enlisted August 

6, 1862, killed at Mark's Mills. 

McVay, Josiah D., enlisted August 
6, 1862, taken prisoner at Mark's 
Mills. 

McChesney, Robert W., enlisted 
August 11, 1862, mustered out 
August 24, 1865. 

Rose, John M., enlisted August 6, 
1862, captured at Mark's Mills, 
died of chronic diarrhoea while a 
prisoner of war at Shreveport, La. 

Sheets, Seamore, enlisted August 6, 
1862, died at Duval's Blutf, Ark., 
of chronic diarrhoea. 

West, Sanford C, enlisted August 6, 
1862, taken prisoner at Mark's 
Mills, Ark. 

Watts, Thos., enlisted August 11, 



1862, died at Keokuk May 24, 

1863, of chronic diarrhoea. 
Moore, Richard W., enlisted Febru- 

arv 10, 1864, taken prisoner at 
Mark's Mills, Ark., April 25, 1864. 

COMPANY D. 

Second Corporal Andrew Heaverlo, 
enlisted September 6, 1862, dis- 
charged at Memphis April 3, 1863, 
for disability. 



Wm. B. Griffis, enlisted February 
29, 1864, taken prisoner at Mark's 
Mills, discharged June 8, 1865. 

Holmes, Paschal P., enlisted August 
9, 1862, mustered out August 24, 
1865. 

COMPANY F. 

Wood, David H., enlisted February 
15, 1865, mustered out August 24, 
1865. 

COMPANY H. 

Hockett, Enos, enlisted July 23, 
1862, wounded and taken prisoner 
at Mark's Mills, where he died 
May 17, 1864, of wounds. 

McFall, Samuel T., enlisted August 
15, 1862, wounded and taken pris- 
oner at Mark's Mills. 

Yaughn, Wm. R., enlisted July 23, 
1862, transferred to Marine I3rig- 
ade January 20, 1863. 

Williams, Geo. W., enlisted August 
23, 1862, transferred to Invalid 
Corps September 3, 1863. 



THIRTY-SEYENTH INFANTRY. 

This regiment was known all over the country as the Grey Beard Reg- 
iment^ being composed entirely of men over forty-five years of age. It 
was the only band of Grey Beards in the field. 

The command rendezvoused at Camp Strong near Muscatine, and mus- 



430 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



tered into service December, 18G2. Thej attracted marked attention at 
St. Louis, where tbej served as guards to military prisons until May, 1863, 
then served along the line of Pacific railway about two months; then they 
were ordered to Alton, 111,, where they guarded prisoners until January, 
1864, when they were placed on similar duty at Rock Island until June 
5th. They were then engaged in picket duties near Memphis for about 
three months, when the regiment was divided into squads, stationed at 
Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Columbus and Gallipolis; May 20, 1865, they 
were ordered to Davenport, where they were mustered out May 24, 1865. 
Below we ffive the asfe of these volunteers at time of enlistment. 



COMPANY E. 

First Lieutenant Edward Gerard, en- 
listed September 10, 1862, com- 
missioned December 15, 1862, age 
46, mustered out May 24, 1865. 

Second Sergeant Sylvester Green- 
ough, enlisted September 6, 1862, 
appointed JSToveraber 1, 1862, age 
52, mustered out May 24, 1865. 

Third Sergeant Wm. S. Wells, en- 
listed September 12, 1862, appoint- 
ed November 1, 1862, age 54, 
mustered out May 24, 1865. 

Second Corporal Agustus F. Myers, 
enlisted September 11, 1862, ap- 
pointed November 1, 1862, age 49, 
mustered out May 24, 1865. 

Third Corporal Adam Keck, enlist- 
ed October 9, 1862, appoined 
November 1, 1862, age 55, mus- 
tered out May 24, 1865. 

Fifth Corporal, Geo. K. Holt, enlist- 
ed September 4, 1862, appointed 
November 1, 1862, age 53, mus- 
tered out May 24, 1865. 

Musician, Nicholas Rancey, enlisted 
Sej)tember 26, 1862, appointed 
November 1, 1862, discharged for 
disability March 11, 1863^ at St. 
Louis, age 72. 

Musician, John Neeley, enlisted Oct- 
ober 3, 1862, appointed November 
1, 1862, mustered out May 24, 
1865. 

PRIVATES. 

Bateman, "Wm., enlisted Septem- 
ber 4, 1862, age 56, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Bartlett, Jacob, enlisted September 



19, 1862, discharged April 28, 
1863, at St. Louis for disabtlity, 
age 48. 

Brown, John F., enlisted October 17, 
1862, age 45, mustered out May 
24, 1863. 

Ballard, Wm., enlisted September 4, 
1862, discharged for disability, 
April 28, 1863. 

Brock way, Joseph, enlisted Septem- 
ber 10, 1862, age 46, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Cleveland, James, enlisted Septem- 
ber 5, 1862, age 60, discharged at 
Memphis, February 9, 1865, for 
disability. 

Calville, John, enlisted October 16, 
1862, age 64, mustered out May 
24, 1865. 

Crawford, Nathan, enlisted Novem- 
ber 24, 1862, age 55, died at Alton, 
Illinois, December 3, 1863. 

Finarty, Joseph, enlisted October 13, 
1862, age 66, mustered out May 
24, 1865. 

Gately, John J., enlistad September, 
1862, age 50, mustered out May 
24, 1865. 

Hinkle, Peter, enlisted September 
28, 1862, age 50, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Howard, Patrick, enlisted October 

20, 1S62, age 46, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Jones, Rees C, enlisted November 
26, 1862, age 60, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Lawson, James, enlisted October 7, 
1862, discharged for disability at 
Cincinnati February 30, 1865, age 
63. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



431 



Larawaj, Philip, enlisted Septem- 
ber 15, 1862, discharged at Rock 
Island May 18, 1864, age 66. 

Mason, Joseph, enlisted September 
4, 1862, age 59, died at Muscatine 
January 2, 1863. 

Newell, Thos., enlisted September 
4, 1862, age 46, discharged at In- 
dianapolis, November 6, 1864. 

Park, Simpson, enlisted October 20, 

1862, age 51, discharged April 28, 

1863, at St. Louis, tor disability. 
Rowland Wm., enlisted September 

13, 1862, age 60, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Stockdale, Charles, enlisted Septem- 
ber 23, 1862, age 59, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Steele, John A., enlisted September 
12, 1862, discharged at Memphis, 
June 26 1864, age 55. 



Todd, Samuel, enlisted September 
20, 1862, age 45, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Tliompson, John, enlisted October 
14, 1862, age 57, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Van Koop, Jacob T., enlisted Sep- 
tember 15, 1862, died at St. Louis 
May 14, 1863, age 46. 

Williams, Charles, enlisted Septem- 
ber 5, 1862, discharged at St. Louis 
April 28, 1863, age 56. 

AVilliams, Lyman, enlisted October 
11. 1862, age 45, mustered out 
May 24, 1865. 

Wellslager, Samuel, enlisted Sep- 
tember 13, 1862, discharged at 
Memphis Aug. 24, 1864, age 62. 

Wybrow, Geo. F., enlisted Septem- 
ber 22, 1862, age 47, mustered 
out May 24, 1865. 



THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. 



COMPANY D. 

Fifth Corporal Perrie G. Burch, en- 
listed August 22, 1862, as Sixth 
Corporal, promoted Fifth Corpo- 
ral, died at CarroUton, La., August 
19, 1863, of disease. 

Eighth Corporal John Daskam, Jr., 
enlisted as private August 22, 
1862, promoted Eighth Corporal, 
transferred to Co. H., Thirty- 
fourth Regiment, promoted First 
Corporal. 



PRIVATES. 



Carter, Ashbell, enlisted August 22, 
1862, transferred to Co. H, Thirty- 
fourth Infantry. 

Long, Robert, enlisted August 22, 
1S62, transferred to Co. H, Thirty- 
fourth Infrntry. 

Scott, Ethan A., enlisted August 21, 
1862, died at Vicksburg, Miss., 
August 2, 1863, of disease. 

Scott, Julius C, enlisted August 21, 
1862, died at New Orleans Octo- 
ber 13, 1863, of disease. 



FORTIETH INFANTRY. 

On the 15th of November, 1862, this regiment mustered into the service 
about 900 strong at Iowa Cit}'. Moving to Cairo by rail they embarked 
for Columbus, Ky., which place they reached on -the night of the 18th. 
Here they remained, suffering from disease and many hardships of camp life 
during the following winter, until March 3, 1863, when they removed to 
Paducah, where they were comfortably quartered for nearly three months. 
On the last day of May they left for Yazoo river country, and in the cam- 
paign of Vicksburg were stationed along that miasmatical stream, which 
greatly reduced the force of the regiment by disease. Pestilential Helena, 
the army's next quarters, was but little better. August 13 the command 



432 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



joined in the expedition against Little Rock. Entering the city triumph- 
antly September 10, they I'emained there until March 23, 1864, save the 
time spent in several important and rather disastrous expeditions through 
Arkansas. In the battle ol" Jenkins' Ferry the regiment did not, at any 
time, engage in a body. Companies H, E, K and G did most of the regi- 
ment's hard fighting in this combat, and suffered quite severely. The 
Fortieth had its share in the sad and trying retreat to Little Rock. Hun- 
ger, disease aiid death prej^ed upon the brave men who were engaged, half 
starved, in biiikling corduroy roads and marcliing in mire half way to their 
knees. 

The command remained most of the time at Little Rock until the fol- 
lowing Februar}", when Brigadier-General Bussey, at Ft. Smith, asked the 
department command to send him a " tirst-rate regiment." The Fortieth 
was ordered to Ft. Smith as filling that description. Some time after the 
regiment was assigned to Ft. Gibson, and saw no further warfare until their 
country was saved and their services no longer needed. 



Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Ft. Gibson August 2, 1865. 
wise accounted for, mustered out as with the regiment. 



Officers not other- 



COMPANY C. 

First Lieutenant Wm, B. Anderson, 
enlisted August 13, 1862, resigned 
March 26, 1864. 

First Lieutenant John T. S. Fry, en- 
listed August 14, 1862, as Second 
Sergeant, promoted Second Lieu- 
tenant March 27, 1864, First 
Lieutenant January 15, 1865. 

Second Lieutenant Geo. Lieurance, 
enlisted August 13, 1862, commis- 
sioned November 15, 1862, re- 
signed June 19, 1863. 

Second Lieutenant David A. Tan- 
ner, enlisted as Fourth Sergeant 
August 16, 1862, promoted Sec- 
ond Lieutenant January 15, 1865, 
wounded in skirmish near Oca- 
lona. Ark., April 3, 1864. 

Third Sergeant John C. Tucker, en- 
listed Augtst 15, 1862, appointed 
Sergeant November 15, 1862. 

Fifth Sergeant John H. Brown, en- 
listed August 13, 1862, appointed 
Sergeant November 15, 1862, dis- 
charged March 20, 1863, for dis- 
ability. 

First Corporal Mortimer W. Nelson, 
enlisted August 15, 1862, ap- 
pointed Corporal November 15, 
1862, wounded at Jenkins' Ferry. 



Second Corporal Peter V, Lash, en- 
listed August 20, 1862, appointed 
Corporal November 15, 1862. 

Third Corporal Johnson Miller, en- 
listed August 22, 1862, appointed 
November 15, 1862, died at Mem- 
phis of remittent fever September 
3, 1863. 

Fourth Corporal Robert B. Boyd, 
enlisted August 13, 1862, ap- 
pointed November 15, 1862. 

Fifth Corporal Chi'is C. Mateer, 
enlisted August 21, 1862, ap- 
pointed November 15, 1862, 

Sixth Corporal Robert A. Gray, en- 
listed August 14, 1862, appointed 
November 15, 1862, discharged 
Februarj' 19, 1863, for disability. 

Seventh Corporal AVm. W. Graham, 
enlisted August 13, 1862, ap- 
pointed Corporal November 15, 
1862. 

Eighth Corporal Eljiah Gray, en- 
listed August 14, 1862, appointed 
November 15, 1862, died of fever 
at Ft. Smith, Ark., April 24, 1865. 

Musician Jas. W. W rough ton, en- 
listed August 13, 1862. 

Musician Major A. Victor, enlisted 
August 13, 1862. 

Wagoner D. D. Eidson, enlisted 
August 13, 1862. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



433 



private:s. 



Allen, Wm. T., enlisted August 22, 
1862. 

Allen, Isliam P., enlisted August 20, 
1862. 

Ankeny, Setli P., enlisted Auijust 22, 
1862. 

Armstrong, Thos., enlisted August 
14, 1862. 

Barnes, Bailey, enlisted August 22, 
1862. 

Barnes, Zachariab, enlisted August 
14, 1862. 

Brown, Bertrand, enlisted Septem- 
ber 1, 1864. 

Barnard, John, enlisted September 
1, 1864. 

Bates, Samuel D., enlisted August 
22, 1862, discharged at Little 
Rock, March 24, 1864, for disa- 
bility. 

Biggs, Wm., enlisted August 15, 
1862, discharged at St. Louis, 
June 3, 1863, for disability. 

Bradley, William, enlisted August 
13, 1862. 

Brown, Geo. W., enlisted August 14, 
1862. 

Bodenhamer, John S., enlisted Aug- 
ust 14, 1862, discharged at Keo- 
kuk for disability, December 26, 
1864. 

Boyd, Wm. W., enlisted Angust 13, 
1862, discharged for disability 
April 22, 1862^ 

Brown, Gilbert B., enlisted Septem- 
ber 1, 1864. 

Callaway, Jesse C, enlisted August 

13, 1862. 
Doan. Zach., enlisted Jan. 24, 1864. 
Dagger, John, enlisted August 14, 

1862. 
Dugger, Micajah, enlisted August 

14, 1862. 
Evans, John, enlisted August 15, 

1862. 
Ewing, Franklin, enlisted August 
18, 1862, transferred to Co. K, 
November 3, 1862, died October 
1, 1864, of congestive fever, at 
Little Rock. 



Embree, Cyrenius, enlisted January 
15, 1862, died of phthisic xVugust 
25, 1864, at Memphis. 

Embree, Jos. W., enlisted January 
6, 1864. 

Houghton, Joab, enlisted August 

20, 1862. 

Hudson, Lewis H., enlisted August 
14, 1862, afterwards Corporal, 
discharged at Keokuk, July 10, 
1865, for wounds. 

Herrald, Benjamin, enlisted August 

21, 1862. 

Hensvel, Aaron, enlisted August 20, 
1862. 

Han-eld, Anderson F., enlisted Aug- 
ust 15, 1862. 

Harraman, Winget, enlisted August 

22, 1862. 

Johnson, Robert, enlisted August 
22, 1862, died of typhus fever, 
Feb. 6, 1863, at Columbus, Ky. 

Jones, Geo. W., enlisted August 14, 
1862, died November 8, 1862, pre- 
vious to muster. 

Kriser, Jacob, enlisted August 14, 
1862. 

Kelly, John, enlisted August 14, 
1862, died at Paducah, Ky, May 
10, 1863, of typhoid fever. 

Kriser, Michael, enlisted August 15, 
1862, transferred to Co. K, No- 
vember 3, 1862. 

Kinney, Isaac, enlisted August 8, 
1862, transferred to Co. K, No- 
vember 3, 1862. 

Lockard, Martin W., enlisted Aug- 
ust 15, 1862. 

Lutz, John, enlisted August 14, 
1862. 

Leathers, Josiali, enlisted August 
14, 1862. 

Lockard, John H., enlisted August 
14, 1862. 

Lockard, James M. C, enlisted Aug- 
ust 14, 1862. 

McMahon, Uriah, enlisted August 
13, 1862. 

Mayberry, Sylvester, enlisted Aug- 
ust 14, 1862, died at Keokuk, 
January 11, 1865, of chronic 
bronchitis. 



434 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



McMaines, Joseph, enlisted Angnst 

13, 1882, died at Little Rock, of 
chronic diarrhoea, August 15, 
1864. 

McMaines, Alex., enlisted August 

14, 1862. 

McMaines, Win. H., enlisted Aug- 
ust 14, 1862. 
Myers, Andrew J., enlisted August 

15, 1862. 

McKaney, Andrew, enlisted August 
14, 1862. 

Myers, Jesse C, enlisted August 14, 
1862, discharged for disability 
March 20, 1863, at Paducah, Ky. 

McMaines, Robert, enlisted August 

14, 1862, died of typhoid fever 
August 10, 1863, at Helena, Ark. 

Mateer, James, enlisted August 21, 

1862. 
McMahon, Wm. H., enlisted August 

15, 1862. 

McMaines, Samuel T., enlisted Aug- 
ust 15, 1862, discharged at Mound 
City, for disability, October 7, 
1863. 

Myers, Adolphus C, enlisted Aug- 
ust 14, 1S62. 

Mayberry, Geo. W., enlisted August 
14, 1862. 

McManus, Asbury, enlisted Febru- 
ary 20, 1864. 

McCollam, David, enlisted August 
22, 1862, transferred to Co. K, 
^November 3, 1862. 

Miller, Richard, enlisted August 14, 
1862, discharged at Davenport 
for disability December 16, 1864. 

Murray, James H., enlisted August 
13, 1862, transferred to Co. K, 
November 3, 1862. 

Maple, Daniel N., enlisted August 
13, 1862, transferred to Co. K, 
November 3, 1862, died at Fort 
Smith, Ark., of erysipelas, May 
10, 1865. 

Murrow, David, enlisted August 14, 
1862, transferred to Co. K, No- 
vember 3, 1862, died of typhoid 
fever at Paducah, Ky., March 24, 
1863. 



Roberts. Chas. A., enlisted Decem- 
ber 14, 1863. 

Parr, Noah, enlisted August 20, 
1862. 

Parr, Mathew G., enlisted August 
15, 1862. 

Roberts, Joseph C, enlisted August 
22, 1862. 

Rosel, Asbury, enlisted August 21, 
1862. 

Roarty, Rodgers, enlisted August 13, 
1862. 

Richardson, Jno, W., enlisted Aug- 
ust 18, 1862. 

Snodgrass, O'Kane, enlisted August 

15, 1862. 

Starnes, James M., enlisted August 
14, 1862. 

Stanley, VVm. P., enlisted August 
18, 1862, afterwards Corporal, 
discharged for disability at Little 
Rock, January 30, 1865. 

Stinnett, Isham, enlisted August 14, 
1862. 

Stinnett, Moses, enlisted August 15, 
1862. 

Stoalabarger, Reuben, enlisted Aug- 
ust 20, 1862. 

Starvis, Samuel Mc, enlisted Aug- 
ust 22, 1862. 

Snook, Napoleon B., enlisted Aug- 
ust 20, 1862, died of typhoid fever 
April 24, 1863, at Paducah, Ky. 

Stanley, Lyman, enlisted August 20, 
1862, discharged for disability 
May 20, 1863, at Paducah, Ky. 

Snodgrass, John F., enlisted August 

16, 1862. 

Sanford, Joseph, enlisted August 18, 
1862, transferred to Co. K. No- 
vember 3, 1862. 

Sands, John, enlisted August 13, 
1862, transferred to Co. K. 

Shaw, Wm., enlisted September 1, 
1864. 

Taylor, Wm. O., enlisted August 14, 
1862. 

Yan Winkle, Jonah, enlisted Aug- 
ust 22, 1862, died at Dupont, Ind., 
of typhoid fever, February 24, 
1863. 



^v^t^S.:''.; 



"-^1??\ 



i 








k 



}^ 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



437 



Whitehead, Edward, enlisted August 
22, 1862. 

"Whitehead, "Win., enlisted August 
22, 1862. 

Wjmore, Samuel, enlisted August 
14, 1862, died October 27, 1863, 
at Memphis of chronic diarrhoea. 

Wymore, A. E. S., enlisted August 
18, 1862, died of typhoid fever at 
Helena, August 19, 1863. 

Whitaker, Wni., enlisted August 13, 
1862, died of tj^phoid fever at 
Helena, Ark., August 10, 1863. 

Wymore, Elam M., enlisted August 
13, 1862. 

Williams, John C, enlisted August 
18, 1862. 

Wymore, John W., enlisted August 
22, 1862. 

Wymore, James W., enlisted August 
13, 1862. 

Walden, James A., enlisted Septem- 
ber 1, 1864. 

Walden, Geo., enlisted September 1, 
1864. 

Williams, John C, enlisted Septem- 
ber 1, 1864. 

Wymore, M. H., enlisted February 
17, 1864. 

Zunmalt, Jacob, enlisted September 
1, 1864. 

COMPANY F. 

Second Lieutenant Thomas H. For- 
syth, enlisted August 9, 1862, 
commissioned November 15, 1862, 
resigned July 1, 1863. 

Fifth Sergeant Geo. W. Coleman, 
enlisted August 9, 1862. 

Fifth Corporal John Harlow, enlist- 
ed August 9, 1862, died Novem- 
ber 28, 1862, at Iowa City of 
pneumonia. 

Seventh Corporal Titus Wise, en- 
listed August 9, 1862, discharged 
for disability at Little liock, Feb- 
ruary 14, 1865. 

Eighth Corporal David M. Wise, 
enlisted August 9, 1862, died at 
Columbus, Ky., of pneumonia, 
March 2, 1863. 

27 



PRIVATES. 



Adams, James F., enlisted August 
9, 1862, transferred to Invalid 
Corps Februar}' 15, 1864. 

Armstrong, Joseph, enlisted August 
9, 1862, died at Memphis Septem- 
ber 30, 1863, of intermittent fever. 

Adams, John W., enlisted August 
9, 1862. 

Brougher, John, enlisted August 11, 
1862. 

Cooper, Albert M , enlisted August 
9, 1862. 

Doughman, Andrew, enlisted July 
26, 1862. 

Deen, Jesse, enlisted August 9, 1862. 

Gregory, James P., enlisted August 
9, 1862, died at Mound City, 111., 
J uly 30, 1863, of chronic diarrhoea. 

Kilgore, Andrew, enlisted August 9, 
1862. 

Mosher, James II., enlisted August 
2, 1862. 

Mosher, Nathaniel E., enlisted Aug- 
ust 9, 1862, died at Bellefountaine 
of chronic diarrhoea Dec. 20, 1863. 

McClure, Alex S., enlisted August 
9, 1862. 

Mercer, Eli S., enlisted August 9, 
1862. 

McYay, James A., enlisted August 
9, 1862. 

Mosher, Geo. G., enlisted August 9, 
1862. 

Stubling, Wm. L., enlisted July 25, 
1862.' 

Stone, Joseph S., enlisted August 9, 
1862, wounded severely in right 
thigh at Prairie De Anne, April 10, 
1864. 

Warford, Franklin M., enlisted Aug- 
ust 9, 1862. 

Wise, John A., enlisted August 9, 
1862. 

Wise, Edward W., enlisted August 
9, 1862, died of chronic diarrhoea 
at Memphis, September 3, 1863. 

COMPANY G. 

Lee, Nathaniel M., enlisted August 
18, 1862, 



438 



HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

FOETY-SEVENTH INFANTKY 



This was one of tlie regiments raised in accordance with the proposition 
of the " "War Governors " of Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and Minnesota, 
to supply to the United States 85,000 volunteers for one hundred days' ser- 
vice, which offer was accepted by the President, April 23, 1864. 

Company I of this regiment was raised from Mahaska county, b}'- Capt. 
Batterton, in May. The rendezvous of the command was at Davenport. 
From that point the Forty-seventh was ordered to Helena, Arkansas, where 
it encamped until the expiration of term of service, when it returned to 
Davenport without having " smelled powder," or heard the roar of battle. 
The camp at Helena was sickly, for some reason, and quite a number of the 
command there fell victims to disease, which in all armies is usually more 
destructive than the enemy's guns. 

The regiment was mustered out at Davenport, October, 1864. 

Colonel James P. Sanford, commissioned June 4, 1864. 
Assistant Surgeon Jno. H. Fry, enlisted May 11, 1864. 



COMPANY A. 

Musician Nathan D. Leonard, en- 
listed May 23, 186^. 

Broyles, Sanford P., enlisted May 16, 
1864. 

COMPANY C. 

Wagoner Thos. Cowles, enlisted June 

4, 1864. 
Blair, Jacob, enlisted May T, 1864. 
Higens, Joseph C, enlisted May 10, 

1864. 
Tyler, James M., enlisted May 17, 

1864. 

COMPANY H. 

Eighth Corporal Jonathan B, Hawk, 

enlisted May 14, 1864. 
Bridges, James G., enlisted May 14, 

1864. 
Corns, Alonzo, enlisted May 14, 1864. 
Hatcher, Washington, enlisted May 

14, 1864. 
Hatcher, E. R., enlisted May 14, 

1864. 
McCoy, Benjamin, enlisted May 14, 

1864. 

COMPANY I. 

Captain Henry Batterton. enlisted 
May 17, 1864, commissioned June 
4, 1864. 



First Lieutenant David L. Needham, 
Jr., enlisted May 7, 1864, com- 
missioned June 4, 1864. 

Second Lieutenant Wm, R. Roberts, 
enlisted May 7, 1864, commis- 
sioned June 4, 1864. 

First Sergeant Joseph A. Cunning- 
ham, enlisted May 7, 1864. 

Second Sergeant Jonathan R. Cham- 
pion, enlisted May 10, 1864. 

Third Sergeant Chas. H. Loring, en- 
listed May 7, 1864, died at Helena, 
Ark., July 17, 1864. 

Third Sergeant Thos. Sweem, en- 
listed as Fourth Sergeant, May 7, 
1864, promoted Third Sergeant 
July 30, 1864. 

Fourth Sergeant Jas. E. St. John, 
enlisted as private May 7, 1864, 
promoted Fifth Sergeant, promo- 
ted Fourth Sergeant July 30,1864. 

Fifth Sergeajit Jackson Hughbanks, 
enlisted May 7, 1864, probably 
reduced to ranks. 

Fifth Sergeant diaries Leighton, en- 
listed as private May 7, 1864, pro- 
moted Sergeant July 30, 1864. 

First Corporal Harrison H, McFar- 
lan, enlisted May 7, 1864. 

Second Corporal McKee T. Elsey, 
enlisted May 10, 1864. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



439 



Third Corporal Win. D. Boyd, en- 
listed May 9, 1864, reduced to 
ranks at his own request, July 30, 
18 64. 

Third Corporal R. P. Bolles, enlist- 
ed as private May 21, 186J:, pro- 
moted Third Corporal July 30, 
1864. 

Fourth Corporal Beiij. H. AVinkle- 
man, enlisted May 7, 1864. 

Fiftli Corporal Juo. O. D. Ross, en- 
listed May 7, 1864, 

Sixth Corporal John H. Coffinan, 
enlisted May 7, 1861, reduced to 
ranks. 

Seventh Corporal Aaron Phillips, 
enlisted May 9, 1861, reduced to 
ranks. 

Seventh Corporal David E. Pice, en- 
listed as private May 30, 1864, pro- 
moted Corporal June 29, 1864, 
died at Davenport, September 19, 
1864, ot" typihoid fever. 

Eighth Corporal Francis M. Chil- 
ders, enlisted May 7, 1864. 

PRIVATES. 

Allen, Andrew, enlisted May 7, 1864. 
Arinsti-ong, Matthew, enlisted May 

14. 1864, deserted July 12, 1864. 
Ball, Thomas, enlisted May 13, 1864. 
Bones, Wm. H., enlisted May 14, 

1864, 
Beckman, Diedrick, enlisted May 

14, 1864. 
Bump, Martin Y., enlisted May 16, 

18o4. 
Brackney, Elias, enlisted May 7. 

1861, died at Davenport, Septem- 
ber 26. 1864. 
Bergren, Wm., enlisted May 10, 1864. 
Barr, Smith M., enlisted May 7, 1861. 
Benton, Wm. E., enlisted May 7, 

1861. 
Chick, Wm. A., enlisted May 7, 1864. 
Cotfman, D. H., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Crispin, John F., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Ellis, Perry, enlisted May 7, 1864. 
Eubanks, Jesse D., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 



Ellison, James, enlisted May 7, 1864. 
Ellis, Linza, enlisted May 7, 1864. 
Enloe, Isaac N., enlisted May 12, 

1864. 
Fletcher, James C, enlisted May 7, 

1861. 
Fleming, Justin, enlisted May 7, 

1861. 
Gregory, Wm. H, H., enlisted May 

7, 1864. 
Graham, Wm. M., enlisted May 10, 

1864. 
Gatewood, John F., enlisted May 14, 

1864. 
Glaze, Wm. B. L., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Haupt, Geo., enlisted May 9, 1864. 
Hendrick, Wm. A., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Keenan, Ebenezer, enlisted May 7, 

1864, died on Steamer " D. A. 

January," September 4, 1864 of 

typhoid fever. 
Kinsler, Wm., enlisted May 7, 1864, 

discharged October 26, 1864. 
Knight, Immer M., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Little, Jared, enlisted May 10, 1864, 

died at Helena, July 30, 1864. 
Lough, Sidney S., enlisted May 6, 

1864. 
Lee, Wm. T., enlisted May 7, 1864. 
McClure, Robert, enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Mattox, Cyrus M., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
McCann, James A., enlisted May 

24, 1861. 
Miles, Lewis. H., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Mullen, Job, enlisted May 9, 1864. 
McMains, Robert A., enlisted May 

10, 1861. 
McDonald, Thos. E., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Morgan, J. P., enlisted May 7, 1864. 
Ralston, Wilson D., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 
Ruppel, Lewis F., enlisted May 10, 

1 864. 
Rickets, Lemuel, enlisted May 7, 

1864. 



440 



HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Ross, Andrew C, enlisted May 7, Sloan, Richard D., enlisted May 7, 

1864. 1864. 

Stone, George, enlisted May 24, Thissell, Austin C, enlisted May 7, 

1804. 1864. 

Sutton, AVm. F., enlisted May 7, Tryon, Gosvenor A., enlisted May 

1864. 9, 1864. 

Shock, Oliver II., enlisted May 24, Talbert, Gustavus F., enlisted May 

1864. 7. 1864. 

Southwick, Jonathan W., enlisted Timbrel, Jasper M., enlisted May 7, 

May 16, 1864, died at Helena. 1864. 

Arkansas, August 21, 1864, of Winters, John T., enlisted May 10, 

camp fever and diarrhoea. 1864. 

Swearingen, Alden B., enlisted May Workman, Jas., enlisted Mav7, 1864, 

9, 1864. died at Helena July 21, 1864. 

Stafford, Jonathan A., enlisted May Weaver, Henry W., enlisted May 

7, 1864. 21, 1864. 

THIRD CAYALRY. 



COMPANY D. 

Binder, Wm., enlisted 
10, 1861, discharged 
Arkansas, January 12, 

COMPANY K. 



September 
at Helena, 
1863. 



Second Corporal, Geo. Williams, en- 
listed September 3, 1861, subse- 
quently reduced to ranks, re-en- 
listed as veteran January 1, 1864. 

Third Corporal, Wm. E. Jones, en- 
listed September 3, 1861, subse- 
quently reduced to ranks, wound- 
ed at Salem, Arkansas, and dis- 
charged September 26, 1862. 

Angel, Wilson, enlisted as veteran 
January 1, 1864, killed in battle 
at Ripley, Miss., June 11, 1864. 



Himes, Wm. H., enlisted as veteran 
January 1, 1864. 

McYa}^ Jacob H., enlisted as vete- 
ran January 1, 1864. 

Randall, Israel W., enlisted as vete- 
ran January 1, 1864. 

COMPANY L. 

Hicks, Alfred B., enlisted August 
15, 1861. 

COMPANY M. 

Second Corporal, Alexander Cowan, 
enlisted October 3, 1861 as pri- 
vate, promoted Second Corpo- 
ral November 25, 1862, died at 
Memphis, September 13, 1863. 



FOURTH CAVALRY. 

This regiment was raised during the latter part of 1861, with rendez- 
vous at Camp Harlan, Mount Pleasant, and contained squads of Mahaska 
county men who enlisted with the regiment, or as recruits after it had en- 
tered the service, quite a number enlisting in 1863 and 1864. 

During May, 1863, the regiment was in several engagements in Missis- 
sippi, at Jackson, at Raymond, and twice at Mechanicsburg, on the 24th and 
29th of that month. During the previous part of the year the regiment 
had been stationed at Helena, Arkansas, doing scouting and picket duty. 
Under Gen. Sherman at Black River, in June, a portion of the regiment 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 441 

had quite a severe encounter with the enemy's cavahy, about 125 Union 
men being surrounded by 800 Rebels. Tlie former were successful in cut- 
ting their way out with a loss of near fifty men in killed and taken pris- 
oners. During the remainder of the year the regiment was engaged in 
skirmishing in Mississippi, bat without serious loss. 

During 1864, no regiment in the army was in more active service than 
the Fourth Cavalry. After several skirimishes and long marches in the 
early spring, or rather during the winter, they were furloughed March 4, 
1864, by special order of Gen. Sherman. Various expeditions were under- 
taken upon the return of the regiment to Mississippi, involving marches 
of some thousands of miles and numerous brilliant eno-aijements. Of his 
men, December 1,1864, Colonel Winslow says: ''No language can de- 
scribe their sufferings, or give them credit for that distinguished bravery 
and endurance which have taught the enemy to respect them and fear their 
coming, as the people of the Indies fear the Simoon. Four expeditions 
against Forrest and one against Price, bear testimony to the fatigues en- 
dured, the dangers encountered, the defeats shared, the victories won." 

During March and April, 1865, a most brilliant march with frequent 
fighting, was made from Chickasaw, Alabama, to Macon, Georgia. Seven 
battle flags were captured in a single engagement, near Columbus, Georgia, 
by volunteers of this regiment. During the month occupied in this expe- 
dition, 610 miles were marched, 2,436 prisoners captured, 21 pieces of 
artillery, 1,650 stand of small arms, and 880 horses and mules taken. 

[Note. — This regiment was mustered out at Atlanta, Georgia, August 10, 1865. Men 
not otherwise accounted for, mustered out as with the regiment. 

COMPANY E. 1861, promoted Fourth Sergeant 

September 1, 1862, promoted Third 

Mitchell, John, enlisted January 3, Sergeant October 1, 1862, re-en- 

1863. ^ listed as veteran December 12, 

Byers, James W., enlisted Novem- 1863. 

ber 21, 1863. Fourth' Sergeant William Glasgow, 

Boswell, Francis M., enlisted ITo- enlisted as Fifth Sergeant October 

vember 9, 1863. 29, 1861, promoted Fourth Ser- 

Dumont, Thomas, enlisted Novem- ^^ant, discharged for disability 

^ ^e^' IJ; 1863. August 23, 1862. 

Good, \Villiam, enlisted JNovember, Fourth Sergeant A. Loughridge, en- 

^r^r^^-^.,,. , ^^ listed as private October 17, 1861, 

McGee, William, enlisted Novem- promoted Eighth Corpora! May 1, 

ber 13, 1863. 1862, promoted Seventh Corporal 

Eiggs, Franklin, enlisted November August 1, 1862, promoted Sixth 

17, 1863. Corporal September 1, 1862, pro- 

moted Fourth Corporal October 1, 

COMPANY F. -^ggg^ promoted Fifth Sergeant 

c „ J c 4. JT- -iTT r^ 4.- May 1, 1864, promoted Fourth 

Second Ser^reant llira W. Curtis, ^ \. t ^ ■f^^o<. < 

1- . :i A . 1 -,- 1001 t. 1 Ser<reant Ju y 1, 1864. 

enlisted October 1/, 1861, taken o- u o /w-n- t at tt n 

1 • -1 i. r)i 1 Sixth Sergeant William J. Mel all, 

prisoner in a skirmish at Black i- . i'' • -. r\ ^ i -m 

Ty- Tif • • • T oi icijo enlisted as private October 17, 

Kiver, Mississippi, June 22, 1863. ^^^i i i -r^- i .i /-i ^ 

rpi • 1 o <. T • a •4.\ 1- ♦. 1 1861, promoted Fio-hth Corporal 

lliird Sergeant Levi Smith, enlisted o i. i -i io/>^ '^ i. i o- ..i 

r\ *■ u 17 iQai • t. September 1, 1862, promoted Sixth 

October 17, 1861, as private, pro- o ,. r\ \. ^ i -la^^a 

,1 T?-i'«.i c *. TA 11 Sergeant October 1, 1862. 

moted I'ltth Sergeant December 1, ^ ' 



442 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



First Corporal Joseph Cline, enlisted 
October 14, 1861, returned to ranks 
March 15, 186'2, taken prisoner 
and paroled, transferred to Invalid 
Corps February 15, 1864. 

First Corporal Joseph Glasgow, en- 
listed October 29, 1861, as Second 
Corporal, promoted First Corporal 
October 1, 1862, taken prisoner at 
Black River, Mississippi, in a skir- 
mish, June 22, 186.3. 

Fifth Corporal E. D. Bratton, en- 
listed as private October 17, 1861, 
promoted Eighth Cor])oral August 
1, 1862, promoted Seventh Cor- 
poral September 1, 1862, promo- 
ted Fifth Corporal October 1, 1862, 
reduced to ranks January 1, 1863, 
re-enlisted as veteran Jan. 1, 1864. 

Sixth Corporal Elijah Busby, enlisted 
as private October 17, 1861, pro- 
moted Sixth Corporal October 1, 
1862, re-enlisted as veteran De- 
cember 12, 1863, promoted Second 
Corporal January 1, 1864, promo- 
ted Sixth Sergejint May 1, 1864, 
promoted Fifth Sergeant July 1, 
1864, captured in a skirmish at 
Black River, Mississippi, and re- 
leased. 

Seventh Corporal Jeremiah Everett, 
enlisted October 17, 1861, reduced 
to ranks at his own request De- 
ceml)er 1, 1861, discharged No- 
vember 7, 1862, for disability. 

PRIVATES. 

Allison. Charles R,, enlisted October 
14, 1861. 

Boswell, F. M., enlisted November 
9, 1863. 

Butler, James W., enlisted October 
14, 1861, died of congestion of 
brain at Helena, Arkansas, March 
4, 1863. 

Byers, James "W,, enlisted Novem- 
ber 21, 1863. 

Crane, Hiram T., enlisted October 
17, 1861. 

Barnes, B. B., enlisted February 2, 
1864. 



Carnahan, Harlan, enlisted October 
17, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran 
January 1, 1864, promoted Sev- 
enth Corporal May 1, 1864. 

Bristol, M. B., enlisted February 
19, 1864. 

Barnes, A. W., enlisted Jannury 12, 
1864'. 

Davis, Caleb, enlisted October 17, 
1861, died at Batesville, Arkansas, 
June 23, 1862. 

Dumont, Thomas, enlisted Novem- 
ber 7, 1863. 

Good, Samuel, enlisted October 14, 
1861, discharged for disability 
March 13, 1863. 

Good, William, enlisted November, 
1863. 

Griffith, John P., enlisted October 
29, 1861, discliarged November 
22, 1864. 

McGee, William, enlisted November 

13, 1863. 

Pickens, Alpheus, enlisted October 

14, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran 
December 12, 1863. 

Lewis, Samuel, enlisted September 
3, 1864. 

Pugh, William H., enlisted February 
19, 1864. 

Pike, John B., enlisted October 17, 
1861, transferi-ed to Marine Brig- 
ade April 7, 1863. 

Miles, Elihu, enlisted January 5, 
1864. 

Rose, Enos, enlisted October 14, 
1861, died at Keokuk November 
7, 1862, of chronic diarrhoea. 

Pierson, flames B., enlisted January 

12, 1864, wounded and discharged 
September 15, 1864. 

Scott, William, enlisted October 17, 
1861, re-enlisted as veteran De- 
cember 12, 1863, promoted Farrier 
January 1, 1864. 

Scott, Lewis W., enlisted February 

13, 1864, discharged for disability 
December 22, 1864. 

Bartlett, William, enlisted January 

1, 1862. 

Walton, N. D., enlisted September 

2, 1862. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



443 



Riggs, Franklin, enlisted November 
7, 1863. 

Thomas, Sylvester W., enlisted Feb- 
ruary 8, 1864, died May 2, 1864, 
at Vicksbnrg 

Thomas, C. M., enlisted February 2, 
1864. 

COMPANY S. 

Third Sergeant Samuel X. Miller, 
enlisted Fourth Sergeant Septem- 
ber 19, 1861, promoted Third Ser- 
geant August 1, 1862. 

Black, Samuel O., enlisted Septem- 
ber 26, 1861, promoted Corporal, 
wounded near St. Francis River, 
Arkansas, April 8, 1863. 

Enslow, William H , enlisted No- 
vember 23, 1861, died of chronic 
diarrhcea, at Helena, Arkansas, 
April 17, 1863. 

Jones, Joseph H., enlisted Septem- 
ber 26, 1861. 

Kinney, John, enlisted October 4, 
1861, taken prisoner. 

Kinney, H. J., enlisted Feb. 17, 1864. 

White, Henry C, enlisted Septem- 
ber 23, 1861, re-enlisted as veteran 
December 12, 1863. 

Sheppard, George W., enlisted Oc- 
tober 6, 1862, wounded at St. Fran- 
cis River, Arkansas. 



Casler, Clinton B., enlisted as vet- 
eran December 12, 1863. 

VOLUNTEERS — COMPANIES UNKNOWN. 

Gates, James O., enlisted January 5, 
1864. 

Hays, John H., enlisted January 5, 
1864. 

Harris, James, enlisted January 5, 
1864. 

Jones, N. B., enlisted January 4, 
1864. 

Jones, Edward, enlisted January 4, 
1864. 

Kernehan, James B., enlisted Decem- 
ber 12, 1863. 

Lee, Charles H., enlisted January 
11, 1864. 

Kenworthy, Henry A., enlisted Jan- 
uary 4, 1864. 

Morgan, Clinton C, enlisted Jan- 
uary 2, 1864. 

Posegate, Francis, enlisted Decem- 
ber 25, 1863. 

Thompson, Andrew T., enlisted Jan- 
uary 5, 1864. 

Kinkade, David N., enlisted as vet- 
eran February 29, 1864. 

Smith, George D., enlisted as veteran 
January 1, 1864. 



SEVENTH CAVALRY. 

This regiment was formed at Camp Hendersliott, Davenport, Iowa, dur- 
ing tlie summer of 1863. On the 27th most of the regiment -was ordered 
to Omaha, and served on the frontier during their entire period of service. 
They took part in every expedition against the Indians, in the departments 
of Missouri, Kansas, and the Northwest, during 1863 and 1864. The regi- 
ment was retained in the Indian service until 1866. The regiment, except 
Companies K, L and M, was mustered out at Leavenworth. Kansas, May 
17, 1866. The remainder at Sioux City, June 22, 1866. The Colonels of 
the reo^iment were Sam AV. Summers and H. H. Heath. 



COMPANY B. 

First Sergeant, Levi Sumner, en- 
listed November 3, 1362, dis- 
charged for disability, April 12, 
1865. 

Third Sergeant, Joseph W. West, 
enlisted March 7, 1863. 



PRIVATES. 



Anthony, Wm., enlisted October 
29, 1862. 

Blackston, John W., enlisted Octo- 
ber 26, 1863. 

Evans, John T., enlisted March 11, 
1863. 



444 



Henrj, Thomas B., enlisted March 
2, 1863. 

Kersey, Samuel, enlisted iN'ovember 
6, 1862, wounded at Horse Creek, 
July 14, 1864. 

Sumner, Wasliington, enlisted No- 
vember 5, 1862. 

COMPANY C. 

McPherson, John, enlisted April 10, 
1863. 

COMPANY D. 

Commissary Sergeant, C. H. Spur- 
lock, enlisted December 10, 1862. 

Eighth Corporal, Simon B. Wood- 
ward, enlisted January 21, 1863, 
promoted Eighth Corporal, June 
8, 1863. 

Ankeny, Wm. H., enlisted Decem- 
ber 25, 1862. 

Allison, Jas., enlisted Jan. 24, 1862. 

Martin, Wm., enlisted December 
20, 1862. 

Small, Wm. T., enlisted December 
23, 1862. 

Wortman, Daniel, enlisted March 
2, 1863. 

COMPANY G. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

COMPANY H. 



McMullen, Ross, enlisted June 20, 

1863. 
Wagoner, Fred, enlisted June 20, 

1863. 

COMPANY L. 

Berry, John P., enlisted March 31, 

1864. 
Parrott, Thomas J., enlisted March 

12, 1864. 

ADDITIONAL ENLISTMENTS — COMPANIES 
UNKNOWN. 

English, James, enlisted September 

6, 1864. 
Floro, Geo., enlisted June 8, 1864. 
Houser, James, enlisted September 

6, 1864. 
Meeks, David, enlisted September 

3, 1864. 
Noe, William, enlisted Jnne 8, 1864. 
Picken, Michael, enlisted September 

6, 1864. 
Pearson, Chas. R., enlisted March 

8, 1864. 
Sprague, Allen, enlisted September 



8, 1864. 

Third Corporal, Samuel O. Kinzer, Walker, Stephen, enlisted Septem- 
enlisted April 6, 1863. her, 11, 1864. 



NINTH CAYALRY. 



COMPANY I. 



19, 1863, mustered out March 15, 

Benscoter, S. H., enlisted November 1866. 

19, 1863, mustered out March 15, Spain, Sanford S., enlisted October 

1866. 14, 1863, mustered out March 15, 

Brockway, John W., enlisted Sep- 1866. 

tember 23, 1863, mustered out Yance, Taylor, enlisted September 

March 15, 1866. 9, 1863, mustered out March 15, 

Martin, Francis M., enlisted Octo- 1866. 

her 1, 1863, mustered out March Whitsel, Chas. J., enlisted October 

15, 1866. 1, 1863, mustered out March 15, 

Mullin, Joseph, enlisted October 1, 1866. 

1863, mustered out Marcli 15, Woten, Nathan, enlisted October 

1866. 27, 1863, mustered out March 15, 

Sexton, Wm. J., enlisted October 30, 1866. 

1863, mustered out March 15, Wym, John, enlisted September 25, 

1866. 1863, mustered out March 15, 

Sharp, W. T., enlisted November 1866. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



445 



LIGHT ARTILLERY. 

The Fourth Battery was organized at Davenport in the latter part of 
November, 1863. Its members came from all parts of the State, and many 
of them had previously been in the service. It was a fine command in 
every respect, but did not have the good fortune to particularly distinguish 
itself in the field. Its theater of operations was for the most part in Lou- 
isiana. The Battery was mustered out at Davenport, July 14, 1865. The 
Captain was Phillip II. Goode, of Mills county. The enlistments from 
Mahaska county were as follows: 



FOURTH BATTERY. 

Junior Second Lieutenant Francis 
M. Ellsworth, enlisted July 24, 
1863, resigned April 5, 1804, 

Eleventh Corporal Mathew N. Prine, 
enlisted August 1, 1863, mustered 
out July 14, 1865. 

Musician Robert A, Crosson, en- 
listed July 27, 1863, mustered out 
July 14, 1865. 

Artificer John N. Morgan, enlisted 
August 1, 1863, mustered out July 
14, 1865. 

PRIVATES. 

Avy, Levi, enlisted August 1, 1863, 
mustered out July 14, 1865. 

Atkins, Wni. T., enlisted November 
4, 1863, mustered out July 14, 
1865. 

Buckmaster, Asbury, enlisted Au- 
gust 5, 1863, mustered out July 
14, 1865. 

Brown, Wm. R., enlisted August 29, 
1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. 

Boden hammer, A. C, enlisted Au- 
gust 3, 1863, mustered out July 
14, 1865. 

Bodenhammer, Jas. M., enlisted Au- 
gust 3, 1863, mustered out July 
14, 1865. 

Bass, "VVm. M., enlisted August 4, 
1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. 

Barton, Thos. S., enlisted August 16, 
1863, mustered out July 14,1865. 

Collins, Geo. G., enlisted August 
21, 1863, mustered out July 14, 
1865. 

Cowen, Ceo. T., enlisted September 
1, 1863, discharged for disability 
September 5, 1864. 



Downs, Jacob E., enlisted August 

26, 1863, mustered out July 14, 

1865. 
Gateley, Joseph H., enlisted Au- 
gust 18, 1863, mustered out July 

14, 1865. 
Gerard, Francis M , enlisted August 

1, 1863, served ten months in Co. 

H, Eighth Infantry. 
Glasgow, James T., enlisted October 

6, 1863, mustered out July 14, 

1865. 
Hennis, Benjamin T., enlisted Au- 
gust 3, 1863, died at Davenport 

February 2, 1864, of typhoid pneu- 
monia. 
Huber, John M., enlisted July 26, 

1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. 
Ilartman, Oliver C, enlisted July 

29, 1863, mustered out July 14, 

1865. 
Ilendryx, Thos. J. enlisted August 

5, 1863, discharged for disability 

August 11, 1864. 
Ives, Samuel C, enlisted August 5, 

1863, mustered out July 14, 1865. 
Johnson, Ab., enlisted August 1, 

1863, mustered out July 24, 1865. 
Jessup, Alex L., enlisted November 

3, 1863, mustered out July 14, 

1865. 
Kincaid, Benj. F., enlisted August 

5,1863, mustered out July 14,1865. 
McManes, Andrew, enlisted August 

3, 1863, discharged for disability 

March 5, 1864. 
Nafe, Augustus W. enlisted August 

3, 1863, mustered out July 14, 

1865. 
Ponell, Joseph, enlisted September 

1, 1863, mustered out July 1865, 



446 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTT. 



Qnaintance, G, P., enlisted August 
18, 1863, mustered out July 14. 
1865. 

Sproule, Win. H., enlisted August 



23, 1863, mustered out July 14, 
1865. 
Young, Jones H., enlisted Novem- 
ber 4, 1862, mustered out July 
14, 1865. 



MISCELLANEOUS ENLISTMENTS. 



Alder, John F., enlisted May 14, 

1864, Co. D, Fourty-fourth Infan- 
try. 

Byers, S. IL M., enlisted June 24, 
1861, as first Corporal, Co. B, 
Fifth Infantry, promoted Quarter- 
Master Sergeant, March 1, 1862, 
promoted Adjutant April 23, 
1863, imprisoned at Libb}^ ex- 
changed, discharged March 19, 

1865, appointed Consul to Zurich 
Switzerland under Grant, which 
appointment he now holds; was 
the author of the song "Sherman's 
March to the Sea," written while 
in Libby Prison. 

Brvan, Andrew A., enlisted August 
22, 1861, Co. F, Tenth Infantry, 
wounded at Vicksburg and dis- 
charged at St. Louis, for wounds. 

Bennington, Samuel, enlisted Octo- 
ber 13, 1861, in Co. E, Twelfth 
Infantry, died at St. Louis Janu- 
ary 15, 1862. 

Beattie, James, appointed Musician, 
Forty-fifth Infantry, May 25, 
1864. 

Bryney, A. J. enlisted as substitute 
in Ninth Infantry November 18, 
1864. 

Barnes John C, enlisted October 27, 
1861, re-enlisted January 5, 1864. 

Chapman, Samuel H., enlisted as 
Captain Co. B., 5th Infantry, re- 
signed December 2, 1861. 

Cummiugs, William C. commission- 
ed Assistant Surgeon, Tenth In- 
fantry, April 16, 1862, resigned 
October 17, 1862. 

Cromley, John W., enlisted August 
16, 1863, Co. E, First Iowa Infan- 
try (African descent). 

Cummings, John S., enlisted Sep- 
tember 11, 1861, in Engineer Reg- 



iment of the West, Second Ser- 
geant, Co. K, promoted Second 
Lieutenant Co. H, Oct. 19, 1862. 

Cox, Thomas S., enlisted August 9, 
1861, Co. A., Seventh Mo., Cav- 
alry. 

Collins, Elislia, enlisted September 
1, 1864, Co. I, Twenty-third In- 
fantry. 

Cox, Joshua S., enlisted as substi- 
tute November 19, 1864, Ninth 
Infantry. 

Clark, James D., enlisted as substi- 
tute November 19, 1864, Ninth 
Infjintry. 

Dent, William P., enlisted August 
22, 1861, Co. F, Tenth Infantry, 
died at Bird's Point, Mo., of ty- 
phoid fever. 

Dickens, Robert S., enlisted August 

16, 1863, First Corporal, Co. E, 
First Iowa Infantry (of African 
descent). 

Dodd, Charles J., enlisted as veteran 
February 15, 1864, in Second 
Veteran Infantr3^ 

Draper, M. V. B., enlisted as veter- 
an December 17, 1863, in Co. I, 
Second Veteran Infantry. 

Dryden, Cyrus, enlisted September 
iO, 1864, Co. F, Tenth Infantry. 

Douglass, R. R., enlisted as substi- 
tute November 14, 1864, in Ninth 
Infantry. 

Ellsworth, Francis M., enlisted May 
7, 1864, as private, Co. B, Forty- 
eighth Infantry, promoted Eighth 
Corporal June 13, 1864. 

Griffith, John, enlisted July 3, 1861 
in Co. F, Fifth Infantry, re-en 
listed as veteran January 1, 1864 
in Fifth Cavalry. 

Greofory, O. C, enlisted September 

17, 1861, Co. D, Tenth Infantry. 



IIISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



447 



Hildretli, Levi, enlisted Ani^ust 28 
1862, in Co. G, Tenth Infantry. 

Harlan, James E., enlisted May 15, 
18fi4, Co. D, Forty-tbnrth lii tan- 
try. 

Hale, Roberts, enlisted May 7, 1864, 
Co. B, Forty-eighth Infantry. 

Hall, G. M., enlisWl November 18, 
1864, as substitute in Ninth In- 
fantry. 

Henderson, Tliomas J., enlisted as 
snljstitnte December 1, 1864, in 
Sixteenth Infantry. 

Hendrickson, J., enlisted as veteran 
Deceinber 9, 1863, Co. I, First 
Cavalry, as veteran. 

Kelso, Martin, enlisted Anofust 18, 
1862, Co. G, Tenth Infantry, 
killed at Champion Hills, in bat- 
tle, May 16, 1863. 

Kuntz, John R., enlisted November 
28, 1864, as substitute in Nine- 
teenth Regiment. 

Kissick, AYiliiam, enlisted October 
22, 1861, in Co. C, Sixteenth In- 
fantry, promoted Second Corporal 
November 15, 1862, promoted 
Second Lieutenant November 17, 
1864, having re-enlisted January 
4, 1864. 

Laflerty, G. W., enlisted February 
10, 1861, in Tenth Pennsylvania, 
Reserve Volunteer Corps, dis- 
charged May 31, 1864. 

Lee, George R., enlisted October, 
1861, Battery E, First Illinois 
Light Artillery, discharged at 
Louisville, Decemljer 23, 1864. 

Lamond, Eli C, enlisted Second 
Sergeant Co. C, Sixteenth In- 
fantry, October 26, 1861, died at 
Davenport, June 27, 1862. 

Mcintosh, James M., enlisted as pri- 
vate in Co. D, Thirteenth Infantry 
October 10, 1861, promoted Sixth 
Corporal June 3, 1862, captured 
at Atlanta, and died a prisoner of 
war at Florence, S. C, November 
13, 1864. 

Milligan, — , enlisted June 18, 1864, 
Co. B, Forty-Eighth Infantry. 



Miles, William, enlisted March 30, 
1864, in Third Battery. 

Mann, A. E., enlisted August 30, 
1864. 

McDavitt, M. S., enlisted as substi- 
tute November 14,1864, in Ninth 
Infantry. 

Lieutenant W. II. Needham enlisted 
from Albia, July 31, 1862, as pri- 
vate in Co. D, Twenty-Second In- 
fantry, promoted Fourth Sergeant 
(date unknown); at assault on 
Vicksburg, Mr. Needham was 
the second of twelve volunteers 
who succeeded in entering the ene- 
my's works, of whom honorable 
mention was made in General 
Grant's report; of these only 
three or four escaped. In recog- 
nition of his bravery, Sergeant 
Needham was promoted Second 
Lieutenant June 5, 1863, First 
Lieutenant August 3, 1863, acted 
as Adjutant and Quarter-Master 
for six months during 1865, mus- 
tei-ed out at Davenport August 4, 
1865. 

Nesbitt, Joseph B., enlisted August 
24, 1861, Co. B, Twelfth Illinois 
Infantry, re-enlisted as veteran and 
promoted to rank of Lieutenant, 
mustered out in 1865. 

Noel, Abraham, enlisted May 6, 
1861, Co. K, Second Infantry, died 
at St. Louis, December 3, 1861, 
in hospital. 

Patton, T. J., enlisted as private in 
Co. E, Second Infantry, May 6, 
1861, promoted Fourth Corporal 
September 1, 1862. 

Parks, John D., enlisted as veteran 
in Co. F, Second Veteran Infantry; 
date of First Lieutenant, June 1, 
1861. 

Pattee, Alfonso, enlisted as substi- 
tute November 5, 1864, in Ninth 
Regiment. 

Remington, T., enlisted October 27, 
1861, re-enlisted as veteran Janu- 
ary 4, 1864, in Co. C, Sixteenth 
Infantry. 



44:8 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Shuck, John M., enlisted August 9, 1861, in Co. K, Sixth Infantry, 

1862, Co. B, Thirtieth Infantry. severely wounded at Reseca, Ga., 

Seymour, John S., enlisted as snbsti- re-enlisted January 1, 1864. 

tute November 2, 1864, in Third Yan Dyke, Benjamin F., enlisted No- 
Battery, veniber IT, 1862, Co. I, Four- 
Spates, Jacob R., enlisted as substi- teenth Infantry, wounded at Pleas- 
tute November 18, 1864, in Ninth ant Hills, La. 
Infiintry. Woodward, I. J., enlisted May 6, 

Smith, William H., enlisted October 1861, in Co. K, Second Infantry. 

27, 1861, Co. C, Sixteenth Infan- Williamson, John E,., enlisted Au- 

try, wounded at luka, re-enlisted gust 9, 1862, Co. D, Twentieth 

January 5, 1864, promoted Cor- Infantrj'^, transferred to Invalid 

poral, missing at Atlanta July 22, Corps in 1863. 

1864. Weese, Elisha, enlisted May 23, 1864, 

Taylor, William P., enlisted July 12, Co. B, Forty-eighth Infantry. 

1861, in Co. K, Sixth Infantry, Wilkens, Hiram, enlisted March 28, 

wounded at Shiloh, discharged 1864, died of chronic diarrhcea at 

September 1, 1863. Eome, Ga., August 4, 1864. 

Thomas, John W., enlisted as Third Wheeling, John, enlisted as substi- 

Corporal, Co. B, Forty-Eighth In- tute November 2, 1864, in Thir- 

fantry June 16, 1864. teenth Infantry. 

Yan Hook, Macon, enlisted July 12, 

SOLDIERS' REUNION. 

Friday, August 25, 1865, was a gala day in Oskaloosa, the occasion being 
a grand reunion of Mahaska's returned soldiers, and a welcome dinner 
given them by her citizens. 

Early morning found crowds from the country thronging upon the town, 

' ' Like mountain toiTents pouring to the main ; 
From every glen a living stream came forth, 
From every hill in crowds they hastened down." 

It should be borne in mind by the reader that the hills of Mahaska are 
not very high, and that the similarity to the mountain tori'ent is applicable 
to the stream alone. 

At 10|- o'clock the procession was formed on Main street, by order of 
the officers of the day, J. W. McMullen being marshal, and Col. John Lof- 
land in command of the soldiers. The following; is the order of the Dro- 
cession: 

1. Brass Band. 

2. Returned soldiers in old company organizations. 

3. Civilians. 

In this order they marched to the speakers' stand in the public square, 
where the exercises opened with: 

1. Music. — "Hail Columbia," by brass band. 

2. Prayer. — Rev. R. A. McAyeal. 

3. Music. — "When Johnny Comes Marching Home," b}^ the choir. 

4. Reception Speech. — W. S. Ken worthy. 

5. Music by the band. 

6. Reading of President Lincoln's last Inaugural by Judge Loughridge. 

7. Music.—" Rest, Martyr, Rest," by the choir. 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 449 

Following these exercises the soldiers marched to groaning tables await- 
ing tliein under the shade trees of the square. The banquet served was a 
credit to tlie ladies in charge, to whom liad flown the milk and honey from 
Mahaska's capacious fountains of good things, which they prepared in 
most tempting forms, as the soldiers thought, in quite happy contrast with 
the hard-tack and bacon of the camp. 

After dinner the exercises were continued as follows: 

Music bj^ the band. 

Return by Co. 11, Third Iowa Infantry of their battle-stained flag (pre- 
sented to them by the ladies of Oskaloosa, May 31, 1861), to the hands of 
the fair donors. 

Toasts : 

1. Soldiers of Iowa; the story of their dauntless bravery on the battle- 
fields of the republic will illumine the pages of her history and crown it 
with unfading laurels; green and unperishable be the memory of the fal- 
len; loved and honored be those who still live to bear aloft the radiant ban- 
ner of the free. 

Response by Captain J. H. Warren. 

2. The fallen soldiers. 
Response by Judge Loughridge. 
Music by the choir. 

3. The Army and Navy of the United States; they have crushed the 
mightiest rebellion the world ever saw, vindicated and restored the author- 
ity of the Government, put all its enemies under its feet, and by exhaust- 
less strength and irresistable power commanded the respect of the entire 
world. 

Response by Captain J. F. Lacey. 
Music by the band — " Ellsworth" March." 

4. Union prisoners in the South; their treatment while in southern 
prisons was the refinement of barbarism and inhumanity; treatment which 
none but fiends could inflict; in the name of justice and the starved and 
murdered soldiers, we demand that all rebels connected directly or indi- 
rectly with those barbarities, be brought to swift and merited punishment. 

Music by the choir. 

5. Our country and the union; the former the hope of liberty through- 
out the world, the latter the joy of every loyal heart; let them be handed 
down one and imperishable to all coming generations. 

Response by Joseph Kelly. 
Music by tiie choir. 

6. George Washington and Abraham Lincoln; the one the father of the 
country, and the other the savior; their names will stand side by side 
upon the page of their country's history; we will sacredly cherish their 
memory and be guided by their precepts and examples. 

Response by Judge W. H. Seevers. 
Music by the band. 

7. Andrew Johnson, the president of the United States; born in poverty 
and obscurity, educated through his own industry, strengthened by the 
storms of adversity and the fires of revolution, placed in power by the 
friends of liberty and the union; may he be true to liberty and a cham 
pion for the right; a worthy successor to the immortal Lincoln. 

Response by Col. C. W. Fisher. 
Music by the band. 



450 HISTORY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. 

8. Tlie loyal women of Iowa; true to their government and tlie canse of 
liberty by their sacrifices, and devoted and untiring labors for the comfort 
and health of soldiers during tlie war, they, in common, with their sisters 
of the entire Korth, have shown themselves worthy descendants of the 
women of the Revolution. 

Response by Rev. C. H. Gates. 
Music b}' the band. 

9. Friends of liberty throughout the world; they have sympathized with 
lis in our struggle for national life; in their contests with despotism and 
tyranny in the old world, may speedy and triumphant success crown their 
efforts. 

Response by Dr. C. Beardsle3^ 
Music by the choir. 

10. General Samuel A. Rice, the soldier and patriot; his name is en- 
shrined in the hearts of all lovers of liberty. Peace to his ashes. 

Response by Rev. R. A. McAyeal. 

Music by the choir. 

Doxology. 

"The crowd then dispersed, every one going his own way, with a smile of 
satisfaction illuminating his countenance. Seldom has been seen, at any 
public meeting, such universal good feeling and such general satisfac- 
tion rendered. Not one unpleasant circumstance occuri-ed to mar the 
enjoyment of any one present, sobriety and good conduct being the order 
of tlie day. In the evening the city hall was tendered to such as wished to 
enjo}' a social gathering, and qnite a large number assembled and passed 
the evening, each in a manner best suiting his taste, some in social con- 
verse, while not a few tipped the light fantastic toe, until warned by the 
'wee sma' hours' to seek their homes. Mahaska county never saw a 
brighter or happier day. Long may it be remembered." 

Such is the account given b}- the Herald. 

About the time of this reunion, a subscription paper was started, the 
object being to secure sufficient funds for the erection of a soldiers' monu- 
ment. This paper was headed by several names at one hundred dollars per 
name, but the project was never completed — for what reason we did not 
learn. 

The graves of fallen soldiers were first decorated May 30, 1868, on which 
occasion J. W. McMulleu was marshal of the day, and Rev. T. E. Corkhill 
delivered the oration. Probably not more than twenty soldiers are buried 
in Oskaloosa. 

At present writing, August, 1878, several meetings have been held by 
soldiers of Oskaloosa, having in view a second reunion of those engaged 
from Mahaska in the late war. This movement has, as yet, taken no defi- 
nite shape, but in the language of one of the veterans, " We are going to 
have a reunion or hust^ 

THE RICE MONUMENT. 

When the news of Gen. Rice's death reached his brigade in the summer 
of 1864, it was resolved to build a monument to his memory. This brig- 
ade was composed of the Ninth Missouri, the Fiftieth Indiana, and the 
Twenty-ninth and Thirty-third Iowa Infantry regiments. The amount 
raised was three thousand dollars. At a meeting at Gen. Bussey's head- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 451 

quarters, the regimental officers got into some misunderstanding, the result 
of which was tliat the twelve hundred dolhirs raised by the first two regi- 
ments named were returned to the individual donors. The Iowa regiments 
placed over Gen, Rice's grave, in Forest Cemetery, a fine marble shaft 23 
feet in lieight and 5 feet 4 inches square at the base. 

On the upper part of the column are the names of the actions, or expe- 
ditions in which the General was engaged; on the west, Camden, Pkairie 
D'Anne; on the south, Helena, Jenkins' Ferry; on the east, Terre 
NoiR, Elkins' Ford; on the north, Little Rock, Yazoo Pass. 

Below is the following inscription : 

" SAMUEL A. RICE, Brfgadier General U. S. Volunteers, 
Born January ^7, 1828^ 
Died July 6, 186 Jf.^ 
Of wounds received at the hattle of JenMris' Ferry. 

Erected in honor of their gallant leader hy the 

nienihers of the Twenty -ninth and Thirty - 

third lorva Infantry Regiments 

of Rice's Brigade. 

Upon the left are cut the United States Flag and Shield; also a pair of 
muskets crossed in the form of an X. The monnment was the work of 
Messrs. Glaze & Co., of Oskaloosa. 

SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA. 

The following beautiful poem, which has won for its author a National 
reputation, and has been sung in the theaters of Europe, was written in a 
Southern prison by Adjutant S. H. M. Byei's, at present (1878) U. S. Con- 
sul at Zurich, Switzerland. In his little Ijook, " What I saw in Dixie," on 
page 73-4, he copies from his diary, December 25, 1865, as follows: " This 
is my second Christmas in prison. ******* 
Lieutenant Tower, of Ottumwa, Iowa, who had lost a leg in the army, and 
was afterward captured, is now to be exchanged and sent home. He wears 
a hollow, artificial wooden limb in place of the one he lost; this we packed 
full of letters, one of which contained ' Sherman's March to the Sea.' The 
Rebels little suspected our novel way of communicating with our friends. 
The Lieutenant went safely through, and the letters were all delivered": 

Our camp fires shone bright on the mountains 

That frowned on the river below, 
While we stood by our guns in the morning 

And eagerly watched for the foe — 
When a rider came out from the darkness 

That hung over mountain and sea, 
And shouted '■ Boys, up and be ready, 

For Sherman will march to the sea." 

Then cheer upon cheer for bold Sherman 

Went up from each valley and glen. 
And the bugles re-echoed the music 

That came from the lips of the men. 
For we knew that the stars in our banner 

More bright in their splendor would be, 
And that blessings from Northland would greet us 

When Sherman marched down to the sea. 



452 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Then forward, boys, forward to battle, 

We marched on our wearisome way, 
And we stormed the wild hills of Resaca, 

— God bless those who fell on that day — 
Then Kenesaw, dark in its gloiy. 

Frowned down on the fla"' of the free, 
But the East and the West bore our standards, 

And Sherman marched on to the sea. 

Still onward we pressed, till our banners 

Swept out from Atlanta's grim walls. 
And the blood of the patriot dampened 

The soil where the traitor flag falls; 
But we paused not to weep for the fallen. 

Who slept by each river and tree ; 
Yet we twined them a wreath of the laurel, 

As Sherman marched down to the sea. 

0, proud was our army that morning 

That stood where the pine darkly towers, 
When Sherman said, " Boys, you are weary, 

This day fair Savannah is ours." 
Then sang we a song for our chieftain 

That echoed o'er river and lea. 
And the stars in our banner shone brighter, 

When Sherman marched down to the sea. 




CITIES AND TOWNS. 



OSKALOOSA. 



Vert much of the history of the county-seat has of course been involved 
in the history of the county. Oskaloosa was the iirst town of any import- 
ance, and since tlie time of its inception has been without a rival within 
the boundaries of the county. 

The date and manner of its location and naming, in May, 1844, as well 
as a mention of many of its early institutions, has already been given. 
The Urst house built on the town plat was by Mr. D. Canfield, in the spring 
of 1844. Smith & Cameron started the iirst store about the same time. 

G. W. Jones started the second grocery store, in which were kept such 
-provisions as the country afforded and his capital would secure. A grocery 
^ ..that day also included a barrel of whisky in its staple stock, which was 
Qv J out in quantities from a fraction of a pint to a number of gallons. 

We have been informed by one who came here in September, 1844, that 
at that time there were no buildings upon the town plat except the resi- 
dence and boarding-house of Canfield and the store above mentioned. This, 
however, is probably a mistake, as mention has been made by others of sev- 
eral dwellings erected in Oskaloosa during the summer of 1844. 

The M\ and winter of that year found the tide of immigration rapidly 
increasing, and the growing number of saw-mills in the county affording 
more suitable material, the growth of the town was quite rapid, so that 
January 1, 1845, found Oskaloosa attaining the dignity of a village. 

Wm. B. Street erected the first frame store building on the west side of 
the square, and was one of Oskaloosa's earliest and most enterprising mer- 
chants. 

Mr.M. T. Williams is the oldest citizen of Oskaloosa now living in the 
place, he having settled here in May, 1844, at the time the town was laid 
out, and though absent a part of the following winter, still maintained his 
residence in the village. 

Sam'l Gossage, who Jirst came here in the fall of 1844, is again a citizen 
of Oskaloosa, now being proprietor of the National House. 
' Dr.'s AV^eatherford and Porter located in Oskaloosa in 1844, and were the 
first Dhysicians of the place. Dr. E. A. Boyer, of Jackson (now Scott) town- 
ship, had been the main practising physician in this part of the county pre- 
viously, sharing with Dr. Warren, late of Kichland township, the frontier 
pi-actice of this part of the State. Those physicians frequently rode beyond 
Des Moines to visit patients. 

The first regular minister who came to Oskaloosa for the purpose of con- 
ducting religious services we understand to have been a young Methodist 

28 



456 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

theologue (a student from Cincinnati) about twenty years of age, who came 
to Mahaska county as a missionary and organized Metliodist chisses in pri- 
vate liouses. It is probable, however, that the first regnhir class in Oska- 
loosa was organized by Rev. A. W. Johnson, in the fall of 1844, and in the 
house of A. G. Phillips. Others say Simon Cameron, a Cumberland Pres- 
byterian, was the first minister. 

To the dweller in the county seat to-day it is a diflficult matter to realize 
what was the appearance of Mahaska count}^ and of Oskaloosa in the sum- 
mer of 1844, and for a few years following. To one standing in the middle 
of the square only a few scattered cabins were in sight. The " City of 
Trees" did not ^^et exist, and no foliage interrupted the view down the di- 
vide for miles, while away to the south stretched an unbroken sea of prairie 
grass. In that day no roads of iron bound the settler to the ready aid of 
older States, nor reached out their grips of steel to bring in the arts of trade 
or the means of progress. No metallic nerve held us in daily intercourse 
with a developed East and the progress of an older continent, 

" On its wings of lightning bearing 
Thought's swift mission through the air." 

"While now Oskaloosa is a minature hub with her half dozen spokes of Bes- 
semer steel pointing in various directions; while now almost every hour of 
the day and night is pierced by the shriek of a locomotive, or made restless 
by the rumbling wheels of her inland trade; then was she in the midst of 
a vast though smiling wilderness. Only four times a fortnight, perhaps, 
would Finck & Co.'s rattling hack or rumbling stage bring to the new vil- 
lage Uncle Sam's burden from the banks of the Mississippi. Early stage 
traveling was attended with difficulties. The sloughs were not bridged, 
and in the spring of the year it was no uncommon thing for a passenger to 
make part of his journey on foot, carrying a rail on his shoulder with which 
to pry the half-empty vehic'e out of the mud. At first there were no 
stages at all; next a hack line from Fairfield; then came Finck & Walker's 
stage line, which ran a stage perhaps twice a week; then the Western Stage 
Co. This brought to Oskaloosa traveling the "dawning of a better day." 
Perhaps it would be more proper to say that the travel brought the stage 
line, but in either case the traffic in passengers rapidly increased, until at 
times a half dozen four-horse stages would pass through in a single hour. 
Those were balmy days for the stage lines, and when the Western Stage 
Co. quit business they were property owners all over the West. The prof- 
its of the business were immense. The time between Oskaloosa and "The 
River " was from one to two days, according to the condition of the roads. 
When the highways were in good order passengers leaving Oskalsosa after 
supper were in Ft. Des Moines for breakfast. This was the terminus of 
one line; another extended to Council Blufi*s. 

With the first settlement of the country vehicles were scarce. For the 
first two or three years Wm. Edmundson, the sherifi*, owned the only buggy 
in the county, and this was the only livery rig which could be borrowed, 
even in case of a wedding, as late as September, 1845. M. T. Williams 
and wife made their bridal tour in this buggy. At this time traveling was 
mostly done in wagons, generally by horse power. Oxen were quite exten- 
sively used in breaking prairie and in local hauling, but in teaming from 
"The River" the main reliance was horse-flesh. If a lawyer or merchant was 
called on a business trip to "The River" he usually went on horse-back or 
rode in a loaded wagon which hauled merchandise or produce. 



HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 457 

Until the coutitry was considerably settled, there was a great scarcity of 
money. For instance: Out of some twenty-six justices and constables 
elected in 1844:, only six of them had money to pay the clerk of court for 
examining their bonds and qualifying them for office. The currency in 
use, was mostly State notes of Illinois, Indiana and Missouri. Occasionally 
some silver, and anon a gold piece wouki be seen. jS^o frame dwelling was 
erected in Oskaloosa until tliat of M. T. Williams, wiiich he built in the 
summer of 1845, with his own hands, just north of the present City Hall, 
and which is still standing. Tlie previous structures M^ere of logs, and in 
the absence of brick, or on account of too great haste to go after stone, the 
chimnej's were built of sod, where au}^ chimneys were used. Some fami- 
lies brought with them a cooking stove, but during the first season were 
sometimes puzzled for something to cook. Game was quite abundant, and 
the undisturbed timber yielded a harvest of wild fruits, such as has not 
since been known. The substantial were pork, corn meal and wheat 
coffee. Even these gave out sometimes. On one occasion the boarders at 
the Canfield House had a rather late breakfast. It happened in tliis wise: 
The landlord had noticed his larder was running low, but he was in hourly 
expectation of supplies from below. One evening the pantry was bankrupt, 
but the host was in hopes his team would come with provisions before 
morning. But "hope deterred, maketh the heart sick" at every dawn. Wm. 
D. looked wistfully down the divide in vain. He mounted a horse and left 
for Richard Perkin's, secured a small quantity of meal, and half a side of 
bacon, from a settler down there, and started for home. The half dozen 
hungry boarders sat in front of the cabin, pining for the flesh pots of civil- 
ization, but soon their spirits rose, and their mouths began to water, for 
awa}' to the south came the plucky landlord, riding like a Jehu, and hold- 
ing aloft the half side of bacon as a sign of relief. And this supply failed 
not until other provisions came. 

This incident, as well as another we are about to relate, serves to show 
that the early settlers were not accustomed to ask " Who is my neighbor?" 
Suffering themselves the hardships and privations of a new country, the 
pioneers divided with whoever came, down to the last hand-full, and did 
all cheerfully. Generosity in that day was not only a finer, but more com- 
mon article than it is now, though it be to our shame that we are compelled 
to say it. 

The father of T. G. Phillips was among the first to come to Oskaloosa. 
He realized the fact that he was coming to a new country, and he resolved 
to come well provided. Accordingly he brought with him, what he sup- 
posed to be a sufficient quantity of fiour to supply his family for an entire 
year. The family came into the village in the evening. The news of Phil- 
lips' abundant supply spread like a prairie fire, and he had an abundance of 
callers. Everybody came to see him. Everybody seemed to appreciate 
him. They were all plain spoken people, and were not ashamed to ask for 
what they wanted; Mr. Phillips' levee lasted till bed time, and was contin- 
ued in the morning until breakfast, at which hour he found he had loaned 
out just one barrel of flour to entire strangers, and it is likely all Oskaloosa 
breakfasted on hot biscuit instead of corn-bread, which was the more com- 
mon fai-e. 

Sometime after this, when he had the logs prepared, Phillips let drop 
the remark that he expected to raise his house on a certain day. He invit- 
ed uo one to come to assist him, but on the morning appointed no less than 



468 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

seventy-five persons were present, for the purpose of giving their neighbor 
a lift. Will some one show iis a parallel case in the decade of 1870-80? 

In 1843 there were very few settlers on the road along the divide. It is 
said that from Wangh's Point, six miles east of the present town of Fre- 
mont, to where Pella now stands, that for most of the way no house would 
be in sight. Wm. Morrow was located at Fremont, and between his house 
and Oskaloosa, Richard Parker's was the only dwelling on the highway, 
nntil 1841, Of course the country was without hotels, and the people in 
cabins were accustomed to accommodate travelers, and it was no uncommon 
thing to see a cabin floor strewn with prostrate and sleeping travelers, or 
hunters, who happened in that vicinity for the night. 

As an index to the business of Oskaloosa in that day, and as a prompter 
to old-time memories to its citizens, we give, as far as we are able to learn 
them, the chief business houses of Oskaloosa, at the close of 1850. Gen- 
eral stores: Street Bros., Wm. S. Dart, E. Perkins, and Phillips & More- 
land; Dry Goods, H. Temple & Co., Jones & Young; Tailors, M. Baldwin, 
James S. Chew, P. C. Camplield, and Currier & Co.,; Boots and Shoes, 
Wise & Mathews, and J. M. Whitney; Saddlers, W. S. Edgar, and J. D. 
Fletcher; Eagle Hotel; G. F. San tier & Co., Jewelry; T. W. Rodgers, 
Wagon-maker; T. Shriver & Co., Gunsmiths; B. Goodrich, Stoves and 
Tinware; B. T. Pirkey, Furniture. 

The principal lawyers were M. T. Williams, J. A. L. Crookham, Wm. T. 
Smith, John R. Needham, Wm. H. Seevers, Eastman & Skiff and A. M. 
Cassiday. 

The physicians were C. G. Owen, N. Henton, A. Barker, E. W. Hyde, 
and W. Weatherford. 

The record of Oskaloosa's public, and some of her private institutions, 
as given on the following pages, will give you some idea of the change 
wrought in twenty-eight years. 

While there was not at the time of its location, a single tree in the 
boundaries of the plat, such attention has been given by citizens to the 
cultivation of shade trees, as to have earned for the town the appellation 
of " City of Trees." Quite a number of the streets are perfect vistas, un- 
der the shade of Avhose over-hanging boughs are found a welcome promen- 
ade, and refreshing driv.e. These various avenues of maple and elm are 
lined with residences of the most inviting appearance. Neatly shaven 
lawnis and shaded walks or retreats, tell of the taste and culture of the in- 
habitants. 

Oskaloosa is a quiet place. While it improves gradually, it has not the 
drive and feverish energy of many western towns. Its population is com- 
posed mainly of native Americans, the strong temperance sentiment pre- 
vailing, making it uninviting to a foreign elen)ent, who like their liquor, 
and a laxity of Sabl)ath laws. To one who wishes the advantages of a 
city, and yet a quiet home among people of refinement and education, the 
West affords no more suitable place than Oskaloosa. 

The plat of the original survej^ provides for a public square in the cen- 
ter of the quarter section on which the county-seat is located. At an 
early day this square was surrounded by a fence — and, as an adornment, 
different citizens set out one or several trees which they tended with praise- 
worthy pride and thus afforded, years ago, a most excellent shade, in this, 
the only public park the city has provided for its citizens. Unfortunately 
for the time to come, when it is hoped that Mahaska county will have a 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 459 

fine court house, the s<]uare is not hirge enough to afford room for such a 
buikling as the county will need. 

The business of Oskaloosa is largely confined to retail stores in Boots 
and Shoes, Dry Goods, Groceries, Drugs and Agricultural Implements. 
Surrounded as the city is, by a fine agricultural country, the trade in each 
of these departments is very considerable. There are some wholesale 
stores in the cit3^ 

The population of Oskaloosa as shown by the census returns for 1870, 
was 3,204. In 1873 it was 3,425. In 1875, the date of last state census, it 
was 4,263. At this time the population is probably not far from 4,800. 
The figures above given are from official returns, and are smaller than 
those claimed by the city generally, as is the case in most western towns. 

The absence of any water supply has cost Oskaloosa the absence of 
mau}^ manufacturies she might otherwise have had. Of the attempt and 
failure to secure a supply by means of an artesian well, we have occasion 
to speak elsewhere. A project is now being agitated proposing a main or 
aqueduct to be constructed to Skunk River whence an abuiidance of water 
could be obtained for all purposes. This undoubtedly will be done some- 
time. 

Oskaloosa has three railroads. The Central R. R. of Iowa, affording 
excellent north-and-south communication and a great outlet for Mahaska 
coal to northern Iowa and Minnesota; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
bringing Oskaloosa within about 90 miles of the Mississippi river, and 
affording direct eastern communication with low freights to Chicago; the 
Keokuk & Des Moines Ry. with Oskaloosa station at Beacon, '•2^ miles 
distant. The passage of this road into the hands of the C, R. I. & P. 
will make Oskaloosa quite an eligible point for the company's car shops. 

With a good supply of water, Oskaloosa is more favorably located as a 
manufacturing city than almost any other town in the state. Surrounded 
by an agricultural country second rank to none in Iowa, underlaid by a 
thick and almost inexhaustible vein of coal, with considerable timber 
skirting the streams of Mahaska, with three railroads radiating in six 
different directions from the city as a center, located in a healthy locality, 
the citizen may well ask what Hawk-eye town can offer better inducements 
to the capitalist? 

The first movement made toward the establishment of a city government, 
was in December, 1851, when E. W. Eastman, on behalf of petitioners, 
appeared in the county court requesting a special election to be held, in 
which it should be decided by a vote of citizens whether the town should 
be incorporated or not. The election was ordered to be held at the court 
house, December 27, 1851, at which time it appeared there were sixty-three 
ballots cast " for incorporation " and sixty-one ballots " against incorpora- 
tion." At another election held January 3, 1852, the following persons 
were chosen to prepare a charter, viz: E. W. Eastman, John R, Needham, 
A. S. Nichols, Wm. H. Seevers and M. T. Williams. For some reason 
these persons failed to act, and the matter was allowed to rest until May 
12, 1853, when a similar application to the one above mentioned was pre- 
sented by Wm. Loughridge to Judge Crookham, who ordered a special 
election to be held at the court house on the 20tli of May, 1853, for the 
purpose of selecting a committee to draft a charter. The vote stood seven- 
ty-three to six in favor of a charter. On May 28th an election was held to 
choose persons to prepare a charter, of which the following is the report: 



460 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



OsKALOOSA, May 30, 1853. 
Now comes S. A. Rice, one of the clerks appointed to conduct an election in the village of 
Oskaloosa for the election of three resident voters of said village, to prepare a charter or 
articles of incorporation for said village to become a city, holden on the 28th day of May, 
1853, and files a return of said election, by which it appears that M. T. Williams. S. A. Rice 
and Wm. Loughridge were elected by the voters of said village to prepare said charter or 
articles of incorporation for said village to become a city; and it is thereupon ordered that 
the clerk of this court notify said officers of their election, and it is furthermore ordered that 
they prepare said charter or articles of incorporation, and present them to this court on or 
before the first day of the next regular term of this court. 

J. A. L. CROOKHAM, Couniy Judge. 

The charter was presented to the court on June ITtli, submitted to the 
people June 28th, ratified by them by a vote of forty-four to two, and the 
first city election ordered to be held Jul}^ 2, 1853. 

This charter, after defining the limits of the city and declaring the pur- 
pose of its incorporation, provided for its legislature to be composed of a 
mayor and two aldermen from each of four wards into which the city was 
divided; further, for the manner and times of elections, the duties and 
powers of the mayor, council, treasurer and clerk, and provided for amend- 
ments and the manner of holding the first election. In this election the 
county judge appointed the election board, which consisted of James Edgar, 
S. A. Rice and Wm. Ballard as judges, and James A. Talbot and Daniel 
Ogilvie as clerks. 

The official vote was as follows: 



Mayor — 

Wm. T.Smith ^<6 

Wm. Loughridge 60 



Majority. , 

Marshal — 

Isaac Kalbach 

John H. Shoemake. 



COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— 

R. R. Harbour 77 

J. M. Dawson 1 35 

Allen Grier 36 



72 
52 



Majority 20 



Dawson's Majority. 22 
Second Ward — 

I. N. Cooper 125 

E. W. Eastman 102 

Wm. S. Edijar 19 



Recorder — 
Wm. T.Smith, 
S. Greenouffh . 



Wm. Loughridge, 



58 
48 
11 



Cooper's Majority . . 4 
Third Ward— 

Smith Stevens 123 

Tobias Leiditon 122 



Smith's plurality. .. 10 



Treasurer — 

James Edgar 

Ebenezer JPerkins. 



69 

57 



Majority 12 



Majority 1 

Fo'arih Ward — 

E. W.Wells 118 

Henry Temple 61 

E.Perkins 20 



Wells' Majority.... 37 



July 12th Mayor Smith was duly qualified and commissioned by Judge 
Crookham, by whom it was ordered that the first meeting of the officers 
of the city of Oskaloosa should be held in the office of Wm. T. Smith, at 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 461 

four o'clock, on Tuesday evening, July 12, 1853, at which time, we presume 
the council was duly organized, and the aldermen took their seats. 

Under this charter the city government acted until January 24, 1855, at 
which date the city was incorporated by special act of the legislature, and 
the old charter rendered null upon tlie adoption of the new one, which 
went into operation in February. 

At an election held on the 18th of January, 1864, it was decided to 
abandon the charter, and to organize as a city of the second class under the 
Code of Iowa. The records of this transaction having been lost or destroyed, 
the city solicitor, in 1876, in order to avoid all possible trouble, secured 
the passage of the following act by the state legislature. 

CHAPTER 92, 16 G. A. 

LEGALIZING THE CITY OF OSKALOOSA. 

AN ACT to lejralize the organization of the city of Oskaloosa as a city of the second class, 
and to legalize the annexation thereto of certain tenitory. 

Whereas, The city of Oskaloosa, in Mahaska county. Iowa, held an election on the 
eighteenth day of January. 1864. for the pui-pose of abandoning the special charter of said 
city, and to organize as a city of the second class, under the provisions of chapter 51 oi the 
revision of 1860 and amendments thereto; and. 

Whereas, The records of the proceedings connected with said abandonment and organi- 
zation have been lost or destroyed; and, 

Whereas, Said city has been acting and recognized as a city of the second class since 
said proceedings were had ; and. 

Whereas, Doubts have arisen as to the regularity of said proceedings; and. 

Whereas, The inhabitants of certain territory in said county adjoining said city peti- 
tioned the circuit court of said county for the purpose of annexing said territory to said city 
under the provision of chapter 10, title IV of the Code; and, 

Whereas, Commissioners were appointed by said court, and an election held on said 
territory on the 11th day of December, 1874, at which a large majority of the qualified elec- 
tors residing upon said territory, voted in favor of annexing said territory to said city — and 
other proceedings were had, as provided by said chapter of the Code; and, 

Whereas, Doubts have arisen as to the regularity of the proceedings connected with the 
annexation of said territory, and as to whether the same constitutes a part of said city, as a 
city of the second class, therefore, 

Be it enacted hi/ the General Assemhhf of the State of Jowa: 

Section 1. That the organization of the city of Oskaloosa, in Mahaska county, Iowa, as 
a city of the second class, and the annexation thereto of said teiritory, are hereby legalized 
and rendered as valid and binding, to all intents and purposes, as if all the proceedings in 
regard thereto had been conducted in strict accordance with Ixw. 

Approved March 14, 1876. 

OFFICERS 
OF OSKALOOSA CITY GOVERNMENT FROM ITS ORGANIZATION UP TO THE 

PRESENT TIME. 



[Note. — The list of officers as herein given, is taken from the city record, and is as com- 
plete as can be ascertained.] 

1853. Clerk— William Loughridge. 

Treasurer — James Edgar. 
On the second day of July, 1853, 

the city government of the city of councilmen. 
Oskaloosa went into operation by 

the following persons being sworn First Ward — J. M. Dawson, R. 

into their respective offices: E. Harbour. 

Mayor— William T. Smith. Second Ward— I. N. Cooper, E. 

Marshal — Isaac Kalbach. W. Eastman. 



462 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Third Ward- — Tobias Leigliton, 
Smith E. Stevens. 

Fourth AVard E. W. Wells, 

Henry Temple. 

1854. 

[Time of election changed from July to 
June.] 

Mayor — William Loughridge. 
Marshal — Isaac Kalbach. 
Clerk— S. S. Smith. 
Treasurer — Henry Lyster. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward — James Edgar, Mat- 
thew Edmundson. 

Second Ward — James A, Young, 
E. W, Eastman. 

Third Ward— S. E. Stevens, Lot 
A. Chorn. 

Fourth Ward— E. W.Wells, Dan- 
iel Ogilvie. 

1855. 

Mayor — D. M. Gunn. 
Marshal — Isaac Kalbach. 
Clerk — William Birchard, 
Treasurer — George Kowland. 
City Justice — James Rhinehart. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— J. M. Dawson, J. 
M. Byers. 

Second Ward— J. A. Talbot, J. A. 
Young. 

Thii'd Ward— J. P. Cowan, Henry 
McCall. 

Fourth Ward — Daniel Ogilvie, ^N". 
J. Smith. 

1856. 

Mayor — William T. Smith, 
Marshal — D. M. Gunn. 
Clerk — William Edmundson. 
Treasurer — Wesley Moreland. 
City Justice — Daniel Ogilvie. 



COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— William S. Dart, J. 
M. Byers. 

Second Ward — J. II. Shoemake, 
Newton Hen ton. 

Third Ward— Simeon Pool, S. A. 
Pice. 

Fourth Ward — A. M. Cassiday, 
George Rowland. 

1857. 

Mayor— William T. Smith. 
Marshal — Jonathan Atkins. 
Clerk — William Edmundson. 
Treasurer — Wesley Moreland. 
City Justice — Silas Scott. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward — William S. Dart, 
John I^. Kinsman. 

Second Ward — James A. Young, 
J. H. Shoemake. 

Third Ward — Christian Houtz, 
W. M. Wells. 

Fourth Ward H. B. Myers, 

George Rowland. 

1858. 

Mayor — James A. Young. 
Marshal — Jonathan Atkins. 
Clerk— D. A. Lough. 
Treasurer— W. M. Wells. 
City Justice — C. G. Owen. 



COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— B. W. Johnson, W. 
C. Rhinehart. 

Second Ward — J. Y. Hopkins, D. 
W. Loring. 

Third Ward— C. Houtz, J. R. 
Needham. 

Fourth Ward — J. B. Dixon, Dan- 
iel Ogilvie. 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



463 



1859. 

[Time of election changed to February.] 

Mayor — James A. Young. 
Marshal —Jonathan Atkins. 
Clerk— W. R. Koberts. 
Treasurer— W. M. Wells. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— J. N. Kinsman, B. 
W. Johnson. 

Second Warn — Henry Howard, 
Abner Allen. 

Third Ward— J. E. Needham, D. 
A. Louo-h. 



Fourth Ward- 
W. Wells. 



-Daniel Offilvie, E. 



1860. 

Mayor — John R. Needhara. 
Marshal — Silas Scott. 
Clerk— W. R. Roberts. 
Treasurer— W. M. Wells. 
City Justice — Henry Lyster. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— W. C. Rhinehart, E. 
Hyatt. 

Second Ward — J. A. Young, H. 
Howard. 

Third Ward— D. A. Lough, B. F. 
Ingles. 

Fourth Ward — George Rowland, 
E. W. AYells. 

1861. 

Mayor — J. R. Needham. 
Marshal — Silas Scott. 
Clerk— W. R. Roberts. 
Treasurer— W. M. Wells. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— William Edmund- 
son, J. N. Cooper. 

Second Ward — J. W. Faxon, J. 
M. Lewis. 



Third Ward — Tobias Leighton, 
John Lofland. 

Fourth Ward— A. G. Young, N. 
J. Smith. 

1862. 

Mayor — B. F. Ingles. 
Marshal — F. Castles. 
Clerk— H. P. Taylor. 
Treasurer— W. M. Wells. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— W. S. Dart, Isaac 
Kalbach. 

Second Ward — James Rhinehart, 
W. B. Street. 

Third Ward— C. Houtz, N. J. 
Smith. 

Fourth Ward— D. W. Loring, J. 
D. Fletcher. 

1863. 

Mayor — A. F. Seeberger. 
Marshal — David Harger. 
Clerk — S. H. Chapman. 
Treasurer— W. M. Wells. 



COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— W. S. Dart, J. B. 
Adlon. 

Second Ward — J. Abraham, M. 
Wilson. 

Third Ward— J. P. Cowan, J. H. 
Griffith. 

Fourth Ward — M. L. Jackson, A. 
M. Rodgers. 

1864. 

[IJme of election changed [to March.] 

Mayor — James Rhinehart, 
Marshal— G. W. Norton. 
Clerk — James Loughridge. 
Treasurer — W. M. Wells. 
Street Com— *G. W Norton. 



*Resigned September 12, 1864; succeeded 
by A. Maxfield, September 26, 1864. 



464 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 
COUNCILMEN. 



First Ward— T. T. Wright, Nor- 
man Dodge. 

Second Ward — J. Abraham, L. B. 
Ayres. 

Third Ward— Henry Lyster, N. C. 
Crawford. 

Fourth Ward— M. Wilson, Silas 
Scott. 

1865. 

Mayor — James M. Louo;hridge. 
Marshal— *A. Maxfieldr 
Clerk — James Rnan. 
Treasurer— W. M. Wells. 
Street Com.— fA. Maxfield. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— T. T. Wright, Henry 
Mattox. 

Second Ward — J. Abrahm, J. B. 
Dixon. 

Third Ward— A. G. Smith, Henry 
Lyster. 

Fourth Ward— M. Wilson, A. M. 
Kodgers. 

*Resigned; succeeded October 9, 1865, by 
G. W. Norton. 

fResigned September 12, 1865; succeeded 
by Joseph Hedrick, October 9, 1865. 

1866. 

Mayor — Silas Scott. 
Marshal — Joseph Hedrick. 
Clerk— James Euan. 
Treasurer— W. M. Wells. 
Street Com. — Jos. Hedrick. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— Henry Mattox, 'N. 
Dodge. 

Second Ward — J. B. Dixon, J. M. 
Janney. 

Third Ward— *A. G. Smith, K. 
Caven. 



Fourth Ward — A. M. Kodgers, 
Daniel Ogilvie. 

1867. 

Mayor — AmosHollingsworth. 
Marshal — Wm. Johnson. 
Clerk — James Ruan. 
Treasurer — Mitchel Wilson. 
Solicitor — Jpo. R. Needham. 
Street Commissioner — Wm. John- 
son. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward — Cyrus Beede, N. 
Dodge. 

Second Ward — S. E. Ehinehart, 
J. M. Janney. 

Third Ward— N. Caven, Clias. H. 
Evans. 

Fourth Ward— R. H. Haller, Dan- 
iel Ogilvie. 

1868. 

Mayor — J. M. Loughridge. 
Marshal — Wm. Johnson. 
Clerk — James Ruan. 
Treasurer — Mitchel Wilson. 
Solicitor — *John R. Needham. 
Street Commissioner — Wm. John- 
son. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward — Geo. T. Carpenter, 
Cyrus Beede. 

Second Ward— John Siebel, S. E. 
Rhinehart. 

Fourth Ward — Daniel Ogilvie, R. 
H. Haller. 



*Councilman A. G. Smith moved out of 
the ward, and was succeeded September 10, 
1866, by P. A. Watts. 



*Resigned June 8, 1868; succeeded by M. 
E. Cutis, July 13, 1868. 



1869. 

Maj^or — J. M. Loughridge. 
Marshal — J. W. Ocain. 
Clerk — James Ruan. 
Treasurer — M. Wilson. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



465 



Solicitor— *M. E. Cutis. 
Street Commissioner — J. W. 
Ocain. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— t A. C. Williams, G. 
T. Carpenter. 

Second Ward — S. E. Rhineliart, 
John Siebel. 

Third Ward— D. A. Hurst, John 
Rhinehart. 

Fourth Ward — :j:A. B. Cacey, 
Daniel Ogllvie. 



*Resio:ned May 18, 1869; succeeded by 
Jno. F. Lacey, .Inly 12, 1869. 

fResigned May 18, 1869; succeeded by 
Cyrus Beede, June 14. 1869. 

^Resigned May 18. 1869; succeeded by C. 
P. Searle, June 14, 1869. 

1870. 

Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. 
Marshal — *J. II. Likens. 
Clerk — -James Ruan. 
Treasurer — S. II. Chapman. 
Solicitor — fl. B. Morris. 
Street Commissioner — j^J. W. 
Ocain. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward — Henry Mattox, A. 
C. Williams. 

Second Ward — John Siebel, S. E. 
Rhineliart. 

Third Ward— §R. W. Lacey, D. A. 
Hurst. 

Fourth Ward — Jas. McQuiston, 
C. P. Searle. 



* J. A. Likens resigned May 14, 1870, 
immediately after his election, and was 
succeeded by J. W. Ocain, March 14, 1870: 
J. W. Ocain resigned July 11. 1870, succeed- 
ed G. W. Norton, July 16, 1870; G. W. Nor- 
ton resigned Nov. 30, 1870, succeeded by W. 
N. Bliclianan. Dec. 1, 1870. 

fResigned Nov. 14, 1870; succeeded by J. 
Kelly Johnson. Nov. 21, 1870. 

X Resigned Dec. 12, 1870; succeeded byW. 
H. Simmons. 

§Resigned Nov. 21, 1870; succeeded by 
James Rhinehart, Dec. 12, 1870. 



18Y1. 

Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. 
Marshal — W. N. Buchanan. 
Clerk — Frank Kelly. 
Treasurer — S, II. Chapman. 
Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. 
Street Commissioner — W. H. Sim- 
mons. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward — L. D. Rounds, Henry 
Mattox. 

Second Ward — *James A. Young, 
John Siebel. 

Thii-d Ward — D. A. Hurst, James 
Rhinehart. 

Fourth Ward — II. C. Huntsman, 
Jas. McQuiston. 



*Resigned Feb. 12, 1872. 

1872. 

Mayor— W, T. Smith. 
Marshal — Wm. N. Buchanan. 
Clerk— Frank Kelly. 
Treasurer — W. A. Lindly. 
Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. 
Street Com.— W. H. Duke. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— D. H. LeSuer, L. D. 
Rounds. 

Second Ward— W. H. Wray, E. 
M. Beatty. 

Third Ward— B. R. Perdue, D. A. 
Hurst. 

Fourth Ward— M. T. Williams, 
H. C. Huntsman. 

1873. 

Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. 
Marshal — Riley Jessup. 
Clerk— Frank Kelly. 
Treasurer — W. A. Lindly. 
Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. 
Street Commissioner — James 
Ocain. 



466 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— * John A. Kalback, D. 

II. LeSuer. 

Second Ward— W. H. Wray, E. 
M. Beatty. 

Third Ward— D. A. Hurst, B. E. 
Perdue. 

Fourth Ward — F. L. Downing, 
M. T. Williams. 

*Resigned September 22, 1873; succeeded 
by L. K. Button October 13, 1873. 

1874. 

Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. 
Marshal — C. McCarty. 
Clerk— Geo. E. Lee. 
Treasurer — W. A. Lindly. 
Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. 
Street Com. — J. W. Ocain. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— M. P. Givens, L. K. 
Dutton. 

Second Ward — Wm. Mattison, 
W. H. Wray. 

Third Ward— B. E. Perdue, D. 
A. Hurst. 

Fourth Ward — John H. Green, 
F. L. Downing. 

*Resigned September 16, 1874; succeeded 
by J. B. McCurdy September 30, 1874, 

1875. 

Mayor — Geo. H. Baugh. 
Marshal — *John Shaw. 
Clerk — Geo. E. Lee. 
Treasurer — W. A. Lindly. 
Solicitor — J. Kelly Johnson. 
Street Commissioner — Wm. Staf- 
ford. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— L. A. Scott, M. P. 
Givens. 



Second Ward — AYm. Mattison, 
David Evans. 

Third Ward— C. Houtz, B. E. 
Perdue. 

Fourth Ward — J. H. Green, Jas. 
Hurst. 

1876. 

Mayor — Geo. H. Bangh. 
Marshal— *J. W. Gladden. 
Clerk — Geo. E. Lee. 
Treasurer — W, A. Lindly. 
Solicitor — Ben McCoy. 
Street Commissioner — W. Wray. 

COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward— L. A. Scott, Jno. A. 
Shannon. 

Second Ward — M. L. Levi, David 
Evans. 

Third Ward— L. B. Ayres, C. 
Houtz. 

Fourth Ward — James McCulloch, 
James Hurst. 



*Resigned July 12, 1875; succeeded by J. 
W. Gladden August 9, 1875. 



*Resigned November 13, 1876; succeeded 
by T. J. Henderson. 



1877. 

Mayor. — Geo. H. Baugh. 
Marshal. — T. J. Henderson. 
Clerk. — Geo. E. Lee. 
Treasurer. — W. A. Lindly. 
Solicitor. — Benj. McCoy. 
Street Commissioner. — W. Wray. 



COUNCILMEN. 

First Ward.— L. A. Scott, John 
A. Shannon. 

Second Ward. — M. L. Levi, Da- 
vid Evans. 

Third Ward.— L. B. Ayres, C. 
Houtz. 

Fourth Ward. — James McCul- 
lough, James Hurst. 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 467 

1878. COUNCILMEN. 

Major.-James A. Klce. ^ ^^''^^ Wai-d.-John A. Shannon, 

Marshal-John Ream. -^ o ' , St. ^ w a -p- i 

Clerk.-T. H. Green. ^ Second Ward.-W. A. Rinker, 

Treasurer.— A. A. Kendig. ^e^: .^;"^'y"- ^ -^ tt t • Af 

Solicitor.-F. M. DavenpSrt. Third Ward.-F. H. Lonng, M. 

Street Commissioner. -M. K. ^-^,^1; Ward.-L. H. Hole, S. J. 

Untton. 



'Resigned June 10, 1878. Still vacant. 



FIRES. 



Four times in tlie history of the city has Oskaloosa been visited by the 
"fire fiend," in snch a manner as to make his call a matter of distinct rec- 
ollection. The south side of the square has been twice visited, and the 
Phoenix Block has sprung from the ashes of two fires. The first of these 
occurred during tlie summer of 1863. It started in a two-story frame 
building, the fii-st double story store ever built in'Oskaloosa, Mdiere it is 
supposed some vagrants had taken lodging for tlie night and set fire to 
paper in tlie building from tlieir pipes. Six frame buildings were burned. 
The principal losers were Wm. T. Smith, M. T. Williams, J. B. Dixon 
and J. D, Shannon. Compared with the present value of business prop- 
erty of the city, the loss was small, amounting to only $3,000 or $4,000. 

This block was soon afterward re-built, and was a considerable improve- 
ment over the frame row above mentioned. Part of the new block was 
known as the Knowlton Block. These buildings were again destroyed, 
shortly after midnight of January 20th, 1873, This fire originated in an 
unknown manner in the store room of Seevers & Gadd. The following is 
a list of the principal suff'erers: J. B. Dixon, $5,500; Daniel Danielson, 
$6,500; Thompson & Beaman, $6,500; Masonic Hall, $6,500; Seevers & 
Gadd, $4,000; M. T. A\^illiams, $1,000; J. H. Green & Co., $5,000; J. L. 
Pinkerton, $3,000; W. E. VeruMii, $1,500; Shoemake & Wroughton, 
$1,000. By order of Wm. T. Smith, Mayor, a number of frame buildings 
adjoining and fronting on the square were torn down, for which threats 
were made to sue the city for damages. But a wiser and more generous 
policy was pursued, viz: the erection of a fine row of business buildings 
along the entire south side of the square. 

From this time the month of January seems to have been the unfortu- 
nate month for Insurance companies and property holders in Oskaloosa. 
On the early morning of the 15th in the year 1874, an alarm was sounded 
from the northwest corner of the square. The origin of the blaze was 
again unknown. Four buildings were burned. Losses: A. M. Rodgers, 
$5,000; Boyer & Barnes, $3,000; H Price, $1,000; N. Dodge, $500; Levi 
Hambleton, $5,(»00; Louis Frank, $1,200; J. W. Faxon, $700. In a total 
loss of $17,000 there was only about $5,000 insurance. 

The last big fire in Oskaloosa was on High street, January Sth, 1877, 
supposed to have started from a lamp explosion. The principal losses 
were J. P. Gruwell, building, $2,000; Gibbs Bros., building, $2,500; J. 
W. Hineslev, building, $1,000; Jasper Bates, house and contents, $1,500; 
Mattison Bros., building, $2,500; J. M. Orvis, stock, $2,000; Rice & 
Hinesley, stock, $2,500. 



468 . HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

ARTESIAN WELL. 

The need of some water supply for public purposes, has long been felt in 
the count}' seat. Some time about the year 1872, the question of sinking 
an artesian well in the center of the public square in Oskaloosa was seri- 
ously discussed. It was claimed by Oskaloosa citizens that this would be 
a benefit to the county as well as to the city, and application was made to 
the board of supervisors to secure their assistance in the project. This 
was so far successful as to secure the action of the board in passing a reso- 
lution appopriating, not to exceed $10,000, to that project, provided the 
city would bear an equal expense. D. W. Loring and Robert Seevers were 
appointed as commissioners to act with a similar appointment from the 
city council. Through some misunderstandings the partnership was not 
formed, and for a time the project was dropped. The State Geologist was 
consulted, and gave his written opinion in favor of the feasibility of ob- 
taining a good supply of water at a reasonable depth. The matter was 
finally taken in hands by the city alone, the county appropriation having 
been enjoined b}'^ grangers. Everything prospered until a depth of 900 
feet had been reached, from which time bad management, carelessness and 
misfortune rendered the subject a by-word among all Oskaloosa citizens. 
The first trouble was the loss of tools. They were grappled for a long time 
without success — the well caved in — some scoundrel at one time dropped 
in a log chain and scantling — the work was abandoned. It was resumed 
by new contractors, Spangler, Marrs & Co., of Chicago, in JSTovember 
1875, and was vigorously carried forward until March, 1876, when a depth 
of 2,500 feet was reported. This at an expense of near $25,000. This 
state of aflfairs — almost ^ mile into the depths of the earth and no flowing 
stream — was discouraging, A disposition was manifested to accept a prop- 
osition of the contractors to try again down near Siebel's mill, but the pub- 
lic purse forbade. Unfortunately for the scientist, no record was kept of 
the strata passed through after the suspension of the work, pending the 
second contract. We give the strata for the first 1,200 feet. It will be 
noticed that a tine vein of coal underlies the city. 

CO CO • 

05 .03 

^^ t-^ 

O) cj cy w 

Q -.5 o -.a 

5 5 feet black soil 270 20 feet white slate 

38 33 feet joint clay 2S0 10 feet porous rock 

41 3 feet sand and gravel 610 330 feet lime stone 

50 9 feet blue clay 720 110 feet slate 

63 13 feet fire clay 870 150 feet of hard limestone or Iowa 

97 34 feet black slate marble susceptible of .very fine polish . . 

107 10 feet coal 970 100 feet very dark hard lime rock, with 

}4 foot sulphur streaks of sand rock and mica. (Also 

127 20 feet lime stone some fossils at 935 ft 

139 12 feet soap stone 977 7 feet hard gray sand stone 

148 9 feet grey sand stone 982 5 feet gvpsum and magnesia with 

149 1^ foot traces plumbago streaks of" hard sand shell ... 

Ibl 12 teet grey sand stone f,r,_ ,5-0 . n ■,, 

165 4feetflint rock 99^ 1'^ ^^^t feldspar 

180 15 feet lime stone 1002 5 feet of porous sand rock 

189 9 feet sand stone 1076 to 1095 black slate 

190 1 foot traces plumbago 1095 to 1115 blue slate 

200 10 feet sand stone 1115 to 1140 lime rock 

250 50 feet black slate 1140 to 1200 blue slate 



HISTOEY OFMAHASKA COUNTY. 469 

CITY GOVERNMENT. 

The following are the present officers of Oskaloosa: 

JVIa^'or. — James a Rice. 
Marshal. — John Ream. 
Clerk.— T. II. Green. 
Treasiirer.^ — A. A. Kendig. 
Solicitor. — F. M. Davenport. 

Councilmen: 

First Ward. — John A. Shannon, L. A. Scott.* 
Second Ward. — W. A. Rinker, George Brown. 
Third Ward.— F. H. Loring, M. E. Cutts. 
Fourth Ward.— L. A. Hole, S. J. Dutton. 

*Resignecl June 10, 1878. Still vacant. 

The expenses of the city government last year, exclusive of sinking 
fund, was: 

Salaries, $ 1,610.56 

Gas, 3,5-22.30 

Improvements, 1,079.53 

Merchandise, 120.06 

Labor, 407.52 

Costs, 235.85 

Fire Department, 1,577.29 

Miscellaneous, 451.09 

Total, $ 9,004.20 

The city taxes collected by the city treasurer during the year 1877, was 
$9,782. 

The assessed value of property, real and personal, for that year was 
$986,164 39. 

The following is a comparative valuation, according to assessment, for 
five years. 

Assessed Valuation, 1873, $ 776,722 

" " 1874, 816,990 

« " 1875, 867,490 

" « 1876, 982,732 

" « 1877, 986,164 

The levy for 1878 is twelve mills, being two for sinking fund and ten for 
general fund. 

The amount of receipts over running expenses, for 1877, was $3,432.51. 

The city's bonded indebtedness, July, 1878, is about $38,800, funded as 
follows: 

Steam engine and hose (due in 1880-83) $ 5,800 

Artesian well (due January 20, 1882) 12,000 

Artesian Well and South Avenue (due in 1886-87) 21,000 



470 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTT. 

These bonds are negotiable at par. They draw 10 per cent interest, pay- 
able semi-annually. Most of the bonds ai-e held by eastern parties. It is 
probable that about two-thirds of the bonds can be paid when due, and the 
balance will be refunded. 

There are in outstanding warrants on the city treasury, at above men- 
tioned date, about $3,450. These will all be paid by April 1, 1879. 

Oskaloosa was supplied with gas in 1872, under contract with J. L. 
Pinkerton, who afterward disposed of his contract to the " Oskaloosa Gas 
Light Company." At lirst the gas was made from coal oil, but is now 
made of coal. 

FIRE DEPARTMENT. 

Oskaloosa Fire Department was organized in 1871, and now comprises 
three companies, as follows: 

Oi<Ardoo8a Fire Cow,pany^ No. 1. — Consists of twenty-five members and 
is supplied with a steam fire engine of Cole Bros.' make, purchased by 
the city in July, 1873, and called " Long George." Belonging to this com- 
pany are two hose carts, ] ,500 feet of good hose, and a hose tower. 

Officers. — C. WoodruflP, foreman; J. W. Lafollett, assistant foreman; 
Melvin Ream, second assistant foreman; W. H. Duke, Secretary; B. T. 
Dutton, Treasurer; H. Duke, hose foreman; W. B. Ingles, assistant hose 
foreman. 

Comjpany, No. 2. — Was first organized in August, 1873, and known as 
Defiance company, ISTo. 2, but this company disbanded, and the present one 
was organized January 1, 1877, with a membership limited to fifteen mem- 
bers. This company has a small engine of Douglas' patent, called "Long 
Charlie." They have 250 feet of hose in good condition. 

Officers. — Rob't Carroll, foreman; Wm. Waters, assistant foreman; Chas. 
Hoffman, Secretary; Wm. Owens, Treasurer. 

Wide Awake Compa?iy, No. 3. — Have a similar engine to ISTo. 2, and 
same membership. This company was organized August, 1873. Meetings 
are held on last Thursday in each month. Have 200 feet of hose. 

Officers. — II. P. Welker, foreman; C. D. Alexander, assistant foreman; 
H. JK. Kemble, second assistant foreman; D. C. Waggoner, Secretary; J. 
A. Jones, Treasurer. 

The chief of the fire department, elected for 1878, is F. L. Downing. 
The firemen are paid one dollar each per month for their services. 

The water supply of Oskaloosa consists of four large cisterns and two 
large reservoirs. Of these latter one is near Seibel's mill, and the other in 
the north part of town near the woolen factory. 

. HOTELS. 

As we have already stated, the first hotel in Oskaloosa was known as the 
"Canfield House," and kept by Wm. D. Canfield. It was located on the 
ground where the Bashaw Livery Stable now stands. 

Another primitive institution was the Oskaloosa House, which lias fol- 
lowed the Canfield into a list of the times that were. In 1856-7 the 
"Needham House " was built just one block south of the square by David 
Needham. It has changed hands almost as many times as it has been 
years in existence, and is now known as the Burnett House. Mr. Willey 
is the proprietor. 



\S ■ ''' 



■■'r*,^ f'-'. 





HI8T0KT OP MAHASKA COUNTY. 473 

About 1872 the fine residence built b}'^ Mr. Roop, of wliich we have made 
mention elsewhere, was purchased and opened as a liotel b}' Jesse Thomas, 
and called the St. James. It has since had some half dozen proprietors, 
the last being Samuel Gossage, who shares quite largely the patronage of 
the public. 

However, the pride of Oskaloosa hotels is the Downing House, which 
stands on the east side of the square. This was formerlj^ called the Madi- 
son House, and was purchased by Major F. L. Downing in 1856. It had 
been kept by a man named Eastman previously, and was an old-fasliioned 
frame tavern with the sign post out in front, far enough from the door to 
allow the stage coaches to drive between it and the front door. The first 
months after the major's arrival in Oskaloosa were palmj' days for land- 
lords. Every morning from two to four stages stopped for breakfast, and 
the traveling patronage was not only large but lucrative. The Major tells 
us that in fifteen months he made $6,000 from ten rooms. At one time 
during that period a railroad party came staging through Oskaloosa and 
stopped at the Madison House for the niglit. The party numbered twenty- 
nine, with Governor Dix at the head. Only half tlie number were ex- 
pected, and it became necessary to crowd matters. The Major had one 
large room, and he sent the stable-boj^sout to the barn and had several ticks 
filled with straw for the emergency, and in this room fifteen weary railroad- 
ers slumbered that cold winter night on five straw ticks, three to a bed. 

A bridal party stopping here in 1856 describes the "best room " in Os- 
kaloosa's best hotel as covered with a miserably worn rag carpet, contain- 
ing two beds, no wash stand, but instead, a wash bowl placed on a common 
chair, and by its side a saucer of soft soap! 

Such accommodations are in lively contrast with the princely hotel built 
by Major Downing in 1874. At tliis time the Madison House was torn 
down. It consisted of seven different frame buildings grouped together, 
and was sold and moved away by piece-meal. The present Downing House 
is a three-story brick, sixty by one hundred and ten feet, and cost, furnislied 
throughout, §18,000. 

Its completion was celebrated by a grand opening December 22, 1874, at 
which between three and four hundred invited guests were present. An 
elegant banquet was served in the dining room, and the whole closed with 
a grand ball in the City Hall. 

The Downing enjoys the major portion of the transient custom, and has 
from thirty to forty regular boarders. Dennis Reagen, at the desk, has a 
smiling face for every new comer. His ubiquity is a seven days' wonder, 
and his power in entertaining guests is only excelled by a silhouette panto- 
mime. 

SIEBEL & CO.'S MILLS. 

These mills were built in West Oskaloosa partly in 1851, and partly in 
1857. The grist mill was built in 1851 by Roop, Harbour & Co., and in 
the following year was accupied as a grist mill and distillery. The build- 
ing now used as a woolen mill was built by Mr. Roop in 1857, and occupied 
in connection with his distillery as a whisky refinery. In 1865 these were 
sold to Messrs. Hambleton & McCurdy, who abolished the distiller}' and 
put the machinery for a \voolen mill in the refinery building. The enter- 
prise then passed into the hands of Siebel & Co. in 1866, who are the pres- 
ent owners. 
29 



474 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

These gentlemen liave three buildings, occupied as grist mill, woolen 
mill, and warehouse. The grist mill is a three-storj frame, sixty-five feet 
square, containing three pairs of burrs, and grinding about two hundred 
bushels of wheat per day. This mill does what custom work is offered, but 
is engaged for the most part in the manufacture of flour for mercantile 
trade. Most of this is sold within the limits of Mahaska county. 
- Just north of the grist mill is the engine house, containing a forty-horse 
power engine which turns the shafting of the grist mill, and of the woolen 
factory just beyond. The latter building is 110x133 feet in size, three sto- 
ries high. It contains two sets of woolen machinerj', and during the past 
year manufactured goods from 45,000 pounds of wool. Some of this was 
made into fine cloths, but the greater portion into flannels, blankets and 
yarn, Avhich are sold throughout the state. 

In 1877 Siebel & Co. manufactured about five hundred pairs of blankets, 
thirty-five thousand yards of flannels, and eight thousand pounds of flannel 
yarn. Coal for fuel is obtained from neighboring banks, and the necessary 
water from a pond which the firm has made by excavation near the mills. 

SCHOOLS. 

As has been already stated, the first school in the vicinity of Oskaloosa, 
which also was the first in the conntj^, was that taught by Miss Simira A. 
Hobbs, beginning in September, 1844, and taught in a pioneer school house, 
about two miles east of Oskaloosa public square. 

In the following winter, school was kept by Samuel Caldwell, wdio has 
sometimes been erroneously credited with teaching the first school. This 
was just at the eastern edge of Oskaloosa town, in the house of A. G. Phil- 
lips, located near the present residence of Hon. M. E. Cutts. 

In the summer of 1845 James Johnson taught in Levi Smith's house, on 
the south side of the square. In the fall of 1845 Miss Hobbs again taught 
in a log cabin, on the ground where the present M. E. parsonage stands. 
In the following winter, Mr. K. Bonham taught school in John Cameron's 
house. 

Where, when, and by whom the ^rst puhlic school was taught, is a ques- 
tion as deeply buried among various traditions, and contradictions as the 
origin of the Mexican Aztecs, and after hearing a half dozen different 
accounts spread over as many difi'erent years, the historian can give perfect 
credetice to none. Tliere is a probability however, that it was taught in the 
old Cumberland Presbyterian church, but only a probability. Those we 
liave mentioned above, were all subscription schools, and taught before the 
State of Iowa was organized. 

The schools of Oskaloola were known as the first school district of Oska- 
loosa township, and the first school house erected by this district, was the 
brick building yet known as Gospel Ridge School House, and standing de- 
lapidated and vacant on the school lot in northeastern part of Oskaloosa. 
Here J. M. Loughridge was probably first principal. 

About 1850, provision was made by the legislature for several Normal 
Schools in the State. It was enacted that in case of certain towns furnishing 
suitable buildings for the same, an allowance of $500 each per year would be 
made by the State for the support of a Normal School. 

The location of a school was secured in Oskaloosa, and July 3, 1852, the 
corner stone of the Normal School building was laid, which was completed 



1 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 475 

about a year afterward. Geo. W. Drake and wife taught a private school 
there, for a time, but the Normal was never fairly established till the ap- 
propriation was withdrawn, and the building being mortgaged fell into the 
hands of Drake. In January, 1858, it was sol^l to the First School District 
of Oskaloosa township, and was used as a jfublic school building until after 
the Union school building was completed, when it was sold to Wm. Burn- 
side who refitted it, and changed it to a double dwelling house. As such 
it is now occupied. 

In the city election of 1859 the question of forming an Independent 
school disti-ict was submitted to the people, and decided in the affirmative. 
The first school board was composed of J. Y. Hopkins, president, H. How- 
ard, vice-president, James A. Young, secretary, John White, treasurer, J. M. 
Byers and John Montgomery, directors. 

The costs of schools for 1860, being the first year they were under control 
of the Independent district, was $2,1:(35.T8. 

The schools of Oskaloosa were first graded in 1864. A committee com- 
posed of Directors McCarty and Kemble were appointed to report upon 
the matter of grading the schools and decided in favor of the grading sys- 
tem, and reported a course of study which was adopted. This course of 
study provided for a high school department, and as there was no room in 
the Gospel Ridge Normal School buildings for a high school, it became 
necessary to secure an additional building. Accordingly the First Presby- 
terian Church was rented for that purpose, and a high school established 
in the fall of 1864. At tliis time, nine months of school were provided for, 
and Joseph McCarty, the first superintendent ever employed in Oskaloosa, 
entered upon his work for the year 1864-5. Ira O. Kemble was first prin- 
cipal of the high school. 

In June, 1866, the block on which the high school building stands, was 
purchased for $1,000. 

In November of the same year, the first public school for colored chil- 
dren, was started in a room belonging to Mr. J. F. Childs, and located on 
the Baptist church lot. 

At a special election held in October, 1868, the proposition of issuing 
$30,000 bonds for the purpose of building a Union school house, was submit- 
ted to the people and lost. A similarquestion was again defeated in Novem- 
ber by a vote of 236 to 193. March, 1869, $15,000 bonds were voted for the 
completion of a high school building. 

The plan of this building was by an architect from Des Moines, Foster 
by name, and upon his plans and specifications, bids were received for the 
erection of the same, which was let to Messrs. Foster Bros., of Des Moines, 
at a contract price of $34,800. It was the intention to liave a $30,000 
building, but the plan was so satisfactory, that the board thought well to 
invest a few thousand dollars more, and had the usual experience to find 
that the contract price did not coverall expense, f.>r the building with heat- 
ing apparatus and furniture complete, cost not much short of $50,000. It 
was completed in 1870, and has ever since been a just pride of the city. 
The building is three stories, surmounted by a Mansard-roof. Has a base- 
ment in which is a steam heating apparatus, giving perfect satisfaction. 
In heating and ventilation — two very important items in school economy 
— the high school building at Oskaloosa is about as near the ideal as mater- 
ial things usually come. The building contains eleven rooms, nine of wliich 
are occupied as school rooms, and has a seating capacity of 525 pupils. It 



476 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

is but proper to mention that the first heating apparatus was a failure in 
this building, and the present success was the result of expense and exper- 
iment. 

At the time of the building of this structure, the schools of thiscitj^'were 
held in the Gospel Ridge, and Normal buildings, in a small room known as 
Birge's office, and in the Cumberland Presl)jterian church. The second 
and third of these buildings were sold in 1870. 

In 1864, when the high school had been opened in the Presbyterian 
church, the building was leased for five 3'ears, but this was abandoned in 1868, 
and a lease was made of the Cumberland Presbyterian. To this church was 
built a temporary addition, 2tl:x30 feet, which the school board also sold in 
1870. 

The colored school was at this time held in the colored church, but the 
pupils are now in the schools in common with the white children. 

In March, 1876, the growing wants of the city for more room to be used 
for school purposes, were made known to the citizens, and bonds to the 
amount of sixteen thousand dollars were voted for the purpose of building 
two new structures, in the first and fourth wards. These buildings were 
planned to be exactly alike, being two stories brick, with eight rooms and 
a seating capacity of 400 pupils. The contract was let to John Waggoner 
at $10,420 apiece. They cost the city about $11,000 complete. 

Of the bonds issued there are yet $24,000 outstanding. These bonds 
draw 10 per cent interest, payable semi-annually. Of the issue of 1869 
only $3,000 are outstanding, due in 1879. Of tlie issue of 1876 there are 
$2,000 due in 1880, $2,000 in 1881, $2,000 in 1882, $2,000 in 1883. $2,000 
in 1884, $2,000 in 1885, and $4,000 in 1886. 

About the time of the completion of the two ward buildings $5,000 
more bonds were issued, whose time of payment we did not learn. 

For 1878 the tax levy was: 

School House Fund $ 5,600.00 

Teachers' Fund 8,000.00 

Contingent Fund 2,000.00 

For the year ending February 25. 1878, tbe total receipts were: 

School House Fund $ 11,677.08 

Teachers' Fund 8,810.05 

Contingent Fund 2,237.20 

$ 22,724.33 

EXPENDITURES : 

School House Fund $ 4,745.55 

Teachers' Fund 10,743.95 

Contingent Fund 6,645.31 

$ 22,133.81 

During 1866-7 J. Valentine was superintendent of schools at a salary of 

$1,2^'^ X. . ., . , ,1 .i_ ... ., 

chin 

1"5 




HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 477 

islied nntil 1869, when J. F. Everett was employed, and continued to serve 
in tliat capacity nntil 1872, when Win. Lytle succeeded him, holding the 
position nntil 1875, when the present incumbent, Prof. H. II. Seerley, was 
elected superintendent. Mr. Seerley came to Oskaloosain the fall of 1873, 
as high school assistant. He was promoted as high scliool principal for 
1874-5, and the following year stepped to the Urst place in the schools. 

From the high school there have been fifty-nine graduates, as follows: 
seven in 1873, twenty in 1875, sixteen in 1876, six in 1877, and ten in 
1878. 

The first class being in 1873, was composed of Minnie Needham, Mamie 
Loring, Ida Street, Emma Fletcher, Mollie Robison, Ada McKinley, and 
Sadie Wright. 

Of the graduates the great proportion are girls, the sexes being divided — 
49 girls and 10 boys. This general fact, in regard to higli schools, has 
called forth argument against such institutions, on the ground that it is the 
boys who specially need education — a short-sighted and much mistaken 
view, when it is considered that the girls of the present generation will be 
the mothers of the next, and if there is any surety for a high and pure 
citizenship, it is in a cultivated, well-trained, and high-minded mother- 
hood. Such will high school discipline produce, and every man who is 
not so selfish as to live alone for the present generation, will not descry 
high schools on the ground of a useless education of the gentler sex. 

In the high school is a library of several hundred volumes, part of which 
was purchased by entertainments given by the students, but the major por- 
tion of which was a donation from a collapsed association of Oskaloosa 
known as the Harper Library Association. This is free to the students of 
the high school. 

An Alumni Association has been formed by the graduates of the high 
school, in wdiich twenty-seven ahimni and alumniTe have enrolled their 
names. This association expects to hold annual reunions of the graduates. 
The first reunion was held at the close of the school j'ear, 1878, in the First 
M. E. Church. The exercises consisted of orations, essays, and declama- 
tions, participated in by Miss Carrie McAyeal, Mrs. Minnie Lacey, Miss 
Mamie Loring, and Will H. Needham, Jr. 

John M. Kemble, of 1875, has been appointed Alurani Historian for 
three j^ears, dating from September, 1877. 

The high school course of study is quite complete, for a city of the size 
of Oskaloosa, including a thorough course in English and Matliematics, 
with Elementary' Sciences, Latin and German. 

The pi-esent members of the board are John M Jones, president, H. Du- 
mont, secretary, G. W. Hale, treasurer. Directors, Dr. D. A. Hurst, Ben. 
McCoy, Mitch. Wilson, Byron Y. Seevers, Geo. A. Ross. 

The following are the teachers for 1878-9. 

HIGH SCHOOL. 

1. J. J. McConnell, Principal. 

2. Kate A. Wright, Assistant. 

3. Eva Sellers, Fourth Grammar Room. 

4. R. Anna Morris, Third Grammar Room. 

5. Carrie M. McAyeal, Second Grammar Room. 

6. Mary McFall, First Grammar Room. 



478 HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

7. Clemmie Perdue, Fonrtli Primary Room. 

8. Ida M. Pen-}', Third Primary Room. 

9. Lida J. Piokerell, Second Primary Room. 

10. liettie S. Fisher, First Primary Room. 

FIRST WARD SCHOOL. 

11. p. L. Kendig, Principal. 

12. Lida Collins, Second Grammar Room. 

13. P. K Gilchrist, First Grammar Room. 

14. Erville Harris, Fourth Primar}'. 

15. Retta Holmes, Third Primary. 

16. Carrie Hawkins, Second Primary. 
IT. Dora Fuller, First Primary. 

FOTJETII WARD SCHOOL. 

18. Wilford Hull, Principal. 

19. Becca E. Fisher, Grammar. 

20. Alice Sellers, Third Primary. 

21. Nina Kemble, Second Primary. 

22. Lou J. Hawkins, First Primary. 

GENERAL STATISTICS COMPARATIVE. 

1876. 1877. 1878. 

School population 1,400 1,.557 1,543 

Enrolled during year 1,199 1,205 1,198 

Average monthly enrollment 886 932 984 

Average monthly belonging 833 864 916 

Average monthly attendance 767 816 862 

Days absence during year 11,417 7,513 8,321 

Number of tardinesses 4,647 3,175 1,979 

Percentage of punctuality 97.6 98.2 99.3 

Percentage of attendance (on membership) 97.2 94.6 95.2 

Percentage of attendance (on enrollment) 64.0 67.7 71.1 

Percentage of attendance (on enumeration) 54.0 52.4 55.8 

Percentage of enrollment (on enumeration) 77.4 77.6 

In tlje year 1876 the school population was changed by the county super- 
intendent after the report. We give the |jercentage of that year on the 
number allowed by the superintendent. 

COST OF OSKALOOSA SCHOOLS FOR YEAR 1877-78. NINE MONTHS. 

Whole amount paid teachers from September, 1877, to Septem- 
ber, 1878 : $ 10,397.50 

Contingent expenses 2,219.89 

Total .. $ 12,617.39 

Average cost per pupil, including amount paid for instruction and su- 
pervision : 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 479 

On average number enrolled $ 10.56 

On average miniber belonging 11.34 

On averao-e number in attendance 12,06 

Average contingent expenses per pupil: 

On average enrolled 

On average belonging 

On average attendance 



2.25 


2.42 


2.57 


1878 


1.42 


1.53 


1.63 



Comparative cost per month for each pupil during years 1877-78: 

1877 

On average enrollment $ 1.57 ^ 

On average belonging 1.69 

On average attendance 1.79 

OSKALOOSA COLLEGE. 

Education and educational institutions have been mainly indebted to re- 
ligious thought and religious organizations for their origin and support. 
The Church of Christ, of which Alexander Campbell, Walter Scott, B. W. 
Stone, ajid others were permanent members during the first half of the 
present century, have been pre-eminently an educational people. 

Early in the history of Iowa influential members of this church, imbued 
with the spirit of the age and of Christianity, appreciating the importance 
of an educational institution of a high order, and projected upon a broad, 
modern, and liberal basis, began to discuss the propriety of attempting such 
an enterprise. At length, at the State Meeting which convened at Mt. 
Pleasant, June, 1855, it was resolved that the time had come to begin the 
work. The location was oflfered to the place that should raise the largest 
local aid. After a sharp competition from Marion, Mt. Pleasant, Winter- 
set and other points, but especially from Marion, Oskaloosa oftered a sub- 
scription of $30,050, and in October, 1856, secured the location. Elder A. 
Chattertou, R. Parker, Dr. C. G. Owen, J. Adkins. W. T. Smith, J. H. Ba- 
com, A. S. Nichols, Mr. Edmundson, C. Hall, J. M. Berry, J. Swallow, S. 
H. Banham, W. A. Saunders and S. H. McClure were chosen trustees. 
The work of endowment was also begun with much vigor, and over $20,000 
subscribed within a few weeks, but the hard times of 1857-8 came on, con- 
tractors broke, subscribers failed to pay, the work of endowment was sus- 
pended, mortgages and liens were pressed toward foreclosure, and every- 
thing for a time looked dark for the college so auspiciously beguiL At 
length a little more than half of the original building fund was realized, the 
church of the State raised a " relief fund," and later added over $40,000 to 
the subscribed endowment fund, but a considerable portion of this subscrip- 
tion proved to be worthless. 

September 2, 1861, professors G. T. and W. J. Carpenter opened a pre- 
paratory school in the rooms temporarily fitted up for that purpose. A 
full description of the condition of the buildings and grounds, or a detailed 
delineation of the difiiculties to be overcome would here be out of place; 
suffice it to say that the school opened wnth the following named students, 
since knowm as the "immortal five": George AYilson, James Brown, Jen- 
nie Coarse, Jennie McCall and Maggie Stevens. During the entire year 
there were less than fifty enrolled. But the young teachers and a few 
friends were full of faith, and labored on until success crowned their efforts. 



480 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The following named persons have at different times discharged the du- 
ties of president: G. T. Carpenter, A. F. Ross, B. W. Johnson, F. M. Bru- 
ner and L. P. Lucy. Besides these, W. J. Carpenter, M. P. Givins, O. 
Goodrich, F. M. Kirkham, A. Hull, J. L. Pinkerton, N. Dunshee, G. H. 
Laughlin, O. P. Hay, W. S. Burnard and B. E. Shepperd have held regular 
professorsliips in the college. Beside these, a number of others have acted 
as tutors, and teachers of specialties, etc. Among those who have acted 
most extensively and successfully as financial agents for the college maybe 
named A. Chat'terton, J. B. Noe, J. F. Rowe, N. E. Cory, F. Walden, G. 
T. Carpenter, W. J. Carpenter, N. A. McConnell, J. B. Heatton, J. Wiley, 
F. M. Bruner and J. D. Guthrie. The college now has a full and able fac- 
ulty with G. T. Carpenter as president; cabinets, libraries, apparatus and other 
facilities for doing excellent work, and is rapidly growing in patronage and 
influence. The scheme embraces prepararory, classical, scientific, ladies, 
biblical, normal and commercial courses. With such designs, facilities 
and managers, Oskaloosa College is rapidly taking its place in the front 
rank of Western colleges, and is a just source of pride in the county and 
State. 

PENN COLLEGE. 

Quite a number of years ago, at Spring Creek Meeting House^ was lo- 
cated an educational association known as the Spring Creek Union College 
Association of Friends. In September, 1866, at the Iowa Yearly Meeting 
of Friends at Oskaloosa, a committee was appointed to take into considera- 
tion the educational wants of the members of the Yearly Meeting. This 
committee was composed of thirty members of the Yearly Meeting, who, on 
the eleventh day of this same month, held a conference with the Spring 
Creek Association, and a union was formed with that body under the title 
of " Iowa Union College Association of Friends." This association con- 
ducted a most flourishing school about two miles east of Oskaloosa, until 
the buildings were burned down. About 1870 a site for a school in the 
northern part of Oskaloosa was sold to the association at such a figure by 
John White, Esq., as to amount to a donation. Several thousand dollars 
were donated by eastern and English Friends, and such subscriptions made 
as to encourage the erection of a building, being the wing of the present 
structure. This wing was completed in the fall of 1872 at a cost of $17,000, 
and a High School was opened on the 5th day of November, with John W. 
Woody as superintendent and Mary C. Woody and Anna E Gove as assist- 
ant teachers. 

The success of this enterprise encouraged the board of directors to organ- 
ize on a college basis during the following season. In the annual meeting 
of the association, held in September, the name was changed from "Iowa 
Union College Association of Friends " to that of " Penn College," and 
on the 23d of the same month, 1873, the college was opened with the fol- 
lowing faculty: 

JOHN W. WOODY, A. M., President, 

ENGLISH LITERATURE AND NATURAL SCIENCES. 

BENJAMIN TRUEBLOOD, A. B., 

LATIN AND GREEK LANGUAGES AND MIXED MATHEMATICS. 

RUTH WOODWARD, B. S., 

MATHEMATICS. 

C. P. BORLAND, 

BOOK-KEEPING AND PENMANSHIP. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COTINTr. 481 

The enrollment for the first year reached two hundred and nineteen stu- 
dents, and the outlook was quite encouraging. The main building was 
erected in 1875, and the entire cost of building has been near $37,000, af- 
fording accommodation for five hundred students. 

The first graduates were in 1875, at which time Linda A. Dorland and 
Jennie Kitchen became the first representatives of Penn College alumni. 
The class of 1878 comprised three graduates from the classical course, 
Benjamin E. Ninde, Lizzie Green, and Eva Waggoner. 

Professor Woody has since retired from the presidency, which office he 
ably filled until 1877. His successor is William B. Morgan, A. M., C. E., 
who now has entered on his second year in the management of the institu- 
tion. 

Three departments of study are sustained — collegiate, preparatory, and 
normal. The attendance during the last year was about one hundred and 
thirty students, who received instruction from the following professors, viz: 
William B. Morgan, mathematics and astronomy; Stephen A. Jones, Latin 
and Greek languages; Charles E. Tibbets, natural sciences; Ruth Ilinshaw, 
mental and moral science and German language; Lydia J. Jackson, math- 
ematics and political economy; H. II. Seerley, didactics; Daniel Y. Jane- 
way, tutor in Latin; J. P. Gruwell, anatomy. 

The college is equally free to both sexes, and to all denominations. The 
managers rely upon the students to a considerable extent for self-government, 
believing that, within proper limits, the best government is that which 
governs least. The general tone and deportment of the institution is quite 
gratifying to its friends, and the financial condition is such as to insure its 
prosperity. 

The board of directors of Penn College for 1878 are as folloM^s, viz: 

Appointed by loioa Yearly Meetiny: — It. J. Mendenhall, Charles 
Hutchinson, Lawrie Tatum, Alistus W. Lewis, Samuel T. Mote. 

Elected hy the College Association: — Israel C. Green, Leonard H. Hole, 
Levi Hambleton, Amos Briggs, John F. Gritman, Joseph D. Hoag, Green- 
bury P. Wood, John H. Green, D. W. Hunt. 

CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 

This congregation was organized IS'ovember 10, 1844, by Rev. B. B. 
Bonham. The organization at first consisted of twentj^-two members. 
Articles of incorporation were drawni up, signed and recorded. The first 
ruling elders were AY. McMurry, Robert W. Long, Silas M. Martin, Thomas 
P. Chapman, M. L. Smith and W. B. Street. On lots 5 and 6, block 34, 
which the congregation bought from the county commissioners, this society, 
in 1846, erected their house of worship, being the first church building 
erected in the coimty. From its organization until 1849 the church was 
supplied b}' dift'erent ministers, among whom were Rev, J. M. Cameron 
and Rev. Jolly. In 1850 the minister and members of the congregation, 
except three men and a few females, moved to California. From this time 
to 1857 the congregation merely held its existence. A part of this time 
the pulpit was supplied by the Revs..J. M. Berry, W. Laurence, J. Mathers, 
and B. A. Smith. During most of the time, however, the church was oc- 
cupied by the Methodists, Old and J^ew School Presbyterians, and the 
Congregationalists. These churches, were, for the most part, organized in 
this building, and occupied it until their own houses of worship were 



482 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

erected. Tn 1857 Rev. J. R. Lawrence, at tlie call of the congregation, be- 
came pastor, and continued as such until the fall of 1866, when the congre- 
gation became vacant, and remained so till October, 1867, when Rev. G. S. 
Adams became pastor. In 1869 Rev. W. M, Medcalf took his place, and 
remained until the fall of 1870, when he was succeeded by Rev. William 
Wilson, who remained only six months, since which time the church has 
not had a pastor. 

This congregation has suffered severe depletion at different times. In 
1850, as above mentioned, most of the congregation moved to California; 
then in 1859 the congregation was divided, and another society formed at 
White Oak. During the war many of the members went into the Union 
arm3% and were killed or died there. 

At present, by removals and deaths, the membership has been reduced 
to about twenty-five. The Sabbath-school has been discontinued, and the 
prospect for reviving the church is not very ])romising. The society still 
owns the building, which is now occupied by the Adventists. The mem- 
bers of the present session are William B. Street, D. M. Walton, J. B. 
Rickey, and William McWilliams. 

The bell which is still rung in this church building was brought from 
Keokuk by wagon, in 1846, and an old settler informs us that it was so hung 
as to ring by the jolting of the vehicle the entire distance — an odd sound, we 
should judge, in a western wilderness, such as most of the Des Moines 
Yalley was then. 

FIRST M. E. CHURCH. 

The first Methodist class was organized in Oskaloosa by Rev. A. W. 
Johnson, sometime in the fall of 1844. In the fall of the same year a 
small log cabin for the purposes of a cabin, was erected on the north end of 
the lot now used for the same purpose. Mr. T. G. Phillips, now of Oska- 
loosa, assisted in hauling the logs for the erection of this cabin, which was 
ready for occupancy about the commencement of 1845. The houses con- 
sisted of a single room which served as a study, parlor, kitchen, wash-room, 
bed room, pantry, and dining room, and all the other uses to which houses 
are generally put. Useful as the edifice was it would not serve the pur- 
poses of a church, and the meetings of the members were held at the house 
of Mrs. Phillips, mother of T. G. Phillips. 

After the completion of the Court House, this building was occupied by 
the Methodists, at stated times, till 1853, when they erected a house of 
woi'ship of their own. The membership at that time was but small and 
weak, and they could do but little towards the erection of their house. 
They first undertook to build a frame — got the materials on the ground, but 
could not raise means enough to put it up and finish it. It lay in this 
shape for two years, Avhen they abandoned all idea of building a frame house 
and concluded to put up a brick which they did in 1853, in the very spot 
where the present church stands. This was done during the ministering of 
G. W. Teas. After using this house until 1857-8 during the pastorate of 
W. F. Cowles, it was found to be too small to accommodate the congrega- 
tion, when by a vote of the members it was determined not to tear down, 
but to enlarge the old house so it might accommodate more people. This 
was done, and the house thus made more spacious and comfortable. It re- 
mained thus until during the ministry of the Rev. Wesley Dennett, per- 
haps in the year 1865, when another large addition was put to the house in 
the shape of a T. This addition was made at an expense of $6,000. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 483 

In 1845 the membership of tliis church numbered about 260, at which 
time Revs. Kirkpatrick and Rayner were the traveling preachers. In 1846 
Revs. Sherin and Harrison were the ministers. In 184:7 the membership 
was about 380, with Jennison and Wright as preachers. In 1848 tlie mem- 
bership had increased to 400 under the ministi-y of the Rev. Anson Wright. 

Oskaloosa became a station in 1851, witli 144 members. Rev. J. B. 
Hardy was tlie first stationed preacher. The successive preachers were 
Revs. Harris, Stewart, Slusser. Allender, Cowles, Waring, Teter, Dennett, 
Corkhill, and E. L. Briggs. During the ministry of the latter, the church 
was divided, it having reached a membership of over 500, and was too 
large for one pastor to care for, and the Simpson Charge M. E. Church was 
formed. 

In charge of the old body of members which still continued to be called 
the First M. E. Church, was Rev. Jno. Harris, in 1869. J. ^Y. McDonald 
ministered here in 1870-1-2. In 1873 the church passed into the hands of 
Rev. C. B. Clark, who also remained three years. The present minister. 
Rev. W. H. H. Pillsbury, succeeded Mr. Clark in 1876. 

The church now numbers about 275 members. Connected with the 
church is a flourishing Sabbath-school of about 140 children, of which the 
pastor is the superintendent. The contributions of the church for all pur- 
poses' are not far from S2,000 pei* year. 

The trustees are J. W. McMullen, Dr. D. A. Hurst, Dr. D. A. Hoffman, 
F, M. Davenport, E. M. Beatty, D. W. Loring, R. P. Bacon, Wm. Wray, 
N. J. Smith.' 

Stewards — J. Kelly, J. W. McMullen, Wm. Waggoner, Wm. Hadley, 
Dr. W. R. Nugent, A. Barnhart, D. H. Ballard, Uriah Ballard, and Wm. 
Kemper. 

Among the ladies of the church has been organized a Woman's Foreign 
Missionary Society of about fifty members, whose annual contributions to 
the mission cause are about one hundred dollars. 

A Lyceum, composed of the younger members of the church, affords 
mutual entertainment and improvement to the young people every week. 

CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 

The first records of this society have been lost, and our only dependence 
for its earlv history was the memory of its oldest male member, Mr. F. W. 
McCall. 

The church was organized at quite an early day (according to the Iowa 
Minutes, in 1844). For some time previous to the time of the erection of 
its church building, the congregation worshiped in Union Hall. Rev. W. 
O. Wester velt became pastor of the church about 1852. In 1855 the soci- 
et}^ was incorporated, and in the following year commenced the erection of 
their church building. This was partly roofed in November, 1856, when a 
snow storm stopped the workmen, and they were not able to resume until 
the following spring. The church was dedicated in the summer of 1867, 
by Rev. Spaulding of Ottumwa. Its cost was about $2,200. 

In 1859 the pastor succeeding the Rev. Westervelt, was Mr. Roberts, 
who remained with the church one year, and was succeeded by Rev. C. H. 
Gates, This gentleman continued in charge of the congregation about 
eighteen years, and labored among this people very acceptably and with 
much success. February, 1869, came to Oskaloosa congregation Rev. G. 



484 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

D. A. Hebard, of Iowa City. During 1870, there were sixty persons uni- 
ted with the church. Reverned Hebard died in the midst of his work, De- 
cember 14, 1870. In the following February was succeeded by tlie present 
pastor. Rev. J. E. Snowden. 

For 1879. the officers of the church are: 

Deacons— 0. P. Searle, F. W. McCall, S. R. Petti t, and E. Edris. 

Trustees— H. Harris, C. T. Willard, M. B. Bristol, Mrs. E. J. Merrill, 
Mrs, Dr. Ilinshaw, 

Clerk— J. J. Merrill. 

Connected with the church is a good Sunday-school with an average at- 
tendance of 100 pupils. Dr. T. K. Brewster is the superintendent. The 
revenue of the church membership of the congregation for all- purposes is 
about $1,600. The present membership of the congregation is 175. 

The church building, during the present summer, is undergoing a thor- 
ough renovation. It will be strengthened and changed in appearance by 
an outside layer of brick to tliat of a brick church. There will be a new 
spire, an alcove pulpit placed in rear, and the building re-seated and re-fin- 
ished throughout at a cost of some $2,000. It has been for some years the 
purpose of the congregation to build a new church, but they have finally 
decided to utilize the old frame- work, the result being, however, substan- 
tially that of a new building. 

FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 

The First Presbyterian Church of Oskaloosa was organized February 
21, 1845, by Rev. Samuel Cowles, a missionary, with the following persons 
as organizing members: James Conner, Rachel Conner, Jane Thompson, 
Wm. Bovell, S. B. Shelleday, Elizabeth Shelleday and Sarah A. Shelleday. 
At this time James Conner was elected and ordained ruling elder. April, 
1845, there was an addition of live members. Rev. Cowles served the 
church as supply till 1850. July 3, 1847, James Bovell was elected ruling 
elder. In January, 1848, a Sabbath-school was organized in connection 
with the church, and about the same time a prayer meeting, both of which 
auxiliaries are yet in flourishing condition. In 1848 it was decided to 
erect a house of worship, which was not, however, completed till 1855, at a 
cost of $3,025, being the present brick building occupied by the church. 
Sometime in 1850 Rev. David McComb commenced his labors with the 
church, which continued for one year, when the pulpit was supplied by 
occasional ministers till February, 1852. At this time Rev. Geo. M. Swan 
was installed first pastor of the church, continuing till 1854, during which 
time fifty-six persons were added to the church membership. In June, 
1855, Rev. Irwin Carson became pastor of the church, and continued in 
this relation until the fall of 1858. One hundred and nine members were 
received into the church during this period. At a congregational meeting, 
March, 1858, articles of incorporation were adopted, continuing for twenty 
years. In November, 1858, Rev. Wm. M, Stryker began his labors with 
the church, continuing until the following spring. During the year 1861 
Rev. II. A. Barclay supplied the pulpit. Next came Rev. Silas Johnson, 
who served the church as supply from January, 1862, to February, 1865, 
and then as pastor until March, 1867, when he resigned his charge. Dur- 
ing his ministry one hundred and twenty-five ])ersons united with the 
church. At a congregational meeting February 16, 1865, it was decided 



I 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 485 

to rent the church edifice for school purposes for five years, in order to 
liquidate a pressing indebtedness, which was done. Rev. D. li. Mitchell 
"was pastor from September, 18G7, to March, 1869, during which time there 
were fifteen additions to the church. Immediately following the resigna- 
tion of Mr. Mitchell Rev. S. C. McCune was unanimously chosen pastor, 
and served in that capacity till April, 1873. In November of this same 
year Rev. H. S. Snodgrass came to this people. They were quite heavily 
in debt at this time, for a small church, about $1,300 being required to 
liquidate its liabilities. This amount was secured by a festival held in 
City Hall, during the latter part of December, and continuing for several 
days. In the fall of 1874 about $250 were spent in making repairs. In 
1875 the rotary eldership y^lan was adopted by vote of the congregation. 
Mr. Snodgrass resigned April 10, 1878, and since that time the church has 
had no regular minister. In addition to the elders mentioned above, the 
following have been members of the session during some period of the 
church's history: J. M. Sweeney, J. A. Young, W. II. H. Rice, Francis 
Thompson, A. M. Rodgers, R. S. Crozier, Harry Howard, J. B. Ayres, 
J. S. Johnson, W. A. Hunter, J. W. Elsey, David Duncan, H. N. Little, 
David Robertson, Wm. McQuiston and J. M. Nichol. Some of these have 
passed to that bourne from whence no traveler returns, and quite a num- 
ber are now in the bounds of other congregations. The present elders are 
W. A. Hunter, Francis Thompson, Wm. McQuiston, AV^m. R. Cowan and 
David Robertson. 

The present number of members is ninety-two. During the year 1877 
the chui'ch building was extensively repaired by the addition of new roof, 
new cupola, and the outside of the building nicely painted, all at a cost of 
about $700. The money raised for all branches of the church work last 
year was $1,243.67. Forgetting the Pauline injunction " Owe no man any- 
thing," this church has been crippled during much of the time of its 
existence by a wearing debt, a fact which has caused much trouble and 
anxiety to its members. We are happy to record that at this date it is 
almost entirely free from any financial embarrassment. 

N. B. Among the notal3le events in the history of Mahaska county, 
which have been omitted in the previous portion of this work, we may here 
mention the State Convention of National Reformers, in favor of a relig- 
ious amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which assembled 
at this church November 3d and 4th, 1869. Prominent among the leaders 
of the movement was Rev. R. A. McAyeal. The call for the Convention 
was numerously signed by prominent men throughout the State. Long in 
in advance of the assembling of the Convention, the Progressive Conser- 
vator had so persistently opposed the movement, and agitated the question 
so much tliat it attracted unusual attention, and as a consequence one W. 
F. Jamieson, a Liberal lecturer, was attracted to it. When the Convention 
assembled, it was decided that the opponents of the movement should be 
admitted to the floor for discussion; and accordinglj' both sides were ably 
discussed for two days, and a full phonographic report was taken and pub- 
lished. Most prominent among the Christian opponents of the movement 
was Rev. G. D. A. Hebard, who subsequently delivered a very able lecture 
on the subject. A full report of the proceedings of the Convention, 
together with tlie lecture of Rev. G. D. A. Hebard, and others, were pub- 
lished in the Progressive Conservator^ requiring a great width of space 
for thirteen successive weeks. Of these reports Porte C. Welch, Esq., filed 



486 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUliTTY. 

one hundred extra copies, which have since proven to be very vahiable, as 
they are the only complete reports of botli sides of any such a Convention 
ever held. 

CHURCH OF CHRIST. 

This congregation was organized by Elder H. H, llendrix (now of 
Oregon), March 25, 1846. The following is the text of the brief statement 
to which the original thirty-two members signed their names: "Church of 
Christ in Oskaloosa, Iowa, taking tiie Bible alone as its only rule of faith 
and practice, and bearing the name of Cliristian in honor of the founder 
of our holy religion." To the above was appended the following names 
of the original congregation: Joseph B. Royal, Louisa Ko^-al, Cephas 
Foland, C. G. Owen, Mathew Edmundson, Margaret Edmundson, Samuel 
Yance, Alfred Trim, Abram Hetherington, Ann Iletlieringtun, W. W. 
Nelson, Margaret Nelson, Robert McConnell, Margaret McConnell, Re- 
becca Yance, Mary Edmundson, Catherine Gaston, Nancy C. McConnell, 
Matilda C. McConnell, Robert Gaston, Eliza Ann McConnell, John Hale, 
Nancy Hale, Elizabeth McCall, John Padget, John Fox, Mary Fox, Thomas 
Huff, Jonathan Adkins, Philena Adkins. J. B. Royal (now an honored 
preacher of Illinois), and Matthew Edmunson were chosen elders, and 
Jonathan Adkins and Dr. C. G. Owen, deacons. Elder Hendrix and 
others supplied the church with preaching for a time; when Elder A. 
Chatterton located in the place. For several years the church was greatly 
blessed under his labors; during the time of his labors the present brick 
chapel was' erected, and Oskaloosa College founded. Before the erection 
of the chapel, the congregation met in the old court house, in private 
liouses and in such other places as could be obtained, or necessity required. 
The building of the chapel and the college, involved both institutions and 
several members of the church. Thus serious embari-assments and difficul- 
ties arose to the detriment of the church's prosperity for several years. 

Among the ministers who have labored for the congregation, the follow- 
ing may be named: H. H. Hendrix, A. Chatterton, J. B. Noe, N. E. Cory, 
W. J. Carpenter, G. T. Carpenter, N. A. McConnell, W. R. Cowley, John 
Crocker, A. Hickey, B. W. Johnson, D. R. Dungan, N. Dunshee, G. H. 
Laughlin, and E. Goodwin, the present highly acceptable pastor. Besides 
those named above, the congregation have enjoyed the occasional labors of 
man}' others. 

The Sunday-school has always been a prominent and successful feature 
ot church work. For the greater part of the last ten years Prof. M. P. 
Givens has been the efficient superintendent and leader of the music. The 
church is now out of debt, has a membeiship of about 330, and 
wields a fair share of Christian influence upon the comniunity. A new 
chapel has been talked of for some time, and is very much needed. 

FIRST UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 

This church was organized June 17, 1849, M'ith nine members, by Rev. 
J. C. Porter of the Second Associate Reformed Presbytry of Illinois, and 
was styled the First Associate Reformed Church of Oskaloosa. This was 
before the union of the A. R. and the Associate churches, which resulted 
in the formation of the United Presbyterian Church of North America, 
an event that took place May 26, 1858. It retained its former name 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 487 

until the fall of '58, when by a nnanimous vote it passed under the juris- 
diction of the U. P. Church and assumed its present name. 

Poultney Loughridge and wife were the iirst members of the A. R. in 
Mahaska county. Jeremiah M. Dick, tlie eldest son of Rev. Minego Dick, 
one of the primitive founders of Presbyterianism west of the mountains, 
was tlie hrst Associate Reform ]^reacher that visited the county. lie 
preached a number of times at the house of Mr. Longliridge. Rev. John 
Gardener visited them afterward, and also Rev. Lindsey of the Associate 
Church. 

During the year 1851, Rev. Fee visited this society, and after preaching 
a few Sabbaths received and accepted a call, and thus became the first pas- 
tor of the congregation. Under his administration in 1853 they ei'ected a 
neat and comfortable house of worship, the second church building that 
was erected in Oskaloosa. Mr. Fee remained until 1854 when he demitted 
his charge, and the congregation was left vacant. 

A call was subsequently made for Rev. Wm. Larimer, but was not ac- 
cepted. Rev. R. A. McAyeal next came to the church by appointment of 
General Synod, June 1, 1856. He received and accepted a call in Septem- 
ber of that year, and thus became pastor of the congregation. During all 
this time members were added to the cliurch, so that the number when he 
accepted the call was seventy-three. 

In 1866 the house of woi'ship belonging to this congregation was sold to 
the Society of Friends. For a time after this, the church woi'shiped in 
City Hall. In 1868 the present house of worship was built, the foundation 
having been laid the previous year. It was the understanding on the part 
of the congregation that they would build no faster than they were able to 
pa}'' the workmen, and consequently the church was not finished until a 
year or two later, when it was dedicated by a union service, in which the 
pastor was assisted by a number of the other city ministers. The church 
is not now, nor has it ever been in debt. The cost of the building, includ- 
ing lot, was near $8,000. 

The contributions of the church for all purposes has averaged not far 
from $2,000 per year in the last twenty years, that being now about the 
amount of tlie congregation's yearly contributions. There are now about 
170 members in the church. 

The officers are as follows — Session: Geo. Gilchrist, Wm. Burnside, H. 
A. Cowan, John A. Proudfit, David A. Longh, James Loughridge. 

Board of deacons: J. B. Clawy worth, AVm. jS^ash, John Gilchrist, Mrs. 
E. J. Coryell, and Mrs, A. J. Burnside. 

Connected with the church is a prosperous Sabbath-school, superintended 
by Wm. Burnside. 

It is but just in closing this sketch to call the attention of the reader to 
the work of Dr. R A. McAyeal wlio has been in continuous service in 
this church for ovei- twenty-two years, save a year's absence in the army as 
chaplain. Such faithfulness to his charge, when larger opportunities might 
have been opened up, and did offer themselves, is not frequently seen. 
The Dr. is probably the oldest settled minister in the county. 

ST. JAMES EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 

This parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church was organized in the 
building of the Associate Reform Church, Sunday, May 27, 1855. The 
minister present was a missionary, the Rev. E. W. Peet. 



4:88 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The first vestry was composed of Henry Blackburn, A. F. Seeberger, L. 
D. Ingersoll, J. M. White, Abner Allen, Geo. Russell and M. T. Williams. 
Of these Henry Blackburn and Abner Allen were chosen wardens. 

The next meeting recorded in the minute book of the vestry was held on 
the 1st day of August, 1857, Rev. D. F. Hutchinson, of Ottumwa, presid- 
ing. At that meeting Articles of Incorporation were adopted in accord- 
ance M'ith the laws of the State. 

For a time succeeding this meeting Rev'. P. A. Johnson was rector of the 
parish, who continued here probably two years. In August, 1858, a lot 
was purchased by the parish on Market street, which was subsequently ex- 
changed for the one on wliich the present church building stands. 

During the year 1863 Rev. Mr. Cochely pi-e;iched monthly. From the 
termination of his connection with the parish until 1868 the church was in 
a dormant state, there being but two services during five years. Mr. Thos. 
B. Kemp becoming rector of the parish in the spring of 1868, infused new 
life into the church, and during his ininistry of five years labored very ac- 
ceptably among the people of Oska'oosa. 

During the summer of 1869 a church building and rectory were built on 
the church lot, the services having previously been held in Union Hall. 
These improvements cost the church about $1^000, which amount, with the 
aid of 18,000 from the mission board, was provided for at the time of the 
building of the same. The church is built in the Gothic style of architec- 
ture, and is a frame structure 28x50 feet. 

Rev. Kemp removing to Marslmlltown in the spring of 1873, the church 
was without a rector until 1874, when Rev. James Allen (now of Australia) 
became pastor and continued for two years, when he removed to England. 

In the tall of 1876 Rev. James Stoddard, of Falls City, :N"eb., was called 
to the rectorship, which place he filled until May, 1878, since which time 
the rectory has been vacant. 

A flourishing Sunday-school had been kept up for some years previous 
to the spring of 1878, when it adjourned, and is not now (October, 1878) 
in session. 

Tlie pi-esent vestry is composed of Wolcott, D. H. LeSuer, Gary 

Cooper, John A. Shannon, Wm. Butler, M. T. Williams and John F. La- 
cey. The church has at present about twenty-five communicants and two 
or three times that number of adherents. 

OSKALOOSA BAPTIST CUUKCH. 

The first Baptist church in Oskaloosa was constituted in December, 1855, 
with a membership of five persons. An ecclesiastical council composed of 
ministers and laymen from neighboring churches was invited to meet and 
examine into the history and belief of the organization, and if it was found 
to be formed after the New Testament model, to publicly recognize it as 
a church. The decision of the council being favorable, the services of the 
occasion were held at the M. E. Church. Until the spring of 1856 the 
church had no regular preaching. At this time J. F. Childs became the 
pastor, an arrangement which continued eleven years. 

During the first year of Mr. Childs' pastorate the church held its services 
in the upper rooms of the then Normal School building. In January, 1857, 
Union Hall was hired and occupied for services a little more than a year. 
In the fall of 1857 a lot was purchased, and in the month of March follow- 



X- 






■N^. 




HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 491 

ing, the work of building a house of worship was begun, without a dollar 
pledged on subscrijitiou; the male members of the church, aided by per- 
sonal lalxjr. The largest amount subscril)ed outside the membersliip svas 
$15, paid in lal)or and materials. Thus in troublous times, ftnancially, the 
mechanical talent of the church was generously turned to the building of a 
house of worship. May 16, 1858, the building was so far completed that 
the church held services in it, though at tlie time it was without win- 
dows, the floor but partly laid, and the siding on to a point only just above 
the window-frames, and no lathing done. By the following spring it was 
entirely completed. This period found the church shouldering a debt of 
$450; but in 1863 this was paid oft' by the membership, without any aid 
whatever from those outside. 

Since its organization three liundred different persons have been con- 
nected with it. Of these some have died, some have been suspended, and 
a large number regularly dismissed to unite with other churches; leaving 
a present membership of about one hundred and tifty. Early in the history 
of the church a Sabbath-school was organized, which has been sustained 
until the present time. The present superintendent (1878) is Geo. R. Lee. 
Average attendance, sixty. 

In April, 1867, Rev. J. F. Cliilds, so long the efficient and earnest pastor 
of the church, turned his whole attention to the missionary operations and 
financial management of the Iowa Baptist Association, of which he was 
corresponding secretary for a number of years. 

He was immediately succeeded bj' Rev. Tlionuis Brande, who served as 
pastor four months, when he was called away to assume the financial man- 
agement of Des Moines University. Rev. A. F. Willey followed, but after 
an eight-months' pastorate, a struggle with disease, died and was buried in 
Burlington April 8,1868. During the summer, services were conducted by 
Thos. J. Keith, a theological student from Shurtleft' College, Illinois. Dur- 
ing a few weeks frcnn the following Februarj^, Rev. Mr. Childs preached, 
and eleven accessions were made to the church within this time. From 
the middle of April for seven months the church was supplied by Rev. 
John Kingdon, who failed in health, and after the time mentioned was 
compelled to cease his labors. 

Prayer meetings and Sabbath-schools were kept up, with an occasional 
sermon by a visiting minister till February, 1870, when Rev. J, F. Childs 
returned to the church, of which he continued pastor until January, 1875. 
In June of the same year he was succeeded by 1I.*R. Mitchell, who re- 
mained until September, 1876. Then came A. J. Furman, in October, 
1876, from Dakota, missionary, who was pastor until August, 1878. 

The revenue of the church is about $1,000 per year for all purposes. 

The deacons are R. Dumont, J, L.Moore, T. M. Craven; treasurer, C. W. 
Ellsworth; clerk, Harvey Barrett. 

There is a Woman's Missionary Society connected with the church which 
does excellent work. 

SIMPSON M. E. CHUECH. 

This church became an organization by recognition of the bishop in Sep- 
tember, 1868. It was the offspring of the First M. E. Church, and was or- 
ganized in compliance with a vote of the M. E. Conference, which con- 
curred with the presiding elder and the preacher in charge in the opinion 

. ' 30 



492 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

that another church shoiihl be formed, on account of the lar^e membership 
of the First Church and the growing demands of the city. 

The original membersliip of this body was one hundred and sixteen. 
Rev. AV. C. Shaw was phiced in charge of the new society, which held its 
meetings for two years in a rented hall on the south side of the square. 
During this time the present site for the church was purchased, and the 
building commenced. In the fall of 1870 Rev. B. Mark was appointed to 
this station, and during his administration the lecture room was finished 
and dedicated. In 1871 Rev. J. T. Simmons succeeded to the charge, and 
in the fall of 1872, by Bishop E. G. Andrews, the fine audience room of 
the church was dedicated. In 1872 came Rev. C. L. Stafibrd, who labored 
acceptably at this point until 1876. Rev. Dennis Murphy was the next 
pastor. He remained but one 3'ear. September, 1877, Rev. W. B. Cowles, 
the present pastor, was located in this church. 

The edifice belonging to this society is the finest in the city, being a 
brick structure, erected at a cost of $20,000, and having a seating capacity 
of five hundred persons. 

The present membership of the church is about three hundred. The 
amount raised by the congregation for all purposes will average about 
$1,500. The indebtedness is $2,000. 

The Sabbath-school, with about one hundred and forty members, is under 
the superintendency of Amos Kemble. 

The trustees are J. B. McCurdy, J. M. Jones, H. R. Kendig, Wm. Scott, 
M. W. White, J. W. Finley, J. P. Cowan, ^Ym. Crosson, B. F. McMillen. 

Stewards: Wiley Wray, J. B. McCurdy, John N. Martin, Wm. H. Shaw, 
D. C. Myers, C. McCarty, A. A. Kendig, A. J. Jewell. 

UNIVERSALIST CHUKCH. 

This society was organized in the fall of 1850 by Thomas Ballinger, and 
had at that time about thirty-six members. The meetings were held in the 
courthouse, and for some time Mr. Ballinger preached once a month. 

His successors were Joshua Spooner, Rev. Davis, A. J. Fishback and J. 
P. Sanford (afterward Colonel), and others. 

The society never erected a church building. The last regular minister 
was in 1870. The society owns two lots in Oskaloosa, which they hope 
some day to occupj'^ as a church site. 

BANKING. 

The first banking house in Oskaloosa was opened by W. T. Smith and 
M. T. AVilliams, March 1st, 1855, under the firm name of Smitii & Wil- 
liams, and continued in business until January 1st, 1857, when Smith pur- 
chased his partner's business under the firm name of W. T. Smith & Co. 
Shortly afterward Mr. Smith was joined by H. B. Myers as a partner, who 
after continuing in the bank for a short time, withdrew without any change 
in the style of firm, name or business of the house. Tiiis bank continued 
until October 20, 1858, when its business was transferred to the " Oskaloosa 
Branch of the State Bank of Iowa." 

Not long after the establishment of the banking house of Smith & Wil- 
liams, a mercantile bank was started by John White & Co. After running 
a few months, the firm sold out to W. H. See vers & Co., who had just fairly 
commenced business, when the crash of 1857 compelled them to close their 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 493 

doors. A few days later tlie house was re-opened by Jolm "White & Co. 
At the time of the establishment of the "Oskaloosa Branch of the State 
Bank of Iowa," this firm vohmtarily quit business, and transferred its 
trade to the new institution. 

The " Brancli " had been or<>;anized, and was declared chartered hy tlie 
governor of the State, dated October 12, 1858. The capital stock of this 
institution was $50,000. The first stockhoklers were James Rinehart, J. M. 
Dawson, Jno. White, Jolin Montgomery, Wm. T. Smith, Samuel A. Rice, 
Steplien R. Bennett, Geo. M. Downs, A. F. Seeberger, Robt. Seev^ers, M. 
L. Jackson, D. W. Loring, Thomas Thompson, H. P. Taylor, Samuel Cof- 
fin, and E. A. Boyer. 

The first directors were John White, James Rhinehart, "W. T. Smith, 
Robert Seevers and John Montgomery. 

John White, of the firm John White & Co. was elected president of the 
"brancli" and Wm. T. Smith, of Wm. T. Smith & Co., was elected cashier. 
The latter was also a director of the mother Bank, or "State Bank of 
Iowa," as representative of tlie Oskaloosa bi'anch. 

January 4, 1859, James Rhinehart became president of the Oskaloosa 
Bank. February 1st, 1864, W. T. Smith was elected president, and being 
then principal holder of the stock and general manager, there was none 
but acting cashier until April 12, 1865, when Mitchell Wilson was elected 
to that position, which he had filled as acting cashier for sometime previous. 

May 1, 1865, under permit of Comptroller of Currency the present 
I^ational State Bank was organized as successor of the branch of State 
Bank, which went into liquidation about this time. The capital stock of 
the National was $100,000. Wm. T. Smith was elected first president, and 
Mitchel Wilson, cashier. The first board of directors was composed of 
John W. Jones, M. L. Jackson, R. A. McAyeal, Benj. Hollingsworth, John 
R. Needham and Andrew C. Williams. This bank was organized in a 
building on the north side .of the square. Mr. Smith continued president 
until Jan. 1, 1866, when having sold his stock in same to A. C Williams 
and Cyrus Beede, A. C. Williams became president. About this time 
Mitch AVilson also withdrew from the bank. 

Jan. 1st, 1864, the "First National Bank of Oskaloosa" was established 
with John White as president, and Cyrus Beede, cashier. The board of 
directors was composed of John White, H. H. Prine, Samuel Coffin, A. S. 
Nichols, Y. B. Delashmutt, J. H. Warren and Cyrus Beede. 

This bank continued to do business until December 17, 1868, when it 
went into voluntary liquidation. John White the president continued a 
private bank in the same place for a short time, when he bought a control- 
ling interest in the National State Bank from Williams & Beede. About 
this time the location of the bank was changed from the north side to the 
southwest corner of the square and for some months its business was prac- 
tically suspended for personal reasons of those owning a controlling inter- 
est in the stock. John White continued president until his death in 1870. 

The present officers of the bank are Setli Richards, president; G. W. 
Hale, vice-president; E. D. Lindiy, cashier; directors: Seth Richards, G. 
W. Hale, F. L. Downing, C. P. Searle, and Mitchel Wilson. 

The deposits at this bank July 8, 1878, were $108,000. The circulation 
of the bank's notes is $90,000. ' 

The bank has a good vault, with Hall safe inside, and all modern im- 
provements for the security of deposits, including a time-lock. 

This is the oldest banking organization in Mahaska county. 



494 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Mahasl^a County Savings Banl'. — This institution was incorporated 
Jul}' 27, 1875, with a capital stock of $50,000. It commenced business in 
a one story brick building on High street, and announced itself as a sav- 
ings institution, with the usual methods of savings banks. The lirst board 
ot' directors were E. Clark, M. E. Cutts, W. K. Lindly, M. T. Williams, 
D. W. Loring, James Rhinehart and John H. Green. The otHcers: presi- 
dent, Ezekiel Clark of Iowa City; vice-president, M. E. Cutts; cashier, W* 
A. Lindl}'; assistant casliier, Perry E. Clark. The present otticers and di- 
rectors are the same. 

Just after the opening of the bank, the managers decided or^ having a 
building and home of their own. Accordingly they purchased the*site 'on 
the northwest corner of the square, where the old court house stood, and oil 
that lot have erected a fine two story brick banking house, 20x60 feet, with 
elegant sandstone front. 

The interior arrangement of the banking house is admirable. A neat 
little room for the cashier to the left of the entrance, and the director's 
parlors in the rear part of the room, afford comfort to the occupants, and 
privacy from annoj'ance. The vault is of best construction on solid stone 
foundation, with double brick walls, and brick and concrete arch. Inside is 
a 10,000 pound safe with chronometer lock, being the first one placed in a 
bank in central Iowa. The bank first occupied this building the latter 
part of 1876. 

The amount of deposits according to last report was $90,000. The bank 
pays 6 per cent interest on short time deposits, but at present discourage, 
as far as possible, that class of patronage. 

The lAirniers^ and Traders' Bank of Oskaloosa. — The Union Sa^ngs 
Bank Mas organized June 10, 1871, with E. H. Gibbs as president; H. L. 
Gibbs, vice-president, and I. M. Gibbs, cashier; and opened business in the 
one story building north of the present savings bank. This institution in 
1873 merged into Gibbs' Bros., private bankers, and moved into the build- 
ing now occupied by the Farmers' and Traders' bank, built by Gibbs 
Bros., and still owned by them. 

December 12, 1877, Messrs. Gibbs Bros, having quit the banking busi- 
ness, the Farmers' and Traders' Bank was incorporated, and succeeded 
Gibbs Bros, in their building. This bank was organized under the State 
laws, with a paid up capital of $50,000. Its stockholders number about 
one hundred and twenty-five, and are located in every township in Mahaska 
county. This awakens a large country interest in the custom and success 
of the bank, and the patronage of the Farmers' and Traders' Bank is largely 
from farmers and traders. 

The officers of this bank are John Siebel, president; L. C. Blanchard, 
vice-president; A. A. Kendig and II. S. Howard, tellers; directors, John 
Siebel, E. II. Gibbs, P. W. Phillips, C. T. Willard, Peter Stumps, J. A. L. 
Crookham, John H. Smith, G. B. McFall and James Bridges. 

The banking house occupied by this institution is, perhaps, the finest in 
the State. It was built at an expense of $25,000, aiul is finished through- 
out with black walnut. The floor is of marble, and the furniture most ele- 
gant. The vault and safe are first-class, the latter with triple combination 
lock. 
<»*, Franhel, Bach and Co^s Bank. — The firm of I. Frankel and E. Bach, 
under the style I. Frankel and Co., commenced mercantile business in Os- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 495 

kaloosa in 1861, and in 1873, finding they had considerable surplus capital 
not required in their clothiniij trade, opened a private banking house in 
September of that year. In 1876 they built their present building in Cen- 
tennial Block, making for themselves a superior banking room. They are 
large real estate owners in Oskaloosa. 

According to tlieir last report their deposits were upward of |85,000. 
This finds a secure place in the largest bank vault in the city, with burglar 
proof safe and Sargent's timedock. 

Frankel, Bach and Co.'s corresj)on(lents ai"e International Baidc, Chicago; 
Kuhn, Loeb and Co., New York; State National Bank, Keokuk. 



POST-OFFICE. 



A post-office was established in Oskaloosa rn the summer of 1814, Perry 
•L. Crosman being the first postmaster. The office was kept in Jones' gro- 
cery. At first there was simply a weekly n^ail. The postage was usually 
paid on a letter at its place of delivery, being twenty-five cents per letter 
of ordinary size. So scarce was money in Oskaloosa at that earlj^ day, that 
we are told letters frequently lay two months in the office before their own- 
■ ers were able to take them out, and not rarely they were sent to the dead- 
letter office as unpaid. 

About 1846 tlie stage line was established, and there were three mails 
per week, and finally a daily mail. Now, probably, a dozen mails per day. 

Mr. Weatherford we find to have been postmaster in 1847, and he was 
pr(ft»ably Crosman's successor. Fi'om that time the following postmasters 
have served: Samuel Ingles, 1849-1853; Sylvester Greenough, 1853-1857; 
K. T. Wellslager, 1857-1861; Charles Beardsley, 1861-1865; W. E. Shep- 
herd, 1865-^1871 (R. R. llabour was appointed during this time three 
months ui*^er Andrew Johnson, l)ut was not confirmed by the senate, when 
Shepherd was re-instated); Will H. Needham, 1871-1876; Henry C. Leigh- 
ton, 1876-1878. Upon the death of Mr. Leighton, January 31, 1878, his 
widow, Mrs. Mary E. Leighton, was appointed his successor, and Frank 
Lofland as deputy. The clerks of the office are Will H. Needham, Jr., and 
T. Leigliton. 

* The revenue of the office frotn all sources is about $6,000 per annum 
The stamps canceled amount to about $600 per month, and postage pre- 
paid at this office on periodicals $72 per month: 

This office has issued upward of 26,000 money orders. For the j'ear 
ending March 31, 1878, the orders issued amounted to $8,2764.32, and 
I orders paid to $61,213.06, making an aggregate of $89,977.38. 



I. O. O. F. 



The first lodge established in Oskaloosa was Mahaska Lodge, No. 16, 
I. O. O. F., by Right Worthy D. D. G. M. Patterson, July 11, 1848. The 
first officers elected wei-e: William II. See vers, N. G.; Geoi-ge W. Baer, Y. 
G.; James McMurray, Secretary; R. B. Rutledge, treasurer. These, with 
James W. Porter, T. D. Porter, A. S. Nichols, J. N. Kinsman and John 
W. Jones, were among the first members of the lodge, which did not receive 
its charter until 1852. ' 



496 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The lodge filed articles of incorporation Feliniary 1, 1852, at whicli time 
Wesley Moreland was Noble Grand, and John W. Jones, secretary'. 

Probably the first meeting of the lodge was held in the frame building 
on the southeast corner of the square now occupied by Martinstein as a 
baker}'. The lodge meetings were held on the second floor of the building 
for a number of 3'ears; then it was removed to Street's block, third story. 

In 1857 the lodge bought the lot on the noi'thwest corner of the square, 
under City Hall, and commenced building a three story brick building for 
its own use, but had only reached the first story when the crash trf '57 par- 
alyzed the enterprise; and, feeling that they could not carry the %ork for- 
ward, the Odd Fellows disposed of the pi-operty at a loss of near $3,500, 
and, upon completion of the building by other parties, rented fiom them 
the third floor as a lodge, which they continued to occupy until their pres- 
ent hall was completed. 

Having accumulated near $5,000 in its treasury, in 1873 Mahaska Lodge 
determined to make another effort to secure a home of its own. Buying 
about twenty feet front on the northeast corner of High and Washington 
streets, in conjunction with Judge Loughridge, they commenced a building 
forty feet front, with the understanding that they could complete the entire 
third floor at their own expense, and use the sairie as a hall. This plan was 
carried out, but the Odd Fellows found themselves so heavily- involved upon 
completion of the building, that they were forced to sell all but the undi- 
vided one-half of the third floor — a flTiancial disaster from which Mahaska 
Lodge has not yet entirely recovered, being somewhat in debt at present 
writing. They have a very neat, well-furnished and comfortable hall, forty 
by sixty feet, with a sixteen-foot ceiling. 

The present officers of Mahaska Lodge are: S. T. Barnhill, 'N. G. ; Calvin 
Woodrufi', V. G. ; R. G. Pike, secretary; W. G. Alexander, treasurer; Wil- 
liam Butler, chaplain. The membership, July, 1878, was one hundred and 
thirty-eight. 

Coonmeix-ial Lodge, No. 128, I. 0. 0. F., was established January 23, 
1860. It was formed by a detachment of members withdrawing from Ma- 
haska Lodge, for the purpose of starting an additional society. The char- 
ter members were Sidney S. Smith, David Poop, Isaac Kalbach, F. L. 
Downing, A. J. Swearingen, Francis Huber, A. M.Abraham, Geo. Priseler, 
C. Blattner, and D. E. Budd. 

This Lodge, in 1874, bought the undivided one-half of the hall built by 
Mahaska Lodge, i. e. the one-half of third floor. Previously it had been 
the custom of the Commercial to rent from Mahaska Lodge, having always 
met in the hall of the latter. The society is in good financial condition, 
with about eighty members. The officei'S are: B. P. Ball, N. G.; Louis 
Baumgart, V. G.; F. S. Hull, Secretary; William Harbach, Treasurer. 

Oskuloosa Encmnjpment, No. 13, 1. O. O. F. — Was instituted June 28, 
1854. The charter members were Wesley Moreland, Wm. H. Seevers, 
Jno. P. JN^eedham, James A. Young, A. G. Young, and Jno. W. Jones. 

The present financial condition is quite satisfactory to the membership, 
consisting of sixty-three persons. The officers are: M. M. Pice, C. P.; 
Peter Schmitt, II. P.; W. O. Wing, S. W.; Wm. Harbach, J. W.; S. Bal- 
dauf, Treas. ; P. G. Pike, Scribe. 

Perseverance Rebecca Degree Lodge, No. J^8, I. O. 0. F., has been 
ninning as a Pebecca Lodge for about twenty years, but without even a 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



497 



dispensation until June 3, 1873. It was not chartered until October, 1875. 
From a charter membership of twelve persons it had grown until January, 
1, 1878, to eighty-live members. The elected officers of the Lodge are: 
Sister W. G. Alexander, N. G.; Sister W. B. Williams, Y. G.; Brother K. 
G. Pike, Sec'y; Sister R. G. Baldwin, Treas. 

These last two, Encampment and Rebecca Lodges, meet in Mahaska 
Lodge's hall. 

ANCIENT ORDER OF UNITED WORKMEN. 

As this is a comparatively new order and probably unknown to a major- 
ity of our readers, a few words upon the history at large will be appro- 
priate. 

On the 5th day of November, 1868, being the day of Grant's first elec- 
tion to the presidency, in Meadville, Penn., fourteen men assembled and 
organized the first lodge of Ancient Order of United AVorkmen. The mo- 
tive that prompted them was a pure and unselfish one, and their plan of 
operation is the vei-y best to carry out the purpose for which the order is 
intended — that of Charity, Hope and Protection. From the date of or- 
ganization the order grew slowly until July 4, 1870, when the Grand Lodge 
of Pennsylvania was instituted at Meadville. The order continued to grow 
slowly, reaching into Ohio, Kentucky, and Lidiana, and in 1871 the first 
lodge of the A. O. U. W., in L^wa, was instituted at Washington. 

In 1874 there were but five lodges in the State. From this time the 
growth has been ra]>id. and there are now more than 150 subordinate 
lodges with near 7,n00 members in the State of Iowa. 

It is a benevolent order, not unlike the I. O. O. F., helping the widow 
and orphan and caring for the sick. A distinguishing feature is the bene- 
ficiary department, by virtue of which $2,000 is paid to the heirs of de- 
ceased meTTibers. Tiie headquarters of this department is the Grand Lodge 
of the State, and the payments are made by assessments upon the individ- 
ual members. This, of course, is a virtual life insurance, and no one can 
be. admitted to membership without having passed a satisfactory medical 
examination by the examiner of the lodge. 

Oskaloosa Lodge, No. 152, A. O. U. W., was organized March 5, 1878, 
with thirtv charter members. The officers are: John Lofland, M. W. ; C. 
T. Willard, G. F.; W. R. Cowan, O.; H. G. Briggs, Recorder; J. A. Kal- 
bach. Receiver; W. A. Lindly, Financier; A. P. Spencer, Guide; Dr. J. 
C Barringer, Medical Examiner. 

The lodge meets in Good Templars' hall, southwest corner of the 
square, and in August, 1878, had forty-eight members. 

Meetings are held every Friday evening, and the articles of the order 
provide for degree work, in some respects similar to other lodges. 

GOOD TEMPLARS. 

Oskaloosa Lodge, No. 660, I. O. G. T., was organized April 9, 1874, by 
charter from the Grand Lodge of the State. 

The first officers were: Thos. Newell, W. C. T.; Mary E. McMichael, 
W. V. T.; Mrs. Kate Houver, W. C; Wm. P. Hellings, W. Sec; John T. 
Perdue, ^Y. F. S.; Mrs. E. K. Alexander, W. T.; Albert M. Jones, AV. M.; 
Mary M. Newell. W. D. M.; Wm. Stewart, W. I. G.; C. B. Rodgers, W. 
O. G.; Mrs. E. Baker, W. R. H. S.; Miss Laura Montgomery, W. L. H. 



498 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

S.; J. B. Noe, P. W. C. T. In addition to these there were as charter 
members, W. R. Lacey, W. K. Ware, C. ^V. Donghis, W. W. Knight, W. 
Campbell, Ed. Stewart, C. G. Owen, C. McCartj, Geo. Wortman, E. Le 
Suer, C. W. Jones, Clara Laeey, II. Howard, John Stewart, Erank Glaze, 
Fannie McCarty, Y. K. Logan. 

The lodge is now comjiosed of about one hundred membe^s. It is in a 
flourishing condition, and meets in hall over the National State Bank. 
The templars have an eighty foot hall, nicely furnished. Of those recently 
initiated the majority are males. 

Of the present officei's the following is a partial list: John N. Martin, 
W. C. T.; A. A. Kendig, P. W. C. T.'; Ketta Hambleton, W. V. T.; G. 
C. Johnson, W. Chap.; Annie Danner, W. Sec; Mrs. E. Baker, W. T. 

MASONIC. 

The history of Masonry in Oskaloosa appears in a chapter on that sub- 
ject in the county histoiy proper. 

IOWA INSURANCE COMPANY. 

This company was incorporated in Oskaloosa on the "mutual plan" 
May 7, 1856. The company was permanently organized by a meeting of 
the corporate members on the following day, and the following officers 
were elected: Wm. T. Smith, ])resident; A. F. Seebei-ger, vice-president; 
Wni. A. Torrey, secretary, and Wm. B. Street, treasurer. In the following 
July, applications having been received to the amount of twenty-seven 
thousand dollars, policies were issued to that amount, and the business of 
the company fully inaugurated. 

January 5, 1859, a supplement was adopted to the articles of incorpora- 
tion, providing f\>r the subscription of capital stock, and from that time the 
business of the company was divided into two departments, stock and 
mutual, the accounts of which were kept separate, and each department 
conducted in the manner peculiar to its respective class. 

The last balance sheet of the company shows a capital stock of $50,000. 
In 1865 the risks of the company were re-insured, and by mutual consent 
the remaining assets were divided among the stockholders, the proceeds 
being about 7 per cent in advance of the face of the stock certificates. The 
company did a pros]:»erous business up to the time of dissolution. 

MAHASKA COUNTY BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION. 

This association was incorporated in 1872, and placed in running order 
in the month of August of that year. Its articles of incor]>oration pro- 
vide for a plan of loans and deposits similar to that usually current among 
modern loan associations in the west. 

Only one series of stock of fifteen hundred shares has been issued. 

The number of loans made is 167, amounting to about $180,000. One 
hundred and thirty-one shares of stock have been retired. All loans made 
are on first mortgage. 

It is estimated that the shares will reach full value in 1S80 or 1881. 
The value of a share at the end of first year was $18.80; second year, 
$42.13; third year, $63.52; fourth year, $85.23; fifth year, $107.74. 

The present ofticers are: D. A. Hurst, president; C. P. Searle, vice-presi- 
dent; W. A. Lindly, secretary; J. Kelly Johnson, solicitor. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 499 

The board of directors is composed of D. A. Iliirst, J. W. McMullen, 
W. A. Liiidly, C. P. Searle, W. W. Haskell, Wm. Bnrnside, J. Kelly John- 
son, David Evans and John A. Kalbach. The auditors are Ilenrj R. 
Kendig and Morris L. Levi. 

YOUNG men's literary AND LECTURE ASSOCIATION. 

This association was formed in 1874 by twelve young men of Oskaloosa, 
for the purpose of establishing a private reading room, and conducting a 
public lecture course. 

The charter members were Morris L. Levi, H. S. Briggs, Walter L. 
Chamberlain, G. N. Beeehler, J. C. Fletcher, W. S. Mays, LisWi McMillen, 
Charles Iluber, E. D. Lindly, Frank Kelly, W. K. Lacey and John A. 
Hoffman. 

By a provision of the constitution, no married man could become a 
meinber of the association, but we are informed that when a young man 
becomes a member he is no longer under any obligations to remain unmar- 
ried, but rather encouraged to follow the example of many of the charter 
members. 

The hall of the association is on the north side of the square. Each 
member of the society carries a key to this room, which is free to none but 
members. The hall is nicely and comfortably furnished, and is free to the 
members during the day and evenings. Among the papers and magazines 
on tile in the reading room are Harper's Weekly and Monthly, Scribner's 
Monthly, International Beview, North American Review, Popular Science 
Monthly, Potter's American Monthly, Albany Law Journal, Frank Leslie's 
Illustrated Newspaper, Atlantic Monthly, Littell's Living Age, Chicago 
Tribune (dail}-), Cliicago Times (daily), Chicago Inter Ocean (daily), Amer- 
ican Gentleman's Newspaper, Spirit of the Times, Spirit of the Turf, 
Weekly N. Y. Tribune, and numerous State and metropolitan weeklies. 

The association has managed a lecture course every year since its organ- 
ization Upon the entire course the profit or loss has been inconsiderable, 
neither profitable nor disastrous. 

A library is being collected as rapidly as possible, and the moi'e impor- 
tant magazines are regularly bound. 

A business meeting is held regularly once per month. The revenue of 
the association is from a monthly tax of one dollar per member, and from 
lecture course. 

The members who have been received since tlie organization of the asso- 
ciation are B. F. Beebe, Perry E. Clark, H. W. Gleason, R. O. Green, 
Joseph Huber, John Hall, J. R. Hague, Frank Lofland and W. H. Need- 
ham, Jr. The present membership is twenty. John A. Hoffman is presi- 
dent of association, and W. R. Lacey, secretary. 

CEMETERY. 

The first cemetery was southwest of town upon the land of Judge White, 
and was laid out at quite an early day. It was located just beyond the 
High School building, and being on fiat land proved too wet. Accordingly, 
in 1848, the ladies of the city undertook the enterprise of securing a new 
cemetery. They formed a sort of sewing society, and made up articles of 
plain clothing which were placed on sale in the stores of Oskaloosa, and in 
this Avay they raised sufficient money to buy and improve five acres of 



500 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

land about one mile north of town which is currently known as the " old 
cemetery." This land was purchased from John White, and was the <?^Y?/ 
cemetery until 1860, when it proved too small and badly located. 

Accordingly, in June 1860, a meeting of citizens was called, by previous 
notice, in the c(;unty judge's office, whose object was to organize a ceme- 
tery association. 

At this meeting, P. Myers, J. R. IS'eedham, J. F. Childs, and William 
Loughridge were appointed a committee to frame articles of incorporation 
for adoption at the next meeting. 

To view grounds for a cemetery site, and receive propositions for sale of 
land was appointed a committee consisting of Wesley Moreland, W. S. 
Edgar, and Wm. C. Rhinehart. 

At the next meeting the committee on articles, reported a charter of 
which the following is the preamble: 

Be it kno-wTi by these presents, that we James Rhinehart. J. F. Childs. Henry Lyster, Jas. 
A. Seevers, J. H. Macon. YA\ Ketner. John Y. Hopkins, John R. Needham, James McQuis- 
ton, D. Wan-en Loring-, Henry Howard, Philip Myers, A. F. Seeberger, Benjamin F. Ingels, 
N. C. Crawford, William Loughridge, James P. Dixon, Samuel A. Rice, M. L. Jackson, 
Wm. M. Wells, John D. Gaunt, Wm. S. Edgar, Samuel Ingels and Solomon E. Rhinehart, 
desiring to establish a new Cemetery, to be located at or near the city of Oskaloosa in the 
county of Mahaska and State of Iowa, do hereby, in accordance with the provisions of an 
act passed by the Seventh General Assembly of the State of Iowa, entitled " An act for the 
incorporation of benevolent, charitable, scientific or missionary societies," approved March 
22d, A. D. 1858, adopt the following articles of Association. 

It was provided that the name of the society should be Forest Cemetery 
Association, The articles of association were adopted and the following 
were the officers elected under the same: president, J. F. Childs; vice- 
president, Samuel A. Rice; secretary, James McQuiston; treasurer, D. W. 
Loring; director, Wm. S. Edgar. 

August 9th, 1860, twenty acres belonging to Wm. S. Dart, lying north- 
east of the city was purchased at fifty dollars per acre, and immediately 
surveyed, laid out in lots, fenced, and called Forest Cemetery 

In December a committee was appointed to assess lots at an average 
valuation of not less than five cents ]ier square foot, and a day was 
appointed on which such lotsaswere desired, were sold to the highest bidder, 
with the provision that it should not be a sale at less price than the 
assessed valuation. 

Subsequently J. R. Needham, James Seevers and W. S Edgar were ap- 
pointed a committee to report a series of rules and regulations. This 
was done and the rules with the articles of incorporation were published in 
pamphlet form. 

In 1871 the association bought about six acres for $1,000, adjoining the 
cemetery on the south, from John IST. Miller, which was included in, and 
made a part of. Forest Cemetery. 

A house was built for the sexton in 1875, near the entrance. 

The present officers of the association are: J. F. Childs, president; C, 
Houtz, vice-president; W. R. Cowan, secretary; H. Howard, treasurer; J. 
G. Marks, superintendent; F. L. Downing, director. 

Forest Cemetery is a beautiful spot, tastefully set with shade trees, and 
laid out with winding drives and foot paths. It contains some fine monu- 
ments, the most conspicuous of which is that built by the Iowa soldiers in 
memory of Gen. S. A. Rice, above mentioned as vice-president of the as- 
sociation in 1861. 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 501 



OSKALOOSA BAR. 



The Oskaloosa Bar is one of the best in the State, and probably ranks 
first between the Mississippi river towns and Des Moines city. It in- 
cludes about thirty attorneys, most of whom are young men of promise, or 
middle a^ed men of high attainments. They have no organized associa- 
tion. 

KEW SHARON. 

The part of the country around tliis city was settled later than any other 
portion of Mahaska county. The land forming the original pUit was owned 
by four parties, John Michener, Wm. Zimmerman, J. C. Culbertson, and 
Morgan Reno. Zimmerman was a Prussian, a sort of wanderer, ever 
beginning ])rojects and always disap])ointing those who did not know him, 
by finishing none of them. lie came from Iowa City to Prairie township, 
found the fine prairie lands al)out the present New Sliaron almost a wil- 
derness, and returning to Iowa City he induced some citizens there, among 
them Culbertson and Reno, to enter and purchase seme fourteen eighty- 
acre lots, including the eastern part of the territory on which Sharon now 
stands. Zimmerman then went extensively into the hedging business; or, 
rather into hedging contracts. This was about 1853. He contracted with 
the Iowa City speculators to hedge their farms, in consideration of which 
he was to receive every alternate eighty acres. He also made a contract 
with John Michener, who owned a section west of Culbertson and Reno, to 
hedge his land for one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. Zimmerman 
broke the ii:round for the heds:e rows, though it is not known that he ever 
set a single hedge plant; but he still held tlie men to their contract. Fi- 
nally, in order to get rid of Zimmerman, Michener deeded him eighty 
acres, including the northwestern part of the present New Sharon, on con- 
sideration that he would release him from the hedge contract. Some time 
during the summer of 1856, a party of engineers surveyed the land through 
this section, proposing to build a road from St. Louis to St. Paul. Then 
there was quite a settlement of Friends in and about this vicinity. To en- 
courage the further settlement of this society, Culbertson and Reno dona- 
ted to them about three acres of land on which to build a meeting-house 
and lay out a burying ground, being the same spot wdiere their cemetery 
now stands, and the only burying ground New Sharon ever had. Thus en- 
couraged and hopeful, August 25, 1856, these four men, with the help of a 
competent engineer, laid out the new town. Zimmerman wished to call 
the new village " Schenefeld," or pretty field, but the other propi'ietors did 
not like the accent, though they were compelled to acknowledge the appro- 
priateness of the name, for simple as the appellation may seem, it best 
describes the scenery about Sharon, being that of a beautiful, slightly roll- 
ing, luxuriantly-growing field. It was finally decided to call the town 
Sharon^ and as such it was platted and recorded, but when the post-oftice 
came to be established, it was found that there was another of the same 
name in Iowa, and from the necessity for a change, the post-ofiice was called 
New Sharon. In popular use the name of the post-office has became the 
name of the town and the unqualified Sharon has been almost abandoned. 

The fii'st dwelling upon the town plat was built by Edward Quaintance, 
in 1856, and was a frame structure about 16x18 feet, ''weatherboarded up 



502 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

and down"; bad a brick flue as a vent for tbe smoke, and was considerably 
in advance of tbe usual pioneer cabin. Tin's building still stands and forms 
a part of tlie liotel known as tbe Central House. 

The first store buildino^ was erected by James Winder, in tbe spring of 
1857. Mr. Winder started a store in tliis building during that summer 
with a stock of goods w^orth about $1,200, wliicli be bad bougbt in Oska- 
loosa. lie continued in business about one year, Avben he nosed out bis 
stock and soon after was succeeded by Tbos, Mormon in tbe same building. 
From tbis time the cbanges in store-keeping were frequent. 

About the same time that be built bis store, James Winder also framed 
a dwelling-house, being tbe second dwelling on the town plat. Its size was 
16xi0 feet. It still stands in the business part of New Sharon; bas been 
enlarged and repaired and is now used by Purdue as a photograpb gallery. 

Tbe third dwelling was built about 1858, by Ellswortb Draper, and was 
soon followed by a fourth cabin belonging to David Michener. New 
Sharon made but little progress until after tbe war, when the long project- 
ed north road began to l3e built. From that time it bas been a flourishing 
town. 

It sbould be here stated that David Morgan, one of Sharon's citizen's, 
was flrst president and prominent pioneer in building the Iowa Central 
Kailroad, full ]>articulars of whicb are given in the bistor}' of that road. 

Undoubtedly tbe first religious exercises in tbe vicinity of New Sharon, 
were beld by the Friends, who bad meetings soutb of town as early as 1852 
or 1853. Probably tbe first meeting on the town plat was by a Metbodist 
minister, a class having been organized bere about 1861 or 1863. Shortly 
after tbis, Dr. Warren preached several times in a blacksmith shop belong- 
ing to Henry Winder, wbere, among anvils, tools, and bellows, a small as- 
sembly of worshipers assembled upon the quiet Sabbatbs to bear tbe 
word of life. Even such was considered quite a privilege, and doubtless 
more generally improved tban in this day of tine cburcbes, cushioned pews, 
and essay-reading divines. 

The first bouse for worship upon tbe town plat was tbe Friends' meeting- 
bouse, still standing in the soutbwest part of town, and wbicb was moved 
up from its country site about twelve years ago. 

James Winder was tbe first post-master, being appointed in 1857, under 
Buchanan. He distributed tbe mail to New Sbaron citizens and tbe peo- 
ple of the surrounding country until 1863, when be was succeeded by 
Burdon Stanton. Then came Addison Najdor, and April 1, 1873, the pres- 
ent gentlemanly post-master was appointed, H. J. Vail. A money-order 
department was established at tbis office on the 17tb of July, 1872. At 
present, the revenue of the office to tbe U. S. Government is near $2,000 
per year. 

Johnson Busby was probably tbe first justice of tbe peace in tbe town 
of New Sharon. 

Tbe present city of New Sharon is a place calculated to attract more 
tban passing notice from the visitor to its precincts. Tlie streets are wide, 
smooth, and laid out in such a manner as to greatly serve tbe convenience 
of its citizens and tbe beauty of tbe town. In a greater ])art of the city 
young shade trees are springing up, and have already in many places at- 
tained sucli a growtb and foliage as to add mucb to tbe comfort of tbe 
passer-by, and the general appearance of tbe place. The city's miles of 
plank walk tell tbe tale of a watcbfal council and an omnipresent marshal. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 503 

The dwellings are mostly white frame and are neat and inviting in appear- 
ance. The cliurclies are jmr excellence. Not one western town in a dozen 
of the size of New Sharun has displayed the taste in buikliTig its iionses of 
worship, that this people liave done. The stranger is immediately struck 
by tlie beauty of tlie graceful spires and the S3'mmetry of the buildings 
throughout. 

The people of New Sharon, of whom there are al)out 800, liave more 
thati a local reputation for hospitality, general culture, and business enter- 
paise, a.reputation not generally bestowed gratuitously by the discriminat- 
ing public, but usually earned. 

For public entertainments of various kinds, tlie city is supplied with a 
room on the second floor of the brick block on Main street, called Concert 
Hall, which will comfortably seat about 300 persons. 

SCHOOLS. 

The first school kept in the vicinity of New Sharon, was in a frame 
dwelling house south of the town, belonging to Frederick Schelp. This was 
a subscrijition school, supported by enterprising pioneers who were not 
contented to await the growth of free schools for the education of their 
children. The teacher was Miss Lydia Briggs, who found in a 12x16 feet 
cabin, on a western prairie, sufficient encouragement to enable her to main- 
tain a school, in quarters where the modern school mistress, with later day 
fancies and habits, would fail to find words to express her contempt. This 
school was kept probably in 1856. The next schools were in a school house 
erected in the same iieighboi-hood bj' the society of Friends, for school pur- 
poses, and temporarily as a house of worship until they should erect a 
meeting-house. This was in 1857. Here schools were taught by Lydia 
Mayer, Harvey Lucas, Jonathan Knight, Rachel Snell, and others. These 
were subscription schools. The first public school building on the town 
plat was on the same ground on which the present one stands. It was a 
frame, one story structure, which has recently been moved across the street 
and is now used as a carpenter shop. This building was less primitive in 
ap])eai'ance and furniture, than is usual in new countries. Thirty by 
thirty-four feet in its dimensions, it was seated by black walnut seats and 
desks, accommodating two pupils together. This was erected in 1860, and 
proved sufficient to accommodate the youth of New Sharon until 1872 
when an addition was built to the same. Attached to the memory of the 
old school house is one of those undersigned coincidences which occaison- 
ally astonish us by their simplicity, and are matters of curiosity. Jesse 
Hiatt, of New Sharon, was employed to build the foundation of the new 
building. The man who secured the contract for the frame work proved 
to be Jesse Hiatt, of Oskaloosa. The building was no sooner finished than 
another Jesse Hiatt moved to the western village, applied for the position 
of teacher, which was granted to him and his wife. Had this been so com- 
mon a name as John Smith, it would have been stripped of some of its 
novelty. 

The spirit of western enterprise has left its mark upon the school inter- 
ests of New Sharon. Kecognizing in the centennial year the fact that no 
duty should be more earnestly performed than that belonging to their chil- 
dren, the parents of the Quaker City erected on their old school premises 
a handsome brick building, ample in room for the comfortable occupation 



504 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

of New Sharon youth in years to come. This neat two story brick con- 
tains four large rooms and has a seating capacity of about two liundred 
and forty pupils. Tlie average attendance is perhaps two hundred and 
eight}'. Tiie cost of the building was about $8,000, Heretofore the board 
have employed but four teachers, but on account of the growth of the 
schools, will require five during the coming winter. Tlie leachers elect 
are: Mrs. M. M. Monger, principal; C. S. Monger, Mollie Kiser, Mollie 
Nichol, and Ollie Gilbert. Tlie school was graded in 1876, at which time 
a high school department was formed. From this the first class graduated 
in 1878, composed of Mary Nichol, Lizzie Johnson, Silas Lucas, Leroy 
Michener, and Allison Cope. 

It should have been stated that the first school house was built, and for 
years the first school was run by the township district. Application hav- 
ing been made according to law and a favorable vote having been cast for 
an Independent School District, such was organized April -l, 1870. The 
first board of directors was composed of H. M. Fortney, Henry Cope, H. 
Cooper, David Stanton, A. H. Vickers. and I. JN'. Penlaud. 

The present school officials are: Ephriam Mnnsell, President; J. M. 
Hiatt, Secretary; H. T. Wright, Treasurer; H. D. Williams, Oliver Wild- 
man, David Stanton, Thomas Graham, and Henry Cope, Directors. 

INCORPORATION. 

The town of Sharon was incorporated in September, 1871, in an- 
swer to thirty-five petitioners of its citizens, who wished for themselves the 
privileges of belonging to a city of the second class. W. S. Kenworthy 
was appointed attorney to represent tlie petitioners, and the incorporation 
was granted by the court, and the following citizens were appointed com- 
missioners to assist in holding the first city election. By the articles of in- 
corporation six hundred acres, including parts of sections 13 and 24, were 
included upon the city plat. On account of some irregularities the char- 
tering of the city was ratified by special act of the legislature. 

The first election, held by the commissioners above mentioned, occurred 
October 4, 1871. Two days later at 3 o'clock p. m., the first city council of 
New Sharon met, and the officers of the city government were duly qual- 
ified, perhaps by the township justice. The Mayor elect was H. M. Fornt- 
ney; Recorder, A. W. Naylor; Councilmen, J. F. Bowdle, C. W.Adams, 
W. Fagan, J. M. Collins, and A. N. Vickers. Numerous meetings of the 
council were held during the remaining fall and winter, the time of which 
was mostly occupied in the uninteresting business of framing and adopting 
city ordiiumces. W. S. Kenworthy was appointed to draft these latter, and 
eighteen dollars were paid him for his services. 

June 21, 1875, the sober and dignified city council passed an ordi- 
nance to prevent public platform dances within the city limits. In such a 
prohibition of course they transcended their powers. The ordinance was 
null by notice of its very nature, and we believe no attempt has ever been 
made to enforce it. Its passage seemed to have a sort of reflex tendency, 
as we are informed there were held two open air dances in New Sharon 
July 4, 1878. 

The city has no organized fire company, nor has it that which deserves 
the name of a fire department, August 23, 1875, the council purchased 
for public use forty-eight leather buckets and twelve sixteen-feet ladders. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 505 

In the big fire which soon followe<], tliese were quite energetically used, 
bnt did not avail to prevent large destruction of property. For the pur- 
chase of these apparatus city l)onds were issued to the amount of two hun- 
dred and ten doUars. 

The town had no saloon previous to 1876. The city council, hearing 
that it was the purpose of a certain individual to establish a grog-shop 
within the limits of the unpolluted town, passed September 18, 1876, a 
strict prohibition ordinance. The saloon was established in face of the or- 
dinance, but the liquor dealer was soon ousted, and to-day New Sharon 
maintains its rank among "strictly temperance towns." 

A small frame calaboose and a city pound are the "powers behind the 
throne," which render the citj' ordinances terrible in the eye of the trans- 
gressor, be he man or beast. 

The city taxes collected for the fiscal year ending March 13, 1878, were 
$645.29. The sum expended during the same time for sidewalks, street im- 
provements, etc., was $636.34. 

The city officers of 1878 are: Mayor, M. D. Burkitt; Recorder and 
Treasurer, J. M. Iliatt; Marshal, D. Galbraith; Street Commissioner, W. 
B. Shotwell; Councilmen, Ephriam Munsell, Geo. W. Way, J.M. Collins, 
J. F. McCurdy, and Geo. Carson. 

» FIKE. 

We are told that no character is perfect until tried in the school of ad- 
versity. Half the enterprise and push of Chicago was an unknown factor 
until it was brought into the sight of the whole world by its recovery from 
the scourge of 1872. So has the pluck and energy of New Sharon found 
its highest development in recovery from disaster. 

About one o'clock on the morning of April 29, 1876, a fire was discov- 
ered in tiie rear part of the drug store of J. S. Pickett, in the block on the 
southeast corner of Main and Market streets. The flames were undoubt- 
edly the work of an incendiary, and one whose fiendish wits had directed 
him to the best place for the accomplishment of his purpose, for the tire 
was in the oil room of the drug store almost as soon as discovered. Shouts 
of " Fire! " and the tread of hurrying feet soon roused the town, in time for 
its inhabitants to find the sky and streets lit up with a glare approaching 
that of a noon-day sun. In tliirty minutes the entire section of the block, 
consisting of two-story frames, was in a blaze. Willing hands, youth and 
old age, young women and children, did all they could to save the town, 
thus visited, with no means to fight the fire. The ladders and buckets 
above mentioned were brought into use. Soon the fire had crossed the 
alley to the south, and was making a wreck of Carson's drug store. Be- 
tween this and the Sharon Rouse was a vacant lot forty feet wide, and here 
the most strenuous eftorts were made to stop the flames. Again and again 
did the building take fire, but as frequently did blistering hands and scorch- 
ing frames dash the repeating blaze into blackness. The " bucket brigade " 
was victorious. On the east a similar check was eft'ected just before the 
tire reached Nash's agricultural warehouse. But when morning came only 
five buildings remained on the block which had contained the finest build- 
ings New Sharon could boast. 

The main losses were: Hoops' building, $2,000; Kramer & Quaintance's 
stock, $1,500; Yickers' building, $1,800; J. C. Pickett, stock, $4,500; G. 



506 HISTORY OF MAm:.SKA COUNTY, 

A. Roberts' bunding?, $3,000; G. W. Bump, $2,000; H. Chedester & Co., 
$1,500; Warren & Collins, $3,000; H. Wallace, $1,500; Geo. Carson, $6,000; 
J. R. Nichol & Co., $1,500. Tbese, in addition to a number of smaller 
losses, including the instruments of two bands, made a total loss of not less 
than $30,000. "On this the insurance was only about $10,000. 

It was the prediction of the jSta?' in the first issue after tiffe fire that the 
burned district would soon be rebuilt more substantially and elegantly than 
it liad been before. Such received an early fulfillment. The work of clear- 
ing away began before the ruins were cold, and now, on the corner of Main 
and Market streets is decidedly the finest brick block that New Sharon 
contains, being 80x80 feet in floor dimension, and two stories high. 

BUSINESS INTERESTS IN 1878. 

New Sharon being a country town, does almost exclusively a country 
trade. It has good shipping facilities, and along the line of the Central 
road few towns, if any, of its size can bs found that will favorably compare 
with it in the amount of grain, cattle and v^arious produce shipped. As a 
class the stores are neat and well kept. The town contains no exclusively 
dry-goods store, but has several establishments carrying a miscellaneous 
stock of goods, including the foUovving, viz: Kramer & Graham, D. M. 
Emerson, Wild man & Stanton, and O. P. Crawford. Bank — New Sharon 
Bank. Groceries— A. G. Rosborough, G. W. Starkey & Co., M. D. Bar- 
kitt. Drugs— Geo. Carson, C. T. Bowen, R. T. Dean'. Hardware— H. T. 
Wright, Henston & Carroll. Jewelry — E. A Smith. Tailor~Ii. N. Bow- 
man. Furniture — Warren & Collins. Shirt factory — W. II. Cook & Co. 
Agricultural stores — Lawrence & Thompson, Pierce & Ratliff. Hotels — 
Sharon House, by A. Flaugh, Central House, by G. S. Awtrj^ Pennsylva- 
nia House, by W. B. Shatwell. Livery stable — Gallagher & Weathers. 
Sewing machine agency — II. J. Vail. Attornej^s — J. M. Iliatt, Hoffman 
& Cook, Wm. J. Sexton, W. H. Waring, C. F. Knowlton. Physicians — 
W. S. McAllister, R. T. Dean, D. C.^ Morris. Dentist— J. H. Shomo. 
Lumber — Kalbach & Son. 

Tucker Elevator. — This is one of the foremost enterprises of New Shar- 
on. -The main part of the present building was erected in 1870 b}' J. W. 
Faxon, by whom it was operated by horse-power. In 187-1: it was bought 
by E. E. Tucker, the present proprietor, who, recognizing the increasing 
demands of New Sharon as a shipping point, at once doubled its capacity 
by additional building, and put in a 16-horse power engine. The present 
storage capacity of the elevator is 20,000 bushels. In 1874 Mr. Tucker 
bought and shipped about half a million bushels of grain. Since that time 
his shipments have not been so large on account of the failure of crops. 
The promise for a lively trade is encouraging for the faM and winter of 
1878-9. Mr. Tucker also has stock yards just south of the elevator build- 
ing, and deals lai'gely in Mahaska county stock, handling about 500 cars 
of hogs and 200 cars of cattle per year. Mr. Tucker has four branch estab- 
lishments running at this time, including one at Oskaloosa and one at 
Searsboro. The foreman at Oskaloosa is O. B. Bunker. 
- City Steam Mills were built in the fall of 1873 by J. Yersteeg & Co., at 
a cost of $9,000, and are a pride to the city. These gentlemen keep up 
with every new improvement in machinery, and have expended about 
$3,000 since building the mill in improvements alone. The engine is one 







Geo.H.Baugh 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 509 

of 40-horse power; fine!, coal. The mills do both custom and mercantile 
work, and with four run of stone have a capacity of about 100 bushels of 
wheat per day of ten hours. The proprietors inform us that they run to 
full capacity almost tlie entire year. The shipments of stock and grain 
over the Central Road will perhaps average 1,500 cars per year, 

SOCIETIES. 

New Sharon Lodge, No. 231, 1. O. O. F., was established by a dispensa- 
tion of the Grand Lodge of Iowa, December 25, 1871, and was not chartered 
until October 17, 1872. The members organizing the lodge were S. H. 
Hunt, I. N. Penhmd, J. H. DougLas, S. G. Caster and Sidney Krotzer. 
The lirst meeting was held in a room known as Naylor's Hall, wliich was 
destroyed by lii-e in 1876. Here the lodge met until January 1, 1875, when 
they moved into the second story of the Star buiUling, which tliey rented 
as a hall for five years. Here they have very pleasant and comfortable 
quarters. The present membership of New Sharon Lodge is seventy. 
The officers are J. W. Bateman, N. G.; W. W. Winder, V. G.; G. F. Bates, 
secretary; Snowden Myers, treasurer; H. J. Vail, P. G. 

Mahaska Encampment, No. 70, I. O. 0. i^., was instituted July 8, 1874, 
under dispensation from the Grand Lodge of tlie State, and was chartered 
October 21, 1874. In the charter the following are named as charter mem- 
bers, viz: S. W. Lewis, A. Paine, LI. M. Fortney, J. W. Baleman, Llenry 
Baughman, I. jST. Penland and Wm. Stnbbs. The Encampment meets in 
the same hall with the Chapter, and has done so since the time of its organ- 
ization. 

The membership, August, 1878, was sixteen, at which time the follow- 
ing were the officers: W. W. Winder, C. P.; L. Fitzgerald, H. P.; C. W. 
Rose, S. W.; I. N. Penland, J. W; H. J. Vail, treasurer; G. F. Bates, 
scribe. 

Mahaska Lodge, No. 336, A. F. da A. M. — Established under dispen- 
sation from the Grand Lodge of Iowa, on the 22d of June, 1874. The offi- 
cers elected at the time of organization were: G. F. Bates, W. M. ; H. J. 
Vail, S. AV.; D. Upton, J. W.; James Gorsuch, treasurer; A. G. Smith, sec- 
retary; C. W. Adams, S. D.; Snowden Myers, J. D.; William Wellington, 
tyler. The lodge was not chartered until June 3, 1875. 

The charter members had been connected, with lodges in different States, 
and had happened together in considerable numbers in New Sharon. An 
organization of these into a local lodge was effected through the agency of 
H. J. Vail. The present membership is about fifty-one. 

The Masonic lodge was organized in the Odd Fellows' hall, and the two 
fraternities ha^e had a room in partnership ever since the time of its or- 
ganization. 

The present officers are: G. F. Bates, W. M.; David Fessler, S. W.; 
George Carson, J. W.; H. J. Vail, treasurer; George B. Gould, secretary. 

Veteran Lodge, No. 205, 1. 0. G. T., is the second lodge of Good Temp- 
lars that has been organized at New Sharon. The first organization started 
in October, 1865, and continued under the name of "New Sharon Temple" 
until October 2, 1871, when it disbanded. 

Almost immediately was organized the Veteran Lodge, of which the 
present membership is forty- seven. This organization meets in a hall in 
the Centennial Block. The officers are: Marvin Hart, W. C. T.; MoUie 

31 



510 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Shotwell, W. V. T.; OUie Wood, W. R. S.; S. R. Bvlggs, W. T.; Z. P. 
Kirk, W. S. 

Christian Temperance Union. — About the first of January, 1878, Mr. 
H. Al. Galloway, of Ohio, working in the interest of what is ktiowu as the 
Murphy or Bhie Ribbon movement, put in apperrance at^ew Sharon, and 
held nightly meetings for about two weeks. All those signijig the pledge 
were considered members of the "Blue Ribbon Club," which now has a 
membership of about six hundred and eighty members. 

For the purpose of a more permanent organization a constitution and 
by-laws were framed, and those signing the same became members of the 
Christian Temperance Union, whose object is keeping alive the temperance 
movement in IS^ew Sharon, and the making of an aggressive movement 
upon those not yet reclaimed. The cause has been prosperous and success- 
ful at this point, and the reforms made have stood the test for several 
months, with good indications of permanent cure. The membership of 
the C. T. U. is about two hundred. From the date of its organization until 
some time in July, meetings were held every Saturday night, at which ad- 
dresses were made by speakers from home or abroad. These meetings were 
adjourned over the heated term until September, when they were resumed 
in Concert Hall, where the temperance meetings have usually been held. 

The present officers of the Union are: J. H. Shomo, president; J. Rock- 
well and G. B. Gatlin, vice-presidents; E. A. Smith, secretary ; H. J. Yail, 
treasurer. 

CHURCHES. 

M. E. Church. — The beginning of this church was a class, organized by 
a Methodist minister, Rev. Welsh, in 1862, composed of Henry Winder 
and wife, and their children, Hugh and Ann Eliza, Jasper Lee and wife, 
James Davis and wife, Lydia Mayer and Ida Lucon. In the spring of 
1863 were added J. F. Bowdle and wife, Eliza Crabb, Johnson Busby and 
wife, S. B. Lawrence and wife, and some few others. Soon after, the 
class was organized into a church, and was on Peoria circuit, with Rev. 
Early as pastor, and Dr. Warren as local pi-eacher. Meetings were held at 
the residence of Henry AVinder, J. F, Bowdle, S. B. Lawrence, and in the 
blacksmith shop previously mentioned. Rev. P. Early was succeeded by 
Revs. Kelly, Moore, Holland, and John Armitsed. By this time services 
were held in the New Sharon school-house. Some time after this a couple 
of local preachers removed from Minnesota to New Sharon — Rev. O. P. 
Crawford, and Hiram Allen. These men preached here for a time. The 
next minister was Dr. F. L. Ellsworth. About this time large accessions 
were made to the church, which then numbered perhaps one hundred and 
thirty members. Rev. T. J. Myers followed, then Rey. Prathers. During 
the mini str}' of the last named gentleman, about 1871, was erected a fine 
church building, .36x66 feet, at a cost of about $4,500, including bell. 

Revs. J. G. Thompson, U. B. Smith, C. Morey, T. C. Miller, and S. R. 
Ferguson occupied the pulpit in the order named, the last named gentle- 
man being the present pastor, who preaches every alternate Sabbath at 
Fairview, in Union township. The present membership is about one hun- 
dred and thirty. At the time of completion of the church it was supposed 
to be free from debt, but about three hundred dollars of the amount nom- 
inally secured at that time, has returned upon the shoulders of the church. 

In connection with the work of the church there has been in existence, 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 511 

for about eight years, a floni-isliing Sabbath-school, now numbering about 
eighty in average attendance, with J. W. Bowdle as superintendent. 

Preshytermn Church. — This congregation was organized in accordance 
with the rules of the Presbyterian denomination, in the month of June, 
1875, by a committee appointed by the Presbytry, composed of Pev. S. 
Snodgrass, Rev. Frackleton, and Elder A¥. A. Hunter. The congregation 
numbered fourteen meml)ers at organization. 

The lirst session of the church was composed of J. V. Hart and John 
Versteeg, to whom have since been added, to assist in the councils of the 
church, P. P. Loughlin. 

The church building of this body was built in the summer of 1876, at a 
cost of $3,000, all of which was paid at the time of its dedication. The 
latter ceremony took place on September 17, 1876, Pev. Robert McAyeal, 
D.D., of the Oskaloosa U. P. Church, preaching the dedicatorj^ sermon, 
and the pastor, Pev. Snodgrass, assisting in the exercises of the day. The 
church is a model in neatness and grace, being a frame imitation of white 
and grey stone. Previous to the building of the church the M. E. building 
was occupied by the congregation. The first minister was Rev. H. S. Snod- 
grass, who preached here one-third of his time from the date of organiza- 
tion until February, 1878. The present pastor is Rev. Matthews, who be- 
gan his labors July 1, 1878. The membership numbers fifty-five persons. 
Revenue of church for all purposes is near $500. The board of trustees is 
composed of George Hill, James Drennan, George Carson, Robert Hues- 
ton, and J. R. Nichol. In connection with the church is a prosperous 
Sabbath-school, superintended by P. P. Loughlin. It has an average at- 
tendance of about eighty persons. 

Christian Church. — This is a young organization, having been formed 
October 7, 1877, by J. K. Cornell, with a membership of twenty-five per- 
sons. The first meeting was held in the Baptist Church, and that build- 
ing was occupied until February, 1878, for the services of this congrega 
tion. Since that date services have been held in the Presbyterian Church. 

Rev. Cornell is still pastor, but is also corresponding secretary of the 
Iowa Christian Convention, and devotes one-half of his time to State mis- 
sion work. The present membership of the congregation is not far from 
thirty-five. The deacons are T. Graham, J. M. Hiatt, and N. F, Hoen. 

Baptist CVi'^/rc/^ — This congregation was organized January 2, 1875, by 
J. F. Childs, of Oskaloosa, with fourteen members, in the old New Sharon 
school house. It was recognized as a church by the customary ceremony of the 
Baptists in June, 1875. The first officers elected wereHattie E. Page, clerk, 
and J. F. McCurdy, deacon. J. F. Childs has been the only salaried 
minister the church has ever employed, and he remained with them a part 
of his time, until the spring of 1878, Rev. O. L. Crutteuden, who lived 
at Sharon, and was preaching at Eddyville and Leighton, has preached 
gratuitously to this people almost as much as their employed minister. 

The meetings of the church from the time of its organization were held 
in a hall in the business block which was destroyed by fire in April, 1876. 
This apparent misfortune led to the decision to build a church. A lot was 
purchased by Rev. O. L. Crutteuden, south of the Friends' meeting-house, 
and on this the congregation erected a small chapel, which was dedicated in 
November, 1876. The ministers officiating were Rev. Brand, of Grinnell, 
Rev. Fuhrman, of Oskaloosa, and Revs. J. F. Childs and O. L. Crutteuden, 
of New Sharon. The church was dedicated free from debt. 



512 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

A Sabbath-school was organized, April 18, 1875, with Dr. H. E.. Page as 
superintendent, but was disbanded in the spring of 1878. The present 
clerk is Mrs. O. L. Cruttenden. Deacon, Wni. Aiken, trustees, Stephen 
Davis, Wm. Aiken, and O. L. Cruttenden. 

Universalist Church. — A building, under control of the denomination, 
Universalists, was l)uilt in New Sharon, in 1877. The city contains quite 
a large element of those who are called liheral in religious thought, and 
the occasion of the building of this church was the refusal of an orthodox 
pnlpit to one of their ministers. The platform on which the church was 
erected, was that it should be forever equally free to all denominations. 
Until August, 1878, it has been the house of worship of what is termed a 
Universalist Parish, which was, at the time of the meeting in New Sharon 
of the State Universalist Association in that month, changed to a church 
organization. 

The church building is a neat frame structure, costing about $3,000, and 
is substantiailj' free from debt. In October following its erection. Rev. 
Fidelia W. Gillette commenced to occupy its pulpit, which she continues 
to do every alternate Sabbath. This lady is from Michigan, and is said to 
have been twenty years in the employ of the National Lecture Association, 
but recently entered the ministry for conscientious reasons. She is smart, 
well educated, and a line speaker, and has preached greatly to the satisfac- 
tion of her congregation in New Sharon. She receives six hundred dollars 
annually for the alternate Sabbath preaching in this church. 

Of the meetings of the Society of Friends, we have taken occasion to 
speak in the county history proper. 

The history of the New Shiron Star, is found under the chapter on 
:'The Press.'"' 

BEACON. 

Beacon is a station on the Keokuk & Des Moines R. R., and is a mining 
town, situated on section 27, Oskaloosa township, about two and one-half 
miles southwest of Oskaloosa city. Its site is in the valley of the Muchaki- 
nock, on the east side of the creek, and as approached from all sides presents 
a very picturesque appearance, nestling among the hills like an eastern vil- 
lage. The surrounding landscape is one of more than ordinary interest 
and beauty, and there are few mining towns indeed which can rival Beacon 
in neatness and attractiveness. 

The land on which Beacon is now located was formerly owned by Ezekiel 
Mendenhall. The town was laid out in 1864, under the name of Enter- 
prise, that being the name of the post-office at that time, although by the 
railroad men it was known as Oskaloosa station, that, being the stopping 
place in that day for all railway travel to the county-seat. The name was 
changed to Beacon in 186 . The town was i^latted by E. J. Evans. The 
first cabin within its present boundaries was owned and occupied by a man 
named Miles. The first business house was erected by John Pritchard, and 
by him occupied as a general store and hotel. The town was incorporated 
in 1874 

The first mayor was M. C. Ruby, who has held that office ever since and 
continues to swing the gavel at the council meetings at this writing. The 
aldermen are Robert Beadle, Charles Wilson, William Davis, Hugh Jones, 
and E. E. Roberts. Recorder, John Thomas. Marshal, C. W. Wray. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. " 513 

The mayor and aldermen serve without pay, save in tlie honor and satisfac- 
tion they receive from proper discharge of duty. The corporation is free 
from debt and taxes are light, as the main expense is in keeping up streets 
and sidewalks. 

From eight liundred to nine hundred is considered a fair estimate of the 
population of Beacon. It is a good trading point, and maintains four gen- 
eral stores, viz: Iowa Coal Co. (H. A. Pittman, manager), Phillips & Fos- 
ter, M. Jones & Co., and Davis, Price & Co. Drug store by Wm. Beards- 
ley, Beacon hotel by C. W. Wray, three saloons, two blacksmith shops, etc., 
besides mills and coal works mentioned below, comprise the other business 
enterprises of the town. 

MILLS. 

Eu,relxa Flouring Mills. — This building was built in 1865, by Benja- 
min Roop, at an expense of $55,000 or $66,000. The building is 84 feet 
square, alive story brick and stone. At one time it contained six run of 
stone, but now is equipped with but three. The engine is one of fifty 
horse power. The mill was originally built as a distillery and mill com- 
bined, but a government law being passed to the effect that distilling should 
not be carried on in a building with any other business, Roop was com- 
pelled to build a distillery separate. Hence, a great waste of room in the 
building. During the past few years the mill has been lying idle, but was 
recently sold to J. M. Jones, wlio now runs it. The mill has a capacity for 
sixty barrels of flour and seventy-five hundredweight of meal per day. 

Hkston & LouGHRiDGE. Tliesc gentlemen have a frame flouring mill 
with two run of stone, near the bridge across the Muchachinock. It is a 
steam mill, and has been built about twelve years. It does altogether cus- 
tom work. 

I. o. o. F. 

Beacon Lodge, No. '261^, I. 0. 0. F., was established December 4, 1864, 
with seventeen charter members and the following corps, of officers: John 
J. Shultz, N. G; D. S. Smith, Y. G.; J. W. Bovven, secretary, and John 
S. Morgan, treasurer. This lodge claims to have grown more rapidly than 
any other in the State. Their present membership is 108. Their hall was 
destroyed by Are August 24, 1877, but they had an insurance which covered 
most of the loss. They now have a well furnished hall over Davis, Price 
& Co.'s store, and hav^e $1,200 in the treasury. The present officers are 
M. Howells, K. G.; Wm. M. Yiles, Y. G.; A*. Henry, secretary, J. Price, 
treasurer. J. W. Bowen, of this lodge, is District Deputy of District Ko. 
20, including lodges IS'os. 16, 128, 231, 264 and 335. 

GOOD TEMPLARS. 

Beacon Star, No. 1^90, Lodge of Good Templars, was established in 
1873, with forty charter members. Their present membership is sixty. 
They meet in the Odd Fellows' Hall, over Davis, Price & Co.'s store. At 
this writing the meetings have been suspended till fall. 

SCHOOLS. 

Until 1874 Beacon had but a small brick school house of a single room, 
seating some sixty or seventy pupils. It has now a fine two story brick 



514 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

building containing four rooms, built in 187-1, at a cost of near $10,000, and 
seating about 225. The number of pupils enrolled last year was about 270, 
though the usual attendance was considerably below that figure. The 
teachers chosen for 1S7S-9 are Mrs. Thomas, principal. Miss Shoemaker, 

first intermediate, Mr. Hedge, second intermediate, , primary. 

The principal receives $50 per month, and tlie other teachers $30. The 
schools are graded, but extend only through Grammar grade. The direct- 
ors are M. C Ituby, president; John Thomas, Geo. Deavei', Wm. Bowen, 
Eli Robinson, D. W. Williams; Sec'y of Board, H. B. Davis; Treas., John 
J. Phillips. 

POST-OFFICE. 

Was established in 1866 under the name Enterprise. The following 
have been the postmasters: H. L. Ethridge, 1866-7; John G. Jones, 
1867-72; John R. Baer, 1872-3; J. W. Bowen, 1873-4; E. J. Evans, 
1874-7; J. W. Bowen, re-appointed in 1877. and is the present ineuuibent. 
The i-evenue of the office for the last quarter was $167, 

WELCH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 

This society was organized in 1867 by J. AV. Pickett. A frame church 
building was built by the society about 1870. The various 'ministers in 
charge have been D. S. Davies, D. R. Lewis, David Thomas and C. D. 
Jones. 

The church is composed of about fifty members, and have service in 
Welch every Sunday jnorning and evening, conducted by Rev. C. D. Jones, 
the present pastor. The church is free from debt, and contributes from 
$400 to $500 a year to support the gospel. 

The Sunday-school was organized cotemporary with the church, and is 
at present superintended by Christmas Evans. 

Beacon M. E. Church,, or Kindey Chapel^ was organized quite a num- 
ber of years ago, but was not of mucii consequence until the building of its 
church edifice, whicli was done in 1875 at a cost of $1,542. 

It was dedicated November 7, 1875, by Revs. B. Marks and D. D. 
Downs. The ministers in charge since that time have l)een E. Sampson, 
B. Marks, J. R. Reasoner and AV". R. Stryker, The latter is present minis- 
ter, who prea^hes here and in Black Oak township. 

The income of the church is near $350. Its membership is eighty-five. 
The Sabbath-school is composed of about one hundred members, superin- 
tended by J, J. Phillips. 

Tlie trustees are D. D. Downs, J. J. Phillips, Simeon Phillips, Joseph 
Phillips and John Ream, 

Stewards, Phillip Howe and D. D, Downs. 

IOWA COAL COMPANY. 

This present company was organized in 1872. Previously the mining 
interest at this point had been in charge of some Keokuk men, with J. AV". 
Rodefer at the head, and we believe was known by the same name. The 
first company o]>erated one shaft. 

The leading spirit of the new Iowa Coal Company has been Geo. Will- 
iams, of Keokuk, who owned controlling power of the stock. Mr. Will- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 515 

iams was a thoroiigli business man, and to liis position at the head of the 
company is mnch of the present prosperity of the town due. 

The death of Mr. AYilliaras in July of the present will, of course, be felt 
by the mining interest at Beacon, since for his great executive force it will 
be difficult to find a substitute. His son, Chris. L. Williams, has been ap- 
pointed administrator of the estate of the dead president, and will probably 
conduct the company without material change for the present. C. L. has 
been seeretarj- and treasurer of the companj^ for some time, and is well 
acquainted with its workings. The superintendent of the mines is J. W. 
Bishop, of Keokuk. The toreman at the mines is Simeon Phillips, a prac- 
tical miner and competent manager. 

The compan}^ owns, near Beacon, about three hundred acres of coal and 
two hundred acres of surface. The thickness of vein is from five to eight 
feet, and yields as good coal as Mahaska county affords. This is high trib- 
ute, in the banner coal county of Iowa. 

The company operates both a shaft and slope. The former has been 
running about eight years. The coal is brought in cars hj mules to the 
foot of the shaft, and cars elevated by steam power. The coal is removed 
from the slope by mules. At the shaft coal is found forty feet below the 
surface. The air in the mines is kept pure by means of a flue cut through 
from the central part of the mine to the surface, ajid a strong draft produced 
by afire at the base of the flue. The pumping apparatus, which is located 
several hundred feet from the shaft, and has power communication by wire 
cable, is most excellent, and affords little trouble. 

The capacity of these mines, were the demand sufficient to keep them in 
" full blast," is forty cars per day. At present, however, the company have 
only about one hundred men on their pay-roll, and do not find the demand 
sufficient to operate a full force of workmen. 

A switch from the Keokuk & Des Moines R. R. is laid to the mines, but 
none to the Central Road. This is a disadvantage to the compan}', as it 
gives them neither a good northern outlet nor a competing line. The coal 
is marketed all along the line of the K. & D. M. Road, but especially at 
the company's yards in Keokuk, Des Moines, Council Bluffs and Omaha. 

There has never been but one strike of any great consequence since 1873. 
At that time President AVilliains established a store at Beacon, proposing 
to sell to the miners as cheaply as they conld buy elsewhere. During the 
first winter most of the luiners dealt at the store. In the spring, it becom- 
ing necessary to reduce the force, the foreman was ordered to discharge a 
certain number of men, with instructions to include those who withheld 
their patronage from the company's store. 

This caused a general strike, the miners declaring their right to trade 
where they pleased, and refusing to work at all if any of their number were 
discharged. Quite a number of Swedes were brought up, from Keokuk, 
who had been engaged on the Government canal, and the mining continued 
with a new set of hands. This was more than the Beaconites had calcu- 
lated upon, and they were glad to go to work as they had opportunity at the 
company's terms. The miners are now paid by the bushel, the price being 
three cents. 

ROSE HILL- 

Rose Hill is a new and neat village on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pa- 



516 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

cific Railroad, and was laid out on the building of that branch which passed 
through Mahaska county in 1875. The land on which the town is located 
was owned by James Ornbanm and A. Williams. Ornbaum was the first 
name of the post-office and of the village, and all deeds are recorded under 
that name.. As a station it was called Rose Hill and the post-office was 
changed to that in July, 1876, since which time the old town name has 
fallen into disuse. 

The first business house was built in 1875 by Bailey & Stubbs, since 
which time the growth of the place has been quite rapid. 

Believing that fifty years from to-day Rose Hill will be such a city that 
its inhabitants would regard a record of its business interests in 1878 as a 
valued relic, we give the following abstract: 

Rose Hill has five general stores, kept by H. L. Orr, McCoy & Roberts, 
Bethea & Son, James Stout, J. I. Edwards; two drug stores, W. L. Crow- 
der, and Brown, Stewai't & Ewing; furniture store, M. Kruse. 

Hotels: Pacific House by James Means, and Union House by G.W. Stout. 

Livery, by S. F. Tinsley. 

Millinery, by Miss N. Rodgers, and the ladies Hartman and Arnold. 

Harness shop, by H. B. Waters. 

Lumber yard, by H. McGregor. 

Billiard hall and saloon, by S. L. Feebler. 

Just across from the depot is a two story grain warehouse, built in 1876, 
by John Myers. This is now owned and operated by Bethea & Son, and 
offers good facilities for storing grain on a small scale. 

The trade of Rose Hill is well sustained, and the town is improving rap- 
idly. The custom of its business houses comes mostly from the surround- 
ing country, which offers some excellent farms. A portion of trade comes 
from Keokuk county. 

The town has been several times visited by the fire fiend. In February, 
1878, several buildings were burned, including a drug store, shoe-shop, 
saloon and dwelling. In the winter of 1877-8 was burned the only church 
building the town contained. It was a frame building and belonged to the 
Free Methodist congregation, established at this point some years before 
the town was laid out. No steps have yet been taken toward the erection 
of a new building. 

Rose Hill post-office was established in January, 1876, and is kept by H. 
L. Orr, the first and only postmaster at this point. The revenue of the 
office is about $300 per year. 

The town was incorporated in January, 1877, and the government in- 
vested in a Mayor and five trustees or aldermen. The council meets once 
a month, and the Mayor is town magistrate. The first chief officer was S. 
K. Wilson. The present city government is as follows: 

Mayor — J. H. Sawyer. 

Recorder — B. H. Harding. 

Treasurer — Dr. C. Brown. 

Assessor — S. P. Ewing. 

Street Commissioner — F. L. Jackson. 

Trustees, or Councilmen — Dr. Crowder, J. C. Williams, R. P. Bowles, 
J. A. C. Swiggett, and C. J. Jackson. 

The business of the city government is as yet confined mainly to the care 
of sidewalks and streets. 

As a school district Rose Hill is a part of North White Oak district. 



HISTOET OF MAHASKA COIJNTr. 517 

The building now occupied as a city school was erected in 1875, and used 
as a select school l>j Prof. Messer until 1877, when it passed into the hands 
of the public. The usual salary paid is $35 per month, and the average 
attendance during the winter months is sixty pupils. This exhibits 
cramped work and a crowded school, and has excited a desire on the part 
of the Rose Hill citizens to have a separate school district, in order that 
they may enlarge their building and conduct their school to suit themselves. 
The present directors are Robert Doak, S. K. Wilson, and Morris Lister. 

In justice to Rose Hill physicians the town should have a green vegeta- 
ble market during the entire year. The list of doctors is legion, viz: S. 
B. Waters, A. J. Cook, W. L. Crowder, J. C. Williams, and C. Brown. 

Rose Hill is located on one of the best railroads in the West, and her 
shipping facilities are first class. However, the light crops for the past 
two years have lessened what might otherwise be an excellent exhibit. 

Cars of stock shipped during the year ending July 1, 1878 120 

" grain " " " " 25 

The station agent is B. H. Harding. 

ROSE HILL LITERARY AND LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. 

This association is composed of the literary people of the town, who 
have banded together for general culture, and for the purpose of building 
up a library for future use among the citizens. It was organized in De- 
cember, 1877, and has only fairly commenced its work. Meetings are held 
in which debates, essays, and other literary exercises entertain the audience. 
The membership is now thirty-seven persons. The receipts, from dues and 
fines, are divided between running expenses and the establishment of a li- 
brary now containing some fifty volumes of well-selected literature. From 
small beginnings great ends may be reached. 

MASONIC. 

Industry Lodge, No. '200, A. F. dc A. 31., was established March 
25, 1869, at Springfield, in Keokuk county, and was moved to Rose Hill in 
January, 1877. This lodge meets in a well furnished hall over Crowder's 
drug store. Its membership is about twenty-five. 

The present oflicers are: E. R. Stevens, W. M.; J. C. Williams, S. W.; 
S. K. Wilson, J. W.; H. L. Orr, Secretary; W. R. Bridges, S. D.; M. S. 
Hadley, J. D. 

Rose Hill is a new town and onlj'^ requires time to spread itself over the 
two sections of land which comprise its corporate limits. 

FREMONT. 

Fremont, the only town in Cedar township, is a neat little village of 
about 200 inhabitants, situated on section 14, being on the divide between 
Skunk river and Cedar creek, a branch of the Des Moines. Thus located it 
was on the line of an immense travel in the days preceding railroads, an 
old settler informing us that he had seen as many as 50 wagons encamped 
over night in a single grove north of town. Up to this date Fremont has 



518 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

no railway, but will probably be on the line of a future route which will 
choose the "divide" as its natural grade. 

The town Avas hiid out by Wni. Morrow in 1848, and by him named in 
honor of (len. Fremont, who about that time made his trans-continental 
trip. Mr. Morrow built the first store in the town, a log building, which 
has since rotted down. The first dwelling was also erected and occupied by 
him, and is now used as a corn-crib, located in the northern ])art of the 
town. Just across the street and a little northeast, stands the first school 
house that Fremont ever had, being now used as a stable. 

There are very few old settlers in the town, though quite a number live 
upon the surrounding country. 

Fremont has a number of business houses of which we note the follow- 
ing: Canon & Gunn, general store, established 1873. These gentlemen are 
not so warlike as their names would seem to indicate, but are followers of 
peace and good business. When times were good their sales have aggre- 
gated I.SO.Obo per annum. 

J. Q. White & Son, general stock, established 1872. 

F, ]^. Byram & Co., general stock, established 1876. 

M. W. Byram, drug stock, established 1876. 

In addition to these, Fremont has a blacksmith and wagon shop, hotel, 
three churches, and photogi-aph gallery. There are four physicians in the 
place, Drs. McFall, Hook, Bond and Sigafoos. 

The first hotel in the village was built and kept by Thomas Rankin. It 
still stands and is now known as the Canon House, and is conducted in 
good style by Samuel R. Canon. 

A post-otfice was established in 184S, and to this fact is largely due the 
existence of Fremont as a town. The postmasters have been in service in 
the following order, Wm. Morrow, J. Q. White, Mary Canon, I. J. Faucett, 
Ira Barr, S. H. Heinzman, C. W. Wray, A. J. Mader and J. A. Gunn, who 
is the present incumbent, and who has handled the mails in the store of 
Canon & Gunn during the past four years. Fremont has a mail three 
times a week from Oskaloosa, and a new route has just been established 
from Ottumwa, by which there will be three mails per week, thus giving 
the town a daily mail. 

l!^o coal has been discovered nearer than four miles from Fremont, at 
which distance a mine has been recently opened on Skunk river. How- 
ever, this is only a two foot vein, and most of the coal used in town is 
brought a distance of 9 miles. It is worth about 12 cents, delivered. Wood 
sells for from $2.50 to $3.00 per cord. Most of the merchandise sold in 
the town is hauled from Ottumwa, 14 miles distant, some of which is 
bought there, and some shipped from Keokuk. Ottumwa is regarded hy 
the citizens as the most convenient shipping point, the distance however 
being about the same as to Oskaloosa. 

Fremont has a good school, and school building. > The latter is located in 
the western part of town, and is a one story frame, 24x60 feet, containing 
two rooms, one of which is used as a primary school, and the other for 
more advanced pupils. This building was erected in 1871 at a cost of 
about $1,600 for building, and $450 additional for lot and furniture. It 
will seat about 150 pupils, though the enrollment the past year has been a 
little under a hundred. School is usually kept seven months. There are 
two teachers emplo)'ed in the winter, the last ones being Emma and Nettie 
Baitsell. Salary paid is from $35 to $40 per mouth. The present direc- 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 519 

tors are: George Leiitz, president; R. T. Newell, secretary; P. Ackerman, 
treasurer. 

Tlie Free Masons have a lodge in Fremont, known as Toleration Lodge, 
No. S36, A. F. & A. M. It was established in 1868, the first officers being 
as follows: J. D. Cochran, W. M.; P. Akernian, S. W.; J. C. Keith, J. W.; 
G. Mershon, secretary; Wni. Dinsniore, treasurer; J. H. Heinzman, S. D.; 
J. H. Eastbnrn, J. D.; Wm. Ellis, Tyler. The lodge built a hall about 
1870 at an expense of $800. This thej^ have neatly furnished and meet 
once every month. The present number of members is 52, some of whom 
belong to Oskaloosa chapter. Tlie officers for 1878 are: N. Allender, W. 
M.; F. N. By ram, S. W.; S. F. McFall, J. W.; M. W. Byram, secretary; 
Geo. Shayler, treasurer; S. H. Heinzman, S. D.; C. G. Bryani, J. D.; E. 
H. White, Tyler. 

A branch of the county library mentioned in county histor}', has been 
established at Fremont. An initiation fee of one dollar is charged, and the 
payment of this, with 50 cents annual dues, constitutes a membership. 
The president of the Fremont branch is J. W. Slater, secretary, and treas- 
urer, M. W. Byram. The number of members is 22, which entitles the 
branch to 33 books, one-half more books being allowed than there are 
members enrolled. These books are changed every three months at the 
county Superintendent's office in Oskaloosa, 

Fremont has three churches, viz: 

Fremont M. E. Church — This church is included under Cedar circuit 
of which a sketch lias been given in the history of Cedar township. The 
church building is a brick structure built in 1856, and has for sometime 
been sadly out of repair. During the summer of 1878, however, it has 
been refitted and made comfortable. The original cost of the building was 
about §1,000. The present membership is 30. The pastor, Geo. Nulton, 
lives in Fremont and preaches here every ot'ier Sabbath. The present 
trustees are B. C. Howells, B. F. Sheets, and Geo. Lentz. No Sabbath- 
school in 1878, though there had been one previously. 

Fremont Christian Church. — This church was organized about 1870, 
and a house of worship erected in 1872. At its organization hy Rev. G. T. 
Johnson, it consisted of only 14 members, but grew vmy rapidly, and in 
18 months after the founding, the congregation were able to erect a neat 
frame structure at a cost of near $2,000. At one time the membership 
I'eached 110, but recent removals and other causes have reduced this num- 
ber to about 30. Rev, Johnson preached for the people about two years; 
since which time they have had no settled pastor. Rev. Geo. Carpenter of 
Oskaloosa supplied the church for some time. There has been a Sunday- 
school connected with the church most of the time since 1870, at present 
superintended by Ira Barr. The present elders are Ira Barr, Robt. Alexan- 
der, and James Tidball. 

Fremont Baptist Church. — This is quite a prominent organization, and 
has a good church building. We did not succeed in securing its history. 

MUCHAKINOCK. 

This is a mining village without a corporation, and is tlie name applied 
to miners' settlement, stretching two or three miles along the Muchakin- 
ock creek, between Beacon and Givin, including several hundred inhabit- 
ants. The first mine of much importance opened here was what is now 



520 HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTtt 

known as Mine No. 2, wliicli besjan to be worked in 1870 or 1871. A 
switch was laid up the creek from Givin station in 1872, and since that time 
lias been the growth of the town and the great development of the mines. 
The miners are generally quiet and industrious, and there is not much 
drinking, although the town has a saloon. There has been but one acci- 
dent at the mines, in which, by a fall of slate from the roof, in 1877, a 
miner, a Welchman, John E. Richards by name, was killed. 

The only general store in Muchakinock is kept by Little, Kelly & Co. 
Their sales amount to $50,000 per year, with stock invested amounting to 
near $9,000. There is also a drug store in the place. 

The land in this vicinity is worth about one hundred dollars per acre, on 
account of the coal which underlies it. The land along Muchakinock is not 
very valuable for farming. 

The only church at this point is the Welch Congregational Church, in 
which, for some time past, until recently, services were held every Sabbath 
by liev. Jones, of Beacon. 

The church was organized some time previous to 1870. The house of 
worship, a tVame building, was built about 1874. The other ministers who 
have pi-eached here are D. L. Davies and D. R. Lewis. 

Muchakinock is remarkable mainly as headquarters of the 

CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY. 

The Consolidation Coal Co. was incorporated on January 12, 1875, and 
has a capital stock of $500,000. The company, however, has really a his- 
tory antecedent to its incorporation. II. W. McNeill, Esq., is the leading 
spirit of the company, and properly its founder. He became interested in 
the mines at Muchakinock, where the headquarters of the company are now 
located, in 1873, in connection with what is known as the Iowa Central 
Coal Co. That corporation absorbed the Hardin and Mahaska Coal com- 
pany, and subsequently the Southern Coal Co., with seven hundred acres of 
land in Muchakinock valley. These were organized into the Consolidation 
Coal Co., including the Black Diamond works, south of the Des Moines 
river. The Consolidation Coal Co., in 1877, bought out the Mahaska 
County Coal Co., giving them the largest mines and interests in the coun- 
ty. Besides these, the company is interested in lead mines, near Dubuque, 
Iowa, silver mines in Colorado, and gold in the Black Hills. The present 
coal acreage owned by the company is 1,600 acres, costing about one hun- 
dred dollars per acre. The capacity of the mines in Mahaska county is 
two thousand tons per day. The mines include one shaft and six drifts; 
one drift worked by machinery for drawing out the coal; the remainder by 
mules. The Muchakinock vein is about six feet, and is worked by three 
drifts within one-fourth mile of the intersection of the Harrison and Des 
Moines township lines with a branch of Muchakinock creek. The Mahaska 
County mine, about one and one-half miles southwest from Beacon, is 
worked by shaft. Vein, eight feet. Black Diamond mines are worked by 
two drifts — three feet veins, located in Monroe county. The number of 
men on the pay-roll of the company in Mahaska county, is near four hun- 
dred. The company's plan of wages is to pay the men one-half of the 
gross receipts of the corporation, and this is divided among their employes 
in proportion to their work. The present profits to the miners is a frac- 
tion over three cents per bushel. The company are highly satisfied with 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. 521 

the working of this plan, and have never had any trouble from strikes. 
The coal mined is of excellent quality, and a trial of its strength shows the 
average train mileage on western roads nsing the conijiany's coal, to be 
forty miles per ton of coal, and the evaporative power to be five pounds of 
water to one of coal. The number of cars actually mined in 1876, was 
13,000. In 1877, 11,500 cars. A switch from the Central road is laid up 
the creek from Givin station to the Muchakinock mines, and has* been in 
operation since 1873. The lirst president of the company was C. C. Gilman, 
formerly of the Central Railroad; then Senator Clark, of Iowa City. His 
successor and the present incumbent is J. K. Graves, of Dubuque. H. W. 
McNeill has been superintendent, and his brother, W. A. McISTeill, has 
been secretary' of the company since its oi'ganization. The board of direc- 
tors is composed of the following gentlemen: 

J. K. Graves, of Dubuque; E Clark, of Iowa City; R E. Finkbine, of 
Des Moines; H. W. McNeill, of Muchakinock; W. A. McNeill, of Mucha- 
kinock; Tom Height, of Coalfield; E. J. Evans, of Beacon. 

The company's coal is shipped largely to Northern Iowa and Minnesota 
railroads, and most of it reaches three hundred miles from the place of 
mining. 

MUCHAKINOCK COKE COMPANY. 

The Muchakinock Coke Co. was organized in 1877, with a capital stock 
of $50,000. The capacity of the works is four car loads per week. The 
company manufactures a good article of coke, which they sell in competi- 
tion with Anthracite coal, for fancy fuel. The directors of the company 
are: H. W. and W. A. McNeill, of Muchakinock, and John W. Gilman, 
of Mason City. II. W. McNeill is president, and W. A. McNeill is secre- 
tary and treasurer. 




TOWNSHIPS. 



CEDAR. 

This townsliip is No. 74 north, of range 14 west, 5tli principal Meridian, 
and was surveyed by Geo. Wilson, Deputy Surveyor in employ of the U. 
S. Government, in November, 1844. Township lines were run by Alvin 
Burt in the fall of 1843. It is almost exclusively prairie land, gently roll- 
ing, a little wet in low parts. The soil is of tiie very best quality, dark, 
deep black, and light to work. It has some timber in the northeast corner 
near Skunk river, and some small groves in cedar. There are very few 
springs. The township is divided into rather small farms, most of them 
containing a quarter-section or less, but they are well improved, and pre- 
sent the appearance of a fine agricultural country. Cedar creek crosses the 
southwestern part of the townsliip in a southeasterly direction. Almost the 
entire township is under cultivation, and not more than 200 acres of prairie 
is now unbroken. Considerable attention has been given to stock raising 
in Cedar, and in former years it has had the reputation of leading the 
county in this respect. The best timber in the township is burr oak and 
white oak. There are no saw mills. Land is worth from $30 to $40 per 
aci'e. 

Cedar township was settled as early as any other part of the county, some 
settlers having come liere in the spring of 1843. Of those now living, how- 
ever, none, perhaps, can show an earlier record than Samuel McFall, Sr., 
who came here with his family in the spring of 1844 and settled on section 
No. 11, where he now resides in a house which he built shortly after his 
settlement, and which is now probably the oldest building standing in the 
township. On his place was built the first school house where the ideas of 
Cedar began to shoot. The building was erected in 1846, and was after the 
backwoods fashion. Greased paper M'indows, clay chimney outside, pun- 
cheon floor and desks — such was the furniture our fathers used when they 
were boys. This was a subscription school, of which the first teacher was 
Joseph McFall, a nephew of Samuel McFall, above mentioned. 

The Methodists appear to have captured Cedar township even more thor- 
oughly than other parts of Mahaska county, and, they have been ^'holding 
the fort^'' ever since. There are three M. E. churches within the bounda- 
ries of the township, of which the pastors are the ministers in charge of 
what is now known as Cedar Circuit. The circuit under which this locality 
has been assigned has suffered frequent changes in names and boundaries. 
At one time known as Eddyville Circuit, again as Oskaloosa Circuit, more 
recently, and for some time previous to 1873 known as Fremont Circuit, 
and since that date as Cedar Circuit. The present minister in charge is 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 523 

Rev, Geo. Nulton, of Fremont, wlio preaches at the five churches within 
the bounds of the circuit, viz: Fremont M. E. Chui-cli, Concert M. E. 
Cliurch, Cedar M. E. Cliapel, Fairvievv Church and Greenwood Church, 
these last two being in Harrison townsliip. So tar as we have been able to 
learn we give the names of the ministers in charge in about the order in 
which they labored, viz: Rev. Thos. Kirkpatrick, Rev. Wright, Rev. Jen- 
nison, Rev. New, Rev. J. Q. Hammond, Rev. Strange Brooks, Rev. J. Joj, 
Rev. Wm. Paston, Rev. Geo. Clammer, Rev, Jos. Paul, Rev. Carl, Rev. 
Thos. Paul, Rev. Abner Orr; 1863, Rev. G. H. Clark; 1864, Rev. E John- 
son; 1865, Rev. J. H. Lucas; 1866 and 1867, Rev. J. G. Thompson; 1868, 
R. S. Robinson; 1869 and 1870, Rev. B. F. Shain and Rev. J. W. Robinson; 
1871, Rev. W. I. Miller; 1872, Rev. J. S. King; 1873 Rev. J. M. Mann 
and Rev, H. F. Pugh; 1874, Rev. M. Lee; 1875-6, Rev. C. W. Shepherd; 
1877-8, Rev. Geo. Nulton. G. B. McP^Ul has been steward of this circuit 
since 1855, with the exception of a single year. 

The first religious organization formed in the township was the begin- 
ning of the Concert M. E. Church in the spritig of 1844, in the house of 
Samuel Barbee, near where the present building now stands. The first 
members were Samuel McFall, his wife, and daughter Sarah (now Mrs. 
Howells), Solomon Barbee and wife. Homer Stone and wife, and the 
mother of Solomon Barbee. The minister at the organization was Rev. 
Kirkpatrick. This church had no house of worship till 1856, when the 
present brick structure was built at a cost of $1,700. The trustees at the 
time of building were Jos. Paul, David Mills, John Zaring, Gideon McFall, 
M. Kinsman, David Beck, F. W. Lindsley, Thos. Paul and James Wright. 
The church was dedicated January 3, 1858, by Rev. Cowles, of Oskaloosa. 
At present the aurch numbers about seventy members, being the largest 
in the circuit. A prosperous Sabbath-school is held in the church building, 
superintended by Wm. L. Crandall. The trustees for 1878 are John Zar- 
ing, D. T. Mills, Samuel iMcFall, Sr. 

Cedar Chapel, on section 18, as above mentioned, is a part of Cedar Cir- 
cuit. The congregation numbers fifty-seven persons. Sabbath-school is 
in good condition, with A. D. Coleman as supei'intendent. The trustees 
are A. D. Coleman, R. W. Moore, Wm. Fox, E. Brubaker, Steele. 

The first camp meeting in Cedar township was held in the grove of 
Samuel McFall, by Rev. J. Q. Hammond, assisted by others, in 1850. 

Probal)ly the first marriage in Cedar township was that of Joel Hunter 
and Mahuldah Barbee. The ceremony was performed by Rev. Kirkpat- 
rick at the residence of the bride's parents, and a grand wedding dinner 
followed. This was in the autumn of 1844. 

Wm. Morrow was the first justice of the peace. 

The present township officers are: 

Trustees— R. S. McCarl, Samuel McClane, G. B. McFall. 

Cierk— L W. Moody. 

Justices — Geo. Lentz, F. M. By ram. 

Constables— S. T. McFall, Chas. Randolph. 

Assessor — N. W. Foster. 

At the time of the grange movement Cedar township had an organiza- 
tion numbering about sixty members, but this has since disbanded, and at 
present there is no society of agricultural or political nature in the town- 
ship. 



524 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Beside Fremont there are two other post-offices in Cedar township, Con- 
cert and Cedar. 

Concert was made a post-office in 1876. L. Bryan is the postmaster. 

Cedar became a post-office in 1873. The first postmaster was R. W. 
Moore, succeeded by J. N. Endicott, the present incumbent. Mr. Endi- 
cott also keeps a general store. 

The impromptu manner in which sites wei'e selected and dwellings be- 
gun in the pioneer days is illustrated by an incident related of a settler who 
staked out a claim a few hundred rods north of Fremont. He went out into 
the timber with a double yoke of oxen, cut a log, hitched to it and drove 
onto his claim without having chosen a location for the proposed cabin. 
He then drove oxen, dragging a log after them, all over his place, and to- 
ward night declared his choice of site by unhitching his team and leaving 
the log in position for, not corner-stone, but — we will call it a back-log. 

A panther was seen on the place of Samuel McFall in the cabin days, 
and its human-like cries are still remembered by some of the old settlers. 
The recollection is now more pleasant than the di'ead of the animal in the 
days of its prowling. , 

Cedar township pioneers went fifty-five miles to mill, and a five days' 
journey was necessary to complete the trip. In such times wheat bread was 
a luxury. 

HARRISON. 

This township is one of the southern tier in Mahaska county. It was 
laid out as a township by Alvin and Wm. A. Burt, in June and August, 
1843. It is designated on the recoi'ds as township 74, north of range 15, 
west of 5th principal meridian. The section lines were run by Geo. "Wilson, 
Deputy Surveyor, in employ of United States Government, in November 
and December, 1844. The soil of Harrison township is of most excellent 
quality, mostly prairie. It contained but little timl>er at time of settle- 
ment, and that of poor quality. The prairie is rolling, and well adapted to 
farming purposes. The northeastern portion is rather flat. 

Harrison township has no town, save a part of Muchakinock. However, 
a corner of Eddyville juts over from Wapello county. Coal is plenty in 
Harrison, and easily worked. The township is watered by Loss, Kennebec, 
and other creeks. This township has many large stock dealers, and some 
of the finest horses in the county. Here is the pottery and fire clay men- 
tioned in the introduction of this work. In Harrison was built tlie first 
white man's house ever in the county, as has been elsewhere mentioned. 
So many settlers came into Harrison May 1, 1843, that personal mention 
would be tiresome. The earlj' history was uneventful. The settlers went 
to Bonaparte or Farmington to mill, sent therr children to subscription 
schools in log shanties, attended class-meeting on the frontier, sowed and 
reaped as in other parts of the county. Harrison is one of the few town- 
ships organized in 1844: with its present boundaries. At first elections 
were held at the house of Samuel Tilbets. 

In this township is located Fairview M. E. Church, which was organized 
at quite an early day, and formerly called the Rhinehart society. It met 
in '' Rhinehart's school-house" for a number of years. 

They now have an excellent church building, erected about 1872, at a 
cost of near $2,000. The membership of the society is fifty -nine. It has 







James M9 Cullouch 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 527 

been a part of Eddjville, Oskaloosa, Fremont and Cedar circuits in suc- 
cession. The present minister is Rev. Geo. Nnlton, wlio lives at Fre- 
mont, and preaches here eacli alternate Sabbath. Connected with the 
church is an excellent Sabbath-school, superintended by Mr. Riggs. 

The present township officers of Harrison are: 

Justice of the Peace — Robert Moore. 

Trustees— John Steele, V. Brubaker, D. D. Miller. 

Clerk — A. D. Coleman. 

Assessor — Robert Moore. 

Constable — A. Baker. 

Road Supervisors — 1st District, R. W. Dye; 2d, Joseph Barber; 3d, 
C. C. Palmer; 4th, Thos. Ewing; 5th, A. L. Hoopes; 6th, H. H. Gearhart; 
7th, A. D. Coleman; Sth, J. A." Stephenson; 9th, J. W. Thomas. 

In a sketch of Harrison township it would be proper to place on record 
an account of one of the most terrible disasters which ever occurred in the 
coal fields of Central Iowa. On the farm of William G. Briggs was a coal 
shaft, about one hundred and fifty yards from the house. The shaft was 
thirty-two feet dee]> and about eight feet S(juare, in which considerable 
water had gathered, and which had been used for watering stock, the water 
being drawn out by a bucket raised by horse power. On the morning of 
August 12, 1871, about 7:30 o'clock, two sons of Wm. G. Briggs, Mahlon, 
aged eighteen, and Charlie, aged ten years, went oat to this shaft to water 
the stock. While they were there a neighbor's boy named Jimmie Cow- 
den came along, in search of some lost hogs, and was assisting them, when 
the bucket failing to fill, Charlie Briggs, the younger boy, was sent down 
to fill it by dipping, the water being very low in the shaft. He had been 
there but a moment when he notified his brother that he was suffocating. 
Mahlon immediately went down to his rescue, put his brother in the 
bucket, got in himself, and called to the boy to draw them up, which, with 
the aid of the horse, he at once did. But when the bucket almost reached 
the top, young Cowden noticed Mahlon let go and fall to the bottom. 
Charlie was raised out safel}^ though inse!isible. The boy Cowden then 
called to Wm. G. Briggs. who was near the house, and who immediately 
ran to the shaft and down the ladder, probably not thinking of damps, but 
under the impression that Mahlon was drowning. Soon seeing his mis- 
take he started out again, but before reaching the top lost his hold and fell 
to the bottom of the pit. Seeing him fall, j'oung Cowden started for the 
field for help. On the way he met Anna Briggs. daughter of Wm. Briggs, 
about fourteen years of age, running over from the house, and told her not 
to go into the shaft. He then ran across the fields over half a mile to 
where some men were threshinor, and e:ave the alarm. While he was ^one, 
however, the girl went down and met the fate of the rest. The threshers 
all ran to the pit. Mr. W. G. Briggs' brother George was the first to 
reach the mouth of the pit, and immediately descending the ladder, was 
overcome. Edward Grier, an Irishman, who had been working on the 
farm for four years, arrived with the crowd, and started to go down. The 
crowd tried to dissuade him, but could not. They then wished to tie a 
rope around him, but he would not wait. He went down to his fate. 
Grappling irons were procured as soon as possible and the bodies raised, 
bnt of course not till after death had ensued. Thus briefly we sketch from 
the Herald report an account of one of the most heart-rending catastro- 
phies the Iowa historian has been called upon to record. Five persons, 
32 



528 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

substantially of a single family, stricken in the prime of life, in a single 
half hour. 

DES MOINES. 

This is known in surveys as township 74, nortli of range 16, west of the 
fifth principal meridian. The township lines were surveyed by Wni. A. 
Burt, August, 1843, and section lines by William Dewey, January, 1845. 
The southwestern portion of the township is cut oif from the main part by 
the Des Moines river. This township contains a large body of first rate 
land. The bottoms of the Des Moines are generally wide and have a con- 
siderable growth of walnut and cottonwood timber. At the time of the 
survey of this township it was remarked by the surveyor that tiie white 
oak timber here was the finest he had seen in the Territory. Limestone is 
frequent along the river. 

A party of six white men came into this township April 26, 1843. This 
party was composed of Ephriam Munsell, Harry Brewer, — — Scribner, 
Isaac DeWitt, Harvey Case, and Phillip Schuyler. This party first camped 
on what was known as Stumbo Bottom. There were at that time Indian 
huts here and there all along the Muchakinock. These men put their axes 
in their knapsacks, without handles, so they could not be seen by the dra- 
goons, and when they wished to use them made handles with a butcher 
knife. On their way into the country they passed a burning wagon which 
had been set on fire by the dragoons for transgressing on forbidden ter- 
ritory. 

When the party came to Muchakinock they were kindly treated by the 
Indians, who showed them a tine spring of water and told them of the best 
places for farms. One night they camped in the hollow trunk of a fallen 
tree, large enough to stand erect in. A day later they encamped in the 
Indian huts, which they had deserted, on the Muchakinock. At that day 
the coal croppings could be seen but the settlers did not realize their value, 
nor was much of the coal land claimed for several years. 

Among other settlers of an early day were John L. Hennis, Hollom 

Rice, Anderson, and Daniel Downing, on Six-mile prairie; Colonel 

Rose and John Doosenberry, north of Muchakinock; south of Muchaki- 
nock the Benedicts (old bachelors) settled in 1843, and built a saw mill 
during the same yea.v, and added a pair of corncrackers in 1844. This 
mill was quite a rude structure. The burrs were made of what is vulgarly 
called nigger-heads. The water wheel was that known as the Parker 
wheel. Settlers came there for grists from beyond Ft. Des Moines. 

Holland Benedict and John Brown were first justices. The first elec- 
tion was held at the house of Col. Vance, Des Moines and Harrison tlien 
forming together a single precinct Des Moises became a separate town- 
ship in January, 1845, and Ephriam Munsell was elected first clerk. The 
place of holding the election was at the house of John Stumbo. 

The first school was taught in six-mile bottom, probably in the winter 
of 1844, in a log cabin. This was a private school. The first school 
house was built by private enterprise, about 1848, and school taught by 
Adelaide Schuyler. 

Game was quite plenty in Des Moines township at an early day. Mr. 
Munsell relates an incident somewhat remarkable of his early hunting, if 
hunting it might be called. He was, one winter day when the snow was quite 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COTJNTT. 529 

deep on the groniul, engaged tranij^ng out some wheat, when he lieard, in 
the distance, tlie baying of some hounds. Looking across tlie country lie 
could see a deer running and the dogs in full chase. The deer was running 
in a sort of trail, or beaten track. He jumped on a horse and intercepted 
its course, compelling it to turn into the deep snow. Following it a few 
rods he overtook it with the aid of the dogs and cut its throat with a jack 
knife. Prairie chickens were abundant and tame, and it was no uncommon 
thing to knock one over with a stone from the hand. 

A few years since quite a sad accident happened in the township, which 
was as follows: A Mr. Clay worth was doing some work about an old well 
near his house, and accidentally dropping the bucket into the same, went 
down after it. Mrs. C, missing her husband, went in search of him and 
disco vei-ed him in the well helpless. She descended to his assistance and 
was likewise overcome with the damps. The children, four or five in num- 
ber, having clustered around the well, thinking something was wrong, gave 
the alarm to the neighbors. The oldest child was but nine years of years. 
Mrs. C. was still living when assistance arrived and was holding her hus- 
band's head out of the water, but died before she was taken out, her hus- 
band probablj'' having been dead when she found him. 

GIVIN STATION 

Is a small town on the lines of the K. & D. M. and Central Roads, in 
the eastern part of this township, and is about six miles from Oskaloosa. 

It was laid out by Harry Brewer in 1870, and named in honor of John 
Givin, of Keokuk, then superintendent of the K. & D. M. Railroad. The 
first store was built in 1870, by Mr. Brewer, which is now kept by his son, 
G. W. Brewer. 

It was made a station in 1871. 

There was a post-office at this point previously to the town. The post- 
masters have been Hiram Ethridge, 18t)2-3; E. Munsell, 1861:-5; Geo. W. 
Brewer, 1875 — present incumbent. 

The officers of Des Moines township are: 

Trustees— D. W". Delashmutt, W, W. Sprague, Zebulon HofF. 

Clerk— J. P. McCrea. 

Assessor— C. W. McFall. 

Constable — T. S. Barton. 

JEFFERSON. 

This is known in United States surveys as township number 71:, north 
of range 17, west of the 5tli principal meridian, and was surveyed as a 
township and divided into sections, during the winter of 1841-5, by Wm. 
Dewey. It is cut off from the remainder of the county by the Des Moines 
river. The soil is good, fertile, and yields abundantl3^ It is well watered 
by Coal, Bluff, and other creeks. The A. K. & D. railroad in Marion 
county, runs within half a mile of the western boundary of this township, 
and convenient stations afford good railroad facilities. 

The first three settlers in this township were Moses I^owels, Hii-am Co- 
vey, and E. Flanders. These men came into the township in April, 1843, 
and made their claims in the early morning of May 1st. For a considera- 
ble time they had no post-office nearer than Oskaloosa. Nor was there 
either ferry or ford across the Des Moines. The settlers sometimes con- 



530 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

strncted small rafts and took their wagons across in pieces, swimming the 
horses behind. In this way it took about a half day to cross the river. 

The first school was taught by Mrs. Geo. W. Baer, on section 3, in a log 
school house. This was a subscription school and was conducted about 
1845 or 1846. 

Mr. Nowels gave us a description of the early fanning mill which he 
used. The grain was tramped out on the bare ground and tlie kernel and 
chaft' were swept up and thrown into a rail pen. When it became neces- 
sary to separate the wheat from the chaif one man took a half bushel of 
the mixture, and holding it as high as he could, poured its contents slowly 
to the ground while .tw^o others made a current of air by means of a bed 
sheet or quilt, which, in their hands, accomplished the work of a fan. 
When a strong wind was blowing this power was sometimes dispensed 
with and Dame Nature herself did the necessary fanning. 

The land in Jefferson contains a number of small groves of jack oak and 
elm, but the timber is not remarkable. There are several springs of good 
water in the township. Coal is not much mined. 

From a w^ell dug on Sampson More's farm, in 1875, we get the following 
record of strata: 

Soil, rich black loam 2 feet. 

Yellow clay 13 " 

Soapstone 14 " 

Slate 12 " 

Coal 2 " 

Black jack 2 " 

Oil slate — burns readily 16 " 

Animal formation 20 " 

Vegetable formation 15 " 

Slate 6 " 

Coal 3 " 

105 feet. 

There are now two post-offices in Jefferson township, Ferry and Eveland 
Grove. 

llie present officers are: 

Justice — J. M. Tucker. 

Trustees — Freeman Eveland, J. W. Calloway, John Collins. 

Cllrk— A. Mehanna. 

Assessor — Wm. A. Atkinson. 

Constables— J. W. Trotter, L. C. Williams. 

WHITE OAK. 

This township is on the eastern line of Mahaska county, and is known 
in surveys as township No. 75 north, range No. 14 west, of the 5th princi- 
pal meridian. The township lines were run by Alvin Burt in the fall of 
1S43, and the sub-divisions by U. S. Surveyor S. C. Wiltse, in December, 
1844. The south fork of Skunk river Aqws through the township and pre- 
t^ents generally, a rapid current, a sandy bed, and perpendicular banks of 
15 feet in height. The river bottom is valuable only for its timber, which 
is abundant and of good quality. The uplands are so slightly elevated 



HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 531 

above the main streams, as scarcely to merit the name. The surfjxce is 
very moderately roUiiii^, and tlie soil of a choice quality. The prairies, 
when they occur distinct, are beautiful, and the timber has been first-class. 
The township is decidedly mixture in its kind of land, timber land, brush 
and prairie alternating. It contains about 700 acres of swamp lands, and 
is traversed by a number of small creeks which flow into Skunk river. 
Its name is taken from the kind of timber predouiinating. The township 
also contains some good ledges of rock, from which building-stone may be 
obtained. 

Among the very first settlers in White Oak were Alex. Troy and two 
brothers, M. Kinsman, Henry Bond, Wm. Bridges, James Stanfleld, John 
and Wra. Butler. It would be hard to decide between these as to who did 
make the first settlemement, they having come in together at the time the 
land came into possession of the whites. This township contained the 
Indian village known as Kish-Ke-Kosh's village, and to its ruins the first 
settlers were indebted for part of their building material. M. Kinsman 
probably had the first cabin completed. It was built of logs and covered 
with bark from the Indian wigwams. The fii-st school in this township 
was in a claim house belonging to Henry Bond, and located on section 31. 
It was taught by a ladj' teacher whose name we could not ascertain, and 
was a subscription school. This was in 1845. No religious exercises 
were held in the bounds of this township until in this same year, when 
Kev. Kirkpatrick, a Methodist preacher on Eddyville circuit, preached in 
the house of M. Kinsman. Quite a number of the settlers, however, had 
attended services at the Concert M, E, church in Cedar township, and 
some of them belonged to the class organized there at a very early day. 

In order to utilize the very excellent timber thereabouts, and to assist 
the incoming settlers to more comfortable homes, a saw-mill was started 
on the ground where White Oak P, O, now stands. This was run by ox 
power— six oxen answering for a steam engine. Of course the work was 
not very rapid, nor were the logs sawed very large, but cabin floors were 
provided for, and puncheon furniture was superseded by that made from 
sawed lumber. 

On this ground a town was laid out in 18 and grew to be quite a 

village, containing twelve or fifteen houses. Twenty acres of land had 
been laid out in lots. The lack of a railroad, or other causes for building 
up a town, left Oxford in a declining condition, and about twenty years 
ago it began to be abandoned. In 18G0 or thereabouts, the town lots were 
bought up b}^ Messrs, Kinsman & Gaskell, were fenced in and turned into 
corn fields. Now the place is called AVhite Oak P. O. The old dwellings 
have about all disappeared. The post-office is kept by O. R, Gaskell, who 
has been keeping a general store here since 1871, The post-office was es- 
tablished in 1869, with Henry Winder as first postmaster. The office is 
on the mail route between Oskaloosa and Cedar and has three mails per 
week. 

OSKALOOSA. 

This township contains the county -seat, and is twice the size of an ordi- 
nary township, being longest in an eastern and western direction. It cor- 
responds to those tracts in the government surveys known as township 
seventy-five (75) north, Ranges 15 and 16, west of 5tli principal meridian, 
Mahaska county, Iowa. In the northeastern part it is not regular in shape, 



532 HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

but folloM's the channel of Sknnk ]-iver. In the government snrve}^ the 
regular township lines were made by Wni. and Alvin Burt in the summer 
of 1843, and the survey was completed by George Wilson in Januaiy, 
1845. The entire township is thickly settled, and is well adapted for farm- 
ing purposes. The southeastern and western portions are good prairie, 
and the northeastern part is considerablj' broken. Along the creeks the 
coal veins reach the surface, and the coal is easily mined from the banks. 
The Muehakinock crosses the southwestern portion of the township, with 
steep banks, and good current. The soil is excellent. Timber is rather 
jDOor, exce])t in the southern part along the Muehakinock. 

Within the boundaries of this township are Oskaloosa and Beacon, the 
first and third towns in the county in size, and the history of these places 
in connection with the coal interests, has included the early history of the 
township. 

Oskaloosa is by far, the wealthiest township in Mahaska, and takes a 
leading place in stock raising. The census of 1874 shows within the lira- 
its of the township 2,054 hoi'ses, 5,015 cattle, 90 being thoroughbred short- 
horn, and 10,171 hogs; 155,069 pounds of butter were made in the same 
year. Its population was 7,408, or nearly one-third that of the county. 

The township officers are: 

Trustees — K. P. Bacon, H. E. Kendig, Wm. S. Martin. 

Clerk— John Hall. 

Assessor — H. P. Weaver. 

Eoad Supervisors — 1st District, D. A. Ilimes; 2d, A. B. Paine; 3d, 
J. II. Warren; 4th, M. Varley; 5th, Geo. Mitchell; 6th, Isaac Votaw; 7th, 
Tie; 8th, Wm. T. Smith; 9th, Tie; 10th, D. J. Evans; 11th, Geo. Dusen- 
berry; 12th, Wm. T. Henry; 13th, No votes cast; 14th, E. C. Wing; 15th, 
Thos. Hyde; 16th, Tie; 17th, Danl. Harris; 18th, W. F. Woodward; 19th, 
Wm. Beeves; 20th, Kichard Parsell; 21st, J. Madson. 



SCOTT. 

This township is known in government surveys as No. 75 north, of 17 
west, of fifth principal meridian. The township lines were run by Wm. A. 
Burt, United States Surveyor, in August, 1843, The section lines were run 
by Dejnity Surveyor Wm. L. D. Ewing, in July and August, 1845. The 
Des Moines river divides the township, cutting off the southwest corner. 
This was one of the first settled townships. The south and west parts are 
M'ell timbered, while the north is pi'airie, all well settled and in a high state 
of cultivation. The timber along the Des Moines has been of quite heavy 
growth. Just east of Belletbntaine is one of the best ridges of white oak 
timber in the State, extending up the river to' the county line. 

The oldest settler is Dr. Boj-er, who came to the township, April 18, 
1843, and remained until after the country began to be generally settled. 
In his first attempts to come to this part, he met with opposition from the 
dragoons, left here to guard the border, and was escorted quite a distance 
back toward the Mississippi, but when he was left alone, the Doctor took a 
circuitous route and returned. During the last three days of April, while 
M'atching his intended claim from trespass, he lived on three biscuits and 
what nourishment he could secure from game. 

Among others who came to this township at the first, were Van B. De- 



HISTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 533 

lashinutt, Jacob H, Majors, John Majors, E. Flanders, H. Covey, B. T. 
Lonsberry, and Joseph Tally. These all made claims near the river. 

Jacob II, Majors was probably the first justice. 

This township was first called Jackson, but in the election when Scott 
was runnino; tor the presidency, it cast a solid vote for the veteran of the 
Mexican "War. Dr. Bojer was commissioned to return the vote tp the 
county officials, and at the same time requested to have the name of the 
township chanojed, not appreciating the Democratic name, Jackson, for a 
township of the opposite political complexion^ He was asked for his peti- 
tion. He handed in the election rettirns, saying, there was a unanimous 
and unmistaken petition. The joke was appreciated, and Jackson became 
Scott townshi]^. 

During the first winter Dr. Bover was there, he shot ninety-three wolves. 
He was a great hunter, and kept some fine dogs and horses. From his 
land along the Des Moines, the Doctor has sold $12,000 worth of black 
walnut timber. 

Mrs. Covey taught the first school in Scott township. This was a private 
school and was kept in a building built mainly by Boyer and Delashmutt, 
at a cost of $237. This house still stands on its old location, in what is 
now the village of Bochester. 

This last named villaofe was laid out by John Wright in October 26, 
1850, but never amounting to much, not ever having to exceed fifty in- 
habitants. Its palmiest days were when the Des Moines was navigated by 
small steamboats, this then being a landing. Dr. Boyer kept a general 
store there for several years, including 1857-8-9. At one time he landed 
there one thousand barrels of salt, and had all his heavy goods shipped 
up the river. 

The name of the post-office at this point was Auburn. It does not now 
contain a single business house. 

Bellefontaine has much a similar history. Is is located on the west side 
of the Des Moines, close to the county line. It was laid out August 24, 
1846, by I^athan Gregory and E. H. Thisselle. The first cabin in the 
place was built by Mr. Thisselle. Thisselle and Boyer established the first 
business house there, about 1849, and a successful business with Dr. Boyer 
as partner, has been carried on there ever since, until about three years 
ago. At the time of the building of the C, B. I. & P. R. R., a station was 
made in Marion county about three-fourths of a mile from Bellefontaine, 
called Tracey. The business of Bellefontaine, including the above men- 
tioned store (now Boyer & Son), was transferred to the new town in Marion 
county, and the place now has no trade whatever. The post-office was also 
removed to Tracey. E. II. Thisselle had been first postmaster at Bellefon- 
taine. 

There was a Masonic Lodge at Bellefontaine, known as Bellefontaine 
Lodge, ISTo. 163, organized about 1848. They now meet in Tracey. 

The present township officers are: 

Justice — George DeLong. 

Trustees — Wm. Gilmore, John Shultz, "VY. E. Boyer. 

Clerk — George Fansher. 

Assessor — J. M. Norwood. 

Constable — Alonzo N. Church. 

Road Supervisors — 1st District, W. G. Locke; 2d, Jas. Finney; 3d, 



534: HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Wm. Gilmonr; 4tli, E. B. Walker; 5tli, S. S. Kobertson; 6tli, J. M. Nor- 
wood; 7th, R. Y. Correll. 

Olivet Presbyterian Church, in this township, was dedicated October 17, 
1867, by Rev. Fisher, of Centerville. It was completed dnrlng that 3'ear 
at a cost of $1,666, and paid for at time of dedication. Its seating capac- 
ity is from to 200 to 300. 

Olivet is a station on the C, R. I. & P. R. R., in this township. 



MONROE. 

This township borders the eastern line of Mahaska county, and in sur- 
veys is designated as township 76 north, range 14 west, of the 5th princi- 
pal meridian. The township lines were run by Ahin Burt, July 10, 1843, 
and sub-survey was made by U. S. Surveyor S. C. Wiltse, December, 1844. 
Skunk river traverses this entire township in a southeasterly direction, 
averaging eighty feet in width, and probablj^ two feet in depth. It has a 
sand or sandstone bed, a quick current and perpendicular banks. The val- 
ley or river bottoms are generally low and wet, best fitted for grazing 
lands. The river and the creek which passes through the southwestern 
part of the township, are bordered with good timber. The uplands on both 
sides of the river are rolling and very fertile. 

There ai*e about six hundred acres of swamp lands in the township. 
The first settlers in the township were Jacob Jolins, James Bridges, Henry 
Wymore, AVilliam Kimberl}^, John Baker, and Thomas Tinsley. 

Jacob Johns was the first man to break the soil. He located on section 
13 in the eastern part of the township, and in a few years he had a fine 
farm, which he and his family enjoj^ed for many years. Some of the old 
pioneers stated to the historian that in three days after they had pitched 
their tent, they had a cabin completed, and the happiest homes they ever 
enjoyed were in the "old cabin home," but these cabins have nearly all dis- 
appeared, and are succeeded by fine dwellings and cottages. 

Coal is found in abundance. The mine that is most successfully worked 
is known as the Rhinehart shaft, situated on section 36. The coal is of a 
good quality. The vein is from 6 to 7 feet thick, and supplies coal for a 
large scope of territory. They run a force of 20 miners. 

The first school in the township was taught by Henry McMillen, in the 
winter of 1852, as a subscription school. 

In Indianapolis, a Campbellite Church was organized, and a building 
erected in 1852. Jacob Reid was ithe first pastor. The church Avas used 
until 1873, when a new building was put up at a cost of $1,600. The 
present membership is about 100. A. T. Snyder is the pastor. 

A Baptist congregation was organized in 1854, which built a church in 
1865, at a cost of $3,000, nnder the pastorate of Rev. James Fry. The 
present membership is about 50. The present pastor is Rev. Nelson. 

Indianapolis is a small village about the center of the township. It was 
laid out by Willis Baker, from Indiana, in 1845, who, having pleasant i"ec- 
ollections of his native state, named his town Indianapolis, after the cap- 
itol of Indiana. This town was for the accommodation of the farmers as 
a trading point. Its growth has been slow. The present population is 
about one hundred. It contains two general stores, a post-office, black- 
smith and wagon shop. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 535 

Skunk river, flowing through tliis township, furnishes excellent water 
power, and, as a result, there are three flouring and three saw-uiills located 
on the river. 

James Senate built the first mill, and on this site the Roberts Brothers, 
in ISTi, built a fine flouring-mill, having three run of stone. The Smith 
and McBride mill was put up in 1870 by the Wjmore Brothers. It has a 
fine location ou the west side of the Skunk river, and has three pairs of 
burrs. Samuel Cox built a mill on tlie west side of Skunk river in 1848. 
The mill has since passed into the hands of Ford and Anderson. This has 
two run of stone. 

Monroe township has three fine iron bridges over the Skunk river. 

The present township oflicers are: justice, G. A. Kent; trustees, L. C 
Tanner, J. L. Roberts and B. C. McClain; clerk, Hamilton Brown; asses- 
sor, John Summers; constable, Phillip Henderson. 



ADAMS. 

This township borders Soutli Skunk river on the north, and follows the 
channel of the stream for its southern boundary. It is known in the gov- 
ernment snrveys as township 76 north, range 15 west, of the 5th principal 
meridian. The survey of township lines was made by William and Alvin 
Burt, in July and August, 1SI3, and was re-surveyed by Deputy-surveyor 
Stiles S. Carpenter, in October, 1847. Its surface is, for the most part, roll- 
ing, and the soil is a rich, sandy loam, and well adapted for farming pur- 
poses. Adams township contains a considerable amount of timber, the 
most valuable of which is burr oak. The timber has been well preserved, 
and we are informed by an old settler that it is more abundant now than 
thirty years ago. Large quantities of wild blackberry bushes are found in 
the brush. The value of the land is from twenty-five to forty-five dollars 
per acre. Adams township is not very thickly settled, as most of its farm- 
ers own lai'ge farms, from five hundred to eight hundred acres. Part of 
the roads in this township are well worked, being thrown up in the center, 
though as a whole the roads do not compare favorably with other parts of 
the county. The farms are generally w^ell improved by good buildings. 

Adams township formed a part of Monroe in 1845, but was subsequently 
detached. The first justice of the peace was Matthew P. Crowder. The 
first school in the township was taught by A. K. Atwood, in a claim-house 
belonging to Squire Crowder. Probably the first church in the county was 
a Methodist organization, formed in the house of John Kuby, in 1846. At 
present there are two churches in the township — North River Baptist 
church, and the Centenary M. E. church. The latter was built about 1863, 
and the former probably a year later. The present minister of the M. E. 
church is Rev. J. 11. Cook. The Baptists have no regular preacher. There 
are four Sunday-schools within the borders of this township, and on July 
4, 1878, these schools had a grand union celebration in the grove of A. 
Ruby. During the time of the grange excitement a chapter of the Pat- 
rons of Husbandry was organized in district school house number 1, but is 
no longer an active organization. 

In the fall of 1876 was organized, at the house of Adam Victor, an agri- 
cultural association known as the Adams Township Agricultural Society, 
and having in view a sort of annual township fair. The first president was 



536 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

Elijah Bnsbj. The September exhibition of that year was considered a 
success. Nothing but stock and purely agricultural products were exhib- 
ited. About one hundred and fifty were present, and a general good time 
was had. The onl}' premiums given at this free exhibition weve blue rib- 
bons. This meeting being such a success the neighboring townships were 
invited to take ]iart in the following year, at an exhibition held on the as- 
sociation's leased grounds, in John F. Allgood's grove. Here an admit- 
tance fee of ten cents was charged, and two thousand persons are supposed 
to have been present. It is the purpose of the association to pay cash pre- 
miums after a time. The present officers are: G. W. France, president; 
Joseph Davenport, vice-president; Willis Willhoit, secretary; Robert Bass, 
treasurer; and John Allgood, marshal. The fall meeting of 1878 has been 
appointed for September, 26 and 27. 

A big wind storm visited Adams township on June 18, 1871, blowing 
down houses, fences and trees. The year 1851 is known by the citizens 
along Skunk river as the year of the flood, at which time the farms of the 
bottom land were almost wiped out. 'No lives lost in either case. 

Of the first settlers A. Ruby and Jos. Davenport are probably the ear- 
liest now living. 

Adams township contains no village worthy of the name, and only one 
post-office. Comet, established 1877, with Stephen Criss, postmaster. 

The following are the presnt township officers: 

Justices — Wm Hibbs andFrank Stone. 

Trustees — Jacob Koogler, J. D. White, J. C. Wilson. 

Constables — Geo. Stone, C. W. Pittman. 

Assessor— Ed McDonough. 

Clerk — Chas. Stanley. 

MADISOK 

This is one of the central townships in Mahaska county. Its congres- 
sional name is No. 76, north of range 16, west of the 5th principal merid- 
ian. The township lines were run by Wm. A. Burt in August, 18-13, but 
the township was not divided by section lines until it was surveyed in 1847 
by the U. S. Surveyor Stiles S. Carpenter. The south fork of the Skunk river 
flows across the township from the northwest to the southeast and divides 
it into what is known by the residents as North Madison and South Madi- 
son. 

For farming purposes the land of this township takes a front rank. It is 
fertile and well drained. A considerable belt of timber skirts the banks of 
the Skunk. The farms are in a good state of cultivation, and speak well for 
the industry of the people who in twenty-eight short years have changed 
the wilderness into a finished, w^ell settled and finely improved community. 

Among the first settlers were Enoch Shoemake, Wm. Goodplaster, John 
Padget, Wm. Brummel and Samuel Coffin. These settlers attended the 
land sales at Iowa City in 1850, on foot, and traveled in company with oth- 
ers, banded together under the club law, protecting themselves from the 
encroachments of speculators or claim-jumpers who might be disposed to 
play the game of sharpers at the land sales. 

The first school in Madison township was a private enterprise. In the 
fall of 1846 Samuel Coffin, John Padget and Wm. Goodplaster built a log 
house for school purposes, and employed Wm. Lawrence as the first teacher. 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 53Y 

This school was on the farm now owned by Thos. Coffin. The second school 
was taught in a house on the farm now owned by Milton Padget, Both 
these, as the local reader will notice, were on the south side of the town- 
ship. For sevei-al 3ears the country north of the Skunk was very thinly 
settled, and enjo_yed no scliool privileges. 

The first religious exercises in this township are said to have been held 
in school house No. 1. 

On tlie Skunk river is located what was known in early days as the "Up- 
per Mill," thus named in contrast with the Comstock, or lower mill, in Os- 
kaloosa township. This " U])per Mill " was built by Eussell Peck and Geo. 
Duncan in the summer of 18-13, and contests with the Benedict mill the 
name of the first in the county. In 1858 the mill passed into the hands of 
Messrs. Braden Bros. It has since been rebuilt, and for the last eight years 
has been owned by Whitmore & Anderson. The present mill is equipped 
with three run of stone, and has a capacity for grinding 300 bushels per 
day. The building, machinery and site are valued at $18,000. 

At this point is a fine iron bridge across the river, composed of two 
spans. A substantial limestone approach crosses the bottom, avoiding em- 
bargo from overflow. 

On the east line of this township is the new station " Lacey," on the Cen- 
tral Road. This is (piite a small village, but aftbrds good shipping fticili- 
ties to the farmers of Madison. 

The present township officers are: 

Justice — I. C. Middleton. 

Trustees— Geo. Crispen, T. W. Dye, G. M. Mott. 

Clerk — Jesse J. Hill. 

Assessor — Amos T. Young. 

Constable— T. C. Young. 



BLACK OAK. 

This township has corresponded to the boundaries of congressional town- 
ship 76, north of range 17, west of 5th principal meridian, since 1860. At 
one time Black Oak was a part of Jackson township, which in 1845 ex- 
tended so far north as to include one township in Poweshiek county. Black 
Oak was surveyed as a congressional towmship by IT. S. Surveyor W. A. 
Burt in August, 181:3. The section lines were run by W. L. D.Ewi ng, in 
September, 181:5. The soil is mostly good prairie, and is drained by South 
Skunk river, and by Black Oak, Muchakinock and other creeks. 

Black Oak Grove is a small tract of good timber on sections 8, 9 and 16, 
comprising about 600 acres. 

The first settlers upon the soil of Black Oak township were John Gillas- 

pie, William, Jacob and John Majors, Aaron Folk, Johnson, Richard 

Quinton, Wm. Owens, Henry Groves, John Randall, James H. Warren, 
Fielding Betz, John Shoemake, Wesley Moreland and Jacob Miller. 

The first school in Black Oak township was taught by C. Chipman, on 
section 17. The first meeting for religious worship was held at the house 
of Dr. Warren. 

From the book of original entries we find that the first lands purchased 
in Black Oak township were as follows: 



538 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

"Wesley Metter on May 8, 1847, a part of section 8 

Eliza llolman " Aug. 5, " " " " 30 

Fielding Betz " Sep. 15, " " " " 9 and 17 

James L. Warren " " " '• » " " 9 and 17 

John Woods " " " " " " " 11 

B. H. Lonsberry " Oct. " " " " 36 

On Skunk river, in this townsliip, are located the Huron Mills. These 
were built in 1857 by Morris Bros., at a cost of from $5,000 to $6,000, and 
at that time containing but one run of stone. In 1868 the mills were 
bought bj' Messrs. Reynolds & Bowdel, who remodeled the same and put 
in an additional pair of burrs, making the whole cost about $10,000. In 
October, 1870, they were purchased by Parker & Cramer, who are the pres- 
ent proprietors. These gentlemen do a general custom, and some merchant 
trade. Their local market includes Bella, New Sharon, Oskaloosa, Leighton 
and Peoria. They ship some flour to St. Louis. 

Leighton is a neat and comparatively new village located in the township 
on the Keokuk & Des Moines Valley Railroad. It is on the north side of 
the track, and stands on a sort of eminence from which can be had a good 
view of the surrounding country. Leighton was laid out February 9, 1865, 
upon land formerly owned by B. F. Roberts. The projectors of the 
town were Wm. Leighton and John W. Carver, of Keokuk. The town was 
named in honor of the former gentlemen, at that time one of the lessees of 
the Keokuk & Des Moines Road, which was built through Mahaska just 
before the town was platted. 

Of those who first cast their fortunes with those of the new station, we 
are informed of J. B. Fleck, David L. Bowman, S. B. Beere and Adam 
Hoover. 

The town in 1878, contains two general stores, one boot and shoe store, 
a drug store, harness and two blacksmith shops, a hotel, flouring mill, 
saloon, meat market and wagon shop. The population of the village is not 
far from two hundred and seventy-five. 

The K. & D. M. R. R. have built at this point a neat little depot, and 
have found Leighton a good shipping point. The town also supports a 
grain elevator — quite a convenience for shippers. 

As worthy of special mention we note the steam flouring mill, built by 
N. S. Stein in 1870, at an outlay of $12,000. This is a two and one-half 
story frame building, and has three run of stone. Does both custom and 
mercantile work. 

The First Presbyterian Church of Leighton was built in 1875, at an ex- 
pense of upward of $2,000. The congregation was organized with ten 
members as follows, Christian Hoover, Mr. and Mrs. Thos. Scott, David 
Young, Thos. J. Henderson and wife, Wm. H. Barber and wife, John Kol- 
ler and wife. 

The first pastor was Rev. John Fisher, who was succeeded by Rev. S. M. 
Keir. The present minister is Rev. A. A. Mathes. The membership 
(1878) is twenty-eight. 

Leighton also has an Old School Baptist Church. 

The present township officers of Black Oak are: 

Justice — Otto Pothoven. 

Trustees — John Funston, Madison Tice, David L. Bowman. 

Clerk — Chas. Stoddard. 

Constables — Ed. McCabe, Jas. H. Irvin. 



HI8T0KY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 539 

Road Supervisors — 1st District, John S. Koller; 2d, Samuel Miller; 3d, 
John H. Smith; 4tli, Wm. Tliomason; 5th, Tie; 6th, A. Shelley. 

From Donnel's "Pioneers of Marion County'' we learn that ainoni;; those 
who settled in tliis township at a very earl}' date, was Dr. James L. AVarren, 
who died at his residence, near Peoria, Mahaska county, January IS, 1870, 
age 69 years. He was born in Green count}^, Tenn., July 1st, 1801, immi- 
grated to Iowa, and settled in Lee county in 1841. He made his first claim 
in Mahaska county, where he cut some logs and emploj^ed a man to put 
them up in tlie shajie of a cabin. Bat he afterward abandoned tlie idea of 
settling tliere, and made a claim about three miles southeast of where Pella 
now is, wliere he succeeded in planting about twenty acres of corn and wheat 
in the spring following. He returned to Mahaska county in 1847-8. 

Those who came up at the same time, and iielped to found a settlement, 
were John B. Hamilton, Robert Hamilton, Harry Miller, Green T. Clark, 
and Henry McPherson;on their way up tlie Dragoons refused to let them 
pass Libertyville with tlieir wagons, so they packed on horses what provi- 
sions they thought would last them till after the first of May, and proceeded. 
Approacliing an Indian viUage near the present location of Oskaloosa, the 
Doctor, who had some practical knowledge of military tactics, called a halt 
and suggested that they march through the town in military order. 

On entering tlie place they found the inhabitants engaged in worship in 
consequence of which they paid little or no attention to this mock military 
demonstration. The men were collected in a large tent, seated in a circle 
singing in a monotonous di-awling tone, to the equalh^ musical rattle of 
beans in gourds, that they shook up and down as an accompaniment to their 
voices. The door of the tent was closed against intruders, but Robert 
Hamilton, having an ungovernable curiosity to witness the performance 
raised the tent wall near the ground and peeked under. I^ot one of the 
solemn-faced worshipers took the least notice of this breach of good man- 
ners, nor did thej- for an instant seem to permit their attention to be di- 
verted from their devotions; but an old squaw, who seemed to be standing 
guard without, noticed the intruder, and indignantly ordered him away. 
Not being instantly obej-ed, she took hold of Robert, gave him a violent 
pull, uttered the word "Manitou " (God) as an explanation of the sacredness 
and priv^acy of the place and performance, at which he deemed it advisable 
to desert. On the 26th of April they reached the present location of Pella, 
and contemplated taking claims there. But, owing to its distance from tim- 
ber, they thought it very probable that it would be many years ere much 
improvement could be made there, and the land become valuable; so they 
made choice of the timber about three miles southeast. But ere the time 
came fur them to get their wagons, and the remainder of their provisions, 
what they had brought with them began to come short. As soon as possi- 
ble Green T. Clark was sent for the wagons, and some of the otliers resorted 
to hunting as a means of economizing the scanty remainder of bread stuffs. 
But the bread finally quite gave out, and hunting, even in those early days, 
was not so reliable a means of supporting the demand for food as some 
might suppose. It is said that game was plentiful, which was generally 
true, but like fishing, the taking of it depended upon skill and good luck. 
An instance is related of an old settler named Cunningham, who lived in 
Mahaska county, who by hunting maintained a half-starved existence for 
for eight or ten days, on his claim near Oskaloosa, not daring to leave it 
lest it should be "jumped." Our settlers now found it necessary to use 



540 HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

energy and skill, or starve. Hunger already incited them to do their best. 
Kobert Hamilton shouldered his rille and went in search of a turkey, or any 
thing else he could find that would do to eat, whilst Henry Miller went in 
search of a bee tree. Both were successful, and what added much to their 
good fortune, their wagons came the next day, bring breadstuffs and other 
conveniences. 

Dr. Warren was among the first ministers of the M. E. Churcli who 
preached in the count}^, and organized the first class west of Libertyville. 
He was licensed as a local preacher in 1S28; ordained deacon at Oskaloosa 
in 1852, and was ordained an elder by bishop Ames in 1863. He also 
commenced the practice of medicine in 1831, which he continued till a 
short time before his death. In this he was very successful during his res- 
idence in this county, especially in the management of the miasmatic dis- 
eases, to which the early settlers were subject, and his field of practice often 
extended from Oskaloosa to "Tools Point," now Monroe, Jasper county, 
and over a large territory north and south of this route. Over this wide 
field he ministered both in spiritual and temporal things. He was a man 
universally loved and respected by all who knew him. Many instances illus- 
trative of his charitable nature, and many acts of kindness performed by 
him, have been related to us, and are well remembered by many who have 
shared the privations of pioneer life with him. 



PLEASANT GEOVE. 

This township is the northeastern township of Mahaska county, and was 
included in the township Survey made by Alvin Burt in July, 1843. It 
was laid out into sections and quarter sections b}"- Samuel C. Wiltse, in the 
fall of 1844. This township was named from a fine grove of timber which 
it contained. Its timber land is generally valuable, and a portion still 
remains. The eastern half of this township is, fine agricultural land, set- 
tled by an industrious class of people. The western half of this township 
is light soil, and contains considerable timber. The bottom lands are sub- 
ject to overflow, which decreases somewhat their value as farming land, 
but they are regarded as fine pasture lands. The north and western por- 
tions of the township are ordinary prairie; in the township there are 
about two thousand acres of open prairie, good for pasture. The chief 
mineral products of this township are coal and limestone. There has been 
opened up quite a fertile coal mine by G. S. Feirling and H. S. Morrow 
on section 20; the shaft is 9x42-| feet, the depth is 80 feet, the coal vein is 
from 4 to 5 feet, and of a very good quality. When in full operation the 
proprietors can turn out from 700 to 800 busliels per day. 

This township was first settled about 1850. Among the earliest settlers 
were Mr. Amos Holloway, Sotnerel Whitaker, Noah Van Winkle, William 
Hambleton, John Wymore, John Wyat, John Whitehead, Benjamin Mur- 
rey. These gentleman erected the first houses that were built in the town- 
ship. These early settlers left their homes in Ohio and Indiana, filled with 
the spirit of enterprise, and soon after they had established their new 
homes they set to work to provide schools and churches for their families. 
In the winter of 1853 the first school was taught by Richard Mayberry, in 
a log cabin, on the farm now owned by Isaac McCartney; but this was a 
private enterprise, and in the fall of 1855 the schools were organized by 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 641 

law, and tliree houses were built. But these buildings are now among the 
things that were but are not. They have given place to eight fine school- 
houses with all the modern equipments, supporting a good class of teachers. 

The first religious exercises were held in the house of Dr. Fisher, and 
led to the organization of and building a house of worship. Following the 
teaching of Alexander Campbell, in 1854, a Christian church was organ- 
ized in Agricola by Rev. Mr. White. Since then the church has passed in 
the hands of the New Lights. The organization at present has a fair 
churcli, with a membershi]) of about one hundred atid twenty. The pres- 
ent jiastor is the Rev. A. S. Culbertson. A Baptist church was organized 
and a church built in 1866. These churches are located in Agricola, a 
village situated about the center of the township. It was laid out in 1854 
by David Santee. Present inhabitants number about one hundred. As 
its name indicates it is a farmer's village; it contains two stores, kept by 
J. H. Hutcliison and Mr. Sarvis, also two blacksmith shops. 

The Justices of the Peace are J. H. Hutchison and William Smith. 

The other township officers are: 

Trustees — C. S. Ruble, Thos. Lyons. Wm. Smith. 

Clerk — Jackson Sarvis. 

Assessor — J. CI. Wymore, 

Constable — Wm. A. Likens. 

uxioiq". 

At the first formation of this township it comprised five congressional 
townships, being what is now included in Union and Pleasant Grove in 
Mahaska and Union, Jackson and Deep River townships, in Poweshiek 
count}'. These last tliree were detached before the time of organization of 
Poweshiek. Pleasant Grove was formed into a separate township in Jan- 
uar}', 1850, leaving Union an ordinaiy sized township, with thirty-six square 
miles, known as township I^o. 77 north, of range 15 west, of the 5tli prin- 
cipal meridian. The township lines were run by Alvin Burt, in July, 
1843; the section lines were run by Stiles C. Carpenter, in October, 1847. 

This townsliip is broken and rolling in marked contrast with its sister 
township Prairie, on the west, yet it contains some of the finest farms 
and best de\-eloped country coal banks in the county. It is crossed by the 
North Skunk. 

Among the first settlers within the present boundaries of Union, were 
John Morrison, Nathan Brown, John Widows, Jacob Dalby, and Isaac N. 
Griffith. These lived near the county line. In the southern part were the 
Bradshaws, Jacob Kl inker, John Graham, Jesse Moon, Robert Telford, 
John Deardorf, Daniel Rodgers, John McMaines, Benjamin Groves, An- 
derson James, Fred. Weimer, and others. John Morrison, Jesse Moon, 
and Jacob Klinker, were of the very first. 

From an examination of the book of original entries we find the first 
lands purchased from the government, in this township, were as follows: 
October 9, 1848, by Simeon Johnson, a part of Sec. No. 1; same date, by 
R. B. Ogden, a part of Sec. 4; October 12, Joshua Gorsuch, in Sec. 11; 
same date, Robert Tedford, Sec. 12. 

The first school was on section 11, in a log school house, taught by Mrs. 
Fry. The next was at Union Mills. 

The last named place was laid out by Jacob Weimer, at quite an early 



542 HISTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

day, and called Middletown, it being a sort of half-way place between 
Oskaloosa and Montezuma, It is now a collection of half broken down 
houses and is most forlorn looking. A post-office was established here in 
1855, with Pleasant Carver as postmaster. It still is maintained, and is on 
the mail route between New Sharon and Indianapolis. 

The mills known as Union Mills, were located on the north side of the 
river at this point, but have fallen into decay years ago. A new mill was 
built by a man named Kaggy, some six years ago, but its owner died be- 
fore completing it. It is about to be mantled, and a dam is to be built for 
its operation by J. W. Braden, who purchased it recently. 

A frame church building stands on an eminence near Union Mills. It 
was built by the Methodists, about ISt)^, but never dedicated by them. A 
Christian church, organized at this point about twelve years ago, purchased 
the building in 1872, and now occupies it. 

In the northern part of this township was organized an M. E. Church, 
some fifteen years ago, which held its meetings for some years past at 
Brooks' school house. This congregation have I'ecently purchased a five 
acre grove in the northwest quarter of section 11, which is called Bethel 
Grove, and where, next summer, the}' hope to erect a Bethel Grove M. E. 
Church. Here a camp-meeting was held in August, 1877, conducted by 
W. E. Stryker, then pastor of the church. A meeting was held during the 
week, beginning August 14, 1878, conducted by Revs. D. C. and T. C. 
Smith, and Rev. Schaine, of Montezuma. The attendance on both occa- 
sions was quite large. 

The present membership of the church is near 30; their minister, Rev. 
Phillips. The trustees, J. S. Chew, Joshua Gorsuch, John Latchem, Al- 
bert Latcheni, and J. E. Ogborne. 

A Sabbath-school is connected with the church, superintended by James 
Chew. 

About ten years ago a Protestant Methodist Cliurch was organized at 
Brooks' school house. They have just built a church building at Brown- 
town, on the county line, at a cost of near $700. This society is about the 
same size as Bethel Grove congregation. Tlie minister in charge is Rev. 
Hazelett. 

Fairview M. E. Church was established at Union Mills about January, 
1863. In 1872, a church was built on the northwest quarter of section 33, 
known as Fairview M. E. Church. This building cost about $1,000. 

The society was organized by B. F. Wright, with about eighty members. 
The present membership is not far from 100. Tlie congregation maintains 
a good Sabbath-school, conducted by David Upton. The church is on 
what is known as Sharon Circuit. The minister is Rev. Ferguson. 

The present officers of Union township arp: 

Trustees — John McMains, J. A. Bonewell, Charles Reed. 

Clerk— Paul Caster. 

Assessor — A. B. Reed, 

Constables — Thomas Wymore, Josiah Hollingsworth. 

PRAIRIE. 

This was originally a part of Madison township, and was not organized 
into a separate town until in 1856. It was one of the latest settled parts 




.-#? 




I//1./Z/-1--V 




/'e_^ 



HISTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTY. 545 

of Mahaska county, although one of the best townships in tlie same. 
However, it did not contain a quarter section of good timber, and the earlj^ 
settlers were slow to go out upon the open prairies, which cover its entire 
surface in gentle rolls or level fields. The soil is rich, and in a high state 
of cultivation. Middle creek and other small streams drain it. Prairie 
township contains no stone, either loose or in available quarries. 

In regard to the early settlement we quote as follows from the New 
Sharon Star of August 21, 1878: 

"John Hiler, a half-blooded African, moved his family from Indiana, and 
settled on the northwest quarter of section three, in the year 1844:, and was 
the first settler of Prairie township. When the writer hereof moved to 
this place, this cinnamon-colored descendant of two nationalities was yet a 
resident. We recollect him as a bony, muscular fellow, full six feet high, 
and of about one hundred and eighty pounds, every ounce of which he 
proudly denominated 'fighting material.' It cannot be truthfully said 
that he was a quarrelsome individual. On the contrary, he was peacefully 
disposed, neighborly to those who treated him as he considered he deserved. 
But when his rights were invaded, he was quick to resent, and his powerful 
muscle at once became his refuge and defense. For a number of years he 
was decidedly troublesome as a vendor of poor whisky to the Indians, who 
were abundant at that time. ISTumerous efforts were made to arrest and 
bring him to trial for this offense against the dignity of law and order, but 
generally he evaded capture by hiding in the groves and dense hazel thick- 
ets with which the neighborhood abounded. He was a hunter of some 
skill, and many a fleet deer and savage wolf went down before his rifle. 
His success as a hunter, combined with the profits of his clandestine traffic 
with the Indians, aflbrded him such means of subsistence as satisfied his 
meager wants, and he seldom resorted to a diet of steady labor, and never 
witli success. Finally he left the State. One night in the summer of 1875 
he packed his traps and family into a Avagon, and, like a man who was leav- 
ing some debts behind which he desired to not pay, he quietl}^ stole away 
in search of a new home in the less crowded southwest. His present wdiere- 
abouts is a matter of conjecture. The next resident was a man named 
Wallace, who came from Indiana, and settled on the northeast quarter of 
section four, in 1845. He remained but a short time, and we know noth- 
ing further of him. 

The next settler w\as Alexander Stewart, who turned his back upon the 
luxuries of a Pennsylvania home, and, follow^ing the 'star of empire' in its 
western way, selected his future home on the soutlieast fourth of the north- 
west quarter of section three, in the spring of 1847. For one year he re- 
mained alone upon his claim, built a snug cabin, and in the spring of 1848 
moved his famil}' thereto, and there he still resides. 

Next came A. C. Doze, from J)m\^ county, Oliio. He arrived here June 
1, 1848, and located on the northeast quarter of section twelve, now famil- 
iarly known as the 'Cobb place,' but owned at present hy Charley Miller. 
He now lives in Union towmship, east of Fairview church. Next came 
Jacob Bartlett, who left his home south of South Skunk river, and settled 
on the farm now owned by William Burks, in the northwest quarter of 
section twenty-nine. Years ago he passed on through the valley and the 
shadows. In the following year numerous settlers appeared and chose lo- 
cations, mostly in the northern sections." 

33 



546 HISTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 

The first election was held at the residence of Jesse Grace, on the south- 
east quarter of section eight, where J. S. Clements now resides. At this 
election Alexander Stewart and T. B. Campbell were elected justices. 

Probably the first wedding lield in the township was that of Jared Rock- 
well to Nancj Winder, in the town of New Sliaron, in 1860. This wed- 
ding was noted for some 3'ears on account of the big charivari which fol- 
lowed the ceremony. Weddings were an uncommon thing in those days, 
and "the boys" believed in making them events not soon to be forgotten. 

The history of the first schools and churches has been given under the 
history of New Sharon. 

Tliis township was once the scene of battle, in a celebrated and rather 
ludicrous lawsuit. Tlie contest was over a single hog, and between two 
neighbors named Mitchell, who, though of the same name, were not kins- 
men. The suit commenced before a justice and was carried into the courts, 
the costs finall}^ amounting to some hundreds, we believe upward of one 
thousand dollars. Quite a good joke is told in connection with this case 
on a certain ex-judge in pleading this case. The facts were that the hog 
had been shut np in a pen belonging to one of the Mitchells. The other 
claimed it, and it was proposed to let the hog out, and discover which home 
he preferred. Judge C, in pleading the case, argued upon the intelligence 
and the domestic habits of the hog, in support of his client. When he had 
done, the opposing counsel (since lieutenant-governor) arose. Addressing 
the jury he said he was compelled to admit his opponent's authority on the 
hog question. There was reason to believe the gentleman was posted, for 
he was generally admitted to be the biggest "bore " in Mahaska county. 
This brought down the house, but we did not learn whether the joke won 
the case for the wag or not. 

The present officers of Prairie township are: 

Justices — J. M. Hiatt, Osman Watland. 

Trustees — E. Munsill, S. Janey, O. G. Knudson. 

Clerk -F. W. Iloen. 

Assessor — Oliver Wildman. 

Constable — Ezra Smith. 

RICHLAND. 

This township is in the northwest corner of the county, and though 
further removed from the point where the tide of immigration struck tlie 
county, it was not the last to be settled. The township was surveyed as 
congressional township No. 77 north, of range 17 west of 5th principal 
meridian, in August, 1843. The section lines were run by James Grant, 
and sub-survey made in September, 1845. 'In the draft of this survey we 
find located the claims of Geo. Buckley, who was the first settler in the 
township and built the first cabin, about one mile west of the present town 
of Peoria; that of Mr. Leaden, about one mile north; also those of J. E. 
Godby, L. Miller, and J. James. 

Thompson Baldwin came to this township in 1846. Among the other 
early settlers are Moses Wassora, Lauren Osborn, Powell Bush, and Wil- 
liam Lawrence. 

Probably the first justice in the township was Moses Wassom, who held 
that office in 1846. 

The first school in Richland was taught in the winter of 1847, in a log 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



559 



his father's bank in Iowa City, 
and was afterward connected with 
the management of the gas com- 
pany there; he came to Oskaloosa 
in Jnl}', 1875, and became inter- 
ested in the Mahaska county sav- 
ings bank, and was elected assist- 
ant cashier, and since then lias 
held that position. 

Clancy, J. K., laborer. 

COFFIN, Dr. J._ L., physician, 
Oskaloosa; born in Warren coun- 
ty, New jersey, April 17, 1817, 
and received his education there. 
In 1843 he removed to Pennsyl- 
vania, and after two years, re- 
moved to Elmira, New York. He 
studied medicine and graduated 
in 1854. He came to Columl)ia, 
Wisconsin, and practiced medi- 
cine there until 1870, and then 
came to this city and has been 
practicing here ever since; he 
married Hannah Westfall, from 
Sussex county, New Jersey; she 
died, November 14, 1868. They 
had live children, only two living, 
Carrie C, and Judson A. One 
son was killed while in the army, 
at the battle of Bull Run, July 
21, 18()1. He married his pres- 
ent wife, Hannah Hicks, from V^er- 
mont, in August, 1869. 

Cogley, Aurelia A. 

COOK, LEVI, blacksmith and 
wagon maker, Oskaloosa; born in 
Rensselaer county, New York, 
Nov. 11, 1832; he was brought up 
there and learned tiie trade of hoe 
and fork manufacturer. He came 
to Muscatine, Iowa, in the fall of 
1854, and came to Oskaloosa in 
the spring of 1855, and engaged 
in blacksmithing, and since then 
has been engaged in that business 
and manufacturing agricultural 
implements. He has held the of- 
fice of city marshal, and is engi- 
neer of the city fire engine. He 
married Miss Mary E. Hart, from 
Ohio, near Columbus, in August, 



1856; they have two children. 
Nelson J., and Edward M. 

Coleman, Andrew, minister. 

COLLINS, GEORGE E., firm of 
Johnson & Collins, Novelty Foun- 
dry, Oskalosa; born inTroj', Ohio, 
July 10, 1849, and when seven 
3'ears of age, came to Iowa, and 
came to Oskaloosa in 1860. He 
learned his trade here and in Ot- 
tumwa. In 1875 he associated 
with Warren C. Johnson in their 
present business. 

CONE, C. P., firm of Cone Bros., 
attorneys, Oskaloosa; born in Ma- 
haska county, March 27, 1845, and 
was brought up in this county 
and has lived in tliis county thirty- 
three years. Is one of the earli- 
est native-born settlers now liv- 
ing here. He studied law and 
was admitted to the bar in Febru- 
nry, 1876, and since then has prac- 
ticed his profession at Albia and 
in this city; he married Miss E. J. 
Shuck, from Jefierson township, 
in this count}^, in 1864; they have 
two children, Addie B. and Mar- 
tella L. 

CONE, W. J., firm of Cone Bros., 
attorneys; born in Mahaska coun- 
ty, Iowa, August 5, 1848, and was 
brought up here; attended schools 
here, and afterward attended Com- 
mercial College, at Chicago. He 
studied law here, and was admit- 
ted to the bar in 1874, and since 
then has practiced his profession 
here; he has held the office of jus- 
tice of the peace, town clerk, and 
other town and school ofiices; he 
married Miss Helen M. Ilenness, 
from this county, in April, 1867; 
they have five children, Trenmor 
T., John L., Lano D., William N. 
and Doc; they have lost two chil- 
dren. 

Cooledge, F. W., phj^sician. 

Copenheffer, John, lawyer. 

COOPER, CARY, Oskaloosa; deal- 
er in Iron and lieavy hardware; 



560 



DIRECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



was boni in Lexington, Ricliland 
count}', Ohio, September 22, 
1839; he removed to Mt. Yernon 
with his parents when a child, 
where he resided until he came to 
Iowa, arriving in Oskaloosa, April 
14, 1857; he began as clerk in 
the hardware store of which he is 
now proprietor; he first went 
into business in 1864, as junior 
partner in the firm of Seeberger 
& Cooper; subsequently the firm 
name changed to that of Cooper, 
Bennett & Co., and again to that 
of Cooper, Stevenson & Co.; in 
1868 he purchased his partner's 
interest, and since that time has 
been sole proprietor; he has been 
in the business 21 years; it is 
the oldest house of the kind in 
central Iowa, and has attained a 
wide reputation; February 27, 
1866, Mr. C. married Miss Susie 
Thurston at her mother's resi- 
dence in Knox county, Ohio; she 
was born in the house she was 
married in, September 13, 1843; 
they have by this union 2 daugh- 
ters, Maude Thurston, born in 
Oskaloosa, Iowa, December 28, 
1868; Bessie Dean, born in Oska- 
loosa, December 27, 1874. 

Confer, David, grocer. 

Correll, AVilson, carp)enter. 

Corigan, Ed., painter. 

Courtney, James, l)oarding house. 

Courtney, John, l)uss driver. 

Cowen, H. A., blacksmith. 

Cowgle, Thos., railroad laborer. 

COWAN, WILLIAM R., record- 
er of Mahaska county, Oskaloosa; 
born in Guernsey county, Ohio, 
May 1, 1844; when six years of 
age he came with his parents to 
Iowa; from Burlington they came 
here by wagon. He was in the 
arm}'; enlisted August 7, 1862, 
in the 33d Regiment, Iowa Infan- 
try, Co. K. He was in the battles 
of Helena, Arkansas, Jenkins' 
Ferry, and siege of Mobile; he 
was wounded at Helena and Jen- 



kins' Ferry. After the war he 
returned here and was elected 
county recorder in 1872, and re- 
elected in 1874, and again re-elect- 
ed in 1876. He married Miss 
Nancy .Newell, from Louisa Co., 
Iowa, September 20, 1870; they 
have two children, Lena A. and 
Frank N. 

COX, SETH, physician, Oskaloosa; 
born in Belmont Co., Ohio, April 
19. 1819; when ten years of age his 
parents removed to Wayne county, 
Indiana, where he lived until he 
came to Iowa, and located in Os- 
kaloosa, March 6, 1866, and since 
then has been engaged in practic- 
ing his profession. He married 
Ruth Kindley, from Ohio, in 
1849; tiiey have one daugiiter, 
Sallie, and have lost three sons. 

Craig, John, tinner. 

Crawford, J. L., clerk. 

Craig, George, barber. 

Cricket, Wm., Jr., bridge building. 

Cricket, Wm., Sr,, bridge building. 

Crill, John, retired. 

Crookharn, J. A. L., lawyer. 

Curran, John, laborer. 

CUTTS, M. E., attorney -at-law, 
Oskaloosa; born in Orwell, Addi- 
son county, formerl}" Rutland 
county, Vermont, May 22, 1833; 
he attended the common schools 
there, and afterward attended St. 
Lawrence Academy, at Pottsdam, 
New York; he then joined a 
surveying expedition engaged in 
sub-dividing townships into sec- 
tions; when 20 years of age, in 
1.853, he came to the State of 
Wisconsin, and located at Sheboy- 
gan, and engaged in teaching and 
reading law for 2 years; in June, 
1855, he came to Iowa, and was 
admitted to the Bar in August, 
1855; he located in Montezuma, 
Poweshiek county, and practiced 
his profession there, until coming 
to Oskaloosa in August, 1866; he 
was elected to the State Legisla- 
ture to fill vacancy, in May, 1861, 




\/. B. Delashmutt 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



563 



it being the war session; lie was 
elected to the State Senate in 
1863, and served for 4 years; he 
was again elected to the State 
Legislature in 1869; he received 
the appointment of Attorney- 
General of this State, in Febru- 
ary, 1872, to till vacancy occasion- 
ed by O'Connor's resignation; 
he was elected Attorney-General 
in fall of 1872, and again re- 
elected in 1874, and held that 
office until January, 1877; at the 
recent election he was the choice 
of the Republicans in this dis- 
trict for Representative in Con- 
gress, but declined the proffered 
honor. Mr. Cutts entered upon 
his career in life without funds, 
or favors by which to help him to 
position, or pave his pathway to 
success; he came to this place an 
entire stranger, without a person- 
al friend or acquaintance west of 
^the Mississippi river, and hy close 
application to study, and untiling 
energy and perseverance, he has 
attained a deservedly high posi- 
tion in his profession; he married 
Miss Helen Frick from Sheboy- 
gan, Wisconsin, in June, 1857; 
they now have a family of four 
children, Lizzie, Charles E., 
Thomas, and Nellie, to share with 
them the burdens and pleasures 
of a life of industry and pros- 
peri t3\ 
CUTTS THOS. M., firm of N. J. 
Smith & Co., hardware dealers, 
Oskaloosa; born in St. Lawrence 
county, j^ew York, and at an 
early age, removed to Rutland 
county, \^erniont, and was brought 
up there. He was in the army; 
enlisted in the 5tli Regiment Ver- 
mont Infantry, Co. H, in the First 
Vermont Brigade, and was struck 
by a ball and slightly wounded in 
the battle of the wilderness; after 
the war returned to Vermont; 
came to Oskaloosa in 1873, and 
for the past three years has been 
34 



associated with Mr. Smith in the 
Hardware trade. He married Miss 
Harriet Bigelow, from Vermont; 
she died in 1870, leaving four 
children, William, Mary E., Gil- 
bert and Samuel; married Saman- 
tha I. Frater, from Belmont coun- 
ty, Ohio, in February, 1877; they 
have one daughter, Lena F. 
AGGER, SARAH. 



D 



DAVENPORT, FRANCIS M., 

attorney, Oskaloosa; born in Gal- 
lia, county Ohio, May 1, 1840; 
when seven years of age, he came 
with his parents to Iowa, and ar- 
rived in Oskaloosa, Oct. 5, 1847; 
they located on section 1, Adams 
township, and entered from the gov- 
ernment the land where his father 
now lives; there was only four 
neighbors at that time on the 
north bank of the river, from Cur- 
rier's Mills to Warren's Mills. 
Francis entered school in 1859, 
and graduated at Mount Pleasant, 
in classical course, in 1864, teach- 
school winters during that time. 
He studied law and attended law 
school, at Ann Arbor, Michigan, 
one year; then entered the law 
office of Seevers & Cutts, and 
was admitted to the bar, and since 
then has practiced his profession 
here, and holds the office of city 
solicitor; married Miss Martha M. 
Griffith, from Pennsylvania, in 
Mount Pleasant, May 1, 1870; she 
was born in Pennsylvania, and 
removed to Ohio and came to 
Iowa in 1862; she achieved a 
reputation throughout this State 
as a lecturer on temperance and 
self-dependence of women ;** they 
have one son, William Warren, 
born August 17, 1874. 

Davis, William, teamster. 

Davis, John, carriage trimmer. 

Delashmutt, William, farmer. 

Desch, W. F., teamster. 

DEL ASH3IUTT, VAN B ., retired, 
Oskaloosa; born in Ohio county, 



564 



DIRECTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



afterward Tyler county, Ya., Jan- 
uary 4, 1802, and was brought up 
there; he came to Burlington 
Iowa, June 22, 1837, and lived 
there three years, and removed to 
Jefferson county, and lived there 
until coming to Mahaska county 
in April 1813, before the Indians 
had left, and before the settlers 
were allowed to take possession of 
the land; he made a claim and 
entered land from the government 
at the first land sale held in Iowa, 
and engaged in farming; he is one 
of the oldest settlers in Mahaska 
county, and has been through it 
all. Many and very interesting are 
the incidents which he and Dr. 
Boyer and a few others recite, of 
the early days of this county; he 
had but little when he came, but 
by industry and good manage- 
ment, he long ago secured an am- 
ple fortune. He was elected sher- 
riff in Ya., in 1829, and served 
two years, and was again elected 
for two years; he was elected to 
the State Legislature in Yirginia, 
and served during the sessions in 
winters of 1833, 1834, and 1835; 
after coming to Iowa he was elect- 
ed in Burlington to the first State 
Legislature held in Iowa, and was 
a member of the first constitution- 
al convention, and held ofiice of 

- swamp land commissioner, and 
held town and school oflices. He 
married Martha W. Inghram from 
Greene county, Pa., in J 821; she 
died in August, 1853; he married 
Mary H. Inghram in June 1868; 
he has six children, three sons 
and three daughters. 

Descli, J. L., teamster. 

Dickens, Esther. 

Dice, John, carpenter. 

Dice, Anderson, carpenter. 

Dimmit, B., sexton of cemetery. 

Dill}', Jacob, farmer. 

DIRR, A. J., agent of the Central 
R. R. of Iowa at Oskaloosa; born 
in Mansfield Ohio, in 1843, and at 



very early age removed to Naper- 
ville, Illinois, and was brought up 
there. He went south and re- 
mained there until 1870, then went 
to Parsons, Kansas, and made 
some investments; and engaged in 
railroading, and remained there 
until coming here in 1877; in 
May of the same year he was ap- 
pointed agent of the Central R. 
R. of Iowa in this city; he still 
retains his interest in Parsons, 
Kansas. He married Miss Ella 
Lundy from Naperville, Dupage 
county Ills., in May, 1876. They 
have one daughter, 

Dix, James, well-digger. 

Dixon, Mrs. J. P. 

Dixon Mrs. J. B. 

BORLAND EDWIN H., physi- 
cian; born in Duchess county 
New York, March 31, 1842, and 
when four years of age came with 
his parents to Salem, Henry coun- 
ty Iowa; he entered Erlliam Col- 
lege at Richmond, Ind., and re- 
mained five years, graduated there; 
after graduating engaged in teach- 
ing in academy and private high 
scliool. After traveling for one 
year he came to Oskaloosa; he 
married Miss Lydia A. Jones from 
AVaynesville, Warren county Ohio, 
September 1, 1869; she died July 
1, 1876, leaving one son, Walter 
E. 

Dodge, N., boot and shoe dealer. 

Dolby, M., machinist. 

Doud, Morris, laborer. 

Douglas, Mrs. H. S. 

Douglas, AY. W., marble cutter. 

DOWNING, FOSTER L., proprie- 
tor Downing House, Oskaloosa; 
the subject of this sketch was 
born in Madison county, Ohio, 
April 11, 1828; Mr. D. received 
all the advantages of a common 
school education in his native 
state; January 23, 1851, he mar- 
ried Miss Sarah A. Croney; he 
emigrated to Iowa in 1855, land- 
ing at Muscatine, October 12th; 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



565 



in May of the following year he 
came to Oskaloosa; upon his ar- 
rival he bought the old Madison 
House, which stood on the same 
location where the Downing 
House now stands; and with the 
exception of 5 years, has been in 
the hotel business since; in 1874: 
he built the Downing House at a 
cost of $-10,000; during the war 
he was quarter-master of the 19th 
Iowa Infantry ; he has been connect- 
ed with the Iowa Agricultural 
Society since 1862; he was elected 
President of the j^ational State 
Bank in January 1871, which 
office he held until bank stock 
changed hands; has been a mem- 
ber of the city council of Oska- 
loosa; and for many years among 
the most active members of the 
Mahaska county Agricultural 
Association, and of which he was 
for a long time its president; his 
wife died August 8d, 1869, leav- 
ing one son and one daughter: 
Dwiglit F., who is now practicing 
law in Beloit, Kansas; and Ollie 
H., who resides with her father; 
February 21, 1871, he married 
Miss Eunice, daughter of Dr. 
Albert Dart, of Oskaloosa, Iowa; 
she was born in Clarmont county, 
Ohio; Mr. D., is an energetic 
and thoroughgoing business man, 
and whatever he undertakes to do, 
he does with all his might. 
DRINKLE, A. T., dealer in furni- 
ture, Oskaloosa; born in Hunting- 
ton count}^ Pennsylvania, May 12, 
1845; when six years of age he 
came to Lockport, Illinois; lived 
there until 1858, when he came 
to Iowa, and came to this county 
in 1861; was in the army in the 
Twelfth Regiment Michigan In- 
fantry, and was connected with 
the band; married Miss Mary E. 
Cricket, from Ohio, in November, 
1871; they have four children, 
Fred C, Alice Maud, Harry A., 
Willie E. 



Duke, W. H., carpenter. 

Duke, Ham, carpenter. 

Duke, Sarah. 

Duke, J. C, carpenter. 

DUMONT, RICHARD, abstracts 
and C()nve3'ancer, Oskaloosa; born 
in Hightstown, Warren county. 
New Jersey, July 24, 1820; he 
removed at an early age to the city 
of New York, and was brought up 
there; was afterward engaged in 
the sash, blind and door busi- 
ness, and ship work; lived there 
until 1818; he lived in Kenosha, 
Wisconsin, and Mansfield, Ohio, 
and came to Iowa in 1854, to this 
county, and put in the sash and 
blind machinery in Roup's mill, 
and was in cabinet business; in 
1857 was appointed deputy clerk, 
and was elected clerk in 1862, and 
re-elected in 1864; has been en- 
gaged in abstract business since 
1872; married Miss Sarah Graf- 
ton, from city of New York, in 
May, 1842; they have five chil- 
dren, Mary E., Thomas, Maria L., 
John H., Charles; lost one son. 

Duncan, David, carpenter. 

Duncan, Hannah. 

Dunn, John, carpenter. 

Dutton, L. K., mechanic. 

Dutton, S. J., groceries and provis- 
ions. 

Dutton, B. T., carpenter. 

"ARIIART, ISAAC, teamster. 



E 



Easton, W. S., insurance agent. 

Ebey, Thomas, carpenter. 

Edson, M. W., house mover. 

Eisinminger, T. J., furniture manu- 
facturer. 

Ellsworth, O. J., grocer. 

Ellsworth, P. J., dentist. 

ELLSWORTH, C. W., groceries 
and provisions; born in Coopers- 
town, New York, July 15, 1831; 
when 4 years of age removed to 
Susquehanna county, Pennsylva- 
nia; lived in Pennsylvania 10 
years and then came to Iowa, to 
Washington county; they started 



566 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



in May and got ice bonnd at 
Qiiincj' ; there was five families, and 
they had to leave one family there, 
as they could only get wagons t(^ 
carry four families; they arrived 
in Washington county December 
24, 1845; he broke prairie with 4 
yoke of oxen, at $6.00 a month; 
he and his brother had a contract 
for carrying the mail from Wa- 
pello, Louisa county, to Ellen 
Grove, IS miles, west of here, 110 
miles; it was all the mail they 
had in the several counties 
through which they passed, until 
1850. He then went to Califor- 
nia, was there two years and re- 
turned; he was in the army, en- 
listed in the 1st Regiment, Iowa 
Cavalry, Co. E, and was in many 
battles and skirmishes; after the 
war he came to this county in 
June, 18t)5; he has held the 
office of Justice of the Peace, 
town clerk and other town and 
school offices; he married Miss 
Helen E. Maxson of Louisa 
county, September 16, 1852; they 
liave seven children, three sons 
and four daughters. 

Else, Henry, farmer. 

Emmons, D. W., carpenter. 

Emmons, Cyrenus, retired. 

Ennis, John, laborer. 

Esgen, W., woolen mills. 

Evans, David, carpenter. 

Evans, B. F., coal. 

ARR, GILBEI^.T, L., butcher. 



P 



Faxon, A., retired. 

FERRALL, JONATHAN D., 

fai-mer; born in Columbiana 
county, Ohio, in 1827; he was 
brought up in that state, and 
lived there 27 years; came to 
Iowa, and ari'lved in this county 
June 1st, l^i55; he located in 
Pleasant Grove township, and en- 
gaged in farming and stock rais- 
]"aisiug fur lO years; then re- 
moved here in the city, where he 
now lives; he owns a farm of 70 



acres, finel}' located, adjoining 
the city limits, it is also valuable 
coal land; he married Miss Mar- 
garet Charters, from Cambrea 
county, Pennsylvania, September, 

13, l>i52; they have three chil- 
dren, John C , Lizzie A., and 
George R. 

Ferrall, J. B., farmer and stock 
dealer. 

Ferris, E. A., plasterer. 

Felker, J. S., express driver. 

Fisher, William, stoker in Gas Co. 

FISHER, HORACE W., agent 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
R. R., Oskaloosa; born in Leb- 
anon, Ohio, March 18, 1849, and 
was brought up and attended 
school there until fifteen years of 
age, and came with his parents to 
this county in 1864; attended 
school here; in 1870 he went to 
Denver Citj', Colorado, and was 
connected with railroads in the 
freight and ticket department; 
he returned here in 1875, and was 
a]>pointed agent, at Oskaloosa, of 
the C, R. I. & P. R. R. ; he was 
deputy clei'k under Captain Searle 
for two years; he married Miss 
Mattie Mays, from this city, April 

14, 1874. 

Fitzgerald, M., marble cutter. 

Fitzgerald, Pat, laborer. 

Fitzgerald, John, laborer. 

Fffihlinger, Adolph, mechanic. 

Foehlinger, Charley, furniture fin- 
isher. 

Foehlinger, Adam, wood turner. 

FRANKEL, I., of the banking 
house of Frankel, Bach & Co., 
Oskaloosa; born in Germany, Oc- 
tober 14, 1832; when twenty- 
one years of age came to this 
country; in 1853 he located in 
Clark county, Indiana, and re- 
inained there for three years, when 
he removed to Missouri, and was 
there four years, and came to Os- 
kaloosa in May, 1861, and engaged 
in mercantile business, and is the 
oldest clothing house here; Sep- 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



56T 



tember 1, 1873, he engaged in the 
banking business, and established 
the banking house of Frankel, 
Bach & Co.; he has been actively 
identified with the interests of the 
city and county; he married Miss 
Babbette Stenernian, from Ger- 
many, January 20, 1864; they 
have five children, Anselin, Ma- 
nassa, Nathan, Henrietta and Rosa. 

Frankel, I. & Co., ready made cloth- 
ing. 

Frankel, Bach & Co., bankers. 

Frederick, W. II., clerk. 

Gadd, Samuel, cabinet-maker. 

Garretson, Reuben T., retired. 

Garretson, Thomas B., agent. 

Garretson, E. T., sewing-machine 
agent. 

Garner, Jesse, brick-moulder. 

GIBBS, ERNEST H., capitalist, 
Oskaloosa; born in Hampden 
county, Massachusetts, February 
10, 1818, and was brought up there 
until seventeen years of age; in 
1865 he came to Lee county, Illi- 
nois, and entered a bauR in Am- 
boy ; he remained there until 1868, 
and came to Parkersburg, Iowa; 
he came to Oskaloosa in 1870, and 
engaged in banking; he married 
Miss Martha J. AVhite, April 1, 
1872; she was daughter of the 
late John White, one of the ear- 
liest settlers of the county; they 
have one daughter. 

Gilchrist, John, marble cutter. 

Gilchrist, Mrs. P. 

Gilliland, Mrs. E. N. 

GIVENS, M. P., professor and prin- 
cipal of the business department 
of the Oskaloosa College; born in 
Bloomington, Indiana, August 29, 
1842; when thirteen years of age 
removed to Illinois, and attended 
school at Abingdon Colleo'e, in 
Knox county, and also at Eui'eka 
College, in Woodford county, Illi- 
nois; afterward attended Bryant 
& Stratton's Commercial College 
at Chicago, and graduated there; 
lie taught one year for Bryant & 



Stratton in St. Louis; came here 
in 1866, and since then has been 
connected with the Oskaloosa Col- 
lege, being principal of the busi- 
ness dei>artment, and secretary of 
the faculty; he has been superin- 
tendent of the Sabbath-school for 
twelve years, and was president of 
the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation one and one-half years. 

Golden, Jacob H., plasterer. 

Golden, William, plasterer. 

Golden, Samuel, teamster. 

GORDON, JOHN B., carpenter and 
joiner, Oskaloosa; born in York 
county, Pennsylvania, April 7, 
1818; he went to York State and 
learned his trade, and engaged in 
building. He married Jane E. 
Kennedy, from York State, in 
1816; they had three children and 
lost them all. In 1871 he came to 
this county on account of his 
health, and since then has lived 
here. 

Glasscock, Joseph, farmer. 

Glaze, B., mai-ble cutter. 

Glaze, Ed., marble man. 

GLEASON, H. W., attorney, firm 
of Crookham &Gleasoii, Oskaloo- 
sa; born in Warren, New Hamp- 
shire,' May 2, 1815; was brought 
up and received his education in 
that state. Upon the breaking out 
of the rebellion he enlisted in the 
12th Regiment New IIam])shire 
Infantry. Co. G. He was in the 
second battle of Bull Run, An- 
tietam, Fredericksburg, Chan- 
cellorsville, Gettysburg, Cold Hai'- 
ber, and many others. He was 
wounded at the battle of Gett^^s- 
burg; he remained in the service 
nntil 1865. He came to Iowa in 
1867, and located in Benton coun- 
ty, and engaged in teaching; he 
studied law and was admitted to 
the bar, and since then has been 
engaged in the practice of his pro- 
fession. He represents this dis- 
trict in the State Legislature, be- 
ing elected in the fall of 1877; 



568 



DIRECTORY GF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



married Miss "Flora A. Howard, 
daughter of Henry Howard, Esq., 
October 20, 1875; they have one 
son, Howard L., born Febrnary 1, 
18T7. 

Glenn, John, laborer. 

Graham, Samnel, blacksmith. 

Greenough, Mary. 

GREEN, J. H.,'firm of J. H, Green 
& Co., dealers in agricnltnral im- 
plements and farm machinery; 
born in Harrison county, Ohio, 
June 16, 1832; he was brought up 
in Ohio and lived there until 1856, 
when he removed to Minnesota; 
he came to Iowa and located in 
this count}', in 1864. He engaged 
in business in 1866, and is the old- 
est house in this business here. 
He has held town and school of- 
fices; married Hannah Terrell, 
from Jeiferson county, Ohio, in 
1862; they have three children, 
Mabel, Clara, and Frank. 

GREEN, I. C, merchant; dealer 
in boots and shoes, Oskaloosa; 
born in Clinton county, Ohio, 
June 10,1826; he was brought up 
there and lived in that state imtil 
the spring of 1868, when he came 
to Oskaloosa and engaged in the 
mercantile business, and for the 
past seven years has been engaged 
exclusively in the boot and shoe 
business, and having an extensive 
trade. He has held office of jus- 
tice of the peace, and held the of- 
fice of mayor of New Vienna, 
Ohio. He is president of the 
board of trustees of Penn College. 
He married Rachel Moorman, 
from Greene county, Ohio,in 1848; 
they have six childi'en, T. Homer, 
Mary Susie, Emma R , Oscar, 
Lizzie and AV alter. 

Griffin, Mrs. S. B. 

Grooms, Mrs. J. 

Gruwell, J. P., physician: 

Guthrie, James, coal agent. 

T TADLY. Z., carpenter. 

Hadly, C, carpenter. 



Hadly, William, carpenter. 

Ilagan, Peter, laborer. 

HALFMANN, GEO. AV., mann 
facturer of laundry and toilet 
soaps, and perfumery, Oskaloosa; 
born in Philadelphia, Pennsyl- 
vania, July 6, 1848; was brought 
up and received his education in 
that city, and went through a 
complete course of chemistry, at- 
tending the Wagner Free Insti- 
tute of Science. He was super- 
intendent, for six years, for Ba- 
der, Adamson & Co., in their ex- 
tensive manufactory in Philadel- 
phia; on account of his health, he 
came west, to this city, in July, 
1876, and eno^aofed in making: 
soap; married Miss Emma L. 
Harper, of Philadelphia, October 
24, 1871; they have two children. 
Alberta Grace, and Harrold. 

Hall, William II., laborer. 

Halleck, J. M., vetrinary surgeon. 

Hale, G. W., vice-president and 
inanager National State Bank. 

HAMBLETON, LEVI, dealer in 
carpets, oil cloths, and matting, 
Oskaloosa; born in Columbiana 
county, Ohio, August 4, 1821; 
when 17 years of age he removed 
to eastern Pennsylvania, while 
living there he married Miss 
Mary H. Hall, near Philadelphia, 
Chester county, Pennsylvania; in 
October, 1845; she was born in 
Columbiana count}', Ohio, and 
removed to Chester county, Penn- 
sylvania, at an early age. They 
•returned to Ohio, and Mr. Ham- 
bleton was engaged in mercantile 
business, and pork and wool bus- 
iness in Stark county, Ohio, for 9 
years; they came to Iowa in 1857 
and located in Powshiek county, 
and engaged in mercantile bus- 
iness, and was burned out; he 
then improved 3 large farms, and 
had a saw mill, and that was 
burned; he was engaged in ship- 
ping stock for 10 years; came to 
Oskaloosa in 1870 and engagedv 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



569 



in mercantile business; but the 
fire followed him here, and lie 
was again burned out; he is one 
of the managing directors of the 
Central Iowa Loan and Trust Co.; 
they have two sons, John T., and 
Albert F. M., merchants at 
Springville, Linn county, Iowa. 
They have lost two sons. 

Hanson, Elizabeth. 

Hart, W. M., farmer. 

Hart, W. S.. salesman. 

Haverfield, Sarah. 

Ilaverlield, Albert, teamster. 

Harvy, Samuel F., teamster. 

Harris, A. B., teamstei-. 

Harrington, J. C, foundry. 

Haskell, W. W., lawyer. 

Hay, Prof. O. P., teacher Oslc. Col. 

HAWKINS BROS. & CO., pro- 
prietors of the Quaker liverj', sale 
and boarding stable; and buying 
and shipping stock; shipping 
horses weekly to Minnesota, and 
shipping cattle and hogs to eastern 
markets; and doiufj a laro-e and 
extensive business. 

Hawkins, W, H., Quaker livery and 
sale stable. 

Hawkins, Abram, retired. 

Hawkins, S. P., real estate and in- 
surance agent. 

Hedger, W. E., travellino: afjent. 

Hedge, Porter, gardner. 

HELLINGS, WM. P., firm of 
Woody & Hellings, abstracts and 
loans, Oskaloosa; born in Logan 
county, Ohio, May 29. 1851; he 
came with his parents to Oska- 
loosa when only 2 3'ears of age; 
he was brought up and received 
his education here; he was in the 
U. S. government survey in the 
mountains, for two years; he 
learned printer's trade, and was 
in printing office 5 years, and was 
correspondent for Chicago and 
other eastern papers; he entered 
the law department of the Iowa 
State University, and graduated 
in 1876, and practiced law here 
until March 1878, when he asso- 



ciated with Prof. John AY. Wood}^ 
in abstract and loan business; he 
is secretary of the Central Iowa 
Loan and Trust Co.; married 
Miss R. Emma Green, from Clin- 
ton county, Ohio, I^ovember 19, 
1874; they have two sons, Harry, 
and Frederick De Billion. 

Heinilrich, O. P., bank clerk. 

Hendriks, J., retired. 

HERRON, JOHN M., attorney at 
law, Oskaloosa; born in Clermont 
county, Ohio, January 25, 1845; 
he was brought up in Ohio, and 
in 1865 he removed to Illinois and 
located at Sterling, Whiteside Co.; 
was engaged in teaching, and af- 
terwards studied law and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1869; he re- 
moved to Des Moines, practiced 
law there, and was local editor of 
the Des Moines Leader; he came 
to Oskaloosa in this county in 
1876; he was appointed justice of 
the peace in this city, to fill the 
vacancy caused by the resignation 
of G. H. Baugh; married Miss 
Mary E. Hotchkiss from Adel, 
Dallas county, Iowa, in January, 
1876. 

HERBIG, P. C, manufacturer of 
buggies and fine carriages, Oska- 
loosa; born in Bavaria, Germany, 
December 25,1808 ; he was brought 
up, and learned his trade there; 
emigrated to America in 1839, liv- 
ed in South Carolina and jSTorth 
Carolina; then went to Philadel- 
phia Pa., for a year and a half; 
then removed to Oliio, and lived 
there thirteen 3'ears, and in Spring- 
field Illinois one 3'ear, and came 
to Oskaloosa February 23, 1855, 
and engaged in working at his 
trade, and was the first one that 
could make a buggy in this coun- 
ty, and is the oldest carriage mak- 
er here, has been engaged in bus- 
iness here over twenty-three years. 
Married Takobina Gotthold, from 
Germany in 1836. They have 
seven children and have lost eight 



570 



DIRECTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



children. Mr. Ilerbig is the old- 
est German settler in this county, 
with one or two exceptions. 

Iletherington, C, retired. 

Hewett, Levi, patent right agent. 

Higlin, Jolin F., teamster. 

Ilickej, Allen, minister. 

Hinies, Jacoh, miller. 

HINESLEY, J. W., justice of the 
peace, Oskaloosa; born in Indian- 
apolis, Marion count}^ Ind., March 
19, 1832. When fourteen years 
of age removed to Hamilton coun- 
ty, Ohio, and served apprentice- 
ship as blacksmitli; returned to 
Indianapolis and married Miss 
Sarah E. McWhorton. a native of 
Ind., January 3, 1854; she died 
the following year, 1855, leaving 
one son, George W. He came to 
Iowa in 1855, and located at In- 
dianapolis in this county, and 
worked at his trade. He again 
married Hannah J. Atwood, 
April 23, 1856; on the 4th of 
July 1860, he met with a severe 
accident; he and some of his 
friends prepared for a celebration, 
and procured what is known as a 
mandrel, and by drilling a hole 
converted it into a cannon. He 
was ramming in the charge when 
it exploded and shattered his arm 
to pieces; after losing his arm he 
served as constable and assessor of 
Monroe township; in 1863 lie was 
elected sheriff of the county — soon 
after this he moved to Oskaloosa 
— he held that office for ten years; 
in the late October elections he was 
elected justice ot the peace of 
Oskaloosa township. They have 
two children, William F. and Ida 
M. ; lost two daughters. 

HOFFMAN, JOHN A., attorney at 
law, Oskaloosa; born in Jackson 
county, Ohio, April 23, 1851; 
when five years of age removed 
to Ohio with his parents, and lived 
there five years, then came with 
his parents to Oskaloosa, in Octo- 
ber, 1861; after attending school 



here he entered the Iowa Wes- 
leyan University at Mt. Pleasant; 
he studied law here, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1874, and 
since then has practiced his pro- 
fession here; he has served as 
chairman of the Mahaska County 
Rep. Cent. Committee; married 
Miss Anna Wallace, of Mt. Pleas- 
ant, Iowa, December 15, 1875; 
thev have one son, Wallace. 

H0FF3IAN, D. A., physician and 
surgeon, Oskaloosa; born in Jack- 
son, Jackson county, Ohio, Sep- 
tember 28, 1824; he received his 
education there, and studied med- 
icine at Athens, and attended the 
Ohio Medical College, and after- 
ward attended and gi-aduated at 
the Cleveland College, in Febru- 
ary, 1848; he practiced his pro- 
fession in Ohio until 1861, when 
he came to Iowa and located in 
Oskaloosa, and since then has 
practiced his profession here; mar- 
ried Miss Emily Smith, from 
Hocking county, Ohio, in ISovem- 
ber, 1848; they have four chil- 
dren, Edgar B., John A., Effie L., 
Ripley C. 

Holt, Robert, laborer. 

Holt, Oliver, butcher. 

Holt, Susan. 

HOLE, LEONARD H., attorney, 
Oskaloosa; born in Carroll county, 
Ohio, June 23, 1845; he was 
brought up and received his edu- 
cation there; graduated at Mount 
Union College, class 1867; he was, 
•for two years during the war, un- 
der General O. O. Howard, in the 
Freedmen's department; he stud- 
ied law in Southern Illinois, and 
attended the Law University at 
Iowa City; lie came to Oskaloosa 
in 1870, and since then has prac- 
ticed his profession here; he is 
chairman of the Maliaska County 
Rep. Cent. Committee, and has 
been in one city council; married 
Miss Belle Maffit, from Harrison 
county, Ohio, July 14, 1870; they 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



5T1 



liave three cliildren, J. Wilber, 
Homer, little boy not named. 

Holmes, A. J., salesman. 

Holmes, J. H., salesman witliMitcli. 
"Wilson. 

Holmes, Hannah. 

Holdsieder, Jo., shoemaker. 

Hoover, W. N., miller and distiller. 

Hoopes, Elizabeth. 

Hoopes, D. C, miller. 

Hoover, Sarah. 

HOUTZ, CHRIST[AN, retired, 
Oskaloosa; was born in Berks 
county, Pennsylvania, December 
27, 1806; he was raised in Fred- 
ericksburg, Lebanon county, where 
he received a good common school 
education; when sixteen years of 
age he served apprenticeship as 
carpenter and joiner, then re- 
moved to New York, and worked 
at his trade for two years; he mar- 
ried Miss Priscilla Colyer, Feb- 
ruary 22, 1830; she was a daugh- 
ter of Thomas Colyer; she was 
born in Mverstown, Lebanon coun- 
ty, November 6, 1812; in 1834 he 
moved to Perrysburg. Wood coun- 
ty, Ohio, and lived there thirteen 
years; he came to Iowa and loca- 
ted in Oskaloosa in June, 1817; 
lie was engaged in building until 
1854; he gave his attention to 
buying and selling land; he was 
very fortunate in selecting and 
buying land at low figures which 
rapidly advanced in value; he has 
laid out two additions to this city; 
he had but very little when lie 
came here, but by good manage- 
ment, and being a man of strict 
integrity, and conscientious in all 
his dealings, he has amassed a 
nice property; he owns several 
farms, besides his city property; 
he has given liberally to railroad 
enterprises, churches, colleges and 
schools; his wife died February 
2, 1872; he married Josephine M. 
Jenkins October 1, 1873; she was 
born in Carroll county, Ohio, Oc- 
tober 3, 1839; he has one daugh- 



ter by his first union, Mrs. Eva 
H. Needham, widow of the late 
John R. Needham. 

Howar, George, undertaker. 

HOWARD, HENRY, firm Henry 
Howard & Son, grocery and pro- 
vision dealers, Oskaloosa; born in 
Washington county. New York, 
July 11, 1821; lived there until 
fourteen years of age; removed to 
Franklin county, Ohio; learned 
carpenter's trade, and sash and 
blind making, and followed that 
business for seventeen years; he 
came to Iowa and located in this 
county in Octobr, 1855, and in the 
following spring, 1856, he en- 
gaged in his present business, and 
is the oldest grocery merchant now 
in business here, and is one of the 
oldest merchants in this county; 
he has held various town and 
school ofKces, and has been ac- 
tively identified with the interests 
of the city and county; he is treas- 
urer of five or six different organ- 
izations — Forest Cemetery, Mahas- 
ka County Bible Society, D. E. 
Payne's Coniinanderj^, No. 6, Ho- 
ram Chapter No. 6, and Oskaloosa 
No. 7; he married Miss Mary 
Scofield, from AVashington county, 
New York, in 1845; they have 
five children, Maria L., George 
F., Flora A., Harry S., and Edwin 
S. 

Huber, Francis, retired. 

RUBER, CHARLES, firm C.Hu- 
ber & Bro., dealers in hardware 
and house furnishing goods, Os- 
kaloosa; born in Baden, Germany, 
February 2, 1846, and when eleven 
years of age emigrated to America, 
and came to Oskaloosa in June, 
1857; he engaged as clerk in store 
in 1860, and was connected with 
the hardware business as clerk and 
salesman for twelve years; and in 
1874 engaged in business for him- 
self, and has carried it on since 
then; he had nothing when he 
began life; he married Miss M. 



572 



DIKECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Y. Warren, from Pennsylvania, 
December 7, 1875; they liave one 
daughter, Anna. 

Hughes, Patrick, wagon-maker. 

Hull, L. L., harness and sadler3^ 

Hull, Amaziah, teacher. 

Hull, E. W., carpenter. 

HUNT, D. W., superintendent and 
manager of the Oskaloosa gas 
works; born in Korth Carolina, 
January 7, 1832; M'hen five years 
of age he moved with liis parents 
to Indiana; he received his edu- 
cation atHaverford, Pennsylvania, 
and afterwai'd engaged in teaching 
at Bloomingdale Academy; he 
came to Iowa in 1865, and located 
in Oskaloosa and eno^ased in real 
estate and insurance; he has been 
connected with the gas works for 
the past five years; he married 
Miss Mary K. Llewelyn, from 
Haverford, Pennsylvania, in 1859; 
they have five children, Hermon, 
Anna K., Esther D., Hannali K. 
and H. Rowland; thej^ have lost 
two, Mary E. and Sibyl J. 

Huntsman, H. C, physician. 

Hurst, D. A., physician. 

Hurst, James, stock dealer. 

NGELS, BRUCE, marble cutter. 



I 



Irvin, George, teamster. 
JACKSON, M. L., surgeon den- 
cJ tist, Oskaloosa; born in South 
Carolina, August 14, 1829; when 
quite young removed to Illinois, 
and lived there twelve years, then 
removed to Lee county, Iowa; he 
returned to Illinois and read med- 
icine, then went to St. Louis and 
studied dentistry; became to this 
county in 1854, and engaged in 
tlie practice of his profession, and 
has continued since then, nearly 
twenty -five years; he has held the 
position of vice-president of the 
Iowa State Dental Society for two 
terms, and was director in the old 
State Bank of Iowa, and also in the 
State National Bank, which suc- 
ceeded it here; married Miss Joan 



Phillips, from Illinois, November 
1, 1855; they have five children, 
Harry, Dvvight, Gertie, Lizzie and 
Willie. 

Jenney, J. M., expressman. 

Jessup, Rile}^ deputy sheriff^. 

Jenkins, Jesse, farmer. 

Johnson, William, horse dealer. 

JOHNSON, J. KELLY, attorney, 
firm Lafferty & Johnson, Oska- 
loosa; born in Greene county, O., 
August 22, 1841; when 13 years 
of age he removed to Indiana 
and received his education there 
and in Ohio, and entered the law 
school at Ann Arbor, Michigan; 
he came to Oskaloosa and read 
law with Seevers & Williams, and 
attended the law school at Des 
Moines, and was admitted to the 
Bar there in the spring of 1867; 
after spending one year in Eddy- 
ville, he associated with Geo. W. 
Lafierty in the practice of his 
profession here; he held the 
office of city solicitor here for six 
years; married Miss Ann E. 
Gruwell, daughter of Dr. Grn- 
well, April 21, 1871; they have 
four children, Irving C, Bessie, 
Ralph, Herbert. 

JOHNSON, WARREN C, firm 
Johnson & Collins, Novelty Foun- 
dry, Oskaloosa; born in Warren 
county, Ohio, August 15, 1853; 
at an earl}^ age removed to Indi- 
ana, and lived there 8 years; he 
came to this city in 1864, and 
learned liis trade here, and en- 
, gaged with Geo. E. Collins in the 
foundry business, and manufac- 
turing light machinery; and they 
are doing an extensive business. 

Johnson, Prof. B. W., editor and 
minister. 

Johnson, A. W., butcher. 

JONES, JOHN 3L, Oskaloosa city 
flouring mills; born in Belmont 
county, Ohio, January 10, 1823; 
was brought up there, and learned 
the wagon making business, and 
worked at it until 1856, and since 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



573 



then lias been engaged in mill- 
wright and milling business; he 
came to Oskaloosa in 1869, and 
since then lias been connected 
with the above mills; during the 
war, at the time of John Morgan's 
raid he was in the State service, 
and commanded a company. He 
is now serving his 6tli year as 
member of the school board; 
married Miss Sarah A. Condon, 
from Knox county, Ohio, Janu- 
ary 25, 1842; they have 3 chil- 
dren, Mary L., Albert M., and 
Charles W., and have lost 4 chil- 
dren. 

JONES, JOSEPH, carriage and 
wagon making, Oskaloosa; born 
in Wales, March 22, 1834, and 
came to America in 1851, and 
went to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 
where he learned his trade; then 
removed to La Salle county. 111.; 
and came to Iowa and located in 
Oskaloosa in spring of 1856, and 
engaged in his business, and has 
continued since then; he had 
nothing when he came here, but 
by industry and good manage- 
ment has built up a good business; 
he married Miss Catharine A. 
Gilmore from Indiana, in Janu- 
ary, 1857; they have 9 children, 
4 sons and 5 daughters, Joseph 
A., William, Edwin, Franklin, 
Susie, Alice, Nellie, Ida, Grace. 

Jones, Mrs. Jane. 

Jones, Wesley, teamster. 

Jones, James, laborer. 

ALBACH, I., lumber dealer. 



K 



KALBACH, JOHN A., firm of I. 

Kalbach & Son, lumber dealers, 
Oskaloosa; born in Schuylkill 
county, Pennsylvania, September 
1, 1844; when 5 years of age re- 
moved to Indiana, came to Mus- 
atine, Iowa in 1850, and came 
to Mahaska county in 1851, over 
27 years ago, being among the 
early settlers; he engaged in the 



lumber business in the summer 
of 1864, and has been engaged 
in the business longer than any 
one in the same trade; they also 
carry on the business at New 
Sharon; has held the ofBce of 
city councilman; he was elected 
county supervisor, Oct. 8, 1878; 
married Miss Louise Patterson, 
in June, 1873; they have 3 chil- 
dren, Warren, Helen, and a little 
girl. 
KELLY, JOSEPH, retired, Oska- 
loosa; born in London, England, 
between Story's Gate, St. James 
Park and Westminster Abbey; 
he came with his parents in boy- 
hood to this country, and settled 
in Chillicothe, O.; removed to La 
Salle county, Illinois, and located 
about 3 miles from Peru, which 
at that early day only contained 
one building; being among the 
earliest settlers there, he was 
prominently identified with set- 
tling up that county; he entered 
2,000 acres of land near Dixon, 
Illinois; he married Mrs. Fidelia 
Pierce from Rochester, N. Y., 
August 18, 1845; they came to 
Iowa and arrived in this county 
October 17, 1854; he engaged in 
merchandising here and at Mon- 
tezuma; he received appointment 
of Collector of Internal Revenue, 
October 1, 1862, and filled that 
office until August 9, 1869; with 
but one exception he was the only 
Federal official in the State who 
was retained, that did not John- 
sonize, and he was retained on 
account of his efficiency, which 
was acknowledged by the de- 
partment; he has since then had 
offers of Federal appointments, 
but he preferred to remain in 
private life; and has been engaged 
in real estate and insurance bus- 
ness; he is, and has been promi- 
nently identified with his church 
in all of its interests; they have 



574 



DIKECTORT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



four children, Wilbur F., Frank, 
Fred E., Stella May; have lost 2 
children, Ella and Clarence. 

KEMBLE, AMOS, manufacturer 
of canned vegetables and fruits, 
Oskaloosa; born in Columbiana 
conntv, Ohio, September 15tli, 
1827,' and lived tliere until 22 
years of age; he came to Iowa in 
1850, and located in Polk county, 
taught school there and came to 
this county in 1852 and engaged 
in farming; he was appointed 
deputy sheriff under sheriff Ed- 
mondson and held that office for 3 
years; and then carried on a 
steam bakery until 1865, when he 
engaged in gardening quite ex- 
tensively, and in 1873 he con- 
nected the canning business with 
it; his canned goods are of a su- 
perior quality, and he finds a 
ready market for them; he mar- 
ried Miss Margaret J. Apple, 
from Salem, Ohio, March 12, 
1850; they have 8 children, Em- 
ma, Nora, Kay, John, Ida, Willie, 
Josie and Charlie; have lost one 
daughter, Mollie. 

KEMPER, WM., carpenter and 
builder, Oskaloosa; born in Yir- 
ginia, September 20, 1818, and 
lived there until thirteen years of 
age, and removed to Ohio and was 
brought up, and learned his trade 
there. He came to Iowa by wagon 
and carriage, was twenty-five days 
on the wAj, and arrived in Oska- 
loosa October 7, 1849, and began 
working at his trade. He was 
one of the early settlers and is the 
oldest builder here now. He has 
put up many buildings in the city 
and county, owns a farm of 120 
acres, which he entered from the 
government and laid out Kem- 
per's addition to Oskaloosa; lias 
been vice-president of the school 
board; married Elizabeth J. Elsey, 
from Hardin count}^ Ohio, Aug- 
ust 1, 1843; they have six children, 
Hattie, George, Eliza Clarence, 



Alice and Jennie, and lost one 
daughter. 

KENbiG, H. R., justice of the 
peace, Oskaloosa; born in Lancas- 
ter county. Pa., April 30, 1830; 
when eight years of age, he re- 
moved to Stark county, Ohio, in 
1838, and lived there seventeen 
years and came to Iowa in 1855 
and located in this county, and 
has lived here over twenty-three 
years; he has held oflice of county 
treasurer for six years, was elect- 
ed in 1871. He also held the office 
of town clerk for ten years; he 
married Miss Catherine Earhart, 
from Portage county, Ohio, in 
^NTovember 1852; they have seven 
children, Olivia L., Clara E., Myra 
M., Sylvia H., Maud A., Daisy B., 
Homer R., and have lost two chil- 
dren, one son and daughter. 

KENDIG, A. A., teller and book- 
keeper; born in Stark county 
Ohio, December 30, 1846, he came 
to Iowa and arrived in Oskaloosa 
May 5, 1855, and was brought up 
and received his education here; 
married Miss Josie E. Danner, 
from Winterset, Madison county, 
Iowa, November 26, 1868; they 
have had one daughter who died 
in infancy. 

KENWORTHYr W. S., attorney; 
born in Henry county, Indiana, 
May 24, 1840; he was brought up 
there until eighteen years of age, 
and then removed to Jasper coun- 
ty Iowa; he was engaged in teach- 
ing there, and came here and stud- 
died law, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1865, and has practiced his 
profession here for six years; he 
married Miss Margaret Straughan 
from Washington count}' Pa., 
November 28, 1866; they have 
four children, Bj'ron, Horace, Ger- 
tie and Bessie. 

Kennedy, William, lawyer. 

Kernahan, D. R., carpenter. 

Ketner, Eli, farmer. 

Kimble, William, insurance agent. 



0SKAL008A CITY. 



575 



Kingslej, I. W., book agent. 

King, H. E., wagon maker. 

KISSICK, ROBERT, attorney at 
law; born in Mercer connty, Pa., 
May 4, 1843; wlien he was sixteen 
years of age came to Iowa, and 
located in Oskaloosa April 7, 1859; 
during the war went in tlie army; 
enlisted in Aug., 1862, in the 33d 
Regiment Iowa Infantry, Co. C, 
and was sei'geant and United States 
color bearer; in the spring of 1 861 
he was transferred to tiie 113th 
United States Colored Infantry, 
and was commissioned first lieu- 
tenant and adjutant; was in the 
Yazoo Pass expedition in rear of 
Yicksburg, and at Capture Rock, 
and in other engagements. He 
was obliged to resign on account 
of ill health; after his return from 
the army he entered school and 
engaged in teaching; studied law, 
and entered the Iowa State Uni- 
versity, and graduated from the 
law department in class 1872, and 
since then has practiced his pro- 
fession here; he held office Deputj^ 
United States revenue collector 
for Mahaska and Marion counties, 
for three years; he was elected 
justice of the peace in January, 
1877; was re-elected in October, 
1878; he married Miss Mary J. 
Pettitt, from Ohio, in November, 
1868; they have four children, 
Ralph W., Frank P., Guy E., and 
Edwin Robert. 

Klein, John E., retired. 

Knowlton, S., farmer. 

Knox, John, paper hanger, 

Kreitzer, Henry, coal miner 

Lacey, W. R., lawyer. 

LACEY, MAJOR JOHNF., whose 
portrait is found on another page 
of this work, was born in West 
Virginia, at New Martinsville, 
in 1841. The days of his child- 
hood were spent in New Martins- 
ville and Wheeling, in the schools 
of which latter place and those of 
Mahaska county, the Major laid 



the foundation for his success by 
a thorough mastery of those rudi- 
mental branches which the artifi- 
cial style of our modern schools 
sometimes ignore, to the great 
misfortune of the youth attending. 
Young Lacey removed to Oska- 
loosa with his parents in the spring 
of 1855, being then fourteen years 
of age. Havino: commenced the 
study of law, the call of April, 
1861, for troops, roused the young 
student from his dreams over 
Greenleaf and Yattel. In the 
very front of those who sprang to 
answer the treasonable roar of the 
guns upon Sumpter, John F. 
Lacey enlisted in Co. H, 3d Iowa 
Infantry, which left Mahaska May 
30, 1861, his twentieth birthday. 
The close of the battle at Blue 
Mills Landing found young Lacey 
a prisoner of the Southern Con- 
federacy. Fortunately he was 
paroled at Lexington, Missouri, 
after the seige of that place, and 
as a paroled prisoner was dis- 
charged November, 1861; he re- 
turned to the law books in the 
oftice of Samuel A. Rice, in Oska- 
loosa; but when Mahaska made 
her great contribution to Uncle 
Sam, the flower of chivalry in the 
33d Regiment, .young Lacey, hav- 
ing been exchanged with the 
other paroled prisoners, again en- 
listed as private in Co. D, and 
was soon appointed sergeant ma- 
jor of the regiment. In the fol- 
lowing spring he was promoted 
and commissioned first lieutenant, 
after which time he was on staff 
duty; his most active service was 
in the battle of Helena, the expe- 
dition on Yazoo Pass, and in the 
campaigns against Little Rock 
and Camden, and the campaign 
of Mobile, where he took part in 
the last battle of the war — the 
storming of Blakely. After the 
death of General Rice at Jenkin's 
Ferry, Major Lacey was appointed 



576 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



on the staff of General Steele as 
adjutant general, and acted in 
that capacity until after the fall of 
Kichniond; he tlien went with 
General Steele, who commanded 
40,000 men in the army of obser- 
vation on the Rio Grande. Having 
returned to Oskaloosa in 1865, 
and completed his legal studies, 
he was admitted to the Bar, and 
has since been engaged in practice 
in that place. In 1869 he was 
elected to the legislature from 
Mahaska county, and served one 
term. Not only has Major Lacey 
served his country in the military 
and civil list, but he has likewise 
beneiitted his profession in the 
preparation of valuable legal 
works; the Major is energetic, a 
diligent student and an indefati- 
gable worker; he published the 
3d Iowa Digest, making with 
Judge Dillon's and Judge Ham- 
mond's the complete Digest of 
Iowa Reports; he also published 
in 1875 Lacey's Railway Digest, 
being a full Digest of Railway 
Cases and Railway Law; this is a 
volume of 1,000 pages, and is a 
very complete and exhaustive 
work. In that other sphere of 
life where mankind is to look for 
the most of happiness this world 
gives, where the soul is fed, the 
manhood strengthened and his 
nobility nourished — in his own 
home, Major Lacey has been 
abundantly blessed. The partner 
of his joys and the sharer of life's 
ills he found in the person of Miss 
Mattie Newell, of Ohio, whom he 
married September 19, 1865; four 
children, Nellie, Rajnnond, Kate 
and Bernice, are the complement 
of his family circle. 

Ladynski, C, shoemaker. 

LAFFERTY, GEO. W., attorney, 
firm, Lafferty & Johnson, Oska- 
loosa. Born in Mercer county, 
Pa., April 9, 1838; be was brought 
up and received his education 



there; upon the breaking out of 
the rebellion he enlisted in April, 
1861, in the 10th Regiment Penn- 
sylvania Reserve Yolunteer Corps, 
Co. G, and afterward enlisted in 
the service for three years. He 
was in the second battle of Bull 
Run and Fredericksburg, and in 
all the battles of the wilderness 
up to May 31, 1864; after the war 
he came to Iowa and located here 
July 16, 1864; he read law with 
John R. Need ham and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1865, and was 
associated Math him in the prac- 
tice of his profession until the 
death of Mr. Needham, in July, 
1868; lie soon after associated 
with J. Kelly Johnson, which as- 
sociation still continues; he was 
elected district attorney in the fall 
of 1874, which office he still 
holds; he married Miss S. A. 
Fisher, from Warren county, O., 
December 26,1865; they have one 
daughter, Mabel E. 

Lahr, John, laborer. 

Larkins, Mordecai, retired. 

Lee, Absalom, laborer. 

Lee, E. R., restaurant. 

LEE, GEO. R., editor Oskaloosa 
Herald. Born at Yerplank, New 
York, February 25, 1842; he was 
brought up and lived there, ex- 
cept one year spent in Connecti- 
cut, until thirteen years of age, 
and came with his parents to 
Iowa, and located in Oskaloosa in 
October, 1855; he entered the 
printing office of the Oskaloosa 
Times in 1858, and remained un- 
til the breaking out of the war, 
when he enlisted in the first com- 
pany organized in this town un- 
der the call for 75,000 men; the 
company was not accepted and 
temporaril}^ disbanded; he went 
to Illinois and enlisted in Chicago 
in the 1st Illinois Artillery, Co. E; 
their battery fired the first gun in 
the battle of Sliiloh; on account 
of sickness he was obliged to re- 



OSKA.LOOSA CITY. 



577 



turn home; he was in siege of 
Yicksbiirg and siege of Jackson; 
after the war he returned to Mus- 
catine county for four years, then 
came here and entered the Herald 
office, and continued there until 
1877, when he became associated 
with Henry C. Leighton in pub- 
lishing the Herald y upon the 
death of Mr. Leighton, January 
31, 1878, he assumed the entire 
editorial charge of the paper. He 
has held the office of city clerk 
for four years. The subject of this 
this sketcth is a man of taste and 
good order in all that he under- 
takes; as a compositor at the case 
he was among the most rapid in 
the west, and as foreman of the 
Herald office, he always kept 
things " in apple pie order," until 
by the death of Mr. Leighton, he 
was called to the editorial chair of 
the great journal, of which he had 
been one of its best builders. He 
married Miss Mary E. Dumont, 
daughter of Kichard and Sarah 
Dumont, of Oskaloosa, and for- 
merly of New York City, April 8, 
1868. They have three children, 
Edith, Florence and lialph, and 
have lost one daughter, Leona. 

LEIGHTON, TOBIAS, assistant 
postmaster, Oskaloosa. Born in 
Somerset county, Maine, April 4, 
1812; he was brought up there 
and leal'ned the carpenter's trade; 
he removed to Illinois in 1836, 
and lived there eight years, and 
came to Wapello county, Iowa, in 
1841:; he came to Oskaloosa in 
1847 and engaged in building; 
he is one of the early settlers, and 
has held town and school offices; 
married Miss Harriet Coe, from 
Greene county, 111., December 3, 
1840; they have two sons, Charles 
and William, and have lost six 
sons. 

Lester, T. R., minister, 

LEVI, MORRIS L., dealer in ready 
made and custom clothing, and 



gent's furnishing goods, Oska- 
loosa; born in Clear Spring, Wash- 
ington county, Maryland, August 
5, 1845; lie lived there until sixteen 
years of age, when he removed to 
Goshen, Indiana, and was engaged 
in clerking for his father until 
1866, when he came to Iowa, and 
engaged in his present business 
May 1, 1866, and has continued 
since then doing a large and ex- 
tensive business; he has held the 
office of city councilman, and is 
treasurer of Masonic Lodge, and 
has been connected with several 
other oi'ganizations. 
LEIGHTON, CHARLES, business 
manager of the ^Yeekly Oakaloosa 
Herald, Oskaloosa; was born 
twelve miles east of Ottumwa, 
Wapello county, Iowa, January 
21, 1846, and in 1847 his parents 
removed to Oskaloosa. When fif- 
teen years old, he commenced in 
the Herald office to learn the 
printing business; but in May, 
1864, dropped his stick and enlist- 
ed in compan}^ I, Forty-seventh 
Iowa Infantry, and served till Oc- 
tober, 1864.' In Dec, 1865, he 
went west and spent five years on 
the plains, and in the mountains. 
September 21, 1870, he was mar- 
ried to Hester A. Wray, who was 
born in Shelbj^ville, Indiana, De- 
cember 13, 1850. The issue of 
this mari-iage was one son, Harry, 
and one daughter, Ida, both of 
whom are deceased. After mar- 
rying he went into the lumber bus- 
iness in Oskaloosa, in which he 
was engaged until February, 1878, 
when, by the death of his brother, 
the lamented Henry C. Leighton. 
he was called to the administra- 
torship of the estate of the deceas- 
ed, and became business man- 
ager of the Herald. The subject 
of this sketch is a self-made man, 
and is noted for his energetic and 
methodical business habits; which, 
together with his quiet and reserv- 



578 



DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



ed manner, stamp liim with tlie 
indelible impress of those ele- 
ments of his elder brother, whose 
place at the desk lie so worthily 

mis. 

Levi, Solomon, clothing store. 

Lindsley, F. W., ])rinter. 

LINDLY, E. D., cashier of the 
National State Bank; born in 
Washington county, Pennsjdvania, 
December 18, 1849, and was 
brought up and received his edu- 
cation there; came to Iowa in 
1867, and located in Oskaloosa, 
and has been connected with the 
bank since 1870, and has held the 
position of cashier for the past 
three years. 

LINDLY, W. A., cashier and man- 
ager of the Mahaska County Sav- 
ings Bank, Oskaloosa; born in 
Washington county, Pennsylva- 
nia, October 3, 181:6; he was 
brought up there, and received his 
education at Waynesburg; he 
came to Iowa in 1866, and located 
in Oskaloosa; he was engaged in 
mercantile business for two years, 
and since then has been connected 
with banking business; he held 
the office of city treasurer for six 
years; married Miss Eliza Wray, 
from Indiana, near Indianapolis, 
September 20, 1870; they have 
two clnldren, Mabel and Henry. 

Little, H. N., stereoscopes and views. 

Little, Rebecca. 

Little, Joel R., photographer. 

Lauglin,Prof. G. IL, Oskaloosa Col- 
lege. 

LOFL AND, COL . JOHN, collector 
internal revenue, Oskaloosa; born 
in Belmont county, Ohio, January 
10, 1830, and was brought up and 
received his education in that 
State; he came to Iowa and loca- 
ted in Oskaloosa in 1855, and en- 
gaged in the marble business; af- 
ter the breaking out of the war 
he went in the arm}'; enlisted in 
the Thirty-third Regiment Iowa 
Infantry, and was captain of Com- 



pany D; was in the battle of 
Helena, July 4, 1863; also at Shell 
Mound, Mississippi, and in the 
skirmishes from Helena until the 
taking of Little Rock; also at 
Jenkin's Ferry, Spanish Fort, nine 
day's tight at the taking of Mo- 
bile; he was promoted, and com- 
missioned Lieut. Colonel; though 
the shot passed through his clothes 
and hat, he was never wounded, 
and never lost a day's duty; after 
the war he returned, and was ap- 
pointed assistant-assessor of in- 
ternal revenue, August 1, 1869, 
and in 1873 was aj^pointed to his 
present position, deputj'-collector 
internal revenue; mari-ied Miss 
Sarah J. Barllett, from Harrison 
county, Ohio, December 4, 1851; 
they have two children, Frank C, 
clerk in the post-office at Oska- 
loosa, and Charles E., civil en- 
gineer on the Burlington & Mis- 
souri R. R. ; they lost one son, 
George B. 
LONG, JOHN, firm of John Long 
& Sons, manufacturers of brick 
and draining tile; born in Eng- 
land, December 12, 1814; he was 
brought up and learned his busi- 
ness of brick and tile making, 
and was engaged in that business 
until 1868, when he came to 
America and located in Pennsyl- 
vania, and was eng^iged in the 
same business there until 1877, 
when he came here, and associated 
with his sons; they selected ten 
acres of hmd, and enji^aofed in man- 
ufacturiug brick and tile; they 
have three kilns, having a capacity 
of 50,000 each, and have a capac- 
ity of making 20,000 per day; 
they built their own machinery, 
and have their drying sheds heat- 
ed by steam, requiring from 3,000 
to 4,000 feet of steam pipe, there- 
by enabling them to manufacture 
all winter; they make an excel- 
lent quatity of tile, and have a 
capacity of making 10,000 daily; 




Mathew Picken 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



581 



he married Elizabeth* Dawson, 
from England, August 30, 1838, 
and they have seven children, 
John D., Edward, Thomas, Henry, 
Ann, Mary J., Hannah E. 

LORING, MAJOR F. H., iirm of 
Shaw A: Loring, grocerj^ and pro- 
vision dealers, Oskaloosa; born in 
Centre Belpre, Washington coun- 
ty, Ohio, July 9, 1832, and was 
brought u|» there; during the war 
he enlisted in Ninety-second Reg- 
iment Ohio Infantry, Company 
G, July 26, 1862; he, having 
raised the company, was elected 
and commissioned captain Com- 
pany G; was in battles of Reseca 
and Dalton, and from there to 
Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta; 
in active service most of the time; 
he was under Sherman from "At- 
lanta to the sea"; was discharged 
June 25, 1865; he was in the ser- 
vice three years and did not re- 
ceive a scratch, and was not re- 
ported off duty a single day; the 
last year in the army he com- 
manded a battalion, and was pro- 
moted major by brevet; he came 
to this county in 1865, and since 
then has been engaged in business 
here; he married Miss Delia 
Armstrong, from Washington 
county, Ohio, in 1863; they have 
four children, Lizzie M., Charles 
M., Carrie A., Mabel H.; C. R. 
Loring, father of Major Loring, 
died in 1873, at eighty-four years 
of age, and at that time was the 
oldest native born citizen in the 
State of Ohio. 

LORING, D. W., dealer in dry- 
goods; born in Belpre, Washing- 
ton county, Ohio, December 1, 
1821, and was brought up there; 
he came to Iowa and located in 
Oskaloosa December 17, 1851, 
and engaged in the mercantile 
business; he used to haul his 
goods from Keokuk; it was a long, 
tedious trip, and during the win- 
ter season it was attended with 
35 



much suffering from cold and ex- 
posure; Mr. Loring is the oldest 
merchant in this city, there being 
no one in business here now that 
was here when he came; he i/as 
held town and school offices; mar- 
ried Miss Mary K. Sonle, from 
Marietta, Ohio, in March, 1853; 
they have two children, Mary L. 
and Frank W., and have lost two 
children, Ilenrj' and Willie. 

Lord, R. T. C, coal dealer. 

Loughridge J. M., Insuiance agent. 

LOUGHRIDGE, WM., lawyer. 

Lough, David, route agent, C. R. R. 
of Iowa. 

Lundy, James, flour and feed. 

Lundy, William, janitor. 

Lupton, David G., retired. 

Lynch, Con., section boss. 

Lyons, Mrs. P. A., physician. 

Lvster, W. A., butcher. 

McAYEAL, REV.R. A., pastor 
of the United Presbyterian Church, 
Oskaloosa; born in Washington 
county. Pa., January 9, 1825, he 
was raised in Westmorland coun- 
ty, and received his literary edu- 
cation at West Geneva College, 
and entered Alleghany Theologi- 
cal Seminary; he was licensed to 
preach in August, 1855, and came 
to Oskaloosa, Iowa, in June,1856, 
and assumed the pastoral charge 
of the church, where he has preach- 
ed for the past twenty-two years, 
and is the only pastor here now 
that was here when he came, there 
being one other, and possibly two 
ministers in this State that have 
preached for twenty-two j^ears 
to the same congregation. He was 
chaplain in the army of the Thir- 
ty-third Regiment Iowa Infantry 
one year during the war. He 
married Miss MaryE.Sharpe, from 
Delaware,Ohio, June 2, 1856; they 
have four children, one son and 
three daughters. 

McCALL, FRANCIS W., propri- 
etor of the Oskaloosa marble works, 
Oskaloosa; born in Galea county. 



582 



DIRECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Ohio, October 9, 1831; he came 
at an early age to La Salle county, 
111.; his father died when he was 
onl}^ seven years old; he worked 
out for four dollars a month; he 
was bound out to learn the wagon 
maker's trade; after serving his 
time, he married Miss Emma 
Woodward, from Taunton, Mass., 
in La Salle county, Ills., November 
3, 1852; they came to Iowa by 
wagon, and arrived here in Oska- 
loosa; in May, 1855 engaged in 
wagon making and carpenter bus- 
iness; in 1862 he engaged in his 
present business; he had nothing 
when he began, and by energy and 
good management his busi- 
ness has grown, and in this 
line is one of tlie most extensive 
in the State, extending over this 
State, and beyond it. They have 
four children, Lewis H., Ella, Lilly 
and Charlie, and they have lost 
four children. 

McCO Y, BEN, attorney, tirm Bolton 
& McCoy, Oskaloosa; born in Jef- 
ferson county Indiana, March 22, 
18-16; when nine years of age he 
removed with his parents to Mitch- 
ell county, Iowa, and came to Ma- 
haska county in March, 1856. He 
received his education in this State, 
entered Cornell college at Mt. Yer- 
non,in the class of " 68 "; he stud- 
ied law in Seevers & Cutts of this 
city, and was admitted to the bar in 
1871, and since then has practiced 
his profession here; he enlisted in 
Forty-seventh Regiment of Iowa 
Infantry, company C; has held of- 
fice of city solicitor, and is a 
member of the school board; mar- 
ried Miss Mary M. Dixon, from 
Ohio, Jannary 1, 1870; they have 
three children, Eva, John N., and 
Samuel R. 

McCoy, W. F., grocer, 

McCarty, Dennis, laborer. 

McCarty, Cornelius, second-hand 
furniture. 

MoCULLOUCH, JAMES, of the 



firm of McMullin & Co., livery 
and boarding stable; born in 
Holmes county, Ohio, March 29, 
1836, he was brought up and liv- 
ed there until 1864, when he came 
to Iowa, and located in the county 
and engaged in farming and stock 
raisin*;; he was also engaged ex- 
tensively in buying and shipping 
stock. He owns a farm of one 
hundred and sixty acres; he sold 
off most of his land and came to 
Oskaloosa and associated with 
Major McMullin in his present 
business; he has held office of city 
councilman; he married Miss Har- 
riet Devers, from Ohio, in Jan., 
1865; they have two children, 
Charlie and Yida. 

McClIRDY JONAS B., firm of 
J. B. McCurdy & Co., furniture 
dealers, Oskaloosa; born in Frank- 
lin county, Ohio, August 4, 1843; 
he lived there eleven years, and 
came to Iowa in 1854; lived in 
Cedar and Poweshiek counties; 
was in the army; enlisted in the 
28th Regiinent Iowa Inf'y, Co. C, 
August 14, 1862. On account of 
ill-health was on detached service 
in Y. R. C; was discharged July 
5, 1865; after the war he came to 
Oskaloosa and was connected with 
the woolen mill; they put in the 
first woolen machinerj'. He has 
been engaged in the furniture and 
undertaking business for the past 
eight years; has held the office of 
city councilman; married Miss 
Marcel la P. Moore, from Morrow 
county, Ohio, in September, 1872; 
they have two children, Lena A., 
and Ralph B. 

McGee, Thomas, Sr., shoemaker. 

McGee, Thomas, Jr., shoemaker. 

McKamey, Andrew, occulist. 

McKee, A. W., carpenter. 

McKinley, John, clerk, A. M. Abra- 
ham. 

McMillen, B. F., physician. 

McMikel, Dan, conductor buss line. 

McNalty, Pat, works on railroad. 



OSKALOOSA CITY, 



583 



McNeilan, J. S., baker. 

McQiiistoii, James, undertaker. 

McMULLIN, JAMES W., iirmot 
Mnllin & Co., livery, sale and 
boarding stable; born in Adams 
connt}^, Pennsylvania, December 
29, 1827, and when ten years of 
age removed with his parents 
to Dark county Ohio; lived 
there and in Piqua, Miami 
county, until 1855, when he came 
to Oskaloosa; he went in the army; 
enlisted in the 7th Regiment Iowa 
Infantry, and was commissioned 
Captain Co. C; was in the battles 
of Ft. Donelson, Pittsburg Land- 
ing and the advance on Corinth, 
and the battles of luka, Corinth, 
and in the whole advance from 
Chattanooga to Atlanta, and oth- 
ers. He was wounded in the bat- 
tle of Corinth, and lost his horse. 
He was promoted and commis- 
sioned Major at battle of Pitts- 
burg Landing. After the war he 
returned here and has been en- 
gaged in business here ever since. 
He married Miss Carrie E. Mun- 
sell, from Miami Co., Ohio, April 
24, 1855; they have one daughter, 
now Mrs. J. II. :N'oble, of Fort 
Madison. 

Mansfield, Pat, laborer. 

Martin, Alexander, carpenter. 

Mark, Bannar, minister. 

Martin, John N., foreman, L. L. 
Hull's harness shop. 

Marks, J. G., retired. 

Martinstein, A. W., book-keeper. 

Mason, Jacob, well digger. 

Mason, John, laborer. 

MAT TISON, JAMES, flour deal- 
er, Oskaloosa; born in Westmore- 
land, England, Nov. 19, 1838, and 
came to America in 1844:, and lo- 
cated in Stark county, Ohio; after 
living there twelve years, he came 
to Cedar county, Iowa, in 1856, 
and lived there until 1865, when 
he came to Oskaloosa and eneaffed 
\u the grocery trade, also, in the 
grain and produce business. For 



the past three years has been en- 
gaged in dealing in flour. He en- 
listed in the 1:7th Regiment Iowa 
Infantry, Co. G, one hundred 
day's service, and was at Helena 
Arkansas. He married Martha 
Mendenhall, from Columbiana 
county, Ohio, November, 1873; 
they have two children, Charles 
Wesley and Eva Meriani. 

Mattison, William, grocer. 

Mattox, C. M., clerk. 

3IATT0X, HENRY, dealer in 
groceries and provisions, Oskaloo- 
sa; born in Logan county, Ohio, 
December 27, 1827; he was 
brought up there and learned the 
trade of brick mason; he came to 
Iowa, and arrived in this county, 
at Oskaloosa, Saturday evening, 
July 29, 1854; he began work- 
ing at his trade and continued iu 
it many years. He has lived iu 
this county over twenty-four years. 
He has been engaged in the gro- 
cery business since 1873; he has 
held the ofliee of city councilman. 
He married Miss Letitia A. Mc- 
Beth, from Logan county, Ohio, 
March 18, 1852; they have three 
children, Laura Alice, Lucy Ann, 
and Mattie J.; and have lost two 
children. 

Mays, William S., druggist. 

MENDENHALL, MOSES, re- 
tired, Oskaloosa; born in Beaver 
county, Pennsylvania, in 1808, 
and wlien ten years of age, re- 
moved to Columbus, Ohio, and 
was brought up there. He was 
connected with iron interests in 
Belmont county, Ohio, and opera- 
ted the flrst iron blast furnace 
within a section of one hundred 
miles; he yet retains an interest 
in the iron works. He came to 
Iowa in 1871, and located in Os- 
kaloosa; he owns a farm of two 
hundred and forty acres in Mar- 
shall county. He was elected to 
the State Legislature in Ohio, iu 
1855. He married Sarah John- 



584 



DIRECTORY OF MA.nASKA COUNTY. 



son, from Fayette county, Penn- 
sylvania, in 1843; tliey have live 
children, and have lost three. 

Mendenhall, T. W., farmer. 

Mendenhall, Ezekiel, carpenter. 

Mendenhall, J. C, farmer. 

Mendenhall, E., house mover. 

MERRILL, JESSE J., tonsorial 
parlors, Oskaloosa; born in Harri- 
son county, Ohio, in 1848; when 
seven yearsof age he came with his 
parents to Iowa, and located in Jas- 
per county, in 1855; came to Os- 
kaloosa in 1871 and engaged in 
the insurance business with Cook 
& Hunt; has been engaged in his 
present business for the past five 
years. lie married Miss Alta L. 
Orvis, from Wisconsin, June 10, 
1877; she was principal of the 
school at Beacon, and was en- 
gaged in teaching for a long time. 

Merrill, Thonn\s, minister. 

Merslion, G., grocer. 

Metier, Wesley, teanjster. 

MILLER, FENTON, furniture 
dealer, Oskaloosa. Born in Lou- 
den county, Ya., December 27, 
1826; he removed at an early age 
with his parents to Muskingum 
county, Ohio, and was brought up 
there and at Zanesville, and learn- 
ed the chair making business; he 
left Zanesville, Oliio, March 20, 
1854, and arrived in Oskaloosa 
April 5, 1854, and has lived here 
almost a quarter of a century; en- 
gaged in ])ainting, and then was 
clerk in store for three years, and 
then went to work at his trade; 
he has been engaged in the furni- 
ture business for himself since 
1866 and is the oldest furniture 
house here; married Cynthia J, 
Yerian, from Muskingum county, 
Ohio, near Zanesville, December, 
1852; they have three children, 
Laura J., Harry and Cora, and 
jiave lost three children, two sons 
and one daughter. 

Miller, George, blacksmith. 

Minnick, David, coal man. 



Mitchell, G. B., teamster. 

Mitchell, J. M., cooper. 

Montgomery, J. C, carpenter. 

Montgomery, John C, carpenter. 

MOORE, H. C, dealer in lumber, 
Oskaloosa. Born in Cleveland, 
Ohio, October 23,1831; he was 
brought up in that State and 
lived there until 1856, when lie 
came to Iowa and located at Wat- 
erloo; removed to Waverly and 
was elected clerk of the courts of 
Bremer county and held that of- 
fice for six years, and also held 
town and school ofiices; he caine 
to this county in 1S6S; has been 
euiraffed in the lumber business 
for the past three years; married 
Miss Elizabeth L. Park hurst, 
from Norwalk, Ohio, in March, 
1858; they have one daughter, 
Ella L. 

MOORE, DAVID R., clerk of the 
courts of Mahaska county, Oska- 
loosa. Born in Lawrence county, 
Pennsylvania, March 9, 1840; he 
■was brought up and received his 
education there and prepared him- 
self for teaching; he commenced 
teaching when seventeen years of 
age; he came to Iowa in 1865 and 
located in this county, and was 

encraffed in teachinsj for some 

11.1 
years; he was elected clerk of the 

courts of this county in 1874, and 
re-elected in 1876, and again re- 
elected in 1878; he married Miss 
Nora King, from Washington 
count}^, Ohio, October 26, 1869, 

Moore, John M., carpenter. 

Moony, D., clerk. 

MOGRAN, PROF. Wm. B., presi- 
dent Penn College, Oskaloosa. 
Born in Henry county, Indiana, 
December 2,1830; he was brought 
up there receiving the advantages 
of a common school education, 
and then attended the Friends' 
Boarding School, now Ehrlan Col- 
lege, at Richmond, Ind. He af- 
terward entered school at Haver- 
ford, Pa,, and graduated there in 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



585 



1853; after graduating there lie 
was engaged in teaching at West- 
town, Pa., and had charge of the 
classical department; while there 
he became acquainted with Miss 
Sarah Henley, from North Caro- 
lina, who was also engaged in 
teaching there, and tiiey were 
married October 10, 1855; after 
teaching in Elirlan College he en- 
tered the University of Michigan 
and took a course in engineering, 
and graduated; he was appointed 
professor of mathematics, in 
Ehrlan college, and continued for 
some years; he was professor of 
mathematics and engineering, in 
Perdue University, at Lafayette, 
and was afterward appointed 
governor of Ehrlan College; he 
was called to the presidency of 
Penn College in the fall of 1876; 
he has taken a high position as 
an educator, and the institution 
is prospering under his manage- 
ment; he has two children, Wil- 
liam Earl and Jesse Henley. 
MORGAN, Dr. J. W., druggist 
and physician, Oskaloosa. Born 
in East Tennessee, November 20, 
1836, and lived there unlil twen- 
ty-four years of age, when he 
came to Oskaloosa, November 27, 
1860. Being engaged to open 
Spring Creek Institute, he con- 
tinued in the management of the 
institution for eighteen months, 
and on account of failing health 
was obliged to retire and removed 
to Warren county and went on a 
farm; his health becoming restor- 
ed he studied medicine and at- 
tended lectures in Cincinnati, and 
after graduating practiced his pro- 
fession in Warren county until 
1876, when he removed to this 
city and engaged in the drug I)us- 
iness; he married Miss Lizzie Cox, 
from Indiana, in ]862; she died 
in 1872; he married Mrs. Col. 
McCowan, from Illinois, in 1876; 
she has one daughter, Anna. 



Morris, Geo. W., laborer. 

Munroe, Charles, carpenter. 

Murray, Ed., laborer. 

Musgrove, Sam., laborer. 

Myers, J. C, pump manuftxcturer. 

TSJACHMAN, M., meat market. 

Naegle, John, shoemaker. 

NASH, WM., agent and dealer in 
agricultural implements and farm 
machinery, Oskaloosa; born in 
Green county, Ohio, May 3, 1832, 
and removed in infancy to Warren 
county, Illinois, and was brought 
up and lived there until 1867, 
when he came to Iowa and lo- 
cated in Oskaloosa, and engaged 
in his present business; married 
Miss Ann E. Boyd, from Colum- 
bus, Ohio, in 1859; they have 6 
children, Carrie, Charles, Eddie, 
Howard, William, and little son 
not named. 

Needham, David, retired. 

NEEDHAM, WM. H., born in 
Guernsey county, Ohio, August 
22, 1840, and when 13 years of 
age came with his parents to 
Iowa; thej^ came by wagon, and 
were 21 days on the way and ar- 
rived here in October, 1853; he 
attended school here, and in 1857 
entered the Herald office and 
learned the printing business; 
after working at his trade here, 
and at Des Moines, and Albia, he 
enlisted in the 22d Regiment. 
Iowa Infantry, Co. D; was in the 
battles of Port Gibson, Chaujpion 
Hills, Jackson, Black River 
Bridge, and in the charge on 
Yickslnirg, May 22d, 1S63, and 
during the siege of Vicksburg; 
was also untler Sheridan in the 
Shenandoah valley, al battle of 
Fislier's Hill and Cedar Creek; he 
enlisted as private and was pro- 
moted sergeant, then 2d Lieuten- 
ant, and afterward 1st Lieuten- 
ant Co. D; after the war he re- 
turned and bought an interest in 
the Herald, and was connected 



5S6 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



witli it for 12 years; lie lield the 
office of postmaster for t> years, 
from February 1st, 1870, to 
March 1st, 1876; and is president 
of the Mahaska county blue rib- 
bon club; married Miss Olive A. 
Knowlton, from Clinton county, 
Ohio, December 20, 1866; they 
have four children, Charles K., 
John R., Edna Pauline, and a little 
girl ; lost one dau2:hter, AlicePearl. 

NfilWBRANDT, CHRISTIANA, 

MRS., of the firm of Blattner & 
Newbrandt, Oshaloosa; was born 
in Germany, and when 17 years 
of age emigrated to this country; 
in 1853 she went to Ohio and 
lived there 5 years; while living 
there she married David New- 
brandt in 1858; he was born in 
Germany in 1832, and emigrated 
to America in 1849; he lived in 
Cincinnati, and in Delaware, O.; 
after they Avei'e married they came 
to Iowa and settled in Oskaloosa, 
May 7, 1858; engaged in brewery 
business, and continued in the 
business nntil his death, which 
occurred June 10, 1877, leaving 
6 children, Charles, George, Wil- 
lie, Christina, David and Rosa; 
Mrs. Newbrandt still retains an 
interest in the business. 

Newell, Thomas, stone cutter. 

NICHOLS, A. S., retired, farmer, 
Oskaloosa; born in Highland 
county, Ohio, December 25, 1811; 
he was brought up in that State, 
and learned the blacksmith trade; 
in 1836 he removed to Wolf 
Lake, Indiana, and in 1837 he 
removed to Abingdon, Knox 
county, Illinois, and was one of 
the early settlers thei'e; he mar- 
ried Miss Mary Edgar, July 10, 
1833, in Springfield; she was 
from Highland county, Ohio; 
they came from Illinois in their 
own wagon, started April 22, 
1843, and arrived at the boundary 
line of the Indian territory, 
April 29th on Friday, and came 



in the Indian purchase Sunday, 
May 1st; after staking out his 
claim, the following Wednesday 
he returned to the boundary line 
after his family; he bought a 
claim which proved to be in four 
townships and in two counties; 
the claim he first made was 
claimed by others, and he would 
not contest for it, but gave it up, 
and did much better by not do- 
ing so; he started the first black- 
smith shop in this county, and 
the first one west of Agency City; 
he has had persons come 50 miles 
to have a plough shai-pened, which 
cost $25; in the following Sep- 
tember he sold out down in Har- 
rison township and came here to 
the county seat at Oskaloosa, and 
bought the claim where he now 
lives, and engaged in blacksinith- 
ing, which he continued un- 
til 1856; he planted the first 
apple and cherry trees, and dug 
the first well in Mahaska county; 
he went 80 miles to Bonaparte to 
mill; he used to do work in his 
shop here for customers 50 miles 
above Des Moines, making the 
distance over 100 miles; he was 
f)ne of the commissioners on the 
first board of commissioners 
elected in this county; he was 
again elected county commissioner 
but did not serve; he was elected 
assessor, but as a rule he has 
steadily avoided office. Mr. and 
Mrs. Nichols are old and honored 
settlers of this city and county; 
they have brought up four chil- 
dren, all of whom are married 
except one, who is now living at 
home with them. 

Nichol, Thomas, retired. 

Nidiver, G. M., plasterer. 

Ninde, H. P., insurance. 

NOE, J. B., proprietor Oskaloosa 
Hotel and Marble Works, Oska- 
loosa; born in Licking county, 
Ohio, January 10, 1832; when 
five years of age he removed to 



OSKAL<X^SA CITY. 



587 



Noble county, Indiana, and lived 
there until 1856, when he came to 
Knoxville, Iowa, and to Os- 
kaloosa in 1859; was engaiijed in 
preaching for several years, was 
laboring in the interests of the 
college, and was a director in that 
institution; has been actively 
identified with temperance inter- 
ests; has been engaged in marble 
business for the past twelve j^ears; 
married Miss Sai-ah Balantine, at 
Fort "Wayne, Indiana, July •!, 
1854; she was from Franklin Co., 
Oliio; they have six children, one 
son and five daughters. 

l^orris, R. W., teacher. 

Nugent, Dr. W. II. druggist. 

Nowles, Moses, farmer. 

/^BERFELL, JOSEPH, cooper. 

O'llara, Ralph, insurance, 

O'Hara, George E., clerk. 

Oklliam, William, bridge builder. 

OAVEN, HENRY B., carpenter and 
builder, Oskaloosa; born in Mus- 
kingum county, Ohio, December 
25, 1834; when about ten years 
of age came with his parents in 
covered wagon to Iowa; they ar- 
rived in this town in May, 1844, 
and were among the first settlers 
here; he learned trade of carpen- 
ter and joiner, and is the oldest 
builder and -mechanic here; mar- 
ried Miss P. A. Barton, from 
AVayne county, Indiana, March 1, 
1855; they have six children, 
Chester T., Eva M., Lucinda A., 
Mabel, Barton, Bessie, and have 
lost two children, Frank and 
Mvrtle. 

OWEN, Dr. C.G., physician; born 
in Derby, Orleans county, Yer- 
mont, August 9, 1806; when 
seven years of age removed to 
York state, and from there to 
Monroe county, Michigan, near 
where the battle of Frenchtown 
w^as fought; he studied medicine 
in Ohio; came to Iowa and ar- 
rived in Oskaloosa May 13, 1845, 



and located on the corner of Jef- 
ferson and High streets, and lived 
there in that location thirty-two 
years; he is one of the old settlers, 
and has practiced his profession 
here for thirtj'-two years, longer 
than any other physician here; he 
has been married three times; his 
first wife was Mariam Rouj?, from 
Pennsylvania, married Sej)tember 
11, 1828; she died in 1841, leav- 
ing two children, Eliza M. and 
Henry B.; married Electa C. 
Frederick, from Cumberland Co., 
Ohio, in 1843; she died in 1858; 
in 1860 he married Mrs. Cynthia 
Kyle, from Ohio. 

Paine, A. A., laborer. 

Pardun, Vincent, magnetic liealer. 

PARKHURST, A, J., proprietor 
Parkhurst Washing Machine, Os- 
kaloosa; born in Plattsburg, Clin- 
ton county, New York, October 
24, 1833; was removed to Ohio in 
infancy, and came to Bremer Co., 
Iowa, in 1852, lived there sixteen 
years, and came here in 1868; he 
patented the Parkhurst AYashing 
Machine, and in 1877 he engaged 
in manuficturing them; married 
Lucinda Sherwood, from Betliel, 
Connecticut, in 1858; they have 
one son, Elmer. 

Parker, Richard, farmer. 

Parsons, George AY., clerk, 

Patterson, John, car repairer. 

Patton, AYilliam N., clerk. 

PERDUE, B. R., blacksmith, Oska- 
loosa; born in Columbiana Co., 
Ohio, July 15, 1820; he was 
brought up and learned his trade 
there; he lived there and in Ill- 
inois until 1849, when he came 
to Iowa by wagon; they were 
twenty-eight days on the way, 
and during their journey only 
crossed the track of one railroad; 
they arrived here October 28, 
1849; he engaged in blacksmith- 
ing, and has carried on the busi- 
ness longer than any blacksmith 
here, and is one of the early set- 



588 



DIKECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



tiers; lie was a volunteer in the 
three-month service durin<; the 
war, but was not accepted; he has 
held office of city councilman for 
four years, and is a member of the 
masonic order, thirty-second de- 
g-ree; he married Miss Catharine 
Shriver, from Stark county, Ohio, 
April Y, 1844; they have seven 
children, four sons and three 
daughters. 

Perdue, David S., painter. 

Perdue, Pierce, printer. 

Perdue, C. A., retired. 

Perkins, George, coal miner. 

Perkins, John, butcher. 

PHILLIPS, T. G., retired,^Oskaloo- 
sa; born in Scott county. Ken tuck}', 
February 18, 1823, and when nine 
years old removed to Morgan 
county, Illinois, and lived there 
until twenty-one years of age, 
when, with his parents, he started 
for Iowa by ox team; he drove 
four yoke of cattle to one wagon ; 
they were about twenty days on 
the way, and arrived here in Os- 
kaloosa April 22, 18M; they 
brought provisions with them, and 
the settlers being aware of it be- 
fore they had unloaded theirgoods, 
people came with pails, pans and 
dishes to borrow flour, and, though 
they were all strangers, every one 
was helped and no questions asked ; 
there was only one log cabin in 
the town, and a new double log 
house, not completed, fur a hotel; 
his father had bought five hun- 
dred acres the previous year, and 
they built a cabin and moved into 
it without any floor; he was en- 
gao^ed in farminjy for twentv-five 
years; all tlie land they took up 
when they came is now in the city ; 
he has held the offices of justice 
of the peace, assessor, and was 
acting sheriff and member of the 
board of supervisors; he married 
Miss Semira A. Hobbs, from In- 
diana, January, 1846; she taught 
the first school in Mahaska coun- 



ty; they have two children, O. C. 
G., lawyer, and O. Q., living at 
home. 

PHILLIPS, 0. C. G., attorney, Os- 
kaloosa; born in Oskaloosa, Au- 
gust 31, 1848, and was brought up 
here; he received his education at 
the Ohio Wesleyan University, 
at Delaware, Ohio, and then stud- 
ied law with Judge Crookham, 
and was admitted to the bar in 
October, 1872; since then he has 
practiced his profession; he mar- 
ried Miss Sallie J. IS'ewhall, from 
Delaware, Ohio, in September, 
1873; they have three children. 
Dot, Jack, and Anna Lee. 

Pickerell, William, retired 

Pike, P(>l)ert G., carpenter. 

PILGRIM, WILLIAM H., dealer 
in stoves and house furnishing 
goods, Oskaloosa; born in White- 
side county, Illinois, August 29, 
1839, and when three years of age 
came with his uncle to this coun- 
ty, in 1842, before the Indians 
left, and was one of the earliest 
settlers here, there being very few 
now living that wei"e heie then; 
he was brought up here; he went 
west to the Ilocky Mountains, Cal- 
ifornia and Oregon; he was in the 
army, in the First Eegiment Col- 
orado Infantry, Company H; the 
reiriment was afterward mounted; 
he was in many severe skirmishes; 
was in service two years, then re- 
turned, and has been engaged in 
business for the past seven years; 
married Miss Jennie Ayres, from 
Marion county, in 1871 ; they have 
four children, Medora, Charles A., 
William A., and a little girl not 
named. 

PILLSBURY, REV. W. H. H., 
pastor First M.E. Church, Oskaloo- 
sa; born in York county, Maine, 
July 14, 1840, and was brought up 
and received his education there, 
until the breaking out of the rebel- 
lion; he was preparing for the min- 
istry, and had completed his sopho- 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



589 



more year when lie enlisted in the 
Seventeenth Kegiment Maine In- 
fantry, Company I; he was in the 
battles of the army of the Poto- 
mac; amonfij them was the second 
battle of Bnll Run, Fredericks- 
burg, Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
burg, and others; he was dis- 
cliarged on account of sickness, 
after serving two years; he re- 
turned and resumed his studies, 
and graduated at the Boston Uni- 
versity and in the school of theol- 
ogy, and began preaching in 1868; 
in 1870 he was transferred west, 
and had charge of Division Street 
cliurch, in Burlington, Iowa, for 
three years, and at Keokuk for 
two years, and came to his pres- 
ent large and growing church in 

• 1876, and has, at the conference 
just closed, been appointed here 
for another year, at the unanimous 
request of his people; he married 
Miss Eliza C. Bowers, fi'om Ken- 
nebec county, Maine, August 3, 
1870; they have four children, 
Walter B., Willie H. II., Sue, and 
Edward A. 

Pool, Simeon, retired. 

PORTER, NELSON D., publisher 
and proprietor of the Oskaloosa 
Standard. Born in Brown ville. 
Pa., January 23, 1838; he was 
brought up and regularly edu- 
cated and studied for the minis- 
try; preached in the Cumberland 
Presbyterian Church, in Pennsyl- 
vania, for six years; then remov- 
ed to Ohio and preached in Union 
Presbyterian and Congregational 
Churches; since then has preach- 
ed in the Congregational Church; 
he came to Iowa in 1870, and 
came here in 1875, assuming 
the management of the Oskaloosa 
Standard. He married Miss 
Sallie A. Bennett, from Brown- 
ville. Pa., June 2, 1864; she died 
in Chicago, December 22, 1867; 
he married Anna P. Grover, 
from Cleveland, in August, 1869; 



he has four children, Harry S., 
Chris. C, Fred N., and Ada M. 
Mr. Porter was chaplain of the 
58th llegiment Pennsylvania A^ol- 
unteer Infantrv during the war. 

PRICE, HENRY, dealer in watch- 
es, clocks and jewelry, Oskaloosa; 
Born in Franklin county, Indiana, 
July 21,1831; he was brought 
up and lived there until twenty- 
one years of age; then removed to 
Illinois. He was in the army; 
enlisted in 1862, in the 119th 
Regiment Illinois Infantry, Co. 
C; he was in a number of bat- 
tles and skirmishes, w'as mus- 
tered out in 1865, came to 
Oskaloosa in 1867, and since then 
has been engaged in his present 
business. Married Miss M. J. 
Gardner, from Cincinnati, in 
April, 1867; they have two chil- 
dren, George L. and Edgar S. 

Priestly, James, cook. 

Prine, M. K., farmer and fine stock. 

Priestly, William, laborer. 

QUICK, D. C, clerk Proudfit & 
Co. 
AYNES, L. B., retired. 



R 



Ream, John, teamster. 

Reser, David, shoemaker. 

RHINEHART, JAMES, retired. 
Born in Greene county, Pa., Aug- 
ust 22, 1802; he was brought up 
and received his education there; 
then studied law and was admit- 
ted to the bar; he lived in Penn- 
sylvania thirty years, and removed 
to Guernsey county, Ohio, and 
practiced law there; held the of- 
fice of justice of the peace there 
for nine years. He came to this 
county in May, 1851:, and located 
on a* large farm, but after one 
year he came to Oskaloosa and en- 
gaged in the practice of his pro- 
fession. He was elected judge of 
Mahaska county, and held that 
position for eight years, transact- 
ing all of his business without a 
clerk; he held the oflice of mayor 



590 



DIKECTORT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



of this city for three _years. Mar- 
ried Miss Delila Eagon, from 
Wayiiesbiiro:, Greene county, Pa., 
December 2>), 1826. They have 
three chiklren, Mrs. Eliza J. 
Johnson, Mrs. Minerva McKin- 
ley, and Mrs. Lnbitia Smith; they 
have lost one son. 

RICE, JAS. A., attorney, Oska- 
loosa. Son of the late Gen. S. A. 
Eice; was born in Oskaloosa, 
September 30, 1855; after at- 
tending school here he took his 
college course at Jefferson college, 
class of 1875, and then entered 
the law department of the Iowa 
State University, and graduated 
in 1877; since then he has prac- 
ticed his profession here. He 
holds the office of maj^or of this 
city; was elected March 4, .1878. 

Rice, Milo M., county recorder. 

Rickey, J. B., traveling salesman. 

Rinard, Henry, teamster. 

Rinker, W. A., grocer. 

Robb, William, spinner. 

Roberts, J. W., carpenter. 

Roberts, J. L., farmer. 

Robertson, David, carpenter. 

Rogers, Ezekiel, carpenter. 

Rogers, Frank, laborer. 

Rogers, Charles, teamster. 

Rosenberger, Henry D., miller. 

ROSS, GEO. A., county auditor, 
Oskaloosa; born in Harrison 
county, Ohio, March 19, 1840; 
his father was professor of Beth- 
any College, Virginia, for seven- 
teen years, and was professor and 
acting Pi"esident of Oskaloosa 
College, and was President of 
Franklin College, Ohio, until his 
death which occurred in February, 
1876. The subject of this sketch 
received his education at Bethany, 
Virginia, and then attended West 
Liberty Academy, Virginia, now 
the State Normal school, for two 
years; he engaged in teaching at 
Lexington, Kentucky, and at 
Hickman, and then to Wheeling; 
at Wheeling he held the office of 



assistant assessor of Internal 
Revenue until 1865; he came to 
this county in 1867; he was 
elected county Auditor in 1873, 
and was re-elected in 1875, and 
again re-elected in 1877; married 
Miss Emma Yarrall from Wheel- 
ing, Virginia, in fall of 1861; 
he has 7 children, 6 sons and one 
daughter. 

Rounds, L. D., dentist. 

Ruple, J. R., miller. 

Rvan, Pat, gardner 

,0 COTT, W. R., carpenter. 

Scott, David E., physician and sur- 
geon. 

Scrugo^s, J. E., retired. 

SEARLE, CHAS. P., attorney, 
land and loan agency, Oskaloosa; 
born in Chester, Hampden county, 
Massachusetts, April 16, 1831; 
he was brought up and received 
his education there, and in 1850 
moved to Trumbull county, Ohio; 
he came to Iowa and located in 
this county in May 1854, and went 
in a store, and afterwards engaged 
in mercantile business until the 
breaking out of the war, when he 
enlisted in 1861 in the 8th Regi- 
ment Iowa Infantry, Co. H; he 
was in the battle of Shiloh and 
was taken prisoner there April 6, 
1862; he was taken to Montgom- 
ery, and then to Macon, and 
Madison, Georgia, and to Libby 
prison; he was a prisoner 6 
months, and was exchanged Octo- 
ber 19th, 1862; he joined his 
regiinent in St. Louis, and was in 
the siege of Vicksburg and in 
the two battles of Jackson; at 
Brandon he was promoted from 
Sergeant major of the regiment 
to 1st Lieutenant, and was promot- 
ed to, and commissioned Captain 
of the company; during Forrest's 
raid on Memphis when the 
Union forces were surprised. 
Captain Searle and his command 
were taken prisoners; though he 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



591 



was severely wounded lie was de- 
termined not to a^^ain partake of 
the hospitality of Libby prison; 
he had narrow escapes froin 
death several times, but his life 
was saved by his coni-age and 
presence of mind; he still suffers 
from the wounds he received; he 
was discharged in January 1865, 
on account of disability; after 
the war he M^as elected clerk of 
the courts in 1866, and held 
that office for 8 years; during 
this time he studied law and was 
admitted to the bar; he was 
cashier of the National State 
Bank, and afterward ]^urchased 
the abstract books and engaged 
in his present business; married 
Miss Martha E. Turner, daughter 
of Kev. Asa Turner, April i2th, 
1859; they have 3 daughters, 
Dora E., Alice M., and Ilattie L. 
SEERLEY, PROF. HOMER H., 
superintendent of schools of the 
Independent District of Oskaloo- 
sa; born in Indianapolis, Indiana, 
August 13,-1848; when three 
years of age his parents removed 
to Stark count}", Illinois, and he 
came with them to Iowa, in 1854, 
and located in Keokuk county. 
He attended the common schools 
in that county, and in April, 1866, 
entered the preparatory depart- 
ment of the Iowa State Univer- 
sity; remained there for one year, 
and then engaged in teaching un- 
til 1869, when he returned to the 
Iowa University and entered the 
freshman class and graduated in 
the academical department, in 
1873. He came here the follow- 
ing September and engaged in 
teaching as assistant in the High 
Scchool, and teacher of German ; 
the following year he was chosen 
principal of the High school, and 
in April, 1875, he was elected to 
his present position as superin- 
tendent of schools; this action 
was entirely unexpected on his 



part, and was done without his 
knowledge. He has been elected 
to the same position every year 
since. Prof Seerley labors inde- 
fatigably for the interests of the 
schools, and during the three 
years that he has occupied his 
present position, there has not 
been an appeal to the school 
board, lie married Miss Clara E. 
Twaddle, of this city, July 9, 
1878. ^ 

SEEVERS, MRS. MARY, whose 
maiden name was Miss Mary Col- 
lins, was born in Fountain county, 
Indiana, and lived there until fif- 
teen 3'ears of age, and then came 
with her parents to Marion county, 
Iowa, and came to Mahaska coun- 
ty, in early part of 1854. She 
married James A. See vers, in May, 
1855. He was born in Jefferson 
Co., Ya., March 6, 1832; when ten 
years of age he came with his 
father to Iowa. His father left him 
in school at Burlington, but he did 
not have a very good opinion of 
the teacher, so he left and started 
on foot and walked to Oskaloosa. 
He received his education in this 
State, and studied law with his 
brother. Judge Seevers, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1853, and en- 
gaged in practice of law. Upon the 
breaking out of the war, he, with 
one or two others, raised a company, 
and enlisted in October, 1861; 
was elected and commissioned cap- 
tain of Company C, 15th Kegi- 
ment, Iowa Infantry. He was in 
the battles of Shiloh, luka, Boli- 
var, Corinth, and received injuries 
on the march from Corinth to 
Grand Junction, and was obliged 
to resign. After his return, he 
practiced law here until his death, 
November 5, 1865, leaving three 
children, Charles A., James E. 
and Eva. 

SEEYERS, BYRON Y, attorney, 
Oskaloosa; born in Coshocton 
county, Ohio, March 3, 1847, and 



592 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



when six years of age, came with 
his parents to Iowa, arriving in 
this county in 1853; he attended 
school liere, and completed his 
education in Ohio. After gradu- 
ating there, he returned and stud- 
ied law, and was admitted to the 
bar in ISTi, and since then he has 
practiced his profession here; he 
is a member of the school board. 
He married Miss Laura M. Smith, 
daughter of Wm. T. Smith, Esq., 
January 1, 1874; they have two 
children, Ada L. and Mildred Pau- 
line. 

Seevers, Thomas, Oskaloosa, foun- 
dry. 

SETZER, D. H., Oskaloosa City 
Flouring Mills; born in Shenan- 
doali county, Yirginia, September 
21, 1833; when between two and 
three years of age, he removed 
with his parents to Licking coun- 
ty, Ohio; he learned his business 
in that state, and lived there 
about twenty years; came to 
Iowa, in 1857, and located in this 
county; engaged in the mill- 
ing business, and has been en- 
gaged in it since then, twenty-one 
years, and longer than anyone here 
in the same business. He mar- 
ried Miss Ann E. Colwell, from 
Licking county, Ohio, in Febru- 
ary, 1860; they have three child- 
ren, Martin Y., Emily M. and 
David J.; and they have lost two 
children. 

SHANNON, JOHN A., dealer in 
dry goods and groceries, Oskaloo- 
sa; born in Warren county, New 
Jersey, November 25, 1839; when 
sixteen years of age, he came with 
his parents to Iowa, in Septem- 
ber, 1856, and located in Mahaska 
county, at New Sharon, and en- 
gaged in farming; went in the 
army; enlisted August, 1862, in 
the 33d Regiment Iowa Infantry, 
Co. D; was in the siege of Mobile, 
and Red River expedition, and 
others; was in the service three 



years. After the war he was in 
the engineering department of the 
Central Railroad of Iowa, for five 
years, and engaged in his present 
business in 1872. He is a mem- 
ber of the city council. He mar- 
ried Miss Katie C. White, from 
Chillicothe, Ohio, February 14, 
1871. 

Shannon, Jabez, butcher. 

SHAW, WILLIAM H., fiim of 
Shaw & Loring, grocery and pro- 
vision dealers, Oskoloosa; born in 
Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, Oc- 
tober 2, 1840; when eight years 
of age, removed to Ohio and lived 
there nine years, and came with 
his parents to Iowa, in 1858, and 
located in this county, near Fre- 
mont, on a farm; he was also en- 
gaged in teaching. He was in the 
army; enlisted August 12, 18G2, 
in the 33d Regiment Iowa Infan- 
ti-y, Co. K; was orderly sergeant 
of the company; was in the battle 
of Helena, siege of Spanish Fort, 
and others, and in many skir- 
mishes and raids; was discharged 
August 8, 1865. After his return 
from the service, he engaged in 
teaching, and afterward engaged 
in business, and has continued for 
the past twelve years. He mar- 
ried Miss S, M. McWilliams, from 
Ohio, October 25,1868; they have 
two children, Ella C. and Ernest 
H. 

Shaw, Thomas E., Prof. Penn Col- 
lege. 

Shaw, John, constable. 

Sharp, R. A., carpenter. 

Shearer, James, minister. 

SEEVERS,JUDGE W.H. While 
in this land of democratic princi- 
ples and sudden changes, which 
sometimes lift the cobbler's ap- 
prentice to the foremost legislative 
lionors, or drop the son of a world's 
idol into the gutter and bury him 
in an unknown grave, there is not 
much attention given to family 
rank and ancestral deeds; yet it 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



593 



is sometimes with a pardonable 
pride that the friends of a man 
wlio has emulated the good name 
of his forefathers, point to the 
record of his family and read with 
pleasure the life work of his kins- 
man. Judge Seevers is of one of 
the proud old Virginia families; 
his father, James Seevers, who 
still lives with him, is one of the 
heroes of 1812, who has lived to 
receive the morning smiles of the 
last quarter of a eentnr}^ whose 
first quarter had seen him a re- 
tired volunteer from his country's 
service, a sharer in the battle of Bal- 
timore. James Seevers married 
Rebecca "Wilkins, of Virginia, in 
August, 1819, and of their chil- 
dren the subject of this sketch is 
the oldest survivor. Mr. Seevers 
familv was a large one, beino^ 
composed of eight sons and two 
daughters, of whom those living 
besides Judge Seevers are Mrs. 
M. T. Williams and Thos. L. 
Seevers, of Marshalltown. The 
family came to Mahaska in 1843, 
arriving in June; the journey 
was made across the prairies by 
means of a four-horse team and 
one horse barouche. The father 
made a claim of a quarter section 
about one mile southeast of Oska- 
loosa. Three sons were in the 
war; John ]N. as sergeant, James 
A. as captain, and Tlieodorick as 
second lieutenant. The venerable 
father of this family, of whom it 
is our pleasure to speak thus fully, 
is now (1878) eighty-six years of 
age, and is one of Mahaska's most 
respected pioneers; he bears well 
and heartilj' the honors of a ripe 
old age. Judge Seevers did not 
come to Iowa until the year fol- 
lowing the immigration of his pa- 
rents; he arrived in June, 1844, 
finding at that date the glory of 
Oskaloosa wrapt in the embryo of 
a boarding shanty and a corner 
grocery. Mr. Seevers chose the 



law as his profession, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1846, at which 
time he began practice; he is the 
only attorney yet living in Oska- 
loosa who was engaged in practice 
at that time; he was elected pros- 
ecuting attorney in 1848 (?) and 
served two years, and from 1852 
to 1850 filled with credit the office 
of district judge; two terms in 
the legislature, during the years 
1848 and 1874, brought to the 
judge a state reputation, and in 
1876, having been temporarily 
appointed judge of the Supreme 
Court of Iowa, he was elected to 
that position by the votes of the 
people in the fall of the same year; 
he still holds that high place of 
honor. February, 1849, Mr. Seev- 
ers married Miss Caroline M. Lee; 
their children are Mrs. Jennie 
Briggs, Mrs. Carrie Fletcher, 
Harry W., Grace, Nellie and Wm. 
H; death plucked one blossom, a 
daughter, Alice. Judge Seevers is 
a standard man; it were well for 
our nation had she more such on 
the bench; reliable, true as steel, 
himself a close reasoner. Judge 
Seevers, early in his judicial career, 
became a favr'-ite of the bar, and 
the terror ol "'shysters," a class 
whose friendship is easily spared. 

Shearer, W. J., minister. 

SHEAR, J. H., firm Sheak & 
Shirra, elevator, buying and ship- 
ping grain, Oskaloosa; born in 
Duchess county. New York, and 
at an early age removed to Bing- 
hampton, where he was brought 
up; he was engaged in business 
for some years in New York City 
and Philadelphia; came to Oska- 
loosa in 1873, and engaged in 
grain and elevator business; they 
ship grain to Chicago, Milwaukee, 
St. Louis and eastern markets; he 
married Miss Lizzie Martin, from 
Pennsylvania, in September, 1867; 
they have had one son, David W., 
who died in infancy. 



594 



DIRECTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Shoemake, M. L., pump business. 

Shoe make, Isaac, fanner. 

SHRIVER, L. P., firm AVhitaker & 
Shriver; born in Columbiana Co., 
Ohio, in 1832, and lived there 
until 1850, when he came with 
his parents by wagon to Iowa; 
the}^ were twenty-eight daj's on 
the way, and only crossed one 
railroad track during the entire 
journey; they came to this county 
April 1, 1851, and located in Har- 
rison township; they were early 
settlers, only few being there at 
that time; he engaged in farming 
and stock raising, and continued 
it for many j'ears; engaged in his 
present business in 1877; he has 
held office of township clerk, and 
served on the board of supervisors 
for three years. 

Shriver, David, gunsmith. 

Sims, John, barber. 

Simmons, P. J., painter. 

Simmons, A., painter. 

Sinclair, Samuel, laborer. 

Smith, John C, stone mason. 

Smith, Al, stone cutter. 

SMITH,WILLIAM T., the subject 
of this sketch is recognized at 
once as among the foremost citi- 
zens, and superior business men 
of Mahaska county; he is, and 
has been known in many parts of 
the State, as one of Oskaloosa's 
staunchest capitalists; Mr. Smith 
sprang from the middle ranks of 
life, whence the majority of suc- 
cessful men can trace their line- 
age; he was born May 23, 1824, 
in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, 
his parents removing thence to 
Ohio while he was yet a lad, first 
to Dayton, and thence to Xenia; 
his parents had been in fair cir- 
cumstances, but lost heavily in 
assisting others; during his boy- 
hood young Smith attended the 
select school of Thomas Steele in 
Xenia several seasons, working in 
the summer on a farm or in 
town; at the age of sixteen he 



commenced teaching district 
school, and continued teaching, 
mostly in winter, and attending 
school or reading law in summer, 
until July 31, 1847, when on ex- 
amination by the Supreme Court 
of Ohio, at Defiance, he was reg- 
ularly admitted to practice as at- 
torney and counselor at law iu 
any of the courts of the State of 
Ohio. On the 18th day of Sep- 
tember 1847, with but $35 in his 
pocket, and light baggage, not 
supposing he knew a single indi- 
vidual in Iowa, he started fur the 
far western Hawk-eye State to 
seek his fortune on the frontier; 
descending the Ohio, thence up 
the Mississippi to Burlington; he 
was there on October 18, 1847, 
admitted to the Iowa bar, on 
motion of J. C. Hall of that 
place; Judge Williams was at 
that time on the Bench of this 
district; having taught school 
one winter near Fairtield, Mr- 
Smith on his coming into Oska- 
loosa, brought with him three 
dollars in money and quite a 
scanty wardrobe; soon after his 
arrival, (March 10, 1848), he en- 
tered into a law partnership with 
W. H. Seevers, and as neither of 
the "young limbs" had law 
books or money, Mr. Smith went 
to Burlington and purchased one 
hundred dollars worth of books 
from J. Fox Abrams, " on time," 
after making a plain statement of 
his financial condition, prospects, 
etc.; he was forced in the same 
way to secure credit for his board 
bill; but brighter days were 
ahead; at the annual election 
held in 1848, Mr. Smith having 
received the almost unanimous 
nomination of the Democratic 
county convention, was elected 
Prosecuting Attorney for the 
county, which office he held dur- 
ing two years; re- visiting (Jhio 
in the summer of 1849, he mar- 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



595 



ried Miss Magdalene Shannon, of 
Green county, in that State; 
upon dissohition of partnership 
with Judge Seevers, May 17, 
1852, he associated with Judge 
Loughridge in legal practice; 
this partnership closed within the 
first 3'ear, and September 1, 1854 
lie became a member of the firm 
of Smith ik Williams, Mr. M. T. 
Williams being his partner; 
these gentlemen, as elsewhere 
mentioned, opened the first 
bank in Oskaloosa, March 1, 
1855; they continued in partner- 
ship until January 1st, 1857, 
when Mr. Smith became sole pro- 
prietor of the bank, under the 
style of Wm. T. Smith & Co.; 
from this time, for some ten 
years, Mr. Smith was foremost in 
banking interests at the county 
seat, of which full particulai-s are 
given in a previous cliapter on 
" banking in Oskaloosa,"' where 
the reader can see more clearly 
the prominence of Mr. Smith in 
this business, than could be set 
forth in a personal sketcli. Mr. 
Smith while an attorney, had ac- 
quired quite a reputation in the 
Ime of mercantile collections, 
then a very considerable and 
profitable business in Iowa; to 
avoid the throwing away of bus- 
iness of this kind, which fre- 
quently offered itself, and which 
Mr. S. had no time to attend to, 
he became a beneficiary, but not 
a working partner in the firm of 
Smith, Kice & Myers, in 1857; 
this firm was dissolved xlprd 1, 
1859; as president of the school 
board during several terms, and 
also as member of the ^ oard of 
directors, Mr. Smith rendered 
active and valuable service to the 
cause of public education; many 
improvements in buildings and 
methods, were made at his sug- 
gestions or with his aid; he was a 
large subscriber to Oskaloosa Col- 



lege, and in the contest made for se- 
curing its location at (Oskaloosa 
by the church controlling it, took 
an active part, and was the author 
of the proposition made in the 
convention securing such location. 
As a land owner, agriculturist 
and citizen, Mr. Smith has taken 
great interest in Mahaska county 
fairs, having been intimately 
connected with every association 
of the kind, from his inception 
until the present time, more or 
less, as exhibitor, contributor, 
stockholder, director and presi- 
dent; he was also a member of 
the finance committe, on the part 
of the State Agricultural Society 
for some years, and by his wise 
financiering and counsels, con- 
tributed to its welfare. The list 
of city officers in Oskaloosa 
shows Mr. Smith to have been 
its first Mayor, elected in 1853; 
and that he afterward filled that 
office in 1856, 1857, and again in 
1872; these facts are the more 
complimentary when it is consid- 
ered that he was a member of the 
minority party in the city, and 
evinces alike the gratitude of Os- 
kaloosa citizens for his public 
work and enterprise, as well as 
executive force, and his impartial 
and strict enforcement of the 
laws. Mr. Smith was president 
of the " Iowa Insurance Com- 
pany " during the time of its ex- 
istence; this company as will be 
seen elsewhere on these pages, 
was an institution of excellent 
record; Mr. Smith's presidency 
of the Iowa Central road during 
two years of the most trying time 
of its construction, and his 
praiseworthy efforts in carrying 
forward this enterprise, are given 
in connection with the history of 
the Central road in the previous 
part of this work. Mr. Smith 
has likewise been interested in 
every railroad project in Mahaska 



596 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



county, sometimes to liis consid- 
erable cost, and repaid even by a 
doubtful gratitude for some of his 
sacrifices. Though not a politi- 
cian Mr. Smith was raised, and 
ever lias been, a Democrat, and be- 
lieves it to be the duty of every 
citizen to watch and particijiate 
in an intelligent way in the polit- 
ical movements of the nation. 
At the outbi'eak of the rebellion, 
Mr. Smith, believing the South 
should seek redress and assert its 
rights under the Constitution 
and in the Union, was among the 
first at a public meeting held at 
Union Hall, in Oskaloosa, to an- 
nounce himself in favor of coer- 
cion and was active in all move- 
ments in his neiii'hborhood, crotten 
up on the side of the Union, 
That Mr. Smith did as much, and 
perhaps more, for his country 
than any other Mahaskan wlio re- 
mained at home, is evident from 
Mr. Kirkwood's letter, which we 
give below. In 1870, Mr. Smith, 
by a unanimous and unexpected 
nomination of the Democracy of 
what was then the fourth district, 
became an unwilling candidate 
for United States Representative. 
This district at that time contain- 
tained a greater population than 
any other in the United States, 
and the battle-field in which Mr. 
Smith was to contest with his op- 
ponenent, Hon. Madison M. Wal- 
den, then Lieutenant-Governor of 
the State, was a wide one in 
which, in point of members, Mr. 
Smith's party was ordiiuirily in a 
a very considerable minority. By 
arrangement, the candidates made 
a joint canvass, speaking in most 
of the important places in each of 
the twelve counties in the district. 
That beinga da}' in which a man's 
war record was an important mat- 
ter, that Mr. Smith's position 
might be indisputably shown, the 



following letter was put in circu- 
lation: 

Ex-Governor KirJ^iuoocV s Letter 
to Hon. Wm. T. Smith, Demo- 
cratic Candidate for Repre- 
sentative in Congress from 
Iowa, Fourth Congressional 
District. 

Iowa City, Aug. 27, 1870. 
Wm. T. Smith, Esq., Oskaloosa, 
Iowa. Dear Sir; — Your letter of 
the 25th inst., asking me for a 
statement relative to your course 
during the late war between the 
United States and the so-called 
Soutliern Confederacy, so far as 
the same came under mj' observa- 
tion, during my term of ofiice as 
Governor, has just been received, 
and I very (dieerfully comply 
with 3'our request. 

It is well known to some, but 
may not be known to all the peo- 
ple of our State, that those who 
were charged with the duty of 
placing in the field the troops 
called for from this State, labored 
under very serious embarrass- 
ments during the first few months 
of the war. There was not any 
difficulty in raising the men. 
They came by thousands M'hen 
hundreds onl)' were called for. 
The difticulty was in raising mon- 
ey to organize them and put 
them in the field. The United 
States could not then furnish the 
money, and there was not any 
money in the State Treasury. At 
the extra session (May, 1861) our 
State Legislature autiiorized the 
issuance and sale of the bonds of 
the State. At that time three 
regiments had already been or- 
ganized without any money from 
the State, and several weeks must 
necessarily elapse before the bonds 
could be prepared and ofiered for 
sale in the way provided by law. 
In the meantime more troops 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



599 



were called for and more money 
was needed for their organization. 
The validity of the bonds of the 
State was attacked, both in our 
State and in New York, on tlie 
ground that the Legislature had 
not the power to authorize their 
issue, thus injuring their credit 
and of course lessening the chance 
of their sale. 

In this emergency an appeal was 
made to certain citizens of the 
State who had or wlio could con- 
trol money — amongst others to 
you. That appeal was promptly 
responded to by you and by oth- 
ers. You at once took my per- 
sonal drafts for about five thousand 
dollars and advanced me the 
money. You also, at my sugges- 
tion, advanced about two thousand 
dollars to other persons to meet 
the expense of organizing certain 
troops, and afterwards took about 
thirteen thousand dollars of our 
State bonds at tlie highest price 
at wliich any of them were sold, 
and when they were wholly un- 
salable in New York. In short, 
you was one of a few men through 
whose liberalit}" and patriotism 
the State was enabled, in tht early 
part of the war, to achieve for 
itself at home its reputation of 
"always ready " whicii through- 
out the war it so well maintained 
at home and in the field, and dur- 
ing my term of office I believed 
and acted upon my belief, that 
you steadily maintained through- 
out the war the stand you took at 
its commencement. 

Yo- and I belong to different 
political parties, but I must whol- 
ly 1 my self-respect before I 
can, for political or any other 
consideration, refuse to do justice 
to one who encouraged and aided 
me, at a time of public peril, 

36 



when I so much needed encour- 
agement and aid. 

Very respectfully, 

S. J. KlEKWOOD. 

Notwithstanding the fact that Judge 
Loughridge had been elected over 
John P. Irish, two years previous- 
ly, by a majority of some 7,300, 
Mr. Walden's majority was re- 
duced to 4,122, as shown from the 
following extract from official rec- 
ords: 




COUNTIES. 



Appanoose 
Benton . . . 

Iowa 

Jasper 

Johnson. . . 
Keokuk. . . 
Mahaska. . 
Marion. . . . 
Monroe ... 
Poweshiek . 

Tama 

Wapello . 

Total. . . 



Mr. Smith is now engaged in 
farming, owning about 1200 acres 
in Maliaska county. He has given 
special attention to stock raising, 
and his Short-horns, Jersey cattle 
and other fine stock, are known 
throughout the State among stock 
men. His hospitable and pleasant 
home, in the suburbs of Oskaloosa, 
known as " Ridge Farm," draws 
many a visit from business men of 
different parts of the State and 
elsewhere, who may frequent Os- 
kaloosa, and find it pleasant to 
talk over early enterprises in 



600 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



whicli Mr. Sniitli had a mutual in- 
terest. Mr. Sniitli and wife have 
lost five children in early infancy, 
and have three living, viz: Laura 
M , M'ife of Byron V. Seevers, 
Esq., Onier C. and Lua L., all 
highly respected for their intelli- 
gence, industrj' and promise of 
future usefulness. At the time of 
our present writing, Mr. Smith, in 
view of selling " Ridge Farm," to 
a coal company, for mining pur- 
poses, proposes to remove to 
his farm of nine hundred and 
sixty acres, known as " High- 
land Farm," in the center of Ad- 
ams township, and six miles north- 
east of Oskaloosa, which has the 
reputation of being one of the 
very best large farms in the State, 
where he expects to gratify his 
taste for fine stock to a greater 
extent than heretofore, and engage 
more extensively in general farm- 
ing. Mr. Smith has a sanguine 
temperament, is strong in his 
prejudices, warm in his friend- 
ships, a good conversationalist, 
and a gentleman whom one meets 
only to wish for a more extended 
and intimate acquaintance. AVe 
are convinced that to him Mahas- 
ka county is much indebted; that 
he deserves his success, his for- 
tune and his friends. 
SMITH, N. ,L, firm JST. J. Smith & 
Co., dealers in hardware, Oska- 
loosa; born in Erie county, Penn- 
sylvania, December 23, 1814, and 
at an early age removed to Adi- 
tabula county, Ohio; he married 
Miss Sarah A. Crandell, from Es- 
sex county, New York, March 4, 
1834; they came to Morgan coun- 
ty, Illinois, in 1837, and in 1840 
they came to Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, 
and lived there five years; he was 
here in 1843, when there was not 
a house here completed — they were 
building a log grocery; in 1845 
he came here to locate, but it was 
so wild and unsettled that he 



gave it up, and, with his family, 
went to Michigan; in 1853 they 
again came here, and located in 
Oskaloosa, and he engaged as clerk 
in a store; he has been connected 
with mercantile business here for 
twenty -five years; he has held 
town and school offices; they have 
two children, Mrs. Francis J. 
Carleton, living here, and James 
Edward, in Colorado; they lost 
three childi-eii in infancy. 

Smith, Omer, farmer. 

Smith, I). C, minister. 

Smith, T. K., jeweler. 

Smith, C. M., farmer and stock dealer. 

Smith, S. E., stone mason. 

Smith, Henry, tinner. 

Snowden, James E., pastor Congre- 
gationalist church, 

Snyder, Henry, retired. 

Sonderegger, Henry, m alter. 

Southwick, Iw. W., laborer. 

Southwick, James, laborer. 

SPENCER, HARRY L., firm of 
Wright & Spencer, wholesale gro- 
cers, Oskaloosa; born at Spencer 
Station, Guernsey county, Ohio, 
December 30, 1842; he was 
brought up and received his edu- 
cation there; during the war he 
enlisted in the Ninth Ohio Cav- 
alry, Company B, February 9, 
1864; was appointed First Ser- 
geant June 8, 1865; was at head- 
quarters, and in the quarter-mas- 
ter's department; was discharged 
at Lexington, North Carolina, 
July 20, 1865; after the war he 
was at Zanesville two years, and 
came to Oskaloosa in November, 
1867, and engaged in business, the 
firm being Terry & Spencer for 
one year; then Mr. A¥riglit be- 
came connected with the firm; af- 
ter a short time they bought Mr. 
Terry's interest; associated with 
Mr. Wright, they carried on the 
business until the death of Mr. 
Wright, in 1875; since then Mr. 
Spencer has conducted the busi- 
ness; the house does a large and 



OSKALOOSA. CITY. 



601 



strictly wholesale trade; Mr, Spen- 
cer married Miss Mary E. Paine, 
from Pavvtucket, Rhode Island, 
October 20, 1869; tiiey have two 
chikh'en, Anna E. and Ida Ger- 
trude. 

Squii'es, ( -harles, laborer. 

STAFFORD, DR. ELAM, pliysi- 
cian and surgeon, Oskaloosa; born 
in Wayne county, Indiana, Feb- 
ruary 1, 1826; he lived there and 
in Tippecauoe county for seven- 
teen years, and came with his 
father's family to Iowa by wagon, 
and arrived here in this county in 
June, 1813; the principal thing 
here then was a pole stuck up to 
designate the spot supposed to be 
the center of the county; he was 
one of the earliest settlers here; 
he sat on a loo; and wrote tickets 
on election day; the election was 
held one mile north of town, in 
the edge of the timber; he stud- 
ied medicine, and graduated in 
Cincinnati in 1852, and began the 
practice of his profession, and 
is one of the oldest plij^sicians 
here; he was connected with the 
drug trade here for eleven years; 
married Miss Sarah Stanley, from 
Illinois, in June, 1852; they have 
one daughter, Emma F., and have 
lost one son, Charles W., and one 
daughter, Katie. 

Stafford, Henry, teamster. 

Stanley, John, farmer, 

Stanley, William P., constable. 

Stanley, E. T., life insurance agent. 

Stanley, Jesse, retired. 

Stanton, W. P., stock buyer. 

Sternes, William, horse trainer. 

Sterling, George F,, blacksmith. 

Stoner, Milton, farmer. 

Strong, JosejJi, cooper. 

Strong, Joseph P., horticulturist. 

STREET, WM. B., retired, Oska- 
loosa; born in Shawneetown, 111., 
July 12, 1819; his father was 
Gen. J. M. Street, the humane 
and Christian Indian agent; he 
studied law with Henry Clay, and 



afterward practiced law with 
Andrew Jackson; he was appoint- 
ed Indian agent by President 
Adams, in 1827, and was twice 
appointed by Andrew Jackson, 
and also by Martin Van Buren, 
and after his death President Van 
Buren, on account of his services 
and great usefulness to the gov- 
ernment, offered to appoint as his 
successor either of his sons whom 
his widow might select. General 
Street married a daughter of 
Major General Thomas Posey, of 
Revolutionary fame; he was with 
Morgan's Rifleman under " Mad 
Anthony AVayne"; he was the 
second man in scaling the fort in 
the capture of Stony Point. Tlie 
subject of this sketch, when eight 
years of age removed to Prairie 
du Chien, AVisconsin, in 1828, and 
came to Iowa in 1831, and was 
constantly among the Indians 
until 1813, much of the time at or 
near what is now known as Agency 
City, his father being Indian 
agent under the Sac and Fox 
tribes, he remained there until the 
treaty was made with the Indians; 
there is perhaps no person in the 
State of Iowa who has so intimate 
and correct a knowledge of Indian 
affairs as Mr. Street; he came to 
Oskaloosa in 1841; one of the 
earliest settlers, he built the first 
frame store building within the 
city limits, and engaged in the 
mercantile business, buying his 
goods in St. Louis, and hauling 
them from Keokuk, and taking ten 
days to make the trip; he contin- 
ued in business until 1857; he has 
held town 9,nd city offices; he 
married Miss P. M. Cobb, daugh- 
ter of AVilliam Cobb, of Rutland, 
Vermont, in July, 1851; she was 
great-grand-daughter of Samuel 
Allen, In-other of General Ethan 
Allen, of Revolutionary fame. 
Mr. and Mrs, Street have one 
daughter, Miss Ida Maria, who is 



602 



DIKECTOEY OF MAHASKA. COUNTY. 



now attending Vassar College, 
and graduates in the class of 1879. 

Stuart, W. B., grocei*. 

STUMPS, PETER, dealer in gro- 
ceries and provisions, Oskaloosa; 
born in Prussia, February 10, 
1827, and was brought up there; 
served in tlie Prussian army, and 
wasdischarged in September, 1853, 
and emigrated to America in 1854; 
lie came to Iowa in 1855, and lo- 
cated in Oskaloosa, and did not 
liave a dollar, and could not speak 
a word of English; he engaged in 
the mercantile business in I861-, 
and has continued it since then; 
he married Mary Stetfens, from 
Prussia, in November, 1855; they 
have two children, Mary, boi-n 
September 7, 1856, Joseph, born 
September 14, 1858; they lost one 
son, Peter. 

Swage, John, retired. 

SWEARINGEN, LEMUEL A., 
meat market, Oskaloosa; born in 
this county, one and one-half 
miles west of Oskaloosa, July 8, 
1845, and was brought up here, 
and has lived in this county 33 
years, except two years he spent 
in California; his parents were 
among the earliest settlers in the 
county, and are now living here; 
for the past iive years he has been 
engaged in his present business; 
he married Miss Lizzie Holt, from 
Pennsylvania, May 10,1873; they 
have two children, Cora and Fred. 

Swearingen, Wintield, stock buyer. 

Swearingen, John H., painter. 

Taylor, Henry, marble cutter. 

Seibel, John, president farmers' and 
traders' bank. 

TENNANT, W., sewing machine 
agent. 
Terrell, M. J., farmer. 
Terrell, G. J., agricultural agent. 
Terrell, William, laborer. 
Terpin, George, restaurant. 
Thomas, W. H., wagon maker. 
Thumas, Jesse, grocer. 
Thompson, Francis, carpenter. 



Thompson, J. G., minister. 

THOMPSON, THOMAS, retired, 
Oskaloosa; born in Philadelphia, 
May 24, 1828; he was brought up 
there and attended school until 
iifteen years of age, then removed 
to Trumbull county, Ohio, and 
lived there for eight years, and 
then went to California; he re- 
turned, and came to Iowa and lo- 
cated in Oskaloosa in 1854, and 
engaged in the furniture business, 
the firm being Hamilton & Thomp- 
son, and they did a large whole- 
sale business; he improved a farm 
of 270 acres in this county, and 
about 1,000 acres in Poweshiek 
county; he owns two farms of 
400 acres; when he first entered 
land in Prairie township there 
were only two voters in the town- 
ship; he has liv'ed here over twen- 
ty-four years; he lias one brother 
in Colorado; his father is eighty- 
four years of age, and is living 

THOMPSON, SAMUEL, county 
surveyor, Oskaloosa; born in Clin- 
ton county, Ohio, July 13, 1821; 
he was brought up in Ohio, and 
studied surveying and engineer- 
ing; in 1846 he was deputy coun- 
ty surveyor of Mercer county, 
Ohio; he was appointed to help 
survey the tract of 3,200 acres of 
land there, bonght by John Han- 
dolph, of Virginia, who gave free- 
dom to four hundred of his slaves, 
and settled them there, but on the 
4th of July, 1846, the Germans 
arose in their wrath and drove the 
negroes away; Mr. Thompson 
came to Iowa and located in Os- 
kaloosa July 9, 1855; he settled 
on a farm, and engaged in survey- 
ing; he was elected county sur- 
veyor in August, 1857, and served 
until 1863; he was elected count}' 
judge in 1863 and served until 
1869, when the office was merged 
into that of county auditor; in 
1873 he was again elected county 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



603 



surveyor, and since then has held 
that position; he has held the of- 
fice of justice of the peace, and 
other township and school offices; 
he married Anna Murray, from 
Vermont, October 10, 1850; tliey 
have four children, Julia, Emma, 
Mary and George. 

TICE, HARDIN, retired stock deal- 
er; born in Montgomery county, 
Virginia, October '27, 1829; when 
only two 3'ears of age his parents 
emigrated to Sangamon county, 
Illinois, and he was brought up 
and lived there until he was twen- 
ty-three years of age, when he 
started for Iowa on horseback, 
with all of his worldly effects in 
a portmanteau, and he arrived in 
this county March 20, 1S52; he 
bought a piece of land on credit, 
and went to farming; after two 
years, on account of an affection 
of his head, he engaged in buying 
and shipping stock, which busi- 
ness he carried on extensively for 
many years until 1876, when he 
rented his farm and retired from 
active business upon a competen- 
cy, and took up his residence here 
in the cit}^; though he is still in- 
terested in feeding stock, he gives 
it but little personal attention. 
What is a rare and unusual fact, 
is that in all of his transactions in 
shipping and selling stock he 
never lost but one hundred dol- 
lars, and that was at one time and 
on one lot of stock, while he was 
a member of the state legislature, 
and was at the state capitol; he 
still owns a farm of 170 acres; he 
has held all the township offices in 
the gift of the people, and was 
elected to the general assembly of 
the State in 1875; he marrietl 
Miss Mary J. Wilson, from Indi- 
ana, ISTovember 2, 1853; she came 
herein 1851; they have five chil- 
dren, all daughters, Clara, Emma, 
Lilly, Zora and Delia. 

Tiffin, Wra., plasterer. 



Toura, John, laborer. 
Tracy, Charles W., civil engineer, 
Tucker, E. E., grain buyer. 
Tuthill, George, farmer. 
Turner, II. S. D , blacksmith. 
Turpi 11, James, laborer. 
Twaddle, George L., clerk. 

'ANCE, JOHN, carpenter. 



V 



VERNON, W. E., restaurant, con- 
fectionery and Fruits, Oskaloosa; 
born in England in 1812, and 
came with his parents to America 
when quite young, and located in 
Newark, New Jei-sey; in 185-1 he 
returned to England, was there 
two years, then came again to 
America; lived in Newark and 
New York until 1860, and then 
came to Illinois on a visit; when 
the war first broke out he enlisted 
April 22, 1861, in the twentieth 
Regiment 111. Infantry, Co. F; 
he was in the battles of Fort Don- 
nelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, 
Brittan's Lane, Jackson, Burnt 
Bridge, and down on the Oxford 
Campaign; he was discharged 
July 4, 1864; after the war he 
came to Iowa; went out to Mon- 
tana Territory with team and was 
six months and thirteen days on 
the way; returned in 1869 and lo- 
cated here and eng-awed in busi- 
ness; married Miss Lydia A. 
Fisher, from Ohio, in June, 1870; 
they have two children, William 
and Cyrus, and have lost one lit- 
tle girl. 

Vicroy, L. F., carpenter. 

Votaw. Isaac, retired. 

^ A WAGGONER, JOHN, con- 
V V tractor and builder and 
manufacturer sash and blinds; 
born in Coshocton county, Ohio, 
June 16, 1824; he was brought 
up there and learned the trade of 
cabinet making; he came to Iowa 
and arrived here March 28, 1851, 
and was one of the early settlers 
here; there are only a few in bus- 
iness here now that were here 



604 



DIRECTORY C)F MAHASKA COUNTY. 



when he came; lie engaged in 
cabinet making; lie Avas in 
the mercantile business from 
1852 to 1855, and was in the chair 
business for six years, and then 
engaged in contracting and build- 
ing; he has built some of the best 
buildings in the city; he also has 
a planing mill in connection with 
his business, and is engaged in 
manufacturing sash, blinds and 
doors; he married Miss Ilettie F. 
Coe, from Illinois, September 8, 
1855; she died August 12, 1865; 
they have two children, David C. 
and Sarah Eveline. 

Wagoner, Wm., carpenter. 

"Walling, James, brick mason. 

Wallino-, Henry, mason. 

AVALtON, D. M., retired, Oska- 
loosa; born in Washington county, 
Pa., in 1874; was brought up 
there and was engaged in farm- 
ing, milling, and merchandizing 
in Washington and Greene coun- 
ties for many years; he came to 
this county, to Oskaloosa, in Oc- 
tober, 1868, and engaged in the 
mercantile business here for three 
years; he married Miss Mary 
Drake, from Green county. Pa., 
in October, 1834; she died in 
July, 1859, leaving four children, 
John. W., Samuel, Daniel, and 
Edward; they lost six children; 
(one of his sons James was in the 
the army; enlisted in Urst Regi- 
ment West Yirginia Cavalry, Co. 
P, in August, 1861; he was in 
thirty^-seven engagements, among 
tliein was Pull Run, Antietam, 
Gettysburg, Fredericksburg; he 
died in April, 1870); in Novem- 
ber, 1877, Mr. Walton married 
Harriet Alexander, from Penn- 
sylvania. 

Waters, Mat, teamster. 

Waterford, Jefferson, laborer. 

Waters, J. G., gardener. 

Watts, P. A., clerk Huber & Co. 

Watts, William M., tinner. 

Warrington, A. AV., photographer. 



Warren, Pobert, laborer. 

Weeks, George W., clerk. 

Weint, Jacob, coal miner. 

Welch, Porte C, journalist. 

AVells, W. M., physician and special- 
ist. 

Wells, Charles, tinner. 

Wells, Frank, laborer. 

Wells, George A., stoves and tin- 
ware. 

AVHITE, JOHN, deceased, Oskaloo- 
sa; born in Peperell, Massachu- 
setts, November 23, 1813; when 
quite a small boy he removed 
with his parents to Venice, on the 
Big Miami river, Ohio; he learned 
the cooper trade, and at the age of 
eighteen, removed to Hamilton 
county, Ohio, and engaged in the 
coopering business. He married 
Miss Martha J. Cloud, April 2, 
1837, in Dearborn county, Indi- 
ana; they cafne to Iowa and loca- 
ted in Yan Buren, county, in 1843. 
Mr. Wliite came to this county tne 
same year and located the land 
M'here Mrs. White now lives. In 
the following year, in April, 1844, 
he brought his family here. He 
eno^affed in farminj; and carried it 
on extensively for some j^ears; he 
was afterward engaged in bank- 
ing business. Mr. White was one 
of the most sao-acious of business 
men; he was largely interested in 
railroads, and at the time of his 
death, which occurred December 
24, 1870, he was one of the weal- 
thiest men in the State. He left 
one daughter, Mrs. Ernest H. 
Gibbs. Mrs. White still resides 
on the homestead adjoining the 
city of Oskaloosa. 

White, M. W., plasterer. 

Wliitaker, P., stationer. 

WILSON, REZIN, dealer in leather 
and saddlery hardware, and trunks, 
Oskaloosa; born in Ohio, October 
1st., 1830; he was brought up and 
learned his trade, and engaged in 
business in Marion, Ohio. He 
came to Iowa and arrived in Oska- 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



605 



loosa, August 12, 185-1, and 
worked at his trade for eighteen 
months, tlien engaged in business 
with J. B. Dixon, and they con- 
tinued together until tlie death of 
Mr. Dixon, in 1876. Mr. Wilson 
and D. W. Loring are the oldest 
merchants that have been in busi- 
ness without change, and Mr. 
"Wilson has been in the leather and 
saddlery hardware business longer 
than any one in tlie State. He 
married Miss Amelia S. Baer, from 
Crawfordsville, Indiana, October 
13, 1858; she is one of the earliest 
settlers, and has been here thirty- 
five years; there were only three 
cabins here when she came; they 
have two children, George W. and 
Stella Maud; and they lost one 
son, Ilarrv. 

WILSON, MITCHEL, dealer in 
dry goods, clothing, hats and caps, 
Oskaloosa; born in Clinton coun- 
ty, Ohio, June 30, 1833; he was 
brought up there until ninteen 
years of age; then came to Iowa, 
by wagon, being about thirty days 
on the way, and ai'rived here about 
Nov. 1, 1852, a i'ew (\rj& before 
the election of President Pierce. 
He was engaged in the mercantile 
business for several years. lie 
entered the Oskaloosa Branch of 
the State Bank of Iowa, and be- 
came cashier of that institution, 
and was also cashier of the Na- 
tional State Bank, which succeeded 
it, for some years; held office of 
city treasurer two years, and citj' 
councilman. He married Miss 
Ella Crawford, from Indiana, in 
the spring of 1863; they have 
three children, Cora A., Lena A. 
and Walter Guy. 

Wilson, Isaac, farmer. 

Wilson, Samuel, salesman. 

Williams, W. B., boot and shoema- 
ker. 

Williams, J. C, county superintend- 
ent. 

WILLARD, CHAS. T., firm of 



C. T. Willard & Co., dealers in 
dry goods; born in Galesburg, 
Knox county, Illinois, February 
18, 1848; he was brought up and 
received his education there. He 
came to Oskaloosa in 186!) and en- 
gaged in the dry goods business 
He married Florence A. Reece, 
from Abington, Knox Co, Illinois, 
October 26,1870; they have two 
children, Warren Peece and Hel- 
en C. 

WILEY, JXO. H., physician, Os- 
kaloosa; born in Westmoreland 
county, Pennsylvania, in 1821, and 
was brought up and lived there 
until 1846, and then removed to 
Indiana. He studied medicine 
and attended lectures in the city 
of New York, and also attended 
a second course of lectures in Cin- 
cinnati. He practiced his profes- 
sion in Indiana, until 1865, and 
then came to Iowa, and located in 
Mount Pleasant, practicing his 
profession there, and in Ottumwa, 
until coming here, in 1872. He 
married Angeline Antrobus, from 
Decatur county, Indiana, Decem- 
ber 6, 1816; they have four child- 
ren, Isabella J., Elizabeth, Alice 
A., Carrie Maud, and they have 
lost one son, Harrv. 

WILLIAMS, M. T., this gentle- 
man's name has occured quite fre- 
quently in the body of this work. 
It should be so. No name is more 
intimately connected with the ear- 
ly history of Mahaska, than that 
of M. T. 'Williams. Mr. Williams 
is an Ohioan. He was born in 
Butler countv, in the old Buckeye 
State, May 29, 1820. During his 
early boyhood his father removed 
to Indiana, and settled near Terre 
Haute. Here young Williams 
enjoyed the benefits of a common 
school education until he was six- 
teen years of age, wlieii he attend- 
ed Wabash college, at Crawfords- 
ville, during two years. After 
leaving school he engaged in en- 



606 



DIKECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



gineering in Hoosierdom, in em- 
ploy of the State of Indiana, for a 
few months, wlien the internal im- 
provement work on which he was 
engaged was suspended. While 
yet eighteen years of age, young 
Williams returned to Ohio and 
studied law in Cincinnati with 
Judge O. M. Spencer, and after- 
ward graduated at the Ohio law 
school; he was admitted to the 
bar April, 1842. Believing that 
the best place for a young man 
was on the frontier, on the second 
day of the following month Mr. 
Williams started for Iowa, coming 
across Illinois in a wagon. Ar- 
riving at Mt. Pteasant, he formed 
a partnership with G. W. Teas, a 
somewhat noted character in that 
day, a partnership which lasted 
about one year. He first came to 
Mahaska county in December, 
1843, and shortly afterward went 
to Iowa City, where he spent the 
winter, and in the following spring, 
as has been elsewhere related, he 
became organizing clerk of the 
county, with Wm. Edmundson as 
first sheriff. He continued to 
fill the office of clerk of court un- 
til 1854, when at the August 
election of that year, he refused to 
become a further candidate. Dur- 
ing the latter part of this service 
he was also clerk under John A. 
L. Crookham, county judge, and 
in accordance with the law, in the 
absence of the latter, was acting 
county judge. At this time, and 
in this way, he acquired the title 
of Judge Williams, by which he 
is currently known. In the fall of 
1854, Mr. Williams was elected to 
the state legislature, where he re- 
presented his county during the 
succeeding term. September 1st, 
of this same year he engaged in 
the practice of law in Oskaloosa, 
with Wm. T. Smith as partner. 
March 1, 1855, these gentlemen 
opened the first banking house in 
Mahaska county, and continued to 



do a general banking and land 
business, for two years and a half, 
when Mr. Williams withdrew from 
the firm. In 1858 a partnership 
was formed with Judge Seevers, 
which partnership continued for 
ten years. During five of these 
years, from 1863 to 1868, these 
gentlemen, in connection with H. 
P. Ninde, had a land agency which 
had the personal attention of Mr. 
Williams. The latter continued 
with Mr. Ninde in the land 
agency until 1873, practic- 
ing law in the meantime; 
in the last named year Mr. 
Williams associated in law bus- 
iness with Liston McMillen, a 
young man from Ohio, with 
whom he is still in partnership; 
Judge Williams was elected to a 
second term of the Legislature in 
1861; for the past 15 3'ears he 
has been U. S. Commissioner; as 
elsewhere mentioned, he served 
with great credit six years as 
trustee of the Iowa x\sylum for 
the Insane, at Mount Pleasant 
from 1868 to 1874; he was also 
locating commissioner in 1846, of 
the county seat of Polk county; 
in 1850 he became a member of 
the Masonic fraternity, and is 
now a prominent Sir Knight in 
that order in Oskaloosa; during 
quite a number of years he was, 
and now is, a member of the ves- 
try of St. James Episcopal 
church. Judge Williams has 
lived a life which has ever been 
one of quiet usefulness; he holds 
an honored place in the com- 
munity; his record shows no en- 
tries of wrong doing; he ranks 
high in the esteem of his fellow 
citizens, and is especially loved 
by the younger people; "Caje" 
Williams is a general favorite; 
he has a pleasant home in the 
town of his choice; during the 
summer of 1845 he built with 
his own hands, a house just north 
of the public square, and in Sep- 



OSKALOOSA CITY. 



607 



tember of that year brought to it 
as his bride, Miss Virginia Re- 
becca Seevers; this lady was born 
near Winchester, Virginia, and is 
a daughter of James Seevers 
(who came to Maliaska in 1844, 
and is now 86 years of age); the 
first home of the young couple 
has long since been abandoned 
for a more comfortable and ele- 
gant residence, where Mr. and 
Mrs. Williams with their two 
daughters, Alice Eugenia, and 
Beulah J., extend a hospitality to 
their friends such as few are able 
to bestow, and there enjoy the re- 
ward, to which 3'ears of frontier 
life and hardships have justly en- 
titled them. 

[A further sketch of Mr. Williams occurs 
under the chapter on " First Court."] 

WOODY, JOHN W., firm Woody 
& Hellings, abstracts and loans; 
born in North Carolina, March 17, 
1841, and was brought up and re- 
ceived his education there, and in 
Indiana and Ohio; he removed to 
Indiana in 1860, and attended 
school and engaged in teaching 
until 1868, when he came to Iowa 
and was president and principal 
of Whittier College, at Salem; he 
resigned in 1872, and read law; 
he was principal of the high 
school for one year, and then was 
called to the presidency of Penn 
College, and remained here for 
five years ; during the present year 
he associated with Mr. W. P. Hel- 
lings, and engaged in the abstract 
and loan business; he is also pres- 
ident of the Central Iowa Loan 
and Trust Company; he married 
Miss Mary Chawner, of Indiana, 
April 1, 1868; they have one son, 
Horace II. 

"Woods, E, M., farmer. 

WRAY, WILLIAM H., firm of 
Mattison & Wray, grocery and pro- 
vision dealers; born in Shelby 
county, Indiana, April 29, 1837; 
when seventeen years of age he 
came with his parents by wagon 



to Iowa; they were twenty-eight 
days on the way, and arrived in 
this county, five miles east of Os- 
kaloosa, April 19, 1854; he was 
on the farm for about ten years, 
then came to this city and engaged 
in the lumber business in 1866, 
and continued for twelve years, 
until 1877, when he sold out and 
engaged in his present business; 
he has held the ofiice of city alder- 
man; married Miss Francis Mont- 
gomery, from Shelby county, In- 
diana, October 5, 1858; they have 
three children, Walter, Joseph 
and Nellie, and have lost two chil- 
dren, Eddie and Cooper. 

Wray, W., lumber dealer. 

WRIGHT, MRS. EMILY J., for- 
merly Miss Emily J. Ellis; was 
born in Warren county, Ohio, and 
removed, with her parents, in in- 
fancy to Fountain county, Indi- 
ana; they came to Mahaska coun- 
ty in 1855, and located in Oska- 
loosa; she married Thomas T. 
Wright, September 10, 1861; he 
was born in Highland county, 
Ohio, March 6, 1833; he was 
brought up and received his edu- 
cation there, and came to Iowa and 
located in Oskaloosa in 1854; he 
was engaged in the grocery and 
drug business for some years, and 
afterward engaged with Terry & 
Spencer in tlie wholesale grocery 
trade; they bought Mr. Terry's 
interest and he retired; associated 
with Mr. Spencer they continued 
the business until the death of 
Mr. Wright, February 19, 1875; 
Mrs. AYright still retains her in- 
terest in the business of the pres- 
ent firm of Wright & Spencer; 
she has one son, Samuel B., born 
March 29, 1862, and has lost one 
son, Benjamin F., born December 
13, 1863, and died August 9, 1864. 

Wright, Dillon, blacksmith. 

"W rough ton. Job H,, lightning rods, 
pumps, etc. 
'ATES, ELIAS, barber. 



Y 



608 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



TT^T-EST OS2^-A.XjOOS-A- TOTTvTl^TSmi^. 



ACTOX, WILLIAM, Fanner, 
Sec. 34; P. O. Beacon. 

Acton, Matthew A,, Fanner, Sec. 33; 
P. (), Beacon. 

AVEV, G. L., fanner, Sec. 9; P. 
C). Oskaloosa; born in Washington 
Co., Md,, in 1830 ; when six years of 
age removed with liis parents to 
Fairfield Co., O., and was brought 
np there. Married Mary E. Fox, 
from Prnsssia, in Mav, 1856; they 
came to this county in Oct., 1865, 
and located where they now live; 
owns farm of 70 acres, and has 
held ofiice of school director. He 
was in the army; enlisted in the 
114:th Pegiment Ohio Yol., and 
was commissioned Lieut. Co. H; 
was in battles Yicksburg, Arkan- 
sas Post, Port Gibson, Kaymond, 
Champion Hills, and many others. 
Thej' have eight childi-en : Oliver 
IL, Dora E., Mary A., John L., 
Emily I„ Clara, Georgie, and Het- 
tieM. 

BAKTLETT, AVILLIAM, far- 
mer. Sec. 10; P. O. Oska- 
loosa. 

Barline, Michael, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Barrow, William H., farmer, Sec. 34; 
P. O. Beacon. 

BARTLETT, WILLIAM, fanner. 
Sec. 10; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Harrison Co., Ohio, Nov. 29, 1839, 
and was brought np there and in 
West Ya., and came to Iowa and 
located in Oskaloosa in 1861. He 
was in the armv ; enlisted in Feb., 
1862, in the 4th Keg. Iowa Cav. 
Co. F; was in battle of Yicksburg 
and in a great many fights and 
skirmishes, and was in the service 
three years and three months; af- 
ter the war returned here and en- 
gaged in farming; owns 120 acres 
of "land. Married Miss Mary C. 
Prine, from Indiana, daughter of 
H. H. Prine, in 1867; they have 



four children: Fred, Edwin, Clyde, 
and Hoyt. 

Beach, Thomas C, ftirmer. Sec. 5; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

BEARDSLEY,WILLIAM, drug 
gist. Beacon; born in England 
Oct. 15tli, 1850, and was brought 
up and learned his business there; 
came to the United States in 
1870; lived in Columbiana Co., 
Ohio, three months, and in Wash- 
ington Co., Illsnois, four months, 
and then spent ten months in Kan- 
sas, Missouri, and the western Ter- 
ritories, and came to Iowa Sept. 
3d, 1871, and has been engaged in 
business at Beacon for the past 
two years. He has depended en- 
tirely npon himself since he was 
ten years of age. Married Miss 
Mary Ann Evans, from AVales, 
Jan.' 5, 1872. 

Beede, Cyrus, farmer Sec. 12; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

BOWEN, JOHN W., P. M. at 
Beacon ; born in Wales in April, 
1844, and came to this country in 
infancy, and was brought up in 
Pittsburg, Pa. He came to Iowa 
in 1855 and located in Yan Buren 
Co.; lived there until the war, and 
enlisted in the 15th Reg. Iowa Inf , 
Co. E, in June, 1862; was in bat- 
tles Black River, Yicksburg and 
siege of Atlanta; M'as \vounded 
there July 21st; came home on 
furlough; again joined his regi- 
ment; was in siege of Savatmah, 
and went with Sherman to Wash- 
ington, and was in the grand re- 
vicM'; after the war was in Colo- 
rado tNvo years, and then came 
here; held ofiice of P. M. in 1873, 
and was again appointed in Octo- 
ber, 1877. Married Eleanor Bur- 
dess, from England, 1870; they 
have four children: Albert, Harry, 
Willie and Cora. 

BRIGGS, JOB, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 



OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 



609 



O. Oskaloosa; born in Jeft'erson 
Co., Oliio, January 17, 1803; he 
was bronglit up there and learned 
millwright and carpenter trade; 
studied surveying and followed 
that for several years. lie married 
Ann Romans, from Chester Co., 
Pa., June 30, 1830; they came to 
Iowa by wagon, and were thirty- 
one days on the road, and arrived 
here Ot'tober 11:, 1854, and loca- 
cated where they now live, and 
engaged in farming; they were 
early settlers; own a farm of 70 
acres. They have four children: 
Lydia, Maria, Amos, and Harriet; 
they have lost nine children. 

Briggs, Amos, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Brown, James E., farmer. Sec. 26; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Bnrdess, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O, Beacon. 

Bnrdess, Joseph, P. O. Beacon. 

CAPPER, Mrs. LUCINDA, for- 
merly Miss Lucinda Odell, 
Sec. 7; P. (). Oskaloosa; was born 
in Park county, Ind., and was 
brought up there; she married 
John Capper June 27, 1854; he 
was born in Ohio February 13, 
1825; they came by wagon to 
Iowa and arrived in this county 
October 20, 1857, located where 
they now live, and made their 
farm ; there were onl}' a few here 
when they came; he died Septem- 
ber 27, 1867, leaving an estate of 
140 acres; they have six children 
living, Rose A., Oscar S., Flora 
E., Harvey M., John C, and Dan- 
iel W., and have lost two children. 
Howard M. Capper, brother of 
Mr. Capper, lived with them; he 
was in the army, enlisted in the 
thirty-third Regiment Iowa In- 
fantry, Co. E. 

Coomes, David, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
O. Oskakjosa. 

Cowan, James P., farmer, Sec. 35; 
P. O. Beacon. 



Crosson, A. B., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Crosson, William, farmer, Sec. 25; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Crosson, John, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Crispin, Benjamin, farmer, Sec. 1; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Crispin, David, farmer. Sec. 1; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Curry, James M., farmer, Sec. 26; 

P.O. Beacon. 
Cummings, William M., Sr., farmer, 

Sec. 18; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

DANE, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 
36; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Davis, David S., farmer, Sec. 20; 
P. O. Beacon. 

DEAVER, GEORGE W., former. 
Sec. 27; P. O. Beacon; born in 
Hampshire countj^ Ya., Decem- 
ber 5, 1812, and was raised there 
until fifteen years of age; then 
removed to Dayton, Ohio, and 
lived in that State seventeen 
3'ears ; then came to Iowa l)y wag- 
on and arrived in this county in 
October, 1844, and settled on Six- 
mile prairie; he was one of the 
■earliest settlers and there are only 
a few here now that were here 
when he came; he engaged in 
making brick, and furnished 
some of the first brick tliat were 
used in Oskaloosa; he engaged in 
farming and has lived on his 
present place twenty-seven years; 
his farm contains 100 acres; he 
married Mary Ann Wilson, from 
Hampshire county, Ya., in 1848; 
they have eight children, five sons 
and three daughters, and have 
lost two children. 

DeLong, Ed. F., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Dillon, T.W., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

DIXON, J. N., farmer and orchard- 
ist. Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa; born 
in Fayette county. Pa., February 
20, 1821, and when quite j'oung 



610 



DIEECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



came witli Ins parents to Ohio; 
baviiijj a taste for fruit culture 
when only twentj^-two years of 
age, in 1S44, he set out an orchard 
of 1,100 apple trees, having plan- 
ted the seed, and when they were 
large enough grafted them; it 
was a large orchard in that early 
day; his father not sharing the 
confidence of his son in the result 
of the enterprise, he disposed of 
the orchard; that was thirty-four 
years ago, and the orchard is still 
in vigorous bearing; Mr. Dixon 
came to Iowa in 1855 and located 
in Mahaska county; he came, ex- 
pecting to give his attention to 
orcharding, and set out some 
ti'ees, but the winter killed them; 
he started his present orchard in 
1868 and 1869; it consists of 115 
acres and is one of the largest in 
the country; his mercantile or- 
chard consists of eight varieties, 
but he has some forty or fifty 
different varieties; his fruit com- 
mands a good price and he has de- 
mand for it as far west as Yirgin- 
ia City, Nevada; Mr. Dixon has 
been prominently connected with 
the State Horticultural Soci- 
ety and is one of its most active 
members. 

Doron, Gabriel D., Sec. 23; P. O. 
Beacon. 

Downs, Daniel D., farmer. Sec. 33; 
P. O. Beacon. 

Dusenberry, John R., farmer. Sec. 
20; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Dusenberry, Randolph II., farmer, 
Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Dusenberry, George W., farmer, 
Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

EISENH ART, JACOB S.,prop. 
Fishville coal mine; P. O. 
Leighton; born in Clark county, 
Pa., in 1834, and was brought up 
there; came to Iowa in 1856 and 
located in Cedar count}^; lived 
there until the war and enlisted 
October 3, 1862, in the 27th Reg- 
iment Iowa Infantry, Co. F; was 



aid-de-camp for James I. Gilbert 
for two years, and was in fourteen 
hard fought battles; was in the 
service three years to a day; mus- 
tered out October 3, 1865; after 
the war was in the coal business 
at Boonsboro and Des Moines; 
came here in 1870 and opened 
this mine; he ships 500 to 600 
cars yearly; married Miss Ella C 
Smith, from Pennsylvania, Octo- 
ber 14, 1858; they have three 
children, Dessie R., George G., 
and Ernie W. 

ELLIOTT, NATHAN, farmer, 
Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Pasquotank county. North Caro- 
lina, August 22, 1817; was brought 
up and lived there until 1854, and 
removed to Indiana, and came to 
Iowa in the fall of the same year, 
and located in this county; lived 
in Oskaloosa for twelve years, and 
came to his present location and 
engaged in farming; owns ninety- 
four acres of land; has held office 
of the president of the school board 
and road officer; married Mary 
Ann Pritchard, from Pasquotank 
county. North Carolina, in April, 
1837; they have seven children, 
Abbie, Lurania, Joseph J. G., 
William P., James W., Margaret 
S., and Emma F., and have lost 
four children. 

Evans, David J., farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

FICKLE, WASHINGTON, far- 
mer, Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Foster, Stephen E., Sec. 25; P. O. 

Beacon. 
Frantz, Francis L., farmer. Sec. 12; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

GAY, ORAN, farmer. Sec. 20; 
P. O. Beacon. 
Gibbons, Benjamin, farmer. Sec. 36; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
GRIFFEE, ABRAHAM, i>irmer, 
Sec. 18; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Shenandoah county, Ya., in April, 
1815, and was left an orphan at 
an early age; he only went to 



OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 



611 



school a few weeks. lie learned 
the cabinet maker's trade, and re- 
moved to Ohio in 1833, and came 
to Washington county, Iowa, in 
1841; after eighteen raontlis re- 
turned to Ohio. He came to Iowa 
with his family in April, 1856, 
and located on the farm where he 
now lives; at that time timber 
land was thought to be the most 
valuable; and he bought one hun- 
dred and forty acres timber, and 
paid thirty dollars an acre; he sold 
part of it for fifteen dollars an 
acre, and would be glad to sell the 
balance of it at ten dollars, and he 
has never cut a stick of timber. 
He had nothing when he com- 
menced in life, and though he lost 
by his partner in business, $6,000, 
he yet owns a good farm of one 
hundred and sixty acres with fine 
improvements. He has held of- 
fice of school director; marri- 
ed Nancy Hickenbotham, from 
Ohio in 1855; they have six chil- 
dren, Catharine, JVlinerva, Nancy, 
Stephen A,, Abraham D., and 
Charlie. 

HANSON, SAMUEL, farmer, 
Sec. 31; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Harbour, R. R., farmer and mason, 
Sec. 27; P. O. Beacon. 

Hatfield, Owen, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

HARRIS, ROBERT C, f\irmer and 
stock raiser, Sec. 9; P. O. Oska- 
loosa; born in Augusta county, Va., 
June 20, 1810, and when four 
years of age, removed with his 
parents to Park county, Indiana, 
and lived there seven years, when 
they came to Iowa by wagon, and 
were about four weeks on the way; 
arrived in this county near Oska- 
loosa, November 1, 1855, and he 
was brought up here, and engaged 
in farming and stock raising. He 
owns a farm of two hundred and 
twenty-five acres; married Miss 
Abbie Elliott, from Oskaloosa, 
December 29, 1861; they have 



five children, Francis L., Nola L., 
Lycurgus L., Liens, and Baby; 
they have lost two children. 

Hiatt, William, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

HIVLE Y, PAUL, farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; born in Licking 
county, Ohio, Aug. 30, 1831; when 
three j'ears of age he removed 
with his parents to Indiana, and 
came to this count}'- in 18 HO; mar- 
ried Frances Perry, from Ohio, in 
September, 1858; they have five 
children, Mary Jane, Emma G., 
Willie, Cora, and Nellie B. 

Hook, James K., farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Hook, M. M., farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. O. 
Beacon. 

Huber, John M., Sec. 23; P. O. 
Beacon. 

Hull, Aholiab, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Hull, Obadiah, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
O. Beacon; born in Mercer coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania, December 11, 
1799, and was brought up and 
lived there until 1857; came to 
this county in 1858, and settled 
where he now lives; owns a farm 
of 40 acres; married Mary Ann 
Morford from Ohio, August, 

1825, who died ; he married 

Elizabeth Horner, from Ohio; he 
has 5 sons and 4 daughters. 

Hunt, Harvey, farmer. Sec. 1; P 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Husse}^ Nathan W., farmer, Sec 

12; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
TENKINS, JOHN, farmer, Sec 

J 33; P. O. Beacon. 

Jones, Thomas H., farmer, Sec. 18 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Jones, John E., farmer, Sec. 29; P 
O. Beacon. 

Jones, Samuel W., farmer. Sec. 34 
P. O. Beacon. 

Johnson, W. L., farmer, Sec 2; P 
O. Oskaloosa. 

KENT, ROBERT A., farmer, 
Sec. 28; P. O. Beacon. 



612 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Ketner, Eli, farmer, Sec. 23; P.O. 
Beacon. 

KISSICK, W. L., fanner, Sec. 19; 
P. (). Beacon; born in Mercer 
county, Pennsylvania, January, 
27, 1841, and was brought up 
there until 18 years of age, and 
came to Iowa, arriving here 
April 7th, 1859; was in the army, 
enlisted October 27, 1862, in 16tli 
Iowa Infantry, Co. G, was in bat- 
tles of Shiloh, lulva, Corinth, 
siege of Vicksburg, and in bat- 
tle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864; 
was taken prisoner and taken to 
Andersonvilie and was confined 
60 days, and exchanged; he re- 
enlisted in the same regiment, 
January 4, 1864, and served until 
the end of the war; he was pro- 
moted to 2d Lieutenant and then 
to Ist Lieutenant and was pro- 
moted and commissioned Captain 
Co. C, when mustered out; after 
his return engaged in grocery 
trade, then in farming; owns 110 
acres of land; has held school 
offices, and is now president of 
school board; married Miss Mary 
E. Hook, from Ohio, August 9, 
1865; they have 3 children, Coi*a 
M., Alice Lulu, and little baby 
son. 

LLOYD, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 
20; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Louge, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 

O. Beacon. 
Lytle, Andrew J., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

McCORD, ROBERT, Sec. 23; 
P. O. Beacon. 

McGlasson, Joseph F., farmer. Sec. 
36; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McGlasson, Charles A., farmer, Sec. 
36; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McMillen, Wooster, farmer. Sec. 12; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McWILLIAMS, W. N., farmer,Sec. 
32; P. O. Beacon; born in High- 
land connt}^ Ohio, July 1, 1821; 
he was brought up and lived there 
until he came to Iowa and located 



in this county, in 1856; after one 
year he located where he now lives, 
and entjraffed in farming and stock 
raising; he owns a farm of one 
hundred acres; he has held school 
offices most of the time since he 
came; he married Miss E. J. 
Broadwell, from Clermont county, 
Ohio, in March, 1846; they are 
connected with the Presbyterian 
church of Oskaloosa, though they 
attend the Union church because 
of its convenience; thev have 
eight children, E. John, Ellen J., 
Charles L., Tirzah S., Phillip A., 
Albertiss, Ada, and Reece H. 

Madison, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Magin, James, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Marks, Nelson W., farmer. Sec. 9; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Marks, Benjamin F., farmer. Sec. 
18; P. O." Oskaloosa. 

MARKS, N. WHEELER, farmer, 
Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Hardin county, Ohio, August 11, 
1845; when seven years old came 
to Iowa by wagon with parents; 
located in Washington county, in 
1853; lived there four or five 
years, and came to this county; 
he enlisted in the Eighth Reg- 
iment Iowa Infantry, Company 
H, in August, 1861; was in the 
battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg, 
both battles of Jackson, Spanish 
Fort, and many other fights and 
skirmishes; was slightly wounded 
in the head at Vicksburg; he was 
in the service four years and nine 
months, until May, 1866; after the 
war he returned and engaged in 
farming; married Miss Cynthia In- 
gales, from this county, in Octo- 
ber, 1873; they have two children, 
Ada and Ernest, and have lost 
one daughter. 

Martin, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Mieir, William A., farmer. Sec. 15; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 



OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 



613 



Mieir, Frank D., fiirmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Mitchell, Sandy, Sec. 23; P. O. Bea- 
con. 

Minnick, John W., Sec. 22; P. (). 
Beacon. 

Miiniick, William IL, Sec. 22; P. 

0. Beacon. 
MOREHOUSE, CHARLES, farm- 
er, Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa; born 
in Onondagna county, New York, 
October 1, 1825, and was brought 
up in that State, and came to Chi- 
cago, and from there came to Iowa 
b}' wagon, and arrived in this city 
October 26, 1851: ; located in Black 
Oak township, and engaged in 
farmitig and stock raising; he 
moved on his present farm March 

1, 1866; he owns a farm of 145 
acres; has held the ottice of jus- 
tice of the peace; married Miss 
Charlotte Adams, from Onondagna 
county, 'New York, Sejitember 9, 
1847; they have five children, 
Charles W., Belle Iv., Bennett S. 
A., Cora F., Anna E.; the_y have 
lost two daughters and one son. 

Morgan, Richard, farmer. Sec. T; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Morgan, Shadrick, farmer, Sec. 36; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Moore, John C, tarmer. Sec. 2; P. 

O., Oskaloosa. 
Morris, Zack, farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. 

Oskaloosa. 
Moorman, John O., farmer, Sec. 1; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Murray, Jeremiah, farmer. Sec. 34; 

P. O. Beacon. 

NEWTON, HENRY, farmer, 
Sec. 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Newhouse, John M., farmer, Sec. 19; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Nowles, Moses, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
O. Beacon. 

OGDEN, MARIAU, farmer, 
Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
PARCELL, RICHARD, farmer. 
Sec. 21; P. O. Beacon. 
Parker, Richard, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 



Petitt, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
( )skaloosa. 

PETITT, SAM. R., farmer. Sec. 
2; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Bed- 
ford county, Pennsylvania, April 
14, 1812, and was brought up 
there: removed to Crawford coun- 
ty, Ohio, in 1838. and lived there 
until 1864, when he came to Iowa, 
and located where he now lives, in 
April. 1865; owns a farm of one 
hundred and fifty-two acres, and 
has given much attention to rais- 
ing fine hogs. He married Mar- 
tha E. Caldwell, from Adams 
county, Pennsylvania, in 1838; 
they have seven children, Mary A., 
Samuel, Sarah, Clara E., David R., 
Willis and Minnie M.; they have 
lost three sons and one daughter. 

Perry. Thomas F., farmer, Sec. 28; 
P. O. Beacon. 

PHILLIPS, J. J., firm of Phillips & 
Foster, general merchants, Bea- 
con; born in Wales, June 26, 
1841, and emigrated to America, 
in 1854, and went to Galia county, 
Ohio, and was brought up in that 
state. When the war broke out he 
enlisted in 1861 in the three-month 
service, and afterward enlisted in 
the 71st Regiment Ohio Infantry, 
Co. D. He was quarter-master 
sergeant, and was detailed as chief 
clerk in the Quarter-master's de- 
partment. He was in the battles 
of Columbus, Shiloh, Franklin, 
Nashville, and others, and was in 
the service four years. After the 
war he returned to Ohio and lived 
there until 1875, when he came to 
Beacon and enojaijed in business. 
His father died when he was 
young, and he began life without 
an^'thing. He has held office of 
justice of the peace in Ohio, for 
seven years; also, town clerk and 
notary public, and was elected 
justice of the peace here in 1878. 
He married Miss Mary E. Murlin, 
from Ohio, March 5, 1865; they 
have six children, Laura, John D., 



614 



DIRECTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Josephine, Mahala, Marj C, Har- 
riet. 

Pickrell, William, farmer. Sec. 1; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Pilgrim, W. H., farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Pilgrim, John P., farmer. Sec. 33; 
P. O. Beacon, 

PITTMAN, HARRY A., manager 
of the store and business of the 
Iowa Coal Co., at Beacon; born in 
Keokuk, Iowa, in 1855, and is a 
son of George W. Pittman, one of 
the early settlers. He was brought 
lip and received his education 
there, and graduated at the High 
School. lie was engaged in 
keeping books for three years, and 
came here the present year and 
assumed charge of the business of 
the Iowa Coal Co. 

Moorehouse, Charles, farmer. Sec. 5 

Pomeroy, Stephen L., farmer. Sec 
3; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Price, Joshua, farmer. Sec. 27; P 
O. Beacon. 

Price, Watkin P., farmer. Sec. 22 
P. O. Beacon. 

Prine, Henry H., farmer. Sec. 10 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Prine, Miles K., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Prine, M. Ellis, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
O. Oskaloosa, 

Prine, Daniel S., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Pugh, William, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

REILL Y, EDWAPvD O., farmer, 
Sec. 16; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Remington, Ezekiel S., farmer, Sec, 
29; P. O. Beacon, 

Remington, Thompson, farmer, Sec. 
28; P.O. Beacon. 

Robertson, Robert, farmer. Sec. 6; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

ROGERS, A. M.,farmer,_Sec. 15; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Ohio 
county, Virginia, November 17, 
1819; when only two years of age 
removed with his parents to 
"Wayne county, Ohio, and was 



brought up in tliat State; he mar- 
ried Miss Martha Flanegan, from 
Ohio, in April, 1841; they came 
to Iowa by wagon, and were four 
weeks on the way, and arrived in 
Oskaloosa in May, 1855; engaged 
in butchering business three j'ears, 
and then in grocery business six 
years, and came on his farm in 
1865; he owns ninety acres of 
land; lias held town and school 
offices; they have five children, 
Amanda, William F., John D., 
Charlie and Louie E., and have 
lost two children. 

Rouse, George A., Sec. 23; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Rouse, Mannasess, Sec. 23; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

RUBY, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 28; 
P, (), Beacon; born in Yirginia, 
March 26, 1816; he removed to 
Indiana at a very early age, and 
was raised in Ripley county; he 
married Miss Sarah Levi, in Jan., 
1837; she was born in Ohio, and 
raised in Indiana; they emigrated 
to Wisconsin in 1842, and lived 
there until coming to this county 
in May, 1840; he engaged in 
farming and stock raising; they 
are among the early settlers, have 
lived here over thirty years; he 
has held office of justice of tlie 
peace, and other town and school 
offices; he owns a farm of 160 
acres; they have six children, 
Mourton, Medora, Allene, Frank, 
Estella E., Banks, and have one 
adopted son, Charlie Ruby; they 
have lost three chiklren. 

RUBY, MOURTON C, agent 
of the Keokuk & Des Moines 
R. R, at Beacon, P. O. Beacon; 
born in Rock county, Wisconsin, 
March 4, 1844; when five years 
of age removed with his parents 
to Iowa, and came to this county 
in 1840, and he was brought up 
here; was in the army, enlisted in 
the 33d Regiment Iowa Infantry 
Co. E; was in battles of Helena, 



OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 



615 



Jenkin's Ferry, Siege of Mobile, 
and in many others; was in ser- 
vice over three years; after the 
war was in Chicago two years, 
then came here; was appointed to 
Ids present position in Jan nary, 
1868; lie holds office of mayor of 
the town, and is serving his fourth 
term; married Miss Ella Downs, 
from Ohio, in November, 1866; 
they have three children, Luella 
May, Clara Belle and Guy Ray- 
mond. 
SALES, JOHX, farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Beacon. 

Schnltz, John, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Scott, Laughlin, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

SEEVERS, ROBERT, tarmer, Sec. 
24, P. O. Oskaloosa; born in St. 
Clairsville, Belmont county, Ohio, 
December 9, 1807; he was brought 
up in Ohio, living in Jefferson 
and Coshocton counties until 
coming to Iowa; he came by wag- 
on, and was three weeks on the 
way, and arrived here June 1, 
1853, and located on the place 
where he now lives, and has liv^ed 
here over a quarter of a century; 
he has given much attention to 
the cultivation of fruit, and has 
sixty to seven<"y varieties of ap- 
ples; he has held office of presi- 
dent of the State Agricultural So- 
ciety for two years, and director 
of the same for ten years; also 
president of the Mahaska County 
Agricultural Society for many 
years, and president of the Horti- 
cultural Society; he married Ellen 
Bryan, from Coshocton count}', 
Ohio; they have three sons, 
George W., of Indianola, Bj^ron 
v., attorney's at law, Oskaloosa, 
William A., merchant, Oskaloosa. 

Shaw, Augustus A., farmer, Sec. 34; 
P. O. Beacon. 

SHAW, Mrs. HIGHTLY, Sec. 32; 
P. O. Beacon; born in Maryland 
in 1814, and was brought up and 
37 



lived there until she was married 
to Joseph Shaw, June 30, 1839; 
he was born in Maryland in 1818; 
they came to Iowa in 1840, located 
in Washington county until the 
treaty was made with the Indians; 
he came to this county and se- 
lected land and made a claim, and 
then went after his family and 
broua^ht them here and en2:ao;ed in 
farming; they were among the 
early settlers. He died Jan., 1860, 
leaving an estate of 360 acres. 
They had ten children: Sidney O., 
Harriet A., Columbus, Araericus, 
Augustus A., Lawson I., JS^aomi 
C, Susan S., Esther J., and Jo- 
seph; they lost one son in infancy. 
Mrs. Shaw owns a farm of 107 
acres, which is carried on by her 
son Joseph. 

Shaw, Americus, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Shaw, Joel, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Shaw, Columbus, farmer, Sec. 32; 
P. O. Beacon. 

Smith, David S., farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Smith. Jacob H., farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Stalker, Dillen, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Stanton, Andrew W., farmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

STEVENS, JOSHUA, farmer, Sec. 
9; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Guernsey Co., Ohio, in October, 
1821, and was brought up there. 
Married Miss Sarah Thomas, from 
Pennsylvania, in 1843; they lived 
there until coming to Iowa, lo- 
cating in this county, in April, 
1865 ; engaged in farming and 
stock raising; owns a farm of 160 
acres. They have five children: 
Ilezekiah W., Abagail Matilda, 
James M., Aimer T., Sarah B.; 
lost two children, Daniel and Ru- 
hami. Daniel was in the army; en- 
enlisted in the 9Sth Reg. Ohio 
Inf., and died at ]^ashville. 



616 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Stout Thomas C, farmer, Sec. 25; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Stout, Simon, farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

STOKER, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Mont- 
gomery Co., Ohio, Maj 18, 1811, 
and was brought up there, and 
came to Iowa in 1844, and came to 
Mahaska county in May, 1845, and 
bought a claim where he now lives, 
and on the 4th of July, 1846, he 
entered 80 acres of his farm from 

, governmeut; he was one of the 
early settlers; eng-ao^ed in farmine: 
and stock raising, and now owns 
244 acres land. Married to Miss 
Sarah F. Stannus, July 12, 1846; 
She was from Guernsey Co., Ohio, 
and came in 1846, and was en- 
gaged in teaching school here. 
There are only a few here now that 
were here when they came. They 
have six children: Jennie, (now 
Mrs. Martin) J. M., Wm. J., James 
F., Carrie and Addie, twins. 

TANDY. HEXRY, farmer. Sec. 
31 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
TANDY, CALVIN, farmer and 
stock raiser. Sec. 29; P. O. Bea- 
con; born in Kentucky Dec. 15tli 
1819; when 11 years of age he re- 
mov^ed to Indiana with his parents 
and lived there for seven years; in 
1837 he moved to Ills., and he 
came to Burlington, Iowa, in 1838 ; 
the following year he located in 
Keokuk county; lived there eight 
years; in Appanoose county four 
years, and came to this county in 
1852, and engaged in farming and 
stock raising; he is one of the early 
settlers, and there are few persons 
now living here that have been in 
the State as long as he has. He 
married Miss Annie Webb, in July, 
1842; she was born in Tennessee 
and brought up in Illinois, her 
father being one of the earliest set- 
tlers in Sangamon Co.; he came 
there before the Black Hawk war. 
They have nine children: Eliza- 



beth J., William T., Henry, El- 
mira, Frances E., Mary M., Calvin 
S., Ambrose and Annie M. They 
have lost three children. 

Terrell, Matliew, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Terrell, Clark M., Farmer, Sec. 11; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Terrell, Thomas, larmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Thorp, Nicholas B., farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

THOMAS, Mrs. JANE, Sec. 17; P. 
O.Oskaloosa ; was born in Guernsey 
county, Ohio, and was brought up 
there ; she married Wm. T. Thomas 
May 30, 1843; he was born in 
Belmont county, Ohio, January 
22, 1818; when live years of age 
was removed to Guernsey county. 
They came here in 1867, and 
enffag^ed in farming and stock 
raising; he died September 12, 
1869, leaving an estate of 240 
acres. They had six children, 
Daniel L., Nancy A., Jonathan 
D., Robert H., Mary E., William 
S. ; they lost one son in infancy; 
Jonathan enlisted and served in 
the army. 

Thrash, John, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. 
Beacon. 

Torrence, William, farmer. Sec. 16; 
P. O. Beacon. 

TREDICK, Wm. S., farmer. Sec. 
21; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Phil- 
adelphia, Pa., June 19, 1836, and 
when only three or four years of 
age was removed to Portsmouth, N. 
H., and was brought up there; 
removed to Michigan in 1855; 
lived there live years and came to 
Iowa in 1860 and located in this 
county, where he now lives, and 
engaged in farming; owns a farm 
of 100 acres; has held school 
offices; married Miss M. Batter- 
ton, from Indiana, in 1861; she 
died February, 1876, leaving four 
children, Anna May, Hattie, 
Charles, and ' Wilford ; married 
Mrs. Marietta Moore, from Ohio, 



OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 



617 



in Febrnary, 1877; slie has two 
children, Edwin and Lnella. 
Troy, Charles R., fanner, Sec. 10; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

VERNON, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 
11; r. O. Oskaloosa. 

T A T-ELLS, HORACE M., farm- 
V V er. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Oska- 
loosa. 

West, Charles B., farmer, Sec. 29; P 
O. Beacon. 

West, Frank M., former. Sec. 26; P 
O. Oskaloosa. 

"Wharton, S., tarmer. Sec. 28; T. O 
Beacon. 

Wharton, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 28 
P. O. Beacon. 

White, Dennis F., farmer, Sec. 35 
P. O. Oskaloosa 

White, Marion M., farmer. Sec. 34 
P. O. Beacon. 

Winkleman, Thomas J., farmer, Sec 
1; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Winkleman, Frank B., Sec. 1; P. O 
Oskaloosa. 

Winkleman, John, Jr., farmer, Sec 
1; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Williamson, John, farmer. Sec. 25 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Wilson, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O 
Oskaloosa. 

WILSON, MRS . E . A ., Sec. 32 ; P 
O. Beacon; born in Mineral coun- 
ty. West Ya., and lived there until 



she was married to Thomas Wil- 
son, February 22, 1839. He was 
born in Maryland, December 25, 
1803. After they were married 
they started for Iowa and located 
in Washington county, April 1, 
1839; Mrs. Wilson rode on horse- 
back from Burlington; they lived 
there until the treaty was made 
with the Indians, and they then 
left and came to this county; 
arrived here May 20, 1843; they 
were the earliest settlers in this 
section; he made a claim and put 
up his cabin; he was gone to mill 
at one time over three weeks, and 
Mrs. Wilson had no bread for her- 
self and children while he was 
gone. The first visit Mrs. Wilson 
made in Iowa was on Sunday; they 
had corn bread and corn coffee 
made of meal and slippery-elm. 
Mr. Wilson ploughed the first 
furrow on Six-mile prairie. They 
had nothing when they came to 
Iowa, but by hard work and good 
management at the time of his 
death'he owned from 800 to 1000 
acres, good land; they have seven 
children, and have lost five sons; 
Lizzie, Myra, Milo, Jennie, Mar- 
garet, Charlie and Thomas, living. 
Wolcott, Lucien M., farmer, Sec. 2; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 



E-A-ST OSI^-^XjOOS-A- TOT7\7-3SrSim=. 



ANDERSON, ELIJAH, farmer, 
Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
BALL, RODERICK M., farmer. 
Sec. 33, P. O. Oskaloosa. 
BARROWMAN, W., farmer and 
miner, Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa; 
born in Scotland, in 1823; came 
to the United States in 1848 and 
to this county in 1867; owns 68 
acres of land; he has a valuable 
coal bank on his land containing 
a vein of coal five feet in thick- 
ness, and is noted for its purity; 
it meets with ready sale as fast as 
mined ; he has held the office of 



school director; he married Miss 
Agnes Kinnon in 1846; she was 
born in Scotland; they have seven 
children, William, Agnes, Jane, 
Mary, James, Richard and Eliza- 
beth. 

Baxter, Richard W., farmer, Sec. 24; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Beaman, Alonzo, farmer, Sec. 17; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

BILLICK, J., farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; born in Washing- 
ton county. Pa., in 1828; came to 
this county May 29, 1868; owns 
280 acres of land; he married 



618 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COrNTY. 



Miss Mary Fonuer in 1850; she 
was born in Greene county, Pa. 
they have five children, Martin L. 
William J., James L., Elmer E. 
and Mary L. 

Boswell, Jason IL, farmer. Sec. 8 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

BRADBURY, D., farmer, Sec. 22 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Fayette 
county. Pa., in 1846; came to this 
county in 1872; owns 100 acres 
of land; has served as treasurer 
of the district in which he resides; 
he married Miss Mary L. Conner 
December 31, 1877. 

BROERMAN, H., farmer, Sec. 14; 
P. (). Oskaloosa; born in Hano- 
ver, Germany, in 1813; came to 
the United States in 1834, and for 
many years worked at the trade of 
carpenter in various parts of the 
middle and southern states; he 
came to this county in 1857; he 
owns 220 acres of land; married 
Mary H. Miller in 1842; she was 
born in Prussia; they have five 
children, Charles, Siegel, Lizzie, 
Lena and So])hia. 

Bryson, David, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Byers, Benj. H., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

CAMPBELL, WILLIAM, farm- 
er. Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa; 
born in Pope county, 111., in 1821; 
came to this county in 1843; owns 
200 acres of land; has held office 
of township trustee and scliool di- 
rector; he married Sarah L. Dun- 
bar in 1847; she was born in In- 
diana; has five children, Charles 
Y., Walter, Minnie, Yelma, Wil- 
liam L. 

Campbell, AV. Barrett, farmer, Sec. 
27; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Casto, Thomas J., tarmer. Sec. 25 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Chick, Charles M., farmer. Sec. 29 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Clayworth, E. II., farmer, Sec. 13 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 



Claywortli, John B., farmer. Sec. 13; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Colville, D. H., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Comstock, A. B., farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

COMSTOCK, A. J., farmer, Sec. 
32; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in But- 
ler county, Ohio, in 1828; came to 
this county in 1844; owns 210 
aci-es of land. In August, 1848^ 
he enlisted in the Mexican War, 
and was assigned to a Tennesee 
regiment, and his term of service 
was to be ten j^ears or during the 
war. He was the only man that 
enlisted in the war in Mahaska 
county. He also enlisted in the 
33rd Iowa Infantr}^, in the late 
war and was commissioned captain 
in April, 1864; he was taken 
prisoner, and the following au- 
tumn was paroled. He married 
Miss A. Binns, in 1851; she was 
born in England; has five chil- 
dren, James T., Alfred, Andrew 
J., Yictoria and Ella M. 

CONNOR, J. M., farmer. Sec. 21; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Butler 
county, Ohio, in 1827; came to 
this county in 1848; owns 120 
acres of land; has held office of 
school director; he enlisted in the 
Mexican war. He married Edith 
Stanley in 1850; she M^as born in 
Ohio; has four children, Mary L., 
Emma E., Frank H., and Elmer. 

Coonrod, Albert M., farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Coulson, David, dentist. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Cox, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Cox, Newton, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Crispin, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Critehett, Ephriam, farmer, Sec. 11; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Crookham, Milton, farmer, Sec. 32; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 



OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 



619 



Crozier, Mathew W"., farmer, Sec. 

3-1; P, O. Oskaloosa. 
Cubbison, Ilagli, farmer, Sec. 24; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 

DICKEY, LOEENZO, farmer. 
Sec. 3; P.O. Oskaloosa. 
Dickey, Jose])li, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

EDRIS, EDWARD, f^irmer. Sec. 
17; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Berks county. Pa., August 5, 1828, 
and was brought up there; in 
1848 he removed to Ohio and 
lived there and in Indiana 
for six years; he then came to 
Iowa and located in Oskaloos in 
Deceinber, 1854, and engaged in 
the coopering business until 1866, 
then engaged in farming; owns a 
farm of 60 acres; has held school 
offices; married Miss Mary M. 
Imus, from Ohio, in 1855; they 
have four sons, Charles II., Perry 
F., Edward A., and Frank M. 

ELLIS, LEVI, farmer and min- 
er. Section 5; P. O. Oskaloosa; 
born in North Carolina in 1810; 
came to this State in 1852, and to 
this county in 1853; owns TO 
acres, and 10 acres in Sec. 9; he 
has opened a valuable coal bank 
and as far as worked, the vein 
shows a thickness of <d^ feet, and 
of unusual quality; he married 
Sarah Frazier in 1830; she was 
born in North Carolina; they 
have 10 children, Daniel, Mary, 
Angel ine, Jesse, Abagail, Eliza- 
beth, Linza, Louisa, Sarah A., 
Clarkson. 

Emmons, Josiah, farmer, Sec. 36; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

FINLEY, JAMES W., farmer. 
Sec 29; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Finley, Thomas M., farmer. Sec. 28; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Fitch, Benjamin, farmer. Sec. 14; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Fleck, John W., farmer^ Sec. 4; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Forsyth, Thompson, farmer. Sec. 

19; P. O. Oskaloosa. 



Furnald, Ira, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

GEGNER, GEORGE, P. O. Os- 
kaloosa. 

Gegner, Conrad, farmer and mer- 
chant. Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

GILCHRIST, GEO., farmer. Sec. 
17; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Pennsylvania in 1826; came to 
this county in April, 1857; owns 
73 acres of land; has held office 
of school director; he eidisted in 
the 33d Iowa Infantry and was 
commissioned 1st Lieutenant Co. 
K; he married Miss Nancy Lutz 
in 1851; she was born in Penn- 
sylvania. 

Grier, David M., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
O, Oskaloosa. 

Guthrie, James E., farmer, Sec. 22; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Hartman, Jonathan M,, farmer, 
Sec. 31; P.O. Oskaloosa. 

Harrison, William II., farmer. Sec. 
25; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Heacock, Amos P., farmer. Sec. 21; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Hiatt, Wilson, farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
O. Beacon. 

HILLEARY, L., farmer and stock 
raiser, Sec. 14; P. O. Oskaloosa; 
born in Kentucky, 1825, came to 
this State in 1834, and to this 
county in 1844; owns six hun- 
dred and fifty-five acres of land; 
has held the office of school direc- 
tor; he married Miss Delila Bond 
in 1859, she was born in this 
count}'; has five children, Clara, 
George, Ransom, Savilla,. Yerla. 

HOOVER, W. N., farmer and mil- 
ler. Sec. 8; P. O. Oskaloosa; born 
in this State iti 1842, came to this 
county in 1847, owns one hundred 
and sixty acres of land; he also 
owns the mills known as Hoover's 
Mills. These mills were erected 
in 1871, and contain three run of 
stone, and do botli custom and 
merchant work. There is in con- 
nection a saw mill and distillery. 
He married Miss M. Whitaker in 



620 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



1864; she was born in this State; 
has two children ; Heman H. and 
Charlie. 

Hoover, David, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Iloover, James M., farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Hoover, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Hull, Henry, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

HUNTER, Will. A., farmer and 
raiser ot thoroughbred stock, Sec. 
9; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Jef- 
ferson county, Qhio, March 20, 
1815; came to this county Ju- 
ly 6, 1865; owns 177 acres 
of land; he married Miss 
Nancy Day, November 5, 1833; 
she was born in Jefferson county, 
Ohio; has six children, John D., 
editor of the Hamilton Freeman, 
this State, Samuel S., Joseph R. 
C, William A, Sumner Cliase, and 
Almira, a wife of C. R. Scott, Esq., 
residing at Council Bluffs. Mr. 
Hunter was selected and commis- 
sioned, by President Lincoln, a 
quartermaster with the rank of 
captain in the late war; one of his 
sons was commissioned a captain, 
and all were in the employ of the 
government; Mrs. Hunter acting 
as a matron of a hospital. After 
coming to this State he was for 
some years connected with the 
Oskaloosa Herald. 

Hutchinson, Charles, farmer, Sec. 
32; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Hyde, Thomas W., farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

JACKSON, WILLIAM B., farra- 

cJ er. Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Jamison, John R., farmer, Sec. 29; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Jenkins, Jesse IL, farmer, Sec. 32; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Jewell, Andrew J., farmer. Sec. 29; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

KENWOTHY, HENRY A., 
farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. Oska- 
loosa. 



Kindley, Joseph J., farmer, Sec. 16; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Kirkpatrick, Samuel, Sr., farmer, 
Sec. 31 ; P. O. Beacon 

Kirk, John C, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Knight, John F., ftirmer. Sec. 28; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

KNOWLTON, S., farmer, Oska- 
loosa; born in Maine, in 1822; 
came to this State in 1865; owns 
760 acres of land, but resides in 
Oskaloosa; has held the offices 
of school director and county 
supervisor, and at the present 
time is cliairman of the board; 
he married Julia A. Hadley, of 
Clinton county, Ohio, in 1845; 
has ten children, Olive A., Simon, 
Mary, Charles, Edwin, Annie, 
Rosa, Ella, Minnie and Cora; lost 
one daughter, Emma. 

Knight, Wil iam, farmer. Sec. 27 
^ P. O. Ookaloosa. 

Koogler, J., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O 
Oskaloosa. 

LAWSON, HAMILTON, farm 
er, Sec. 11; P. O. Oskaloosa 

Larrance, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 35; P, 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Lathrop, James R., farmer, Sec. 4 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Landes, Felix, farmer, Sec. 14; P 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Lemon, Henry P., fai*mer. Sec. 34 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Likes, John, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O 
Oskaloosa. 

Lindlev, Benjamin F., farmer. Sec 
31; P. O. Beacon. 

Livingston, Oscar, farmer. Sec. 8 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

LOUGHRIDGE, JAMES, farmer 
and stock raiser. Sec. 15; P. O. 
Oskaloosa; he is also connected 
with the Beacon Mills, in this 
township; he was born in Ohio, 
and, Avhile young, came to this 
county with his parents, they being 
among the earliest settlers in the 
county, and his father is credited 
with building the first house in 



OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 



621 



this section of tlie county; owns 
145 acres of land; lie enlisted in 
the 33d Iowa Infantry in the late 
war and served three years, and, 
with one exception, was in all the 
battles in w^hich the regiment was 
engaged. 

MoBURKEY,WILLIAM, farm- 
er. Sec. 24; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McCullev, James S., farmer, Sec. 13; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McDonald, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 14; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McDonald, Thomas E., farmer, Sec. 
10 ; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McKanna, William II., farmer. Sec. 
21; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McKINLEY,WM., farmer,_Sec. 30; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Alle- 
ghany county, Pa., in 1826; came 
to this county in 1851, his father 
having purchased the land on 
which he now resides ; hf> has held 
the office of school clrector; he 
married Miss Mary Vamkirk in 
1852; she was born in Pennsyl- 
vania; has five children, Ada N., 
Mary B., Samnel W.. William E., 
and Charles N. 

McPherson, William P., farmer. Sec. 
16; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McRoberts, Aaron, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Martin, Hugh P., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 

0. C>skaloosa. 

Martin, William S., farmer, Sec. 21 ; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

MITCHELL, JOHN B., fanner, 
Sec. 15; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Ohio in 1847; came to this county 
in 1848 ; his parents were among the 
earliest settlers of the county, and 
entered tlie land on which he now 
resides as soon as it came in mar- 
ket; he owns 120 acres; has held 
office of school director; he married 
Miss Lizzie Brcjerman December 

1, 1869; she was born in Pennsyl- 
vania; has three children, Flora, 
Etta, and Howard. 

MITCHELL, C. R., farmer. Sec. 11 ; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Iowa in 



1852; owns 143 acres of land; he 
married Miss Belle Stevenson in 
February, 1878. 

MONTGOMERY, JOHN, farmer, 
Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Madison county, Ohio, in 1818; 
came to this State in 1838, and 
in 1841 while the Indians occupied 
the country, he came to what is 
now Mahaska county, and staked 
out a claim on the Des Moines river 
and another on the site of where 
Oskaloosa now stands, April 15th, 
1843; he came to the county to 
reside permanently, and found the. 
site selected on the Des Moines, 
occupied and entered the one se- 
lected where Oskaloosa now stands 
as soon as he was permitted to; 
he owns 460 acres of land; he 
married Mary E. Jack, in 1853; 
she was born in Illinois, and died 
in 1857. He afterward married 
Frances A. Jack, in 1858; she was 
born in Illinois; has six children, 
Laura F., William J., Franklin P., 
Ivittie, John and Jessie. 

Moore, Arch W., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Myers, Thomas H., farmer. Sec. 14; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Myers, George IF., farmer. Sec. 4; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

NARVER, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
29; P.O. Oskaloosa. 

Nelson, Robert, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

NELSON, DANIEL, farmer. Sec. 
5; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Butler 
county, Ohio, in 1812; came to 
this State in 1841, settling in 
Jefferson county in 1853; he owns 
310 acres of land; has held the 
office of school director; he mar- 
ried Margaret Garden in 1840; 
she was born in Hamilton county, 
Ohio; has six children, William, 
Barbar}^, James, John, Martha J., 
Sarah. 

Nelson, George B., farmer. Sec. 20; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

NICHOLSON, B. C, farmer, Sec. 



622 



DIEECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



15 ; p. O. Oskaloosa; born in Jeffer- 
son county, Ohio, in September, 
1838; came to this county in 1864; 
owns 140 acres of land; has held 
the office of scliool director; he 
married Rachel Ann James in 
1858; she was born in Ohio; has 
live children, Harvey C, Leslie J., 
Walter S., Emma Virda. 
Nord3'ke, Lewis, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

OGLE, ABSALOM, farmer. Sec. 
4, P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Osborn, Barton, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

PIM, GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 
22; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Price, Henry, jeweler, Oskaloosa, 
residence, Sec. 19. 

REDBURK, JOSEPH B., farm- 
er. Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Reeves, William J., farmer, Sec. 
33; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Reeves, Eli, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Rice, William H. H., farmer. Sec. 
25; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

ROBERTS, J. L., farmer. Sec. 17; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Kortli 
Carolina, December 7, 1814; 
came to this county in 1847; 
owns 471 acres of land ; has held the 
office of school director and jus- 
tice of the peac6; he mar- 
ried Rebecca Coulson in 1837; 
she was born in Kentucky; lias 
eight children, Jonathan, J. Wil- 
liam, Joseph C, Charles A., John, 
Amanda J., Nancy A., Ann E., 
lost three, Mary A., Ephraim W., 
Thomas A. 

Rogers, Abram H., farmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Roberts, James D., farmer. Sec. 7; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Rogers, James D., farmer, Sec. 3; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Rozell, Warren, farmer. Sec. 14; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

SHIPLEY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
26; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
West Tennessee in 1812; came 



to this county in 1850, previous 
to his removal to this county, he 
lived 16 years in Indiana; owns 
91 acres of land; he married Ann 
Tungit in 1839; she was born in 
Virginia; have six children, Tal- 
bert, Andrew L., Archibald G., 
Howard, Elanor J., Caroline. 

Schnltz, Carl, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Schultz, Fredrick, farmer. Sec. 13; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Sloan, Harvey, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Sopher, William K., farmer, Sec. 
8; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Sopher, William P., farmer. Sec. 
33; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Smith, Carp. M., farmer, Sec. 16; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Smith, Rezin, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Spencer, El wood, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Spencer, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. 0..icaloosa. 

STARLIN, JOHN, Farmer, Sec. 4; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Hamil- 
ton C< '')hio, Jan. 26, 1814; came 
to this county in 1853; owns fifty 
acres of land. He married Bar- 
bary Poe, in 1838; she was born 
in Ohio; has six children: Peter, 
Margaret, Mary, Catharine, Susan 
and John. 

STAFFORD, WILLIAM, farmer. 
Sec. 4; P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 
Indiana in 1823; came to this 
county in 1843; owns 110 acres of 
land; has served as a member of 
the school board. He married 
Eliza Stanley, in 1845 ; she was 
born in Ohio, and died in 1853. 
He married for his second wife, 
Amanda McClure, who was born 
in Pennsylvania; has three child- 
ren by his first marriage: John M., 
Eliza P., Henry B.; and two by 
his second marriage: James W. 
and Bell.e 

STARLIN. M. W., farmer. Sec. 5; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Hamil- 



OSKALOOSA TOWNSHIP. 



623 



ton Co., Ohio, Jan.^ 1822; came 
to this State September 7th, 1847, 
and has lived in the same house 
since that time; owns 116 acres of 
land. Married Eunice M. Beck, 
in 1849; she was born in Butler 
Co., Ohio; has two children: Sa- 
rah A., and Carlton. 

Starlin, John T., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

STANLEY, JOHN, farmer,Sec.l6; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in North 
Carolina March 29th, 1803; came 
to this county in 1843; owns 90 
acres of land. He has been mar- 
ried three times: 1st, Agnes Stan- 
ley; 2d, Mary Chamberlain; third 
wife was Mary Springer, whose 
maiden name was Miller; has four 
children: Edith, Ann, Sarah, and 
Jesse J. 

Stafford, Byron, Farmer, Sec 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Starlin, Peter W., farmer. Sec. 4; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Stewart, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Stearns, Phillip, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Stephenson, James M., farmer, Sec. 
10; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Summerville, William H., farmer; 
Sec. 17; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Swazey, Phillip, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

TAYLOR, R. D., farmer. Sec. 23; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Fay- 
ette county, Indiana, in 1820 ; came 
to this county October 13th, 1855; 
owns 120 acres. He married Miss 
Margaret Barney, in 1847; she was 
born in Indiana; has live children: 
Florence, Sarah M., Cornelia, Da- 
vid A., and Isaac N. ; lost two: 
Cordelia and William AV. 

Templeton, Joseph H., farmer, Sec. 
20; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Thatcher, Franklin, farmer, Sec. 4; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Thatcher, David, farmer, sec 20; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 



THORNBIIRGH, J. F., farmer and 
dairyman. Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloo- 
sa; born in Greene county, Ohio 
in 1850; came to this county in 
1863; owns 75 acres of land, and 
is engaged in the manufacture of 
cheese, for which he has obtained 
an enviable reputation, finding 
a ready market for all he can 
manufacture; he married Eliza- 
beth Boswell in 1872; she was 
born in Iowa; have 2 children, 
Grace E., and Carlton G. 

Todd, Benjamin F., farmer. Sec. 
10; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Threlkeld, Merritt, farmer, Sec. 10; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Towns, Levi, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

VARLEY, MARTIN, farmer, 
Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Vermilyea, William, farmer, Sec. 
8; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

■\ A TALKER, WILLIAM, M., 
V V farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Warren, John H., miller, Sec. 33; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Wassom, Samuel B., farmer. Sec. 
24; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Wells, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

West, Eleazer, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

White, David C, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

White, Eli, farmer, Sec. 31; P.O. 
Oskaloosa. 

White, Thad M., farmer. Sec. 31 ; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

White, T. A., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

WHITE, T.B., farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; born in Ohio, in 
1845, came to this State in 1847, 
and to this county in 1856; owns 
forty-four acres of land. He has 
served as school director, and for 
twelve years as secretary of the 
school board. He married Miss 
Dora Hiatt, in 1876; she was born 



624 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



in Ohio; has one child, Wilfred 

W. 
Williams, John C, farmer. Sec. 6; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Williams, William E., farmer, Sec. 

18; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Williams, Charles, farmer. Sec. 27; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Wilson, Joseph D., farmer. Sec. 22; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
WILLIAMS, J. C, farmer, Sec. 6; 

P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Grayson 

county, Virginia, in 1812; came 



to this county in 1850; owns 80 
acres of land. He has held office of 
township trustee and school direc- 
tor, lie married Lydia A. Pier- 
son, in 1840; she was born in Lo- 
gan county, Ohio; has seven 
children, Enoch P., Cyrus T., Wil- 
liam P., Calvin W., Marion, John 
H. and Lydia B. 

Wing, Charles, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Woodward, William F., farmer, Sec. 
23; P. O. Oskaloosa. 



l^^-^^T^ SH-A-I^Ol^- 



ADAMS, N. P., laborer, New 
Sharon. 
Adams, W. P., painter, New Sharon. 
Airy, L. J., laborer, New Sharon. 
Allen, Phebe, widow, New Sharon. 
Atwood, Moses, patent medicine, 

New Sharon. 
Awtry, G. S., Central Hotel, New 
Sharon. 

BATES, G. F., harness maker, 
New Sharon. 

Banks, John, laborer. New Sharon. 

Baitman, J. W., laborer. 

BOWDLE, J. W., carpenter and 
builder, of the iirm of Bowdle 
Brothers, New Sharon; born in 
Madison county, Ohio, in 1837; 
came to this couuty in April, 1865 ; 
has worked at his trade twenty- 
one years, and was the first car- 
penter in the town of New Sharon. 
He owns, with his brother, one 
hundred acres of land; has served 
as member of the city council and 
town clerk. He married Miss 
Nancy J. Leslie, in 1868; she was 
born in Lawrence county, Penn- 
sylvania. 

BOWDLE, ISAIAH, of the firm of 
Bowdle Brothers, carpenters and 
builders. New Sharon; born in 
Madison county, Ohio, in 18401 
came to this county in 1866; owns 
jointly with his brother one hun- 
dred acres of land. He enlisted 



in the 50th Ohio Infantry, in the 
late war, and was discharged ou 
account of disability. He mar- 
ried Miss Adaline Yickers, in 
1869; she was born in Washing- 
ton county, Ohio; has two child- 
ren, Gertrude and Ollie. 

BOWEN, C. T., dealer in drugs, 
medicines, paints, oils, books, sta- 
tionery and druggists' sundries, 
New Sharon; born in Pennsylva- 
nia, in 1855; came to this State in 
1857, to this county in 1864, and 
to this town, July 10, 1877. 

BIJRKET, W. D., grocer. New 
Sharon; born in Henry county, 
Indiana, in 1848; came to this 
county in 1854. He owns two 
hundred and twent}' acres of land 
in Sioux county; holds the office 
of mayor of the city. He mar- 
ried Miss Jennie F. Jackson, in 
1872. He enlisted in the 33d 
Iowa Infantry, in the late war, be- 
fore he was fifteen years old, and 
was in both the 7tii and 13th 
army corps, and crossed the Gulf 
seven times while in the service. 

CADWALAQER, AM AS A, capi- 
talist, New Sharon. 
Car, J. W., laborer. New Sharon. 
CARSON, GEORGE, dealer in 
drugs, books, stationery and drug- 
gists' sundries. New Sharon; born 
in Hancock county. West Virginia 



PRAIKIE TOWNSHIP. 



625 



1843; came to this State in 1856, 
and to this county in December, 
1874; is at present a member of 
the city council; he enlisted in 
the 28th Iowa Infantry in the 
late war, and served until dis- 
charged on account of disability; 
he married Miss L. Anderson, in 
1871; she was born in Ohio, and 
died July 1, 1872; he afterward 
married Miss Sadie Wrio^ht, June 
20, 1878; she was born in Ohio; 
has two children by first marriage, 
George A. and Laurani M. 

CARRELL, GEORGE W., of the 
firm Hueston & Carrell, New 
Sharon; born in Ohio, in 1845, 
came to this State in 1865, and to 
this county March 1, 1876; he 
married Miss S. Dutton in 1871; 
she was born in Illinois; has one 
child. Myrtle. 

Champion, J, J., laborer, New 
Sharon. 

Cobb, II. P., farmer, New Sharon. 

Cofifman, Mary, widow, New Sharon. 

Cole, Chet, New Sharon. 

COLLINS, J. M., of the firm of 
Warrens & Collins, furniture deal- 
ers and undertakers, New Sharon; 
born in Miami county, Ohio, in 
1844; came to this county in 
November, 1868; he enlisted in 
the 44th Ohio Infantry, and served 
seven months, and in the 12th 
Ohio Cavalry nearly two and one- 
half years; he married Jennettie 
Smith in 1870; she was born in 
Scotland; has four children, Ella 
May, Wm. H., Flora B. and Mag- 
gie. 

Cook, "Wm. H., shirt maker, New 
Sharon. 

Cornell, J. E.., clergyman, New 
Sharon. 

CORK , JAMES F., attorney at law, 
New Sharon; born in Penn., in 
1832; came to this State first in 
March, 1856; he afterward re- 
turned to Penn., and enlisted in 
the 100th Pennsylvania Infantry, 
known as "round heads," and 



served two years; he then removed 
to Lucas county, Iowa, coming to 
this county in 1872; he owns 50 
acres of land in Lucas county; he 
married Miss Catharine Isabel 
Eastlick, December 25, 1855; has 
two children, Wm. H. and Mary 
Agnes. 

Craver, Joseph, carpenter, New 
Sharon. 

CRAWFORD, 0. P., merchant, 
dealer in general merchandise, 
New Sharon; born in 1850, re- 
moved to Minnesota when five 
years of age; came to this county 
in 1867; has been engaged in sell- 
ing goods ten years, and four years 
in business for himself; he mar- 
ried Miss Ida H. Vickcrs, in Nov., 
1874; she was born in Iowa. 

Cramer, Wm., laborer, New Sharon. 

CRITTENDEN, Rev. 0. L., re- 
tired clergyman. New Sharon; 
born in Chenango county, N. Y., 
ill 1815; was educated at Hamil- 
ton, Madison county, N. Y.; 
licensed to preach in 1840, and 
ordained a few years later; he 
came to this State in 1863, and 
was for many years pastor of the 
Baptist Church in Pella, Marion 
county; he came to this county in 
1874, and has been largely instru- 
mental in the formation of the 
Baptist Church in this place; he 
is connected with the firm of Ver- 
steeg & Co., millers; he married 
Miss Mary Lamb in 1848; she 
was born in Ohio, and died in 
December, 1874; he afterwards 
married Mrs. Elizabeth C. Frisbee, 
in June, 1876; she was born in 
Oneida county, N. Y.; has one 
daughter by first marriage, named 
May — the wife of J. C. Salyer. 
Mrs. Crittenden's maiden name 
was Parker; she married Byron 
Frisbee, who died in 1870, leaving 
five children, 

DAVIS, CLARKSON, attorney, 
New Sharon. 
Davis, S., laborer, New Sharon. 



626 



DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Dean, W. J., druggist, New Sharon. 

Dixon, Mrs. C. 0., widow, New 
Sharon. 

Dean, R. T., physician, New Sharon, 

DODD, C. J., attorney, New Sharon ; 
born in Morgan county, Illinois, in 
1839 ; came to this country in 1855 ; 
his father came to this State in an 
early day,and built the first cabin on 
the ground where the city of Mt. 
Pleasant, in Henry county, stands; 
he owns 80 acres of land in this 
county; holds office of city solici- 
tor; he enlisted in the 3d Iowa In- 
fantry in 1862, and served in 
various capacities until his muster 
out in 1865; he was detailed by 
Gen. Curtis to act in the Secret 
Service, and was the person to dis- 
cover and disclose the Gunpowder 
Plot to release the prisoners in the 
Gratiot Street Prison; he also 
acted as enrolling officer; he mar- 
ried Miss M. A. Kirkpatrick in 
1861 ; she was born in Pike county, 
Illinois; has seven children, Lillian 
E., William T., Minnie M., Emma 
A., Nellie, Lula P., and Hattie E. 

EATON, ISAAC, blacksmith. 
New Sharon; born in Monroe 
county, Ohio, in 1835; came to 
this county in 1864; he married 
Miss Lydia A. Adams in Septem- 
ber, 1861; she was born in Ohio; 
has four children, "William, Nathan, 
Laura, and Clara; has served as a 
member of the school board and 
of the city council. 

Emerson, D. M., merchant, New 
Sharon. 

Eritt, P. H., clerk, New Sharon. 

Evans, W. II., billiard saloon. New 
Sharon. 

FARE MAN, G. W., cooper. New 
Sharon. 
FAGAN, H. H., foreman in lumber 
yard. New Sharon; born in Ohio 
in 1838; removed to Iowa in 1851, 
and to Illinois in 1853, and to this 
county in 1870; he married Miss 
Annie Yangundy in 1870; she 
was born in Ohio; has five child- 



ren, Charles, Minnie, Ossie, Lula, 

and Paby. 
Ferguson, S. P., clergyman. New 

Sharon. 
Fessler, David, retired, New Sharon. 
Florence, John, retired. New Sharon. 
Fitzgerald, Jonathan, plasterer. New 

Sharon. 
Fitzgerald, Leonard, plasterer, New 

Sharon. 
Frasier, Mahala, widow, New Sharon. 

GALPPETH, DAVID, city mar- 
shal, New Sharon. 

Gallaher, II. C, livery-man. New 
Sharon. 

Gable, P. T., miller. New Sharon. 

Gatlin, G. P., barber, New Sharon. 

Oilman, Arthur, gunsmith, New 
Sharon. 

Gifi'ord, Penp, butcher, New Sharon. 

GLOTFELTER, J. L., blacksmith, 
New Sharon; born in Greene 
county, Ohio in 1837; came to 
this county in 1868; has worked 
at his trade 24 years; he enlisted 
in the 74th Ohio Infantry in the 
late war, and served three years; 
he married Miss Sarah J. Junkin 
in 1861; she was born in Greene 
county, Ohio; have 3 children, 
Hattie J., Emma E., and Sadie G. 

GOULD, G. B., station agent. New 
Sharon; born in Friendsville, 
Wabash county, Illinois, in 1845; 
came to this county in January, 
1872; he married Elizabeth Pen- 
rose in 1877; she was from Ohio. 

Goss, R. D., railroad carpenter, 
New Sharon. 

GRAHAM, THOMAS, farmer, 
stock dealer, and merchant, New 
Sharon; born in Columbiana 
county, Ohio, in 1815; came to 
this State October 19, 1854, set- 
tling in Scott county, where he 
remained until his removal to 
this county, March 1st, 1876; he 
is connected with C. H. Kramer, 
nnder the firm name of Kramer 
& Graham, dealers in general 
merchandise; he married Miss 
Mary Taylor in 1836; she was 



PRAIKIE TOWNSHIP. 



62T 



born in the same county ; have ten 
children, Sarah A., Mavy A., Mar- 
tha E., Lydia J., C. Enialine, Jnlia 
R., Abbie J., Hannah C, Joseph 
T., and Chara; one son, John, en- 
listed in the 21st Iowa Infantry, 
and died from disease contracted 
in the arm v. 

HOL AWAY, M. B., printer, New 
Sharon. 

Hammond, J. G., clerk, ]^ew Sharon. 

HIATT, J. M., justice of the peace, 
notary ])ul)lic and collection agent, 
New Sharon ; Ixjrn in Henry coun- 
ty, Indiana, in 1839; came to this 
county in 18T5; he enlisted in the 
147th Indiana Infantry, in the 
late war, and was commissioned 
Captain of Co. D; he afterward 
published a newspaper, and since 
his removal to this county, has 
been engaged two years as a 
teacher in the high school, and 
resigned his position to acce^^t the 
office of justice of the peace, 
which he now holds; he is also 
town clerk, and one of the trus- 
tees of the Asylum for Feeble- 
Minded Children at Glenwood; he 
married Miss Sarah J. Haworth, in 
1860; she was born in Ohio; have 
six children. Flora E., J. Clinton, 
Metta E., Harry M., Eobbie, Josie 
and Frank. 

HIATT, JESSE, retired, farmer, 
New Sharon; born in 1815; came 
to this State in 1850, and to this 
county in 1854; he hauled the 
first load of lumber brought to 
the town of New Sharon, and 
has seen fifteen deer in one herd 
on the ground now occupied by 
the village; he has served as a 
member of the city council; he 
married Phebe Dickey in 1842; 
she was born in Yirginia; have 
two children, Jane, wife of A. 
Hill, and Mary E., wife of A. 
Rockwell. 

HOEN, W. F., salesman for H. T. 
Wright, New Sharon; born in 
Prussia in 1842; came to this 



country in 1849, and to this county 
in 1872; owns 120 acres of land; 
he married Nannie E. Jameson in 
1866; she was born in Illinois; 
they have four children, Christie, 
Maud, Carl W., and Lewis; have 
lost one son, Charlie. 

Hoftmire, Luther, attorney. New 
Sharon. 

HUESTON, ROBERT, of the firm 
of Hueston & Carrell, dealers in 
stoves, hardware and house fur- 
nishing goods. New Sharon; born 
in Canada in 1834; came to this 
county in April, 1875; has served 
as a member of the city council; 
he married Miss Sarah E. Carkuff 
in August, 1859; she was born in 
Ohio; they have three children, 
Cnarles H., Emma and Helen; 
have lost one son, James. 

Hughes, Charles, carpenter. New 
Sharon. 

Hughes, Mrs. Rachel, teacher, New 
Sharon. 

Hughes, Geo., retired. New Sharon. 

TRISH, STEPHEN, farmer. New 

J- Sharon. 
JOHNSON, Mrs. KATE, dress- 

cJ maker. New Sharon. 

Johnson, R. L., railroad hand. New 
Sharon. 

KALBACH, Z. TAYLOR, 
firm of Kalbach & Son, lum- 
ber dealers. New Sharon; born in 
Pottsville, Pa., in 1848; came to 
this State in 1850, and to this 
county in 1851, and for years, ex- 
cepting perhaps Council Bluft's, 
their lumber yard was the farthest 
west of any in the State, and their 
trade extended as far west as Fort 
Dodge; he married Miss Rose 
Cole in 1872; she was born in 
Dodge county, Wisconsin. 
KNOWLTON, C. F., attorney at 
law. New Sharon; born in Fay- 
ette county, Ohio, May 18, 1853; 
came to this county February 
19, 1865; he was educated at 
the Iowa Wesleyan University of 
Mt. Pleasant, graduated June 19, 



628 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



1873, and was admitted to the bar 
on his twenty-first birthday. 

KRAMER, C. H., of the firm of 
Kramer & Graham, dealers in dry 
goods, groceries, crockery, boots, 
shoes, hats, caps and clothing, 
'New Sharon; born in Pennsylva- 
nia in 1842; came to this State in 
1845, and to this county in April, 
1875 ; has been engaged in selling 
goods eleven years; he married 
Mary Parker in 1861; she was 
born in Ohio, and died in October, 
1862; he afterward married Miss 
Hattie is"". Rhodes in 1864; she 
was born in Ohio; has one child, 
Clarence, by first marriage. 

Kloose, Joseph, shoemaker, New 
Sharon. 

Kimble, W. I., carpenter. New 
Sharon. 

King, J. F., clerk. New Sharon. 

Kirk, AVm. B., nurseryman. New 
Sharon. 

LAWRENCE, S. B., dealer in 
grain, stock and agricultural 
implements, New Sharon; born 
in Warren county, Ohio, in 1832, 
and came to this State in 1862; 
owns 160 acres of land; has held 
oflice of town trustee; married 
Miss Kittie Benedict in 1856; she 
was born in Ohio. 

Larson, Ole, retired, New Sharon. 

Laughlin, P. P., agricultural imple- 
ments, New Sharon. 

Lewis, S. W., insurance agent. New 
Sharon. 

Larson, A., carpenter, New Sharon. 

Long, C. S., laborer, New Sharon, 

Lowry, Curtis, laborer. New Sharon. 

LOYD, WILEY, blacksmith, New 
Sharon; born a slave in North 
Carolina, in 1834; was sold and 
taken to Tennessee, where he re- 
mained until he came to this State, 
in 1864; he married Celia Fane, 
in 1862; she was born in North 
Carolina. 

MADER, JOSEPH, shoemaker, 
New Sharon. 



McAllister, Wm. L., physician and 
surgeon, New Sharon. 

McCURDY, J.F., of the firm of 
Versteeg & Co., of the city steam 
mills. New Sharon ; born in Dear- 
born county, Indiana, in 1836; 
came to this county in 1875; he 
owns one-third interest in the 
above mills ; he is a member of the 
city council; he enlisted in the 
59th Illinois Infantry in the late 
war, and served four years; he 
married Miss Ann McCullough in 
1869; she was born in Ohio. 

Michener, Ed., carpenter, New Sha- 
ron. 

MORRIS , D . C . , physician and sur- 

, geon. New Sharon ; born in Jackson 
county, Indiana, in 1834; came to 
this State in 1856; owns 80 acres 
of land; has practiced medicine 
fourteen j^ears; has held ofiice of 
postmaster; he married Miss Mary 
Painter in August, 1855; she was 
born in Greene county, Ohio; has 
five children, Ogburn J., Benford 
L., Albert A., Mary A., and D. 
Russell. 

Morgan, J. S., painter. New Sharon. 

MUNSILL, E., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. New Sharon; born in Licking 
county, Ohio, 1821; came to this 
State in 1841, and to this county in 
1843; he owns 320 acres of land; 
he has served as school director 
and as member of the city coun- 
cil; he married Miss R. Schuyler, 
in 1842; she was born in Ken- 
tucky, and died in 1850; he after- 
ward married M. Phillips in 1852; 
she was born in New York; has 
seven children, Elizabeth, Mary, 
Ephraim, Corydon, Cary, Albert, 
and Charles. 

Munger, S., teacher. New Sharon. 

Myers, S., clerk, New Sharon. 

NAYLOR, A. H., retired farmer, 
New Sharon; born in Jefler- 
son county, New York, in 1814; 
came to this county in 1865; owns 
80 acres of land; he married 



PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 



629 



Eachael A. Wood, in 1835; she 
was born in Ohio; has four chil- 
dren, Albert, Marj J., Addison 
W., and Kinzie C, 

Kichol, Mathew, laborer, New Shar- 
on. 

Nichol, J. R, New Sharon. 

Nicholson, John, shoemaker, New 
Sharon. 

Nicholson, G. W., laborer. New 
Sharon. 

Nicholson, M. W., laborer. New 
Sharon. 

PALMER, EZRA, painter, New 
Sharon; born in Ohio Sep- 
tember 7, 1822; came to this state 
in 1844, and in 1852 settled in 
Poweshiek county, and came to 
this county in 1873; he married 
Miss Rachael W. Cheeseman, in 
1846; she was born in Wayne 
county, Indiana; has four chil- 
dren, Hannah J., William R., 
Rineer, and Sarah E. 

Pardo, H. W., photographer. New 
Sharon. 

Parks, Alfred, plasterer. New Sharon. 

Penland, I. N., insurance and real 
estate agent, New Sharon. 

Phillips, Wm., laborer. New Sharon. 

Phillips, S. B., laborer. New Sharon. 

Pla^'le, W. T., laborer, New Sharon. 

QUINN, THOMAS, R. R. hand, 
New Sharon. 
RANSDELL,J.S., retired farm- 
er. New Sharon; born in 
Henry county, Kentucky, in 1826; 
removed to Indiana when young, 
and came to this county in 1861; 
owns 120 acres of land; he mar- 
ried Miss Mary C. Rash in 1853; 
she was born in Kentucky; he has 
sold wheat for $3 per bushel, and 
hogs at $11 per cwt. since he has 
been in the state. 
RATLIFF , PIERCE, dealer in ag- 
ricultural inii^lements. New Sha- 
ron; born in Fay^ttfijeounty, Penn- 
sylvania, in 1834; came to this 
county in 1852; in 1854 he crossed 
the plains to Oregon with five yoke 



of oxen; he remained one winter 
in Oregon, and went with a pack 
train to California, returning to 
this county in 1858; he owns 185 
acres of land; on one piece of 
land he has a valuable rock quarry. 

Rea, Michael, laborer, New Sharon. 

Rockwell, Alanson, farmer, New 
Sharon. 

Rockwell, Samuel, retired farmer, 
New Sharon. 

Rockwell, R. S., farmer. New Sharon. 

Rockwell, Jared, engineer. New 
Sharon. 

Rogers, Thomas, capitalist. New 
Sharon. 

Rosborough, A. G., grocer. New 
Sharon. 

Russell, W. F., telegraph operator. 
New Sharon. 

SCOTT, LEVI T., retired farmer, 
New Sharon; born in Craw- 
ford county, Indiana, April 3, 
1816; he removed to Illinois, set- 
tling first in Vermillion county, 
and afterward in Fulton and Mc- 
Donagh counties; he remained in 
Illinois forty years, and came to 
this county in April, 1877; he 
owns 150^ acres of land; he mar- 
ried Nancy Doyle in 1839; she 
was born in Kentucky; has four 
children, Araminda, wife of Jack- 
son Efiin, Mary, wife of Solen 
Fairman, of Fulton county, Illi- 
nois, Emma, wife of Wilbur Og- 
born, and Isaac Newton; when he 
first settled in Illinois he cut wood 
for twenty-five cents per cord, and 
split rails for twentj'-five cents per 
hundred, and sold dressed pork 
for $1.25 per cwt. 

SCOTT, ISAAC NEWTON, farm- 
er, New Sharon; born in Fulton 
county, 111., in 1844; came to this 
county, in 1877; owns 55 acres of 
land. 

SEXTON, W.J.,attorney at law,New 
Sharon; born in Saugamon county, 
111., April 10, 1848; came to this 
county in 1854; he married Miss 



630 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Carrrie E. Weist, in 1873; she was 
born in Ohio; has three children, 
Florence, Bertice, and Baby. He 
enlisted in the 9th Iowa cavalry 
in the late war, and served two 
and a half years. 

Shamo, J. H., dentist, New Sharon. 

Shanyo. M. Y., clerk, New Sharon. 

Shatwell, William B., street com- 
missioner, New Sharon. 

Smith W. R., laborer, New Sharon. 

Smith, E. A., je'sveler. New Sharon. 

Snell, Richard, farmer. New Sharon. 

Stanley, E. B., retired farmer, New 
Sharon. 

Starkey, J. E., grocery and restaur- 
ant. New Sharon. 

Stnbbs, William, blacksmith, New 
Sharon. 

Stanton, David, farmer and merchant, 
New Sharon. 

Sntton, A. II., grocer, New Snaron. 

Spranl, J. S., farmer, New Sharon. 

T RAVES, PHILLIP, bridge 
builder. New Sharon. 
Turner, John, carpenter. New 
Sharon. 

VAIL, DAVID, clerk, New 
Sharon. 

VATL, H. J„ editor of the New 
Sharon Stai'\ born in Belmont 
county, Ohio, November 22, 1845, 
came to this State April 14, 1864. 
From September, 1871, to June, 
1873, he published the Wilton 
Chronicle^ in Muscatine county, 
Iowa, and the 22d of June, 1873, 
commenced the publication of the 
New Sharon Star, a seven column 
folio, it has since been enlarged 
three times. He has held the of- 
fice of mayor; has been post-mas- 
ter since 1873; he married 
Miss Sarah Oblinger, April 18, 
1866; she was born in Bel- 
mont county, Ohio; has two chil- 
dren, Wm. Lewis Lincoln and Lil- 
lian. 

VERSTEEG, JNO., of the firm of 
Versteeg & Co., proprietors of the 
city steam mills, New Sheron; 
born in Holland in 1836; came to 



this country in 1847; he lived 
nearly three years in Oregon, 
and came to this county 
in 1874; he married Miss 
Elizabeth D. Fisher, in 1857; 
she was born in Holland; has five 
children, Elizabeth, Arthur, Em- 
ma, John, Henrietta; lost one son 
Arthur. 

Vickers, Sanford, Qgg and butter 
dealer. New Sharon. 

Vickers, Thos., retired physician, 
New Sharon. 

\ A rAY, GEO., blacksmith, New 
V V Sharon; born in Morgan 
county, Ohio, Nov. 11, 1853; came 
to this county March 1, 1873. He 
holds ofiice as member of the city 
council; he married Miss Emma 
Zech, in 1875; she was born in 
Penn,; has one child, Wm. Le- 
Roy. 

Wallace, Elam, baker, New Sharon 

AVARREN, D. E., of the firm of 
Warren & Collins, furniture deal- 
ers and undertakers. New Sharon; 
born in Jefferson county, N. Y. 
in 1836; emigrated with his parents 
to Elkhart county, Ind., in 1837, 
and came to reside in this State in 
in 1865. He afterwards returned 
to Michigan and remained until 
his removal to this county in 1872; 
he owns 120 acres of land; he en- 
listed in the Twelfth Ind. Cavalry 
in the late war, and served until 
the regiment was mustered out. 
He married Elizabeth Brannon in 
1878; she was born in Michigan. 

Watson, J. W., carpenter, New 
Sharon. 

WARING, H.M., attorney at law, 
of the firm Hole, Hillis, & War- 
ing, attorneys. New Sheron; born 
in Northumberland county. Pa., 
in 1857; came to this State in 
1859, and to this county in 1860, 
when his father w^as stationed as a 
minister of the M. E. Church. 

Weathers, J. L., livery man. New 
Sharon. 



PRAIEIE TOWNSHIP. 



631 



"West, J. A., hotel keeper, New 
Sharon. 

Williams II. D., wagon maker, JSTew 
Sliaron. 

Winder, F. M., farmer, Xew Sharon. 

WINDER, JAMES, retired farmer, 
New Sharon ; born in Ross county, 
Ohio, March 10, 1812; came to 
this county October 20, 1852; in 
early life he worked at carriage 
building, and afterward at the 
cabinet business, and when he 
came to this county engaged in 
farming; he is one of the earliest 
settlers, and built the second 
building in New Sliaron, and was 
the first post- master, an office he 
held six years; he has laid out 
and platted two additions to New 
Sharon, and served several years 
as town trustee; he married Eliza 
Albright in 1835; she was born 
in Monroe county, New York; has 
six children, William, Francis, 
Nancy, Charlotte, Joseph and 
Abner. 

WINDER, Will. W., barber. New 
Sharon; born in Ross Co., Ohio, 
in 1836; came to this county in 
1852; he married Deborah Sharp 



in 1870; she was born in Ohio; 
has two children, Albert C. and 
Baby. 

AVILD3IAN, OLIVER, merchant, 
of the firm of Wildman & Stanton, 
dealers in general merchandise, 
New Sharon; born in Bucks Co., 
Pennsylvania, in 1833, and came 
to this State in 1871; owns eighty 
acres of land ; he has held office of 
school director and assessor; he 
married Miss Hannah Bailey in 
1859; she was born in Ohio in 
1832; has four children, Sulan B., 
Harry G., Charlie W. and Adah; 
lost two children, Effie and Alon- 
zo. 

WRIGHT, H. T., dealer in hard- 
ware, stoves and house furnishing 
goods. New Sharon; born in 
Adams county, Penn., in 1818; he 
lived in Ohio seven years, and re- 
moved to Delaware county, Iowa, 
in 1857, coming to this county in 
1869; he has served as a member 
of the city council; he married 
Miss L. A. Hoopes in 1861; she 
was born in Adams Co., Penn.; 
has one son, Charles; lost one 
daughter, Anna E. 



:e=i^-^iz^ie TOTTT-nsrsia:!^. 



A DAMSON, JAMES, farmer. 
Sec. 24; P. O. New Sharon. 
Akin, W. L., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 

New Sharon. 
Allen, J. W., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 

New Sharon. 
Anderson, John, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

BALTZLE, J. C, farmer, Sec. 
26; P. O. New Sharon. 
REAL, W. M., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
O. Flint; born in Union county, 
Ohio, in 1839; came to this county 
in 1855; owns eighty acres; he 
married Miss Mary E. Jackson in 
1860; she was born in Ohio; has 
five children, Hiram, Flora, Char- 
lie, Clara and Florence. 

38 



Beal, John S., farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Beal, J. N., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

BEAL, Wm., farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. 
New Sharon; born in Fayette 
county, Pennsylvania, in 1821; 
came to this county in 1852; pre- 
vious to his removal to this county 
he lived in Ohio, and Henderson 
county, Illinois; he owns 120 
acres of land; has held office of 
town trustee and school director; 
he carted lumber from Burlington 
to Granville to build him a house; 
he married Elizabeth Thomas in 
181:2; she was born in Ohio; has 



632 



DIEECTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



three children, Rebecca E., John 
S. and Isaiah jS^. 

Beal, Hiram, farmer, Sec, 8; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Beal, jS^icholas, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
Flint. 

Beal, Jeremiah, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Benedict, C. S., farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
O. Kew Sharon. 

Bonsall, T. P., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
Flint; born in Philadelphia, in 
1826 ; came to this connty in 1859. 
He owns forty acres of land. He 
married Mary E. Randels, in 1849; 
has three children, Hiram, Laura 
and Jane. 

Bonsall, W. C, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Brii^gs, Evan, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Brig-gs, George, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Burks, Wm., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. 
Flint. 

Burns, Henry, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

BRYAN, WM.A,, farmer, Sec. 36; 
P. O. New Sharon; born in Ohio 
in 1835; came to this county in 
in 1849. He owns two hundred 
and fifty -six acres of land; has 
held office of school director. He 
married Catharine Pierson in 
1856; she was born in Logan 
county, Ohio; has five children, 
Lillian A., Charles F., Freddie 
H., Ernest and Willie; lost two, El- 
mer A. and Arthur C. 
CARP, THOMAS G., farmer, 
Sec. 14; P. O. New Sharon. 

Camp, Freeman, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

CATHCART, HUGH, farmer and 
stock raiser. Sec. 30; P. O. Flint; 
born in Pennsylvana in 1827. He 
removed to Wisconsin, and came to 
this State in 1868; owns two hun- 
dred and sixty -eight acres of land; 
has held office of school director. 
He married Miss Susan J. Fix, in 
1854; she was born in Cleveland, 



Ohio; has seven children, Mary J., 
William H., Sarah, Loftus L.. 
Hugh G., Anna M., and Baby; 
lost three children. 

Clements, J. S., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Chambers, John, farmer. Sec. 24 ; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Cobb, T., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. New 
Sharon. 

Cox, Hiram, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
JSew Sharon. 

Cope, Henry, farmer. Sec. 14; P. (). 
New Sharon. 

Comford, Pierce, f;irmer, Sec. 3; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

COLE, J., farmer. Sec. 24; P.O. 
New Sharon; born in Jefterson 
county. New York, in 1815; came 
to this county in December, 1868; 
owns sixty acres of land. He 
was enrolling officer during the 
war in Dodge county, Wisconsin. 
He married Miss A. Hickey, 
March 12, 1839; she was born in 
Ireland; they have nine children, 
Charles, Chester, William S., Ben- 
jamin J., Fremont, Judson C, 
Charlotte, Rosa and Sarah. One 
son, Edward, enlisted in the 29th 
Wisconsin Infantrj^, and died from 
disease contracted in the army. 
Chester, William S. and Benja- 
min, enlisted and served their 
country in the army, the latter 
being only fifteen years of age. 

DAYIS, II. M., farmer, Sec. 20 ; 
P. 0. New Sharon. 
Davis, S. J., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. 

Flint. 
Davidson, Rachel, wndow, Sec. 17; P. 

O. Flint. 
Daily, J. H., fixrmer, Sec. 24; P. 0. 

New Sharon. 
Dean, David, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 

New Sharon. 
Dorr, Edmund, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 

O. New Sharon. 
DRENNAN, JAMES M., farmer, 

Sec. 35; P. O. New Sharon; born 

in Ireland, in 1842: came to 

America in 1860, and to this 



PEAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 



633 



county, ill 1860; owns two hun- 
dred and forty acres of land. He 
married Miss Flora T. Getts, in 
1868; she was born in Wisconsin; 
has four children, Jessie M., Sa- 
rah A., William E. and J. Leslie. 
ELLIS, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 12; 
P. O. ]N"ew Sharon. 

Ellis, D. S., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
'New Sharon. 

ELLIS, E. E., farmer. Sec. 12; P.O. 
New Sharon; born in Orange 
county, Indiana, in 1812; came to 
this county in 1856; owns 160 
acres of land; has held offices of 
township trustee and school direc- 
tor. He married Ellen Shotwell, 
in 1869; she was born in Wasli- 
ington county, Ohio; has two chil- 
dren, Lucien W. and Mamie Maud. 

Evans, James W., farmer, Sec. 18; 
P. O. Granville. 

Evans, Hugh, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
Grandville. 

FARR, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 
31; P. O. Flint; born in 
Pennsylvania, in 1827; came to 
this Co., March 31, 1856; lived in 
Ohio nineteen years previous to 
his removal to Iowa. He owns 160 
acres of land; married Miss Ellen 
Funk, in ISTovember, 1853; she 
was born in Pennsylvania; has 
three children, Joseph, Jasper and 
Mary; lost three. 

Fisher, Maiy, postmistress, Sec. 29, 
P. O. Flint. 

Fisher Thos., farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. 
Flint. 

FISHER, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 29; 
P. O. Flint; born in Henry county, 
Iowa, in 1844; came to this county 
ill 1854; owns 120 acres of 
land; he married Miss Naomi 
Beal in 1867; she was born in 
Ohio; has four children, Alice, 
Albert, Effie J., and Lillie J. 

Flemming, Orin, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 
O, New Sharon. 

Florence, John, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

FOX, LOFTUS, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 



O. New Sharon ; born in LaGrange 
county, Ind., in 1845 ; lived several 
years in Wisconsin previous to his 
removal to this county in 1872; 
owns 240 acres of land; he mar- 
ried Miss Emma Shuessler in 
1874; she was born in Warren 
county, 111.; has two children, 
George and Baby. 
Freleigh, Chas., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

GAKNER, L., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
O. Granville. 

Garner, John, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Granville. 

God by, Sylvester, farmer, Sec. IS; 
P. O. Peoria. 

Godby, Cameron, farmer. Sec. 18; 
P. O. Peoria. 

Gosnell, Hiram, farmer. Sec. 9; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

GRACE, A. J., f^irmer, Sec. 16; P. 
O. New Sharon ; born in Huron 
county, Ohio, in 1836; came to 
this State in October, 1839, with 
his parents, settling in Scott county 
and in March, 1873, came to this 
county; he owns 160 acres of land, 
he enlisted in the 20th Iowa In- 
fantry in the late war, and served 
three years; he married Miss 
Eliza Ann Russell, in 1866; she 
was born in A^irgina; has five 
children, Emma L., George E., 
Sarah J., Wm. Jackson, and Ruth 
A. 

Green, E. R., fanner, Sec. 17; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

HAILE, CHARLES, farmer. 
Sec. 31, P. O. Flint; born in 
Scott county, Iowa, in 1845; came 
to this county in 1870; owns 135 
acres of land; ,he enlistsd in the 
9th Iowa Cavalry, and served two 
and a half j^ears; he married Miss 
Eliza Jacobs in 1869; she was 
born in Scott county; has five 
children, Marion, Frank, Flattie, 
Lizzie and Mark. 
HANSELL, R., larmer. Sec. 30; P. 
O. Flint; born in Pennsylvania 
June 15, 1827; came to this county 



634 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



in 1856 ; owns 76 acres. He 
married Sarali A. Wharton, who 
was born in Pennsyh^ania. Has 
live children: Samuel "W., George 
H,, John A., Daniel "W"., and Mary 
E. ; lost one daughter, Esther. 

Hadley, Wm. G., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Hansell, George, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Hansell, Richard, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 
O. Elint. 

HAMBLEN, URIAH, farmer. Sec. 
27; P. O. New Sharon; born in 
Brown comity, Indiana, in 1832; 
came to this county in October, 
1854; owns two hundred acres of 
land. He married Miss Mary A. 
Chapbell, in 1854; she was born in 
Indiana; has live children: Thos. 
J., John, Mary E., Sarah J., and 
Lucy; lost three children. 

HEITSMAN, P., farmer. Sec. 1; P. 
O. New Shai-on; born in Warren 
county, N. J., in 1814; came to 
this county in 1853; owns 235 
acres of land. He was one of the 
first towni trustees at the organiza- 
tion of Prairie township; he also 
served as school director. He mar- 
ried Miss Susan Mershon, in 1840; 
she was born in Trenton, N. J. ; 
has seven children: Margaret Ann 
(Mrs. Fisher), Jacob B., George 
J., Irvin, Emma M., (Mrs. Thomas 
Ryan) Wm. F., and Lewis B. ; lost 
one daughter, Eliza. 

Heitsman, John U., farmer, Sec. 1 ; 
P. O New Sharon. 

Heller, Hiram, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
O. Flint. 

HILL, GEORGE W., fanner. Sec. 
25; P. O. New Sharon; born in 
Ohio in 1819; came to this county 
in 1866; owns 168 acres of land. 
Has held office of school director. 
He married Charlotte Stanton 
Sept. 9th, 1854; she was born in 
Belmont county, Ohio; has five 
children: Yaldo, Angelo, Albert, 
Orin, and Borden. 



Hibbs, Wm. B., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
O. NcM' Sharon. 

Huff, Wm. T., larmer. Sec. 28; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Hull, E. C, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
Granville. 

Hughes, Edwin, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

T ACK SON, J.R., former and stock- 

cJ raiser. Sec. 28; P. O. Flint; 
born in Ross Co., Ohio, in 1821; 
came to this Co. in 1853; has held 
the office of township trustee and 
school director; owns 280 acres 
of land. He married Julia A. 
Braman, in 1842 ; she was born in 
Morgan county, Ohio ; has nine 
children : Mary E., William,Louisa, 
Frances J., John, Martha, Julia, 
Emily and Esther. 

Jackson, Isaac, IVirmer and fruit 
grower, Sec. 9 ; P. O. New Sharon. 

JANNEY, STEPHEN,farmer, Sec. 
10; P. O. New Sharon; born in 
Ohio, in 1832; removed to Illi- 
nois in 1865, and came to this 
county in 1871; owns 50 acres of 
land; has held the offices of school 
director and township trustee; he 
married Miss Lydia White, in 
1862; she was born in Indiana; has 
two children, Charles O. and Myrta 
L. ; lost two, Effie and Bennie E. ; 
he enlisted in the Seventy-ninth 
Ohio Infantry in the late war, and 
was with Sherman in his march 
to the sea; was taken prisoner, 
and confined at Salisbury, North 
Carolina, and afterward in Libby 
prison, and was among the last 
squad of soldiers paroled and sent 
to Annapolis before the evacuation 
of Richmond. 

Jay, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Jay, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Johnson, Mary A., Sec. 18; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Johnson, M. C, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. New Sharon. 



PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 



635 



KIRK, Z. p., farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

KNEUDSON, 0. G., farmer, Sec. 
15; P. O. 'New Sliaron; born in 
Norway in 1842; came to this 
State in 1858, and to this county 
in 1861; owns 120 acres of land; 
holds office of town trustee; he 
enlisted in the Seventh Iowa In- 
fantry in the late war, and served 
nearly two years; he married Miss 
Bertha Sawyer, who was born in 
Wisconsin; has four children, 
Gunder Samuel, Sarah A., Be- 
lina and Matthias. 

Kneudson, Stephen, farmer. Sec. 11 ; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Kneudson, John, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

LAPSON, IVER, farmer. Sec. 
18; P. O. New Sharon. 
Lucas, Harvey, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

MARIS, H., farmer. Sec. IT; P. 
O. New Sharon; born in 
Pennsylvania, in 1829; came to 
this State in April, 1851; owns 
100 acres of land; has held office 
of school director; he married 
Miss Martha Bonsall, in 1856; she 
was born in Pennsylvania; has six 
children, Mary D., Annie O., 
Emma J., Lizzie P., Josie M. ; 
lost two, Ellis and Martha J. 

MARIS, L. D., farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
O. Flint; born in 1827; came to 
this county in 1851; owns 80 
acres of land; has held offices of 
justice of the peace and school di- 
rector; he married Miss Salinda 
Randalls, in 1858; she was born 
in Ohio; has seven children, Su- 
sanna, George, Hannah, John, 
William, El wood and Martha. 

McCauley, James, farmer. Sec. 35; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Mcintosh, James, farmer. Sec. 32; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Miller, Charles, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Miller, W. L., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
New Sharon. 



MITCHELL, R., farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
O. New Sharon; born in Pennsyl- 
vania, in 1826; came to this coun- 
ty in 1863; owns, with his son, 
140 acres; has held office of school 
director; he married Ruth A. 
Cox, in 1849; she was born in 
Pennsylvania; has seven children, 
Milton, Louisa, Richard J., Rosa- 
line, Mary B., Olive and Minnie. 

Mineer, James, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Mitchener, E. P., farmer. Sec. 23; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

MITCHELL, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
3; P. O. New Sharon; born in 
Pennsylvania, in June, 1812; came 
to this county in 1855; owns 170 
acres of land; he married Harriet 
Steen in 1837; she was born in 
Beaver county, Pennsy]vrnia; has 
seven children, Marion B., Nancy 

- A., Mary J., Snnth, Minerva, Ju- 
liette and John C. 

Michener, D. O., farmer, Sec. 23; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Morgan, David, attorney, Sec. 24; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Morgan, Milton, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Murphy, John, farmer. Sec. 1; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

NOEL, JONAH, farmer. Sec. 31 ; 
P. O. Flint. 
OLSON, J. T., farmer, Sec. 20; 
P. O. Flint. 
OMUNDTON,^ C, farmer. Sec. 2; 
P. O. New Sharon; born in Lee 
county, Iowa, in 1841; came to 
this county in 1863; owns 109 
acres of land; he married Mary 
Brudervc»ld in 1874; she was born 
in Lee county; has two children, 
Hannah and Caroline. 
Omundson, Peter, fai'mer. Sec. 2; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

PEARSON, WM., Sen., farmer. 
Sec. 24; P. O. New Sharon. 
Pearson, AVm., Jr., farmer, Sec. 24; 

P. O. New Sharon. 
FERRYMAN, G.W., farmer. Sec. 
32; P. O. Flint; born in Kentucky 



636 



DIRECTOEY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



ill 1816; came to this State in 
1842 and settled in Henry county; 
lie caine to this county in 1854; 
owns 40 acres of land ; he married 
Mary J. Bonsell, who was born in 
Pennsylvania; has three children, 
Nancy J., James E., and Eliza E. 

Pickerel, Isaiah, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O. jSTew Sharon. 

PHILLIPS, P. W., tanner and stock 
raiser. Sec. 32 ; P. O. New Sharon ; 
born in Yirginia in 1830; came to 
this county May 4, 1856; owns 
375 acres of land; has held offices 
of school director, town clerk, 
assessor, and justice of the peace 
for many years; he married Miss 
Ellen Williams in 1850; she was 
born in Ross county, Ohio; has 
seven children, John C, Mary A., 
Cornelius H., Jasper H., Sarah A., 
Charles W., and Willie E. 

PHILLIPS, CYRUS, farmer, Sec. 
21; P. O. New Sharon; born in 
Barber county, Yirginia, in 1837; 
he emigrated to Ohio when young, 
where lived twenty-eight years, 
coming to this county in 1875 ; he 
owns 220 acres of land; he mar- 
ried Miss Susanna Savage in 1858 ; 
she was born in Delaware county, 
Ohio, and died October 8, 1875; 
he afterwards married Eliza J. Loy 
in 1876; she was born in Allen 
county, Ohio; lias five children, 
Elmer E., Margaret J., Flora, Rosa, 
and Frank. 

REDPATII, ALANSON, tann- 
er, Sec. 20; P. O. Peoria. 

Richmond, Monroe, farmer, Sec. 6; 
P. O. Granville. ' 

ROBERTS, M. B,, farmei-. Sec. 10; 
P. O. New Sharon; l)orii in High- 
land county, Ohio, in 1S22; came 
to this State in 1855, and to this 
county in 1863 ; previous to his 
coming to this State he lived 
fifteen years in Indiana; owns 100 
acres of land; he married Mary A. 
Airy in 1845; she was born in 
Ohio; has six children, Ellen 11., 
Thomas C, Laura E,, Mattie M., 



Nathan A., Orlando S. ; lost four, 
Lydia E., Elizabeth A., Charles, 
and William A. 

Roberts, Geo. A., farmer," Sec. 14; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Rogers, E., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Romine, James D., farmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

RYAN, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 1; 
P. O. New Sharon; born in Ohio 
in 1848; came to this county in 
1860; he married Miss Emma M. 
Iletsman in 1872; she was born in 
Ohio; has one daughter, Etta 
May. 

SCilROYER, HENRY, tarmer. 
Sec. 6 ; P. O. Granville. 

Sexton, C. T., tanner. Sec. 19; P. O. 
Flint. 

SHAW,THOMPSON, farmer. Sec. 
5 ; P. O. Granville; born in Mary- 
land October 9, 1827; he removed 
to West Yirginia where he re- 
mained several years, coming to 
this county in 1865; owns 360 
acres of land; he married Miss 
Louisa Fazenbaker November 20, 
1851; has four children, three 
sons and one daughter. 

Shaw, J. M., farmer, Sec. 26 ; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Shaw, E. K., tanner. Sec. 26 ; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Shaw, John S„ fanner. Sec. 7; P. O. 
Granville. 

SHANGLE, A. L-, fenner, Sec. 19; 
P. O. Flint; born in Morris county, 
N. J., in 1831 ; came to this coun- 
ty in 1854; lived in Ohio nine 
years previous to his coming to 
this State; owns 80 acres of land; 
he has held the offices of justice of 
the peace, assessor, school director, 
and secretary of the school board; 
he married Miss Mary W. Tuttle 
in 1859; she was born in Morris 
county, N. J, ; has three children, 
Mark II., Lewis T., and Fred- 
erick M. 

SHOEMAKE, P., farmer, Sec. 27; 
P. O. New Sharon; born in this 



PRAIRIE TOWNSHIP. 



637 



State in 1843; owns 160 acres of 
land; he married Catherine Ames 
in 1870; she was born in 'New 
Hampsliire; tliey have three chil- 
dren, Bertie, Ida, and William. 

SNICKARD, M. T., farmer and 
stock raiser, Sec. 15; P. O. New 
Sharon; born in Jefferson connty, 
Ohio, in 1S40; came to this conn- 
ty in April, 1868; owns 330 acres 
of land; lie inarried Miss Rebecca 
J. Wliite in 1868; she was born 
in the same county; they have 
five children, Elmer R,, Cora F., 
Minnie, Jennie, and Florence. 

Sniff, Amos, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Smith, H. A., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
O. Flint. 

Sproul, John S., farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

SPAIN, CALEB, farmer, Sec. 19; 
P. O. Flint; born in Champagne 
county, Ohio, in 1825; came to 
this county October 26, 1856; 
owns 80 acres of land; he married 
Miss Esther A. Good in 1852; 
she was born in Ohio; they have 
two children, Jesse M., and Em- 
maetta. 

STEWART, LEVI, farmer, Sec. 3; 
P. O. New Sharon ; born in West- 
moreland county, Pa., in 1828; 
he came to this county in 1847; 
he owns 160 acres of land ; has 
held the office of town trustee; 
he married Miss Clara E. Stan- 
le}^ in 1847; she was born in Vir- 
ginia. 

Stewart, Alexander, farmer, Sec. 4; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Stewart, Rush M., farmer, Sec. 4; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Stewart, S. T., farmer. See. 3; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Stattler, F. W., farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
O. Flint. 

Steen, Frank, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Stram, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. 
New Sharon. 



Stroum, G. G., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

TIIORNBURG, A., farmer, Sec. 
17; P. O. New Sharon. 

Thomas, Robert, farmer. Sec. 36; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

THOMAS, DAVIS, farmer, Sec. 
16; P. O. New Sharon; he was 
born in Warren county, Ohio, 
in 1816, and came to this 
county in 1854; owns 160 acres 
of land; he married Miss Ilail- 
nah A. B. Watson, in 1839; she 
was born in Maysville, Ky., and 
died in 1857; he marriod, for his 
second wife, Elizabeth Stevens, in 
1866; she was born in Ohio; they 
have four children, Mary E., wife 
of Jacob Hall, Evaline, wife of 
Jesse Ellis, Hannah R., wife of 
Mahlon Apple, Cortland M.; 
lost Sylvester W. and Christo- 
pher C; enlisted in the 4th Iowa 
Cavalry, and died from disease 
contracted in the army. 

Thompson, Nels. C, farmer. Sec. 11; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Timbrel, Jacob T., farmer, Sec. 18; 
P. O. Grand ville. 

Totten, C. W., fai\ier, Sec. 8; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Topleff, C. W., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

TURNER, JAS., farmer, Sec. 6; 
P. O. Granville; born in Alle- 
gheny connty, Maryland, Oct. 27, 
1817; came to this county, Dec. 
18, 1864, owns 191 acres; he mar- 
ried Martha Albernetliy in 1838; 
she was born in Hampshire coun- 
ty, Virginia; he has nine children, 
Elizabeth S., John, Hannah J., 
Mary M., Lacey A. M., Lafayette, 
Laura, Arthur and Vernon. 

VAN HORN, E. R., farmer. Sec. 
14; P. O. New Sharon. 
T A TATLAND, OSMAN, farm- 
V V er. Sec. 10, P. O. New Shar- 
on ; born in Norway in '47; came to 
America in 1853, and lived for sev- 
eral years in La Salle county, HI., 



638 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



and came to this county in 1865; 
owns 160 iicres of land. He is al- 
so connected, with Pierce Ratliff 
Esq., in the sale of agricultural 
implements, under the lirm name 
of Katliff & Watland ; he holds of- 
fice of justice of the peace; he 
married Miss Isabel Sawyer, in 
1872; she was born in La Salle 
county, 111.; has one child, Jesse K. 

Watland, Elsie, Sec. 10; P. O. ^ew 
Sharon. 

"Watland, Oley, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

WATLAND, THOMAS, former. 
Sec. 11; P. O. New Sharon; born 
in Norway in 1842; came to Illin- 
ois in 1856, and to this county in 
1865; owns 200 acres of land; has 
held office of school director. He 
married Bertha Cleveland in 1868; 
she was born in Norway; has four 
children, Josephine, Mary A., Os- 
car, and Andrew. 

WATLAND, G., farmer, Sec. 11; 
P. O. New Sharon; born in Nor- 
way in 1835; came to this coun- 
try and settled in Illinois in 1856, 
and removed to this county in 
1866; owns 180 acres of land; he 



married Ellen Danielson in 1865; 
She was born in Norway ; has live 
children, Elsie T., Seward, Eama- 
da, Addie B., and Martha. 

Wharton, J. S., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
O. Flint. 

WHALING, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 
20; P. O. Flint; born hi Wayne 
county. Pa., in ls31; came to this 
county, in 1855; owns eighty 
acres; he has held offices of justice 
of the peace, school director, and 
trustee; he married Susan A. 
Shelby in 1854; she was born in 
Pa., and died July 11, 1855. He 
afterward married Ellen Hunt, 
July 1, 1857; she was born in 
Ohio. 

WINTERIIUTE, E. W., tanner, 
Sec. 4; P. O. New Sharon; born 
in 1841; came to this county in 
1858; owns 160 acres of land. He 
married Miss Dullie A. Fenker- 
son in Nov. 1861; she was born 
in Maine; has five children, Ben- 
jamin, Mary E., Lucius, Willie 
and Cora; lost two Florence and 
Carl. 

Woodward, J. M., farmer, Sec. 15; 
P. O. New Sharon. 



jE^iFEissonsr ^?o•T7;7-3^TSI3:II=. 



ABBOTT, B. K., tanner, Sec. 32 ; 
P. O. Hamilton; owns 96 
acres land, valued at $25 per acre; 
born in New Jersej' in 1831; came 
to Iowa in 1866, and located on 
his present farm. Married Eliza- 
beth Gushwa, in 1861; she was 
born in Ohio in 1838; have seven 
children, Ann, David, Sarah, Wil- 
liam, Mary, Stephen and Charles; 
members of M. E. Church. 

BLIZZAKD, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
10; P. O. Ferry. 
BALES, DAVID, farmer. Sec. 14; 
P. O. Ferry; owns 120 acres of 
land, valued at $25 per acre; born 
in Monroe county, Indiana, 1843; 
came to Iowa in 1861, and settled 
with his parents in this township. 



Married Sarah Nowles, in 1863; 

she was born in this township in 

1846; have four children: Willis, 

Oscar, John and Fanny. Rep. 
Bonnett, M. F., farmer, Sec. 30; P. 

O. Hamilton. 
Boles, Julia A., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 

O. Eveland Grove. 
Bonnett, J. C, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 

O. Hamilton. 
Boles, Henry, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 

Ferry. 
Boles, J. T., fanner, Sec. 13 ; P. O. 

Eveland Grove. 
Bradley, G. C, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 

O. Hamilton. 
BUTLER, P. G., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 

O. Ferry; owns 400 acres of land, 

valued at $20 per acre; born in 



JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 



G31> 



Onondaga county, 1^. Y., in 1820; 
came to Iowa in 1838, and located 
in Lee county ; removed to tliis 
county in 1855, and settled on his 
present farm. Married Mary A. 
Taylor in 1851; she was born in 
Yenango county, Penn., in 1823; 
have six children: Livona, Lodena, 
Jennie, William M., Alvira J., and 
Louisa ; held office of ounty super- 
visor seven years. Greenback. 
CARMIIST, BEN J., farmer, Sec. 
5 ; P. O. Bussey. 

Campbell, Pobert, farmer, Sec. — ; 
P. O. Ferry. 

Calloway, J. W., farmer. Sec 32 ; P. 
O. Hamilton. 

Chester, M. J., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 

Chapman, Patrick, farmer, Sec. 24; 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 

Clemmons John, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 

Clemmons, W. P., farmer, Sec. 18; 
P. O. Bussey. 

Covey, Simon, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
O. Ferry. 

CONE, NELSON, farmer. Sec. 34; 
P. O. Eveland Grove; owns forty 
acres of land valued at fit}^ dollars 
per acre; born in Wayne county, 
Ohio, in 1820 ; came to Iowa May 
22, 1843, and located on his 
present farm ; was a resident of 
Sangamon county, Illinois, about 
three years. Mr. Cone has been 
twice married; in 1843 he mar- 
ried Miss Sarah J. Allen; she was 
a native of Yirginia, was born in 
1821, and died in 1803; had two 
children, C. P. and W. J ; married 
again in 1865 to Esta M. Ilenness; 
she was born in A^an Buren Co., 
Iowa, in 1843; have one child, 
Lucy. Mr. Cone has held differ- 
ent township offices, and been 
county supervisor one year, and 
represented the county in 1874; 
Christian church; Democrat. 

CROMWELL, GEORGE, Sec. 24; 
P. O. Eddyville; owns 228^ acres 
of land, valued at $20 per acre; 
39 



born in New York City in 1815, 
came to Iowa in 1849, and settled 
on his present farm. Mr. C. 
has been twice married; in 1850 
he married Mary J. Lee; she was 
born in Indiana in 1833, and died 
in 1855; had two children, Mar- 
garet and Katie; and in 1866 
married Mary Ann Mcintosh; 
she was born in Illinois in 1834; 
have three children, Charles, Mary 
Ann and Geoi-ge. Mr. C. served 
two enlistments in the regular 
army; was all through the Mexi- 
can War. 
Crabill, Uriah F., farmer, Sec. 24; 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 

DARNELL, WM., farmer. Sec. 
8; P. O. Bussey. 
Darnell, Sumner, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 

O. Busesy. 
Dornan, Hugh, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 

O. Ferry. 
Dornan, John, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
O. Ferry. 

EVANS, J . H., tarmer. Sec. 2 ; P. 
O. Ferry; owns 178^ acres of 
land valued at $25 per acre; born 
in Maryland, in 1822; came to 
Iowa in 1853, and located in Jones 
county, and removed to his pres- 
ent farm in 1869; married Lucy 
Gerrard in 1844; she was born in 
Miami Co., Ohio, in 1827 ; have five 
children living, Mary J., Jessie A., 
Eleanora, Edward M. and Ann ; 
enlisted in Co. G, 31st Regiment 
Iowa Infantry, in 1862, and was 
discharged in 1865. He received 
a commission as captain, in March, 
1863. Republican. 
EVELAND, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Ferry; owns 470 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre; born 
in Morgan County, Ohio, in 183 8; 
came to Iowa in 1843, and located 
in Muscatine county; removed to 
this county in 1855; married 
Elizabeth Wilson in 1853; she 
was born in Dauphin county, 
Pennsylvania, in 1828; have four 
children, Alice, Ida M., Jessie N., 



640 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



and Elmer; be has three children 
by a former wife, Sarah E., Free- 
man and Egbert S. He has been 
justice of the peace two years and 
trustee ten. (Ireenback. 
EVELAND, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 
1; P. O. Ferry; owns 183 acres of 
land valued at $40 per acre; born 
in Morgan county, Ohio, in 1828; 
came to Iowa in 1853, and settled 
on his present farm; married 
Haddasah Campbell, in 1857; she 
was born in DeWitt county, Illi- 
nois, in 1838; has four children, 
Charlie, Mary M., Dick and Nel- 
lie; has been township trustee one 
term. Greenback. 

FERRALL, T. O., farmer, Sec. 
40; P. O. Hamilton. 

Flanders, Azariah, farmer, Sec. 34; 
P. O. Ferry. 

Foster, J. W., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
Ferry. 

FOTHERGILL, ALLEN, farmer, 
Sec. 3; P. O. Ferry; owns 273 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre; born in England in 1831; 
came to America in 1843; located 
in Iowa, in 1851; married Ellen 
C. Blizzard, in 1862; she was born 
in Ohio, in 1841 ; she is a member 
of the M. E. church. 

Frye, Ann E., Sec. 9; P. O. Eve- 
land Grove. 

Francis, O. F., farmer Sec. 17; P. 
O. Bussey. 

GRAY, WM., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 
HARRIS, WM., farmer, Sec. 23. 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 
Havener, John, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. 

Ferry. 
Hallowell, Sarah, Sec. 6; P. O. Bus- 
sey. 
Harriott, Amos, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 

O. Eveland Grove. 
Hays, Jajnes, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. M. 

Ferry. 
Holcomb, Lewis J., farmer, Sec. 1 ; 

P. O. Ferry. 
Havener, Thos., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
O. Ferry. 



Hill, Rachel, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
Eveland Grove. 

HITES, EMANUEL, farmer. Sec. 
12; P. O. Ferr}^; owns 152 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre; 
born in Jefferson county, Ohio, in 
1815; came to Iowa in 1855, and 
settled in Marion county, removed 
to his present farm in 1867; mar- 
ried Phebe Natliers, in 1844; she 
was born in Pennsylvania in 1819; 
have nine children, David S., Ann 
Elizabeth, Daniel Ambrose, Lean- 
der, Sarah J., George, Yalentine, 
Thomas L. and William Theodore; 
lost two sons in the U. S. army. 
Member of Lutheran Church. Re- 
publican. 

Holsclaw Arthur, farmer. Sec. 33; 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 

Holmes, Mathew, farmer. Sec. 14; 
P. O. Ferry. 

Iloit, Nicholas, farnier. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 

Hoit, Amasa, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. O. 
Bellefontaine. 

Hoit, John, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. 
Bellefontaine. 

HENNESS, JOHN L., farmer. Sec. 
28 ; P. O. Eveland Grove: o^ms 1000 
acres of land, valued at $25 per acre ; 
born in Belmont county, Ohio, in 
1813; came to Iowa in 1835, and 
settled in Burlington; removed to 
this county in 1843, and located 
in Des Moines township; removed 
to his farm in 1864; married Ruth 
J. Long in 1860; she was born in 
Green county, Pa., in 1836; had 
two children, Thomas J., and John 
W. Mr. Henness was married, 
the second time to Ruth Long, 
and has five children by this mar- 
riage, Sarah A., Jane, Madora, 
Helen, and F. M. 

Hunter, J. C, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 

O. Eveland Grove. 
JEFFORDS, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 

cJ 15; P. O. Eveland Grove ; owns 
70 acres of land, valued at $20 per 
acre; born in Morgan county, 
Ohio, in 1827; came to Iowa in 



JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 



641 



1865, and settled (»u his present 
farm; married Xanev Mehanna in 
1849; she was born in Mori^an 
connty, Ohio, in 1830; have four 
children, Arthur A., Lucy P., 
Charles II., and Ilattie M. ; are 
members of the Cumberland Pres- 
byterian Church. Greenback. 

JONES, PRICE, farmer, Sec. 22; 
P. O. Ev^eland Grove; owns 160 
acres of land, valued at $25 per 
acre; born in Monroe county, Ohio, 
in 1839; came to Iowa in 1845, 
and settled in this township; has 
been twice married; in 1868 to 
Dorcas L. Long; she was born in 
Pennsylvania in 1846, and died in 
1872; had two children, Joseph J. 
and Alva; he married again in 
1876 to Jane McDowI; she was 
born in Ohio in 1852; have one 
child, "Willie A. Mr. Jones en- 
listed in Co. C, 7th Iowa Infantry, 
in 1861, and was discharged in 
1865. Greenback. 

JONES,WALTERN., farmer, Sec. 
16; post-master Eveland Grove; 
owns 80 acres of land, valued at 
$30 per acre; born in Fulton 
county, Illinois, in 1838; came to 
Iowa in 1868, and settled on his 
present farm ; married Anna Wy- 
koff in 1861; she was born in 
Peoria county, Illinois, in 1841 ; 
have six children, Laura P., Mar- 
tin L., Seth xV., Cliester W., Edgar 
N., and Freddie G, Mr. Jones 
enlisted in Co. D, 112th Illinois 
Inf. in 1864, and was discharged 
in 1865; are members of the 
Methodist Church. 

Jolmsou, John B., farmer. Sec. 29; 
P. O. Hamilton. 

Jones, Margaret, Sec. 32; P. O. 
Bellefontaine. 

KITTEPvMAN, PHILLIP, far- 
mer, Sec. 32; P. O. Belle- 
fontaine. 
LADING, LUCY, Sec. 25; P. 
O. Eddyville. 
Lawrence, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 25; 
P. O. Eddyville. 



Lee, Albert M., farmer, Sec. 14; P. 

O. Eveland Grove. 
Lewis, James, tarmer, Sec. 33; P. O. 

Hamilton. 
Louman, W., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 

Bellefontaine. 
Long, Mary, Sec. 22 ; P. O. Eveland 

Grove, 
Lockwood, Wm. L., farmer, Sec. 1; 

P. O. Ferry. 
Long, Lemuel, farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 

Hamilton. 
Lyman, Horace, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 

O. Bussey. 

MATT'OX, C, farmer, Sec. 11; 
P. O. Ferry; owns 160 acres 
of land, valued at $25 per acre; 
born in Butler county, Ohio, in 
1819; came to Iowa in 1845, and 
located on his present farm; mar- 
ried Harriett Lee in 1838; she 
was born in Ohio in 1822, and 
died in 1872; had thirteen child- 
ren, nine sons and four daughters ; 
was married again to Hannah 
Walker in 1873 ; she was born in 
Logan county, Illinois, in 1849; 
has one child, Ina L. Democrat. 

Mattox, Christopher, farmer, Sec. 
11 ; P. O. Ferry. 

Martin, Wm. M., farmer, Sec. 13; 
P. O. Ferry. 

McClure, Jesse, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 

McElroy, James, farmer, Sec. — ; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 

McClure, Thcs., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 

McCormick,\John, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 
O. Bussey. 

Mehanna, John W., farm.er. Sec. 16; 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 

Mehanna, Alonzo, farmer, Sec. 16; 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 

Meiford, W. O., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
O. Hamilton. 

Moore, Sampson, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 

Moore, Hamilton, farmer, Sec. — ; 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 

Mosley, Michael, farmer, Sec. 33; 
P. O. Hamilton. 



642 



DIKECTORT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Myei-s, (I. ^V. farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. 
Hamilton. 

OS^V^ALINDLE, HENRY, farm- 
er, Sec. 32; P. O. P>ellfon- 
taiiie. 

PATTERSON, SARAH, Sec. 15; 
P. O. Everland Grove. 
Pearson, Mary, Sec. 52; P. O. P>ell- 

fontaine. 
Powell, James, farmer, Sec. — ; P. 

O. . 

Priiigle, Joliii, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 

O. Bussey. 
Prino-le, Lucy, Sec. 20; P. O. P>ns- 

sey. 
TDAY, LYDIA, Sec. — ; P.O. 

Reid, James, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. 

Hamilton. 
Reid, N. A. farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 

Ferry. 
Roberts, D. M., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 

O. Eveland Grove. 
Rogers, Asliford, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 

O. Bussey. 
Rutherford, Andrew, farmer, Sec. 

28; P. O. Eveland Grove. 

SANDERS, ROBT. S., farmer, 
Sec. 19; P. O. Bussey. 
Sanders, James, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 

O. Bussey. 
Shuck, Jane, Sec. 36; P. O. Eddy- 

ville. 
Stroud, Smith, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Shaw, G. W., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. 

Bussey. 
Sullivan, Harding, farmer. Sec. 23; 

P. O. Eveland Grove. 
Stroud, Elizabeth, Sec. 34; P. O 

Hamilton. 
Strain, Catherine, Sec. 11; P. O 

Ferry. 
Sullivan, Dan'l., farmer. See. 31; P 

O. Hamilton. 
Sullivan, E. P., farmer, Sec. 31; P 

O. Hamilton. 

THOMAS, A. B., farmer. Sec. 29 
P. O. Hamilton. 
Tufflemyer, James, farmer, Sec. 34; 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 



Tofflemyer Eph., farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 

Tofflemyer David, farmer, Sec. 24; 
P. ().' Eveland Grove. 

Turner, Alfred, farnier. Sec. 33. P. 
O. Hamilton. 

Tucker, James M., farmer, Sec. 29; 
P. O. Hamilton. 

\ A TAX, JOSHUA, tanner, Sec. 
VV 0; P. O. liussey; owns 
1,T(»0 acres of laud, ^■alued at $20 
per acre; born in T»^ayne county, 
Indiana, in 1822; came to Iowa in 
1843. Married Lois Dowel, in 
1843 ; she was born in Licking Co., 
Ohio, in 1827, and died in 1853; 
had two children, Emily and Lyd- 
ia; was married again in 1855, to 
Ruth Ridlen; she was l)orn in De- 
catur county, Ind., in 1835; have 
five children: Seth, Chas. Owen, 
Walter S., AVm. J., and Horace 
Parker. Republican. 

WATCHINSON, JNO., farmer,Sec._ 
19; P. O. Bussey; omus 78 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre; ])orn 
in Muskingum county, Ohio, in 
1823; came to Iowa in 1866, and 
located on his present farm. Mar- 
i-ied Elizabeth Gray, in 1847; she 
was born in Washington county, 
Penn.,in 1827; have lour children: 
Mary L., Sarah L., Alta J., Eva 
E. Are members of the M. E. 
Church. Republican. 

West, R. II., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
Eveland Grove. 

Werner, Rosina, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. ^ 

WELDON, W3I., larmer. Sec. 35; 
P. O. Ferry; ownis 213 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre ; born 
in New Jersey, in 1812; came to 
Iowa in 1853, and settled on his 
present farm in the same year. 
Married Pi-iscilla McPherson, in 
1845; she was born in Cateraugus 
county, N. Y., in 1826; children : 
Dellana, Alexander, AV^ashington, 
and John. Democrat. 

WHARTON, ROBEBT, farmer, 



DES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 



6-1:3 



Sec. 7; P. O. Bussey; owns 280 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre; born in Mors^an Co., Ohio, 
in 1818; came to Iowa in 1854, 
and settled on his present farm; 
married Mary J. Ashing, in 1857; 
she was l)orn in 1886; have four 
children: Isaac W., Leroy P., Ta- 
bitha A., and Alice. Mr. W. has 
six children by a former wife : 
John, Tristram, C^atharine, Nancy, 
J. Anna, and Thomas. Mr. W. was 
a member of the board of super- 
visors two years. Democrat. 
WHITE, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 
36; P. O. Eddyville; owns 210 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre; born in North Carolina in 
1816 ; came to Iowa in 1852. Mar- 
ried Mary Noe, in 1840; she was 
born in Ohio, in 1820; have three 
children: John N., Thos. J., and 
Oliver T. Mr. "White has been 
justice of the peace for seven years. 
Are members of Socety of Friends. 
Democrat. 



Whiteman, John, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. Ferry. 

Wharton, James M., farmer. Sec. 7; 
P. O. Ihissey. 

Wharton, Washington, farmer, Sec. 
32; P. O. Hamilton. 

WHARTON, A. J., farmer. Sec. 8; 
P. O. Pussy; owns 345 acres land, 
valued at $20 per acre; born in 
Cluernsey county, Ohio, in 1S30; 
came to Iowa in 1860, and settled 
in this township. Married Leah 
Littler, in 1858; she was born in 
Grant county, Indiana, in 1836; 
have eight children: John, Eliza, 
Almira, Seth, Cora, Mary A., Eob- 
ert, and William. Democrat. 

White, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Wharton, W. S., farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
O. Bussey. 

Wiggins, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 33; 
P. O. Eveland Grove. 

Wiggins, John, farmer, Sec. 23 ; P. 
O. Eveland Grove. 



IDES IILvdlOIiTES TOT;^2SrSI3:iI=. 



ALLEN, J. S., farmer, Sec. 13; 
P. O. Eddyville. 
Allen, William, farmer, Sec. 7; P. 

O. Ferry. 
AUbaugh, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 34; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

BARNETT, L. H., farmer, Sec. 
24; P. O. Eddyville. 
Barnett, F. R., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Barnett, John S., farmer, Sec. 25; 

P. O. Eddyville. 
Barnett, John E., farmer, Sec. 25; 

P. O. Eddyville, 
Barton, Leonard, farmer, Sec. 10; 

P. O. Given. 
Baxter, John, saloon keeper and 

coal miner; P. O. Muchakinock. 
Ball, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. 

Beacon. 
Belzer, Felix, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 

O. Given. 



Belzer, Stephen, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
O. Given. 

Beamer, II. C, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Eddy- 
ville. 

Blackstone, T. J., farmer, Sec. 14; 
P. O. Given. 

Bonnett, W. F., farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

BREWER, HARRY, farmer, Sec- 
12; P. O. Given; was born in 
Cooperstown, Otsego county, N^. 
Y., November, 19, 1815, he emi- 
grated to Whiteside, county, Ills., 
in 1835; he came to Van Buren 
county, Iowa, in the spring of 
1842, and to this cnunty, April 
20th, 1843, and staked out his 
claim after midnight on May 1st., 
this being as soon as they were 
allowed ; he entered 160 acres 
and has now 550 acres. He mar- 
ried Hellen M. Adams, March 13, 



644 



DIKECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



1844. She was born in Licking 
county, Ohio, December 16, 1826; 
she caiiie to Iowa in 1839, and to 
this county in April, 1844; have 
six sons and one daughter, Emily, 
(now Mrs. F. McGrew,) George 
W., Frank P., Edward D., Web- 
ster L., John E., and Albert PL 

Brown, AVilliam L., farmer, Sec. 23; 
P. O. Given. 

Brunt, "William W., farmer. Sec. 23; 
P. O. EddyviUe. 

Brown, George, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
(). Given. 

CASTLE, FRANK, farmer and 
stone cutter, Sec. 14; P. O. 
Given. 

Chilton, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O., Given. 

Chapman, Ed , farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Clark, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
Given. 

Cline, Hannah, Sec. 30; P. O. Eddy- 
ville. 

Covey, H. P., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
Given. 

Coakley, Michael, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
O. . 

COX, J. W., farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
Eddyville ; owns 200 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre ; born 
in Indiana, in 1842 ; came to Iowa 
in 1855, and located in this town- 
ship; married M. C. Gaines, in 
1866; she was born in Indiana, in 
1848; have one child, Charlie A. 
Greenback. 

CRAIN, FRANCIS M., farmer. 
Sec. 22; P. O. Eddyville; owns 
198 acres of laud, valued at $20 
per acre; born in Lee county, 
Iowa, in 1842; came here with 
parents in 1844; married Marga- 
ret L. Wilson in 1864; she was 
born in this count}^ in 1849; have 
three children, Mary A., Jacob A. 
S., and Bertha; Mr. C. enlisted 
in Co. D, 36th Iowa Infantry, in 
1862, and discharged in 1865. 

DAYIS, GEO. W., farmer, Sec. 
21; P.O. Eddyville. 



Davis, John S., Sec. 10; P. O. Giv- 
en. 

Dennin, Patrick, farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

Delong, Leo S., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Delashmutt, D. W., farmer, Sec. 9; 
P. O. Beacon. 

Doyle, Edward, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
O. Given. 

Downing, Wm. II., farmer, Sec. 10; 
P. O. Given. 

EDWARDS, DAVID, W., far- 
mer, Sec. 24; P. O. Given. 

ENGLAND, H. S. , farmer, Sec. 11 ; 
P. O. Eddyville; born in Athens 
count}', Ohio, in 1835; came to 
Iowa in 1856 and located in this 
township; married Amelia Cliil- 
cote in 1856; she was born in 
Ohio in 1839; have seven chil- 
dren, William, Samuel B., Mary, 
Emma, Sherman, Laura, and 
Pearl. Republican. 

England, J. II., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
O Eddyville. 

FISHER, C. B., farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Eddyville. 
Followin, Elizabeth, Sec. 21 ; P. O. 

Eddyville. 
Funk, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 22 ; I*. O. 
Eddvville. 

GREEN, W. H., farmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Beacon; owns 158 
acres of land valued at $40 per 
acre; born in Green county. Pa , 
in 1827; came to Iowa in 1861 
and located in Oskaloosa; re- 
moved to present farm in 1864; 
married Mary L. Stephen in 1860; 
she was born in Monroe Co., Ohio, 
in 1831; have five children, Em- 
ma Frances, John W. , Elijah, 
Mary J., and Ella; Mr. Q. 'has 
one child, Ann Eliza, by a former 
wife. Republican. 
Godfrey, Benj., farmer. Sec. J ; P. 
O. Beacon. 

HARRIS, D. W., farmer. Sec. 
5 ; P. O. Given. 
Hall, John W., farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 
O. Eddyville. 



BES MOINES TOWNSHIP. 



645 



Hait, W. L., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. 
Given. 

Ileki, Bryant B., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. Given. 

Heki, B., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. Ed- 
djville. 

Henry, Wm., farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. 
Beacon. 

Henness, F. M., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Hites, David S., farmer. Sec. 7; P. 
O. Ferry. 

Hill, Jonathan, Sec. 21; P. O. Ed- 
dyville. 

Holden, D. II., Sec. 21 ; P. O. Ed- 
dyville. 

Ilotf, Z., Sec. 4; P. O. Given. 

Honghtaling, S. J., Sec. 9; P. O. 
Beacon. 

Hughes, John E., Sec. 14; P. O. 
Given. 

Hughes, Even, Sec. 14; P. O. Given. 

TAGER, JOHN, Sec. 36; P. O. 

cJ Eddyville; owns 2G9 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre; born 
in France, in 1839; came to Iowa 
in 1858, and located in Lee county; 
removed to this county in 1866; 
married Katie Samon in 1866; 
she was born in Iowa in 1844; 
has five children, John G., Wil- 
liam, Richard, George, Mai'y. 
Democrat. 

Jackson, Samuel, Sec. 2; P. O. 
Given. 

Jenkins, David, Sec. — ; P. O. Given. 

Jenkins, AYilliam, Sec. 23; P. O. 
Given. 

Johnson, O. II., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Johnson, J. W., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

KASART, PHILLIP, farmer. 
Sec. — ; P. O. 

Kentfield, R. H., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 

O. Given. 
Keener, David, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

LAFORCE, PRESLEY, farmer, 
Sec. 8; P. O. Beacon. 
Lee, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
Eddyville. 



Lee, William M., farmer. Sec. 19; 

P. O. Eddyville. 
Little, John W. ()., farmer. Sec. 19; 

P. O. Edyville. 
Linderman, John W., farmer, Sec. 

29; P. O. Eddyville. 
Loughridge, Mary, farmer, Sec. 3; 

P. O. Given. 
Logan, J. C., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. 

Eddvville. 

McLAUGIILI^\ PAT, miner, 
Muchakinock. 

McMahan, Pat, miner, Muchakinock. 

McGill, Pat, miner, Muchakinock. 

McFall, Wm. J., firmer, Sec. 3; P. 
O. Beacon. 

McCrea, J. P., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Beacon. 

McFall, 0. W., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
O. Given. 

McNeill, H. W., Muchakinock. 
The subject of this sketch was 
born in Peoi'ia, Peoria county. 111., 
June 18, 1847; his parents moved 
to Frostburg, Maryland, two years 
later, where he lived until he 
became of age; at the age of 
seventeen he attended the Univer- 
sity of Virginia located at Charles- 
town; during his junior year the 
university was closed by the 
rebels; from there he went to the 
Rock River Seminary, in Ogle 
county, Illinois, and went through 
tlie course of the graduating class 
of 1865; from 1865 to 1868 he 
took a law course in Ogle county; 
in 1869 he went to Springfield, 
Ills., and was admitted to the bar; 
he left there the same year and 
came to Iowa, locating in Hardin 
county; he there formed a part- 
nersliip in the practice of law with 
Gov. E. W. Eastman, of Eldora, 
where he continued until 1871; he 
then accepted the general agency 
of the Iowa Central Railroad; he 
remained with the above company 
until 1873; he then embarked in 
the coal business, oro^aniziuff the 
Iowa Central Coal Company, and 
was its president until it was 



646 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



absorbed by the Consolidation 
Coal Coin])any, two years later, of 
which company he is still general 
manager; he is also president of 
the Muchakinock Coke and Fire 
Clay Company; he married Miss 
Lizzie Phillips, a native of Frost- 
burg, Maryland, in 1870; they 
have one daughter, Annie by 
name, lost one son, Charles Gr. 

Moore, S. N., farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. 
Eddyville. 

Moran, David, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Morris, David, farmer, See. 11; P. 
O. Given. 

Moak, W. S., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
Eddyville. 

Moran, Charles, farmer. Sec. 30; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Mobley, J. B., farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
O. Given. 

MYRICK, E.W., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. Eddyville; owns 344 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre; born 
in Athens county, Ohio, in 1825; 
came to Iowa in 1850, and settled 
on present farm; Mr. M. has been 
twice married; in 1850 he mar- 
ried Mary Grant, a native of 
Meigs county, Ohio; they had six 
children, Mary Francis, Caroline, 
James L., Martha M., Helen and 
Charles L; married again in 1875 
to Susanna Smith, a native of De- 
catur county, Indiana. Mr. M. is 
a member of the board of super- 
visors, elected in 1877; Republi- 
can. 

NOE, J. B., f\irmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 
O. Eddyville. 
ODEM, THOMAS, farmer, P. O. 
Eddyville. 

Odem, James, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Olney, V. L., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
Given. 

PATRICK, MORGAN, farmer, 
Sec. 4; P. O. Beacon; owns 
298 acres of land, valued at $15 
per acre; born in North Carolina, 
in 1818; came to Iowa in 1853, 



and located in this county; mar- 
ried Ary Wilcox in 1844; she was 
born in North Carolina, in 1826; 
have six children, Mary, William, 
George, Albert, AVilliamina and 
Roderick; married again, in 1866, 
to Mary Glass; she was born in 
Ohio, in 1828; have two children, 
Charlie and Norman. 

Page, William J., farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

Pithoud, P. A., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
O. Beacon. 

Pickerel, Josiah, farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Plum, A. T., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
Given. 

RAINSBARGER, JOHN, farm- 
er. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Eddyville. 

Rees, Thomas Sr., farmer, Sec. 24; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

RIDDLE, J.H., farmer, Sec. 32; 
P. O. Eddyville; owns 80 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre; 
born in Fayette county, Pennsyl- 
vania, in 1839; came to Iowa in 
18G8, and located on his present 
farm; married Tabithall. Keener 
in 1862; she M'as born in Greene 
county, Pennsylvania, in 1839: 
have three children, Minnie V., 
Willie G. and May S.; member 
of M. E. church. Greenback. 

Roberts, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
O. Given. 

SIPES, JAMES L., farmer. Sec. 
26; P. O. Eddyville; owns 250 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre; born in Schuyler county, 
Missouri, in 1840; came to Iowa 
in 1847, and located in Wapello 
county; removed to this county 
in 1867; married Octava J. Bar- 
nett, in 1871; she was born in 
Ohio in 1839; has three children, 
Ida A., Lillie A. and Christena. 
Democrat. 

Smith, C. S., farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. 
Eddyville. 

Smith, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 
O. Eddyville. 



UARKlSON TOWNSlttP. 



U1 



Smith, Jolin P., farmer, Sec. IT; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Spencer, AVilliam, farmer, Sec. 24; 

P. O. Eddyville. 
Spencer, Edward, farmer, Sec. 12; 

P. O. Given. 
Sprague, William W., farmer. Sec. 

17; P. O. Eddyville. 
Stoner, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 

Beacon. 

TAYLOK, JOHN, larmer, Sec. 
19; P. O. Eddyville. 
Thomas, John B., farmer, Sec. 17; 

P. O. Eddyville. 
Thomas, J. E., farmer. Sec. 20; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Thomas, John J., larmer. Sec. 23; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Thorp, Peter J., farmer, Sec. 16; P, 

O. Eddyville. 



Thompson, L. H., farmer. Sec. 13; 

P. O. Muchakinock. 
Tottman, N., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. 

Eddyville. 
Truax, Thomas J., farmer. Sec. 20; 

P. O. Eddvville. 

UNDERWOOD, M., larmer. Sec. 
16; P. O. Eddvville. 
T A TEBSTER, S. JP., farmer. Sec. 

V V 19; P. O. Eddyville. 
Whitsel, Daniel, larmer. Sec. 23; P. 

O. Given. 
Whitsel, H. D., farmer. Sec. 14; P. 

O. Given. 
Williams, Watkins, farmer. Sec. 10; 

P. O. Given. 
Wright, Thomas, farmer, Sec, 13; P. 
O. Muchaknock. 



lai^^i^i^isoiNr TOTxr3srsi3:ii=. 



ADAIR WM., farmer. Sec. 24; 
P. O. Cedar. 
Alder, Henrv, larmer. Sec. 15; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Allison, Jane, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Arnold, David, farmer. Sec, 15; P. 
O. Eddvville. 

BAKER, ANDREW, farmer. 
Sec. 20; P. O. Eddyville ; 
has a farm of 205 acres and 
35 acres of timber; was born in 
Wayne county, Ohio, July 4, 1850 ; 
his parents emigrated to this Co. 
when he was about two years old; 
he still has the wagon and harness 
his parents emigrated to this Co. 
with, 27 years ago. He married 
Miss Eva B. Riggs, October 15th, 
1873 ; she is a uative of Warwick 
Co., Indiana. No family. 

Barber, J. W., farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Oskalousa. 

BARBER. JOSEPH B., farmer. 
Sec. 20; P. O. Eddyville; owns a 
farm of 120 acres; was born in 
Louzerne county, Penn., March 12, 
1846; he came to this county in 
June, 1860. He married Miss 
40 



Anna E. Benford, Sept. 14, 1870; 
she is a native of Boston, Mass.; 
has a family of two sons, Charles 
W., and Clyde C. 

Barber, Anna, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. O. 
Eddyville. 

Barnes, J. M., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Baird, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O, 
Oskaloosa. 

Barrett, James, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Barrett, Isabel, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Barnes, J. E., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Baughman, A. J., lives in Oskaloosa. 

BEAN, W3I., farnier. Sec. 8; P. O. 
Council Blulfs; farm contains 260 
acres; born near St. Louis, Mo., in 
1809; his parents removed to Pike 
county. Mo., while he was quite 
young, where he lived until he 
was sixteen years old; he then 
went to Illinois; he came to this 
county in 1844, and was one of 
the first settlers ; he married Nan- 
cy Hilleary, a native of Adams 
county. Ills., in 1833; have three 



648 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



sons and fonr daughters, Emily 
(now Mrs. John Longhridge), 
Jane (now Mrs. Joseph A. Lind- 
ly), James, Amilda (now Mrs. W. 
H. Orton), Thomas, William H., 
Charlotte A. (now Mrs. G. II. 
Clark), and have adopted one son 
and one daughter. Lois and Isaac 
Bridges. 

Bernard, John A., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Blackwood, Mary, farmer, Sec. 33; 
P. O. Eddyvilie. 

Bolen, T. J., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
Kirkville. 

Bones, James, farmer. Sec. 25; P. O, 
Muchakiuock. 

BOVELL, J. N., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; was born in Indiana 
in 1819; moved with his parents 
to Illinois when about two years 
old; came to this county in 1850; 
married Elizabeth W. Means April 
4, 1844; have a family of live 
daughters and one son, Susan E., 
Anna J., Mary A., Flora E., Ollie 
E., and Elmer N. 

BRIGGS, MRS. RHODA, farmer. 
Sec. 34; P. O. Eddyvilie; was born 
in Columbiana county, Ohio, 
June 16, 1831; came to Iowa and 
to Eddyvilie in the spring of 1851. 
Mrs. Briggs' maiden name was 
Ewing, a native of Gallia county, 
Ohio. Married May 22, 1859. 
Mr. Briggs' death occurred August 
12, 1871, an account of which will 
be found elsewhere. He left a 
family of three sons and three 
daughters, William G., John D., 
Anna Eliza, Sarah E., Edwin T., 
and Georgia E. 

Briggs, Jane, farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. 
Eddyvilie. 

Bridgetts, Isaac, laborer, Sec. 31 ; P. 
O. Eddyvilie. 

Brubaker, Valentine, farmer, Sec. 
15;P.O. Eddyvilie. 

Buckler, Harvey, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

BUFFIN<^TON, WM. H., farmer, 
Sec. 36; P. O. Kirkville; was born 



in Jackson county, W. Ya., in 
1799; he lived there until 1841, 
and then moved to Louisa county, 
Iowa; lived there about six years, 
and then removed to Marion coun- 
ty, Iowa; he remained there until 
1848, and then came to this coun- 
ty; has been married twice; he 
mai'ried Mary Rowley, a native of 
New York, in 1820; she died in 
1842; he married again to Sarah 
Llolmes, a native of Adams county, 
Ohio, in 1849; has nine children 
by first marriage, Elizabeth, Chloe, 
Joseph W., William J., Marguret, 
Pebecca, Nancy, Samuel, and 
Mary; two sons and one daughter 
by the second marriage, Zachariah 
T., Annie, and Elijah IL; has a 
farm of 160 acres. 

BURGESS, SAMUEL, iarmer,Sec. 
34; P. O. Eddyvilie; born in In- 
diana in 1840; came to Mahaska 
county in 1851 ; married to Han- 
nah Hartshorn in 1860; has a 
family of four daughters and two 
sons, Josie, Nettie, Maggie, Arvil- 
la, William, and Baby. 

Burnes, Wm. M., farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 

0. Eddyvilie. 

Burns. Samuel M., farmer. Sec. 22; 
P. O. Eddyvilie. 

CARPENTER, II. A., farmer, 
Sec. 6; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Carpenter, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 6; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Carpenter, William II., farmer. Sec. 

6; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
CARPENTER,EDWARD T.,Sec. 

1, farmer; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
a farm of 80 acres; was born in 
Boone count}^, K3^; his parents 
moved from there when he was 
very young, and went to Switzer- 
land county, Indiana, where he 
lived until 1875, and then came 
to this county. He married 
Amanda L. Facemyre in 1870, a 
native of Indiana; they have three 
children, Harry Iv., Lewis, and 
Luc}' May. He served three 
years in the late war in Co. H, 



HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 



649 



41st Iteginient Cavalry, Indiana 
Volunteers; was taken prisoner at 
Noonan, Ga., and was confined in 
the Andersonville prison about 
four months before he was ex- 
changed. 

Chambers, James, miner, Sec. 7; P. 
(). Muchakinock. 

Chandler, C. 11., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Chambers, Francis, miner, Sec. T; 
P. O. Muchakinock. 

Clark, George II., M. E. preacher, 
Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

COLEMAN, A. D., farmer. Sec. 12; 
P. O. Cedar; he was born in 
Burlington, Iowa, in 1845; came 
to this county in September, 1873. 
He married Elizabeth S. Yeisley, 
December, 1867, from Cedar 
county, Iowa; they have two sons 
and one daughter, Charles A., 
Joseph C, and Lydia A. He en- 
listed in company A, 18th Iowa 
Infantr}^ at Clinton in 1862. He 
re-enlisted in Cedar county in 
company K., 8th Iowa Cavalry, 
in 1863, and was mustered out 
September, 1863, at Clinton, Iowa; 
has been township clerk for eight 
years. 

COOK, ABNER, farmer. Sec. 26, 
P. O. Eddyville; born in Harri- 
son county, Ohio, in 1840; came 
to Iowa, AVapello county, in 1851. 
In 1870, he moved to this connty; 
he married Charlotta Shawver, 
from Ohio, in 1864; they have 
one son and three daughters, 
Samuel C, Mary F., Stella and 
Mali n da. 

Crisswell, M. P., carpenter, Sec. 31; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

CROSSON, OLIVER J., Sec. 30, 
farmer; P. O. Eddyville; farm 
contains 112 aci'es; was born in 
Des Moines county, Iowa, May 
28, 1842, his parents moved to 
this county when he was about 
ten months old, his father was one 
of the first settlers of the connty; 
he married Mary J., daughter of 



C. N. Smitli, December 23, 1862; 
She was born in Des Moines coun- 
ty, Iowa, in 1844; have tliree sons 
and one daughter; Flora L., born 
:N"ovember 28, 1863, Fred N., born 
December 1, 1865, Joseph M., 
born September 23, 1870, Sidney 
P., born January 16, 1876. 
CROZIER C. E., Sec. 3; farmer, 
P. O. Oskaloosa; he owns a farm 
of ninety-one and one-half acres; 
was born in Shelby connty, Ohio, 
March 3, 1845; he lived there ten 
years; his parents then emigrated, 
to this county in 1856; he marri- 
ed Miss Eliza E. White, May 20, 
1875; she was born in Jasper 
count}^ Iowa; have one daughter, 
Minnie M. 

DAVIS, M. M. B., farmer, Sec. 
16; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Dahn, John, miner, Sec. 7; P. O. 

Muchakinock. 
Denning, Philip, farmer, Sec. 27; 

P. O. Eddyville. 
Delashmutt, Catherine, farmer, Sec. 

27; P. O. Eddyville. 
Deady, John, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 

Oskaloosa. 
Douaghy, A. farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. 

Eddyville. 
Dye, K. W., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. 

Oskaloosa. 

EMMERT, THOS. B., farmer, 
Sec. 24, P. O. Cedar; was 
born in Boone county Indiana, Jn- 
ly 24. 1846; he lived there about 
twenty- one years, and then moved 
to Warren county. Ills., lived there 
three years, and then came to this 
count}^ in 1870; he married Miss 
Martha Higgason, a native of In- 
diana, in 1867; they have one son 
and two daughters, Wra. A., Avis 
B., and Mary M. They have a 
farm of 320 acres. 
Emmert, Peter, farmer. Sec. 1, 
Cedar P. O. 

FAIS, II. C, Sec. 31; P.O. Ed- 
dyville. 
Fais, Gervais, clerk. Sec. 31 ; P. O. 
Eddyville. 



fioO 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Fciiton, Thop., section boss, Sec. 31; 

r. O. Eddyvillc. 
Fitzgerald. John, section boss, Sec. 

31; P. (). Eddjvllle. 
Fitzgemld, Thos., laborer. Sec. 31, 

P.O. Eddy vi lie. 
Fletcher, Esther, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 

Mnchakinock. 
Fox Win., farmer. Sec. 14; Cedar 

P.O. 
Fox, Albert, tanner. See. 14; P. O. 

Cedar. 
Fox, David, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. 

Cedar. 
Free Mary, farmer, See. 31 ; P. O. 

Eddy vi lie. 
Frederick, Wm., farmer. Sec. 21; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Free, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 

Eddyville. 

GARKETT, J. A., farmer. Sec. 
13; P. O. Cedar. 

Garrett, E. W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Cedar. 

GEARHART, RACHEL, farmer. 
Sec. 10; P.O.Oskaloosa; owns 120 
acres of land; her maiden name was 
Alder; she was born March 10th, 
1829, in Madison count}', Ohio; 
was married April 25tli, 1848, to 
Harvey Gearlieart; came to this 
county in March, 1853. Her hus- 
band, wlio was respected by all 
who knew him. was drowned in 
the Des Moines river May 11th, 
1854. She has resided on her 
farm since, except two years that 
she was on visit to Ohio; has one 
son, Plarvey H., who was born in 
1853. 

Gearhart, llarvev, farmer. Sec. 10; 
P. (). Oskaloosa. 

GIBSON, GEORGE M., former, 
Section 31; P. O. Eddyille; was 
born in Guernsey county, Ohio, 
in 18^3; lived there until 1845, 
and then went to Logan Co., Ohio, 
where he lived until 1850, and then 
removed to Indiana; lived there 
until 1855; then removed to Clark 
Co., Iowa; lived there until 1863, 
and then came to this countv. He 



married Elizabeth Mclvin, of Ohio, 
in 1845; she died in 1850; three 
children by this wife; marrried 
again in 1851, to Deborah John- 
son, from Ohio: has a family of 
live daughters and two sons, named 
Angeline, Aime, Hannah M., Ev- 
aline A., Martha J., David II., and 
George S. 
GILMORE, T. R., P. O. Kirkville; 
No citizen of Harrison township 
is more widely known and uni- 
versally respected than the Hon. 
T. P. Gilmore. This gentleman 
has the brains and culture to 
unite Avith his farmer's life, that 
of a scholar and higlih' public- 
spirited citizen. He linds leisure 
from the irksome duties of agri- 
cultural work to devote himself 
to his library, his newspa]">ers and 
liis friends. Nor have the citi- 
zens of Maliaska county been slow 
to recognize his superior qnalifi- 
tications, having given him their 
votes to the highest ofhce in the 
gift of the county. Elected first 
to tlie State Senate in 1874, to till 
the vacancy caused by the change 
of residence of the late James A. 
Young, he was again returned on 
the Ilepul)lican ticket in 1875, 
and still fills that othce. He has 
taken a high rank among liis fel- 
low senators at Des Moines, as a 
man of integrity and tliorough 
business principles. Mr. Gilmore 
M'as born in Cadiz, Harrison coun- 
ty, Ohio, April 30, 1825, where 
he attended district school during 
the earlier days of his youth. At 
fifteen years of age he commenced 
his classical stndies at Franklin 
College, located at New Athens, , 
Ohio. In the midst of his col- 1 
lege course he decided upon a 
cliange of institutions, and in 
1846 was able to look back on old 
"■Jefferson College," of Cannons- 
burg, Pa., as his Alma Mater. 
Thus ecpiipped Math a thorough 
education and polished manners, 



HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 



651 



became to the "new country," 
locating in Mahaska county, Iowa, 
in 1853. Mr. Gihnore lias been 
thrice married, first to Miss Cath- 
arine Milligan, a native of Tus- 
carans county, Ohio, on Novem- 
ber 7, 1854. The first union was 
broken by deatii when Cath- 
arine had been just seven months 
a bride. In 1860 Mr. G. married 
Miss EHen Steele, a native of Ire- 
land. The fruit of this marrige 
was four children, two sons and 
two daughters, named Clara E., 
William 11., Jessie B., and Charles 
V. Mrs. Gihnore died Septem- 
ber 1, 1873. Mr. Gilmore's pres- 
ent wife is a native of Preble 
county, Ohio. Her maiden name 
was Francenia Wilson, which be- 
came Francenia Gilmore Dec. 29, 
1875. They have one son, Harry 
W. by name. Mr. Gilmore is 
quite extensively engaged in farm- 
ing, having 861 acres of Mahas- 
ka countj^'s best soil in his pos- 
session. His tastes lead him 
largely into the stock business 
and he was at one time the largest 
sheep raiser in the State of Iowa. 
His broad acres are worthy to be 
any farmer's delight, and his per- 
sonal record shows that " Putnam 
like " the western farmer, who 
possesses the worth, tnay be called 
from the plow to a public station. 

Grey, Austin, nurseryman, Sec. 31; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

Gunsolis, James, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

HAKDING, Wm., farmer, Sec. 
33; P. O. Eddyville. 
Hargesheimer, Philip, farmer, Sec. 

31; P. O. Eddyville. 
Harding, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Harper, John, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 

Muchakinock. 
Hammond, J. N., farmer, Sec. 11; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
HARDING, WILLIAM, farmer. 

Sec. 33; P. O. Eddyville; owns a 



farm of 80 acres; was born in 
Belmont county, Ohio, in 1830, 
and lived there seven years; his 
parents then moved to Knox coun- 
ty, Ohio; he lived there until 
1860, and then moved to Logan 
county, Illinois; lived there until 
l^Q^t and then came to this coun- 
ty; he married Harriett Totman, 
a native of Trumbull county 
Ohio, in 1852; they have four 
sons, Samuel, Legrand, Benjamin, 
and Mind red. 

Henley, Ileni-y, farmer. Sec. 5; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Henley, Sarah E., farmer. Sec. 5; 
P. 6. Oskaloosa. 

Hoopes, A. L., farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Hoopes, i). W., farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

TENKTNS, KEBECCA J., f\irm- 

J er. Sec. 28; P. O. Eddwille. 

JENNINGS, Will., farmer. Sec. 4; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; owns a farm of 
183 acres; was born in Ireland in 
1830; he lived there nineteen 
years and then emigrated to the 
United States, and" New York, 
where he remained some time, _£ 
an removed to Illinois in Septem- ^*' 
ber, 1859; four years later he 
bought a farm in Lee county. 111., 
where he lived until 1867; he then 
sold out and came to this county; 
he married Miss Julia A. Long, 
of Lee count}^. 111., in 1868; she 
died December 18, 1875; he mar- 
ried again, to Sarah A. Gillem, 
in November, 1876; has two sons 
by first wife, William and John, 
and one daughter, Annie, by sec- 
ond wife. 

KEIFFEE, G. N., farmer, Sec. 
15; P. O. Cedar. 

Kirkpatrick, T. W. B., farmer, Sec. 
25; P. O. KirkviUe. 

Knott, Lazuras, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Cedar. 

LAKIN, E. T., farmer, Sec. 8; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 



652 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Lacey, W. F., fanner, Sec. 2; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Lacey, Susan, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

rje<2;i;ett, James, farmer, Sec. S-t; P. 
O. EddyviUe. 

Lemmon, Samuel, stock dealer. Sec. 
31; P. O. Eddyville. 

Lindei-man, J., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

Lutz, II., Sec. 31; P. O. Eddyville. 

Lyon, G. W., farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Lyon, AV. II. II., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

LYON, E, B., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
Oskaloosa; farm 200 acres; was 
born in Switzerland county, Indi- 
ana, May 12, 1824; he lived 
there nntil 1851, and then came 
to this county and purchased the 
place where he now lives, and 
then returned to Indiana, where 
he remained nntil 1854, and then 
returned to this county; has been 
married twice; married Eliza 
Granger, a native of Oberlin, O., 
November 8, 1846, she was born 
July 23, 1825, died March 9, 
1857; married again to Matilda 
Carpenter, a native of Kentucky, 
but raised in Indiana, September 
22, 1858, two children by first 
wife, Lewis and Martha; four 
children by second wife, Jennie, 
May, Albert, and Olive. 

MARSH, J. P., farmer. Sec. 35; 
P. O. Eddyville. 
Mayer, Wm., ])ottery manufactory. 

Sec. 19; P. O. Eddyville. 
May, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 

Eddyville. 
McCafrey, C, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
McKay, 11. J., farming. Sec. 9; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
McCord, James C, farmer, Sec. 14 ; 

P. O. Eddyville. 
Miller, Angeline, fiirmer, Sec. 19; 

P. O. Eddvville. 
MILLER, D. D., tarmer. Sec. 19; P. 

O. Eddyville; farm contains 315 



acres; born in Truml)ull county, 
Ohio, January 5, 1829; he lived 
there seventeen years, and came 
to this county and located where 
he now resides; married Mrs. 
Mary, widow of Wm. Selers, Sep- 
tember 5, 1856, a native of Mon- 
roe county, Indiana; have four 
children, Ina, Emma, Laura E., 
and Harry. 

Moore, Laben, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Moore, R. AV., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
Cedar. 

MOORE, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. 
28; P. O. Eddyville; born in Bea- 
ver county, f*a., October, 1828; 
he lived there until 1866, and 
then came to this county; he mar- 
ried Miss Cynthia Devenna in 
December, 1860, a native of the 
same county; they have one son 
and three daughters, Ella, Alice, 
Henrietta, and a baby not named; 
is assessor and has been seven 
terms, and is also justice of the 
peace. 

Moore, A\^m. F., farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
O. Cedar. 

Moore, John F., farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. 
O. Kirkville. ' 

Mosby, J, AV., grocer and stock deal- 
er. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Eddyville. 

Morrow, AVm., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

NOE, JOKATHAN", farmer. Sec. 
30; P. O. Eddvville. 
OLSTON, JACOB, blacksmith. 
Sec. 7 ; P. O. Muchakinock. 
Oldham, Robert, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
Oldham, A. R., tarmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 

O. Eddyville. 
OLDHAM, Z., farmer. Sec. 28; P. 
O. Eddyville; born in Shelby 
county, Indiana, April 3, 1842; he 
lived there six years; his parents 
then emigrated to this county; 
farm contains 228 acres; he mar- 
ried Miss Margurett Butcher No- 
vember 24, 1866; she was born in 
Eddyville, Iowa; they have one 



HARRISON TOWNSHIP. 



653 



son and four daugliters, Arvilla 
May, Mary Ella, Richard A., 
Maggie Blanche, and Minnie; he 
served three years in the late war, 
in Co. F, 18th Iowa Yol. Inf. — en- 
listed July 15, 1862, mustered out 
August 9, 1865. 

OLDHAM, A. B., farmer. Sec. 29; 
P. O. Eddyville; farm contains 
551: acres; born in Shelby county, 
Indiana, December 2, 1830; he 
lived in Indiana until May, 1848, 
and then came to this county; he 
married Miss Sarah White, a native 
of Warren county, Indiana; Feb- 
ruary 15, 1855; they have seven 
sons and three daughters, Mary 
E., E. J., Jasper N., Franklin, 
Lincoln, Sherman, Ida, Effie, Char- 
ley, and John. 

O'iNeal, Eugene, laborer, Sec. 31; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

PALMEPv, C. C, tarmer. Sec. 33 ; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

PICKEN, MATHEW, farmer. Sec. 
26; P. O. Eddyville; was born 
January 18th, 1829, in Harrison 
county, Ohio; married in July, 
1849, to Miss Hannah Funk, who 
was born in Westmoreland county, 
Pa., and removed to Wapello 
county, in 1847. Mr. Picken 
first settled in Iowa in October, 
1849, locating in Cedar township, 
Mahaska county, and since 1857, 
has resided upon his present farm, 
which now contains 320 acres. 
At present (Oct., 1878,) he is a 
justice of the peace, which ofiice 
he has held for six years. He is 
extensively engaged in the stock 
business, and is known as among 
the best of Mahaska county farm- 
ers. His wife is still living and 
they have four sons, Levertus, 
Segal, James and Charles, all liv- 
ing, and three daughther, Susanna, 
Jane, and Eglentine, dead. 

Picken, B. A., farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

RATLIFF, PIERCE, farmer, 
Sec. 15; in business at New 
Sharon. 



Reynolds, Eliza M., farmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

REYNOLDS, J, S., ftirmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; owns a farm 
of 100 acres; he was born in Lo- 
raine count}', Ohio, December, 
8th, 1845; his parents emigrated 
to this county in 1853; has 
lived on his present farm about 
twelve years. He married Miss 
Eliza M. Jenkins, December 19, 
1866; she was born in Oskaloosa; 
they have one son and two 
daughters, Judson, Lois and Mary. 

Ritchie, W. F., farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O. Eddvville. 

ROW, SAMUEL, larmer. Sec. 4;^ 
P. O. Oskaloosa; has a farm of 
160 acres; he was born in Indiana 
county, Pennsylvania, June 4th, 
1830; he lived there until the 
spring of 1858, and then went to 
Decatur county, Indiana; he lived 
there and in Shelby and Rush 
counties until the fall of 1865; he 
then removed to Mercer county. 
Illinois, where he remained until 
the spring of 1867, and then 
came to this county and located 
on the place where he now lives. 
He married Miss Rebecca A. 
Bryan, of the same county. May 
10th, 1855; they have two sons 
and one daughter, John B., 
George B., and Carrie L; lost one 
son, Harry M. 

RUN YON, JAMES H., tanner, Sec. 
4; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 110 
acres of land ; born in Champaign 
county, Ohio, Feb. 8th, 1841; his 
parents emigrated to this county 
in 1853. Jlilarried Miss Anna J. 
Stevenson, in October, 1864; she 
was a native of Highland county, 
Ohio, and died April 3, 1872; he 
was married again to Mollie Bar- 
ber, a native of this county, Feb. 
12. 1874; has three cliildren by 
first marriage, Harry E., John H., 
Mary B., and by second marriage, 
George W., and Lena L. 

SCRIBNER, F. W., farmer, Sec. 
31; P. O. Eddyville. 



« 



654 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 



Scribner, Naiicv, tanner, Sec. 31; 
P. O. Eddyviile. 

Sliober, Jolm 11., fanner, See. 25; P. 
O. Kirkville. 

Shea, John, fanner, Sec. 33; P. O. 
Eddyviile. 

SIMMS, JOHN A., farmer. Sec. 17; 
P. O. Mucliakinock; owns 100 
acres of land; born in West Mor- 
land county, Virginia, September 
21, 1812; emigrated to St. Charles 
count J, Missouri, when 19 years 
of age; he lived there two years, 
and removed to Adams county 111. ; 
lie lived there until the spring of 
1846, and removed to Mahaska 
county, where he now resides, lie 
has been married twice: his lirst 
wife was Nancy Crow, a native of 
St. Charles county, Mo. They 
were married in June, 1832; she 
died in July, 1855. lie married- 
again in September, 1856, to Mary 
Warner, a native of Maryland ; has 
three children by first wife: Ann 
(now Mrs. William Hopper), Lina 
(now Mrs. Charles Iventield), and 
Geoige. Has seven children by 
his second marriage: Albert, Ella, 
Eliza, Jolm, Joseph, Edward, and 
Henr}'. 

Smith, C. S., farmei", Sec. 30; P. O. 
Eddyviile. 

Spencer, A., former. Sec. IT; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Stoner, Milton, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

STEELE, JOHN, fanner. Sec. 14; 
P. O. Cedar; he M^as born in Al- 
leghany county Penn., Dec. 31, 
1838, lived there IT years and then 
came to this county. He married 
Miss Barbara E. Bradshaw, Sept. 
14, 1865; she is a nati\'e of Tus- 
carawas county, Ohio. They have 
two sons and one daugliter: Jolm 
W., Wm. D., and Mary E; has a 
farm of 80 acres. 

Steddom, Jason W., farmer, Sec. 4; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Stock well, J. W., merchant. Sec, 31 ; 
P. O. Eddvville. 



Ste])henson, W. A., farmer, Sec. 9; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Steele, Wm., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Stepheson, J. A., farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
O. Cedar, 

Stephenson, Mitchell, farmer. See. 
14; P. O. Cedar. 

STEPHENSON, WM. A., farmer, 
Sec. 9; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 80 
acres of land; is nicely located; has 
good buildings, surrounded with 
nice groves; was born in Arm- 
strong county, Penn., in 1841 ; 
came to this county in 1853; he 
was married in November, 1868, 
to Maggie A. Ratlitf, daughter of 
Thomas Ratliff ; she was born in 
Harrison township, this countv, in 
1848. 

Stoner, John, farmer, Sec, 5; P, O, 
Oskaloosa. 

Stanley, James, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
O. Eddyviile. 

Stanlev, A. S,, farmer, Sec. 30; P, 
O. Eddyviile. 

Strain, John, farmer, Sec. 22; P, O, 
Eddyviile. 

Stewart, L, L., fanner, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Oskaloosa, 

SteinhofF, Joseph, retired. Sec, 31; 
P, O, Eddyviile. 

Sullivan, Tim, laborer, Sec. 31; P, 
O, Eddyviile, 

Sullivan, Con, laborer, Sec, 31; P, 
O. Eddyviile. 

Switzer, John IL, farmer and car- 
penter, Sec, 9; P. O. Eddyviile. 
TENNIS, OLIVER, farmer, Sec. 
12; P. O, Cedar. 

Tennis, Robert, farmer, vSec, 12; P, 
O. Cedar. 

Tennis, John, larmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Thomas, Maldon, farmei'. Sec, 25; 
P. O, Kirkville. 

Thomas, J. AV., farmer. Sec 25; P, 
O. Kirkville. 

Thomas, Morgan, clerk, Sec. T; P, 
O, Mucliakinock. 

Tierney, Thomas F., laborer; Sec. 
31; P. O, Eddyviile. 



ilAEKISON TOWNSHil*. 



655 



TOTMAN, S. P., Sec. 32; P. O. 
Eddj'ville; owns a farm of 1-iO 
acres; was born in Trnmbull Co., 
Ohio, April 9, 1830; his parents 
moved from there, when lie was 
quite Youno-, to Knox Co., where 
he lived until he was twenty years 
of age; he emigrated to this 
county in the fall of 1850; he 
married Miss Christina, daughter 
of Kobert Oldham, Oct. 5, 1853; 
she is a native of Indiana; they 
have four sons and five daughters, 
Charles N., AVm. E"., Mary J., 
Nica I., Lillie S., IS'ettie, Eobert 
L., Frank and Mabel ; served 
about ten months in the late 
war, in Co. C, 13 Iowa Volun- 
teers Infantry, 

Tullis, M. G., iarmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Tullis, W. H., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

UNDERWOOD, A. M., farmer, 
Sec. 20; P. O. Eddyville. 
VANCE, Z. G., farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

Vance, J. E., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
Eddyville. 

Vance, widow, farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
O. Eddyville. 

VANCE, SAMUEL, farmer, Sec. 
20; P. O. Eddyville; farm con- 
tains 150 acres; was born in Fay- 
ette county, Indiana, April 8, 1819; 
he lived there twenty-one j^ears, 
then emio-rated to Burlingfton, 
Iowa, in 1810; he lived there four 
years and then came to this county, 
and located where he now resides 
in 1814; he married Rebecca 
Morgan, Nov. 20, 1842; she is a 
native of Kentucky. Mr. V. was 
first justice of the peace, re-elected 
after the organization of the county, 
and has held that office, oft' and on, 
for thirty years; have four sons 
and three daughters, Lydia, Oli- 
ver II., Mary M., Agnew E., Sam- 
uel L., Susan A., Fred E.; lost 
two sons, James A. and Henry C. 

41 



\ A 7ARD, D. W., clerk. Sec. 
V V 31; P. O. Eddyville. 

Walker, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

Watkins, John E., miner. Sec. 11; 
P. O. Muchakinock. 

Walker, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 23; 
P. O. Cedar. 

WALKER, STEPHEN, farmer. 
Sec. 23; P. O. Cedar; farm 80 acres; 
was born in Hartford, Connecticut, 
September 14, 1828; lived there 
thirteen years, and then went to 
Charlestown, South Carolina; lived 
there nine years, and then traveled 
until 1861 , and then located in this 
county; he married Mrs. Eliza 
Knowlton in 1863, a native of 
Gallia countj^, Ohio. They have 
one son and one daughter. Friend 
E. and Alma F. He served about 
seventeen months in the late war, 
in Company G, Seventh Iowa Cav- 
alry. 

Webb, William, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Welch, F. G., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Welch, Jason R., farmer, Sec. 34; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

WELCH, F.G., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
O. Cedar; farm 260 acres; was 
born in Harrison countj^, Ohio, in 
October, 1836; he lived there 
until 1860; he then came to this 
county, but did not locate here 
until 1866; from 1860 to 1865 
he was engaged in shipping sheep 
from Ohio to this county; he 
married Miss Maggie S. Simpson, 
a native of the same county, Sep- 
tember 13,1866; she died March 
21, 1874; left two sons, Lavernge 
and Omar S. ; he married again 
to Elizabeth Slemraons, September 
12, 1876, a native of the same 
county; one daughter, Annie. 

Welton, E. II., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Wheeler, A. F., farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
O. Cedar. 



656 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Whiteman, Jacob, farmer, Sec, 9; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

WHEELER, ALFRED, farmer, 

, Sec. 14; P.O. Cedar; farm 96 acres; 
was born in Xorth Ilanipton- 
shire, England, in 1834: ; lived 
there nine years; his parents 
then emigrated to the United 
States, and located in Waukesha 
county, Wisconsin, where the}^ 
lived seven years, and then moved 
to Dodge county, Wisconsin, where 
he lived until 1868, then to this 
county; he married Josephine 
M. Palmer, January 1, 1866, a 
native of Illinois; they have two 
sons and three daughters. Jennet, 
Eugene, Guy, Mattie, Grace; he 
served three years in the late war, 
in Company A., Thirty-second 
Wisconsin Volunteers Infantrj^; 
enlisted August 15, 1862; mus- 
tered out in June, 1865. 

WHITED, CARSON, farmer, Sec. 
32; P. O. Eddyville; farm of 130 
acres; was born in the town of 
Wythe, Wythe county, Virginia, 
September 17, 1814; his parents 
emigrated to Faj^ette county, In- 
diana, when he was live years of 
age, where they lived three j^ears, 
and then removed to Shelbyville, 
Indiana; he left there and came 
to this county, November 10, 1846; 
he married Miss Abagail Bolli- 
baugh, February 28, 1833, a na- 
tive of lialigh county, North 
Carolina; family, four daughters, 
Maria J., (now widow of John 
Mercer, who died in Andersonville 
prison during the late rebellion), 
Charlotte, (now Mrs. James Old- 
ham), Catliarine, (now Mrs. John 
Rainsbarger,) Mahala, (now Mrs. 
Quitman Powell). Mr. W. lost 
one son, who died while in the 
array. 

Williams, H. H., farmer. Sec. 31; 
P. O. Eddyville. 

WORTMAN,GEO., farmer; Sec. 6; 



P. O. Muchakinock; farm con- 
tains 308 acres; was born in the 
Province of New Brunswick, 
August 14, 1814, he lived there 
until he was past twelve, his par- 
ents then moved to Harrison 
county, Ohio; he lived there 
about ten years; he came to this 
county in the spring of 1843, and 
located on the place where he 
now lives; he married Miss M. 
Christena Scott, a native of Ohio, 
February 28, 1842; she died July 
24, 1849; married again to Re- 
becca McCaslin, a native of Vir- 
ginia, April 2, 1850; two daugh- 
ters by first marriage, Hannah, 
and Louisa C; three sons and 
live daughters by second mar- 
riage, John, Sarah, Martha J., 
Matilda A., Emma, Mary F., 
David and Geo. W. 
WYLIE, JAMES T., farmer. Sec. 
32; P. O. Eddyville; was born in 
the town of Coventry, Chenango 
county. New York, November 23, 
1815, he lived there until 1837, 
and then emigrated to Peoria, 
Illinois, where he lived six years, 
and then came to Iowa in the 
spring of 1843, and located in 
Eddyville, and worked at his 
trade, (blacksraithing). Mr. W. 
did all the stage repairing at 
Eddyville in those days; in 1845 
he and his partner, Mr. J. W. 
Caldwell, entered 240 acres in 
this township, afterward, buying 
his partner's interest; his farm 
contains 407 acres; he married 
Miss Mary J, Delashmutt, No- 
vember 23, 1851. She was born 
in Tyler county, Virginia, May 
12, 1831. They have one son 
and two daughters, Clara M., 
(now Mrs. Andrew Manifold,) 
born September 25, 1853, James 
B., born October 1, 1855, Eppie 
S., August 8, 1867. 



CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 



657 



a-^jD^^TZ TO'x^7-2srsia:ir». 



ADAIR, Will., fanner, Sec. 19; 
P. O. Cedar. 
Akers, Anderson, farmer, Sec. 36; 

Fremont. 
Akerman, P., farmer, Sec. 13; P.O. 

Fremont. 
Allman, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 

O. Fremont. 
Allman, John, laborer, P. O. Fre- 
mont. 
AUender, M., tanner. Sec. 25; P.O. 

Fremont. 
Alexander, Robert, farmer. Sec. 13; 

P. O. Fremont. 
Aldridge, Joseph A., farmer. Sec. 26; 

P. O. Fremont. 
Anderson, Wm., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 

O. Kirkville. 

BARR, IRA, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. Fremont. 

Baitsell, Geo. W., farmer. Sec. 10; 
P. O. Fremont. 

Baitsell, Jane, farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. 
Fremont. 

Beswick, A. ^Y., farmer; P. O. Ce- 
dar. 

Bentley, Laura J., farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
O. Cedar. 

Bond, C, physician, Fremont. 

Boyd, Wm., fanner, Sec. 29; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Bridenstine, Peter, farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Kirkville. 

Brown, G. W., shoemaker and far- 
mer, Fremont. 

By ram, D. C, retired, Fremont. 

By ram, C. G., school teacher, Fre- 
mont. 

BYRAM, M. W. , druggist, Fre- 
mont; was born in Butler county, 
Ohio, December 1, 1837, and 
lived there six years; his parents 
then removed to Dark county, 
Ohio, where he lived until the 
spring of 1861, and then to Mc- 
Goupin county, 111., and remained 
there nntil Septeml)er, 1861; he 
then returned to Dark county, 
Ohio, Mdiere he remained until 
September, 1873, and then came 



to this county; he married Mary 
J. McFarland August 7, 1859, of 
Randolph county, Indiana; she 
died June 9,1873; was married 
again to Maliala Oldham, of this 
county, June 13, 1875; she died 
September 22, 1875; married 
again April 27, 1876, to Mary I., 
widow of E. Roberts, her maiden 
name was Ferguson, a native of 
this county; has two children by 
lirst marriage, Ida A. and Laura 
M.,and one son by third marriage, 
Lawrence L.; has taught school, 
more or less, for twenty years. 

CANON, SAMUEL R., of the 
firm of Canon & Gunn, mer- 
chants, Fremont; wa« born in Fa- 
yette count3^, Ohio, May 12, 1815, 
and lived there about twelve 
years; came to this county in 
1857; not married. 

Carnahan, Sarah, farmer, Sec. 20; 
P. O. Kirkville. 

Caves, Edward, blacksmith, Fre- 
mont. 

Cheek, James P., laborer, Fremont. 

Cochran, Sanford, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. White Oak.. 

Cochran, O. C, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. Cedar. 

Cochran, G. W., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
O, Fremont. 

Cole, Wm. W., farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
O. Kirkville. 

Cole, Wm., fanner. Sec. 19; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Craft, J. E., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Cummins, II. C. farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
O. Fremont. 

Cummins, Thos., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. Kirkville. 

DAVIS, ELIZABETH U., farm- 
er, Sec. 29; P. O. Kirkville. 
Davis, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 

O. Kirkville. 
Davidson, John W., faruier. Sec. 32; 
P. O. Kirkville. 



658 



DIBECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Daviilson, W. A., lariner. Sec. 2-1; 

P. O. Fiemoiit. 
Diiisinore, Win., fanner, Sec. 14; P. 

O. Fremont. 
Doolittle, B. M., fanner, Sec. 23; P. 

O. Fi'cnujnt. 
Doan, Martha A., fanning, Sec. 17; 

P. O. Cedar. 

EASTBURN, C. A., farmer. Sec. 
22; P. O. Fremont. 

Eastbuni, Job II., commission nier- 
cliant, Chicago. 

Eastbnrn, B. W., farmer, Sec. 28; 
P. O. Fremont. 

Eastbnrn, Sanford, farmer, Sec. 25; 
P. O. Fremont. 

Ellis, Wm., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
Fremont. 

ENDICOTT, J. N., P. O. Cedar, 
general store, Cedar Cliapel; born 
in Posey county, Indiana, in 1841; 
came here 1874. He enlisted in 
Co. B, 58th Indiana Infantry, in 
October, 1861, and was mustered 
out in August, 1865. February 
6, 1866, he married Cornelia 
Boyle, a native of the same county ; 
she died January 10, 1871; left 
one son Alfred B.; he married 
again to Mary L. Kinsman, June 
6, 1875; she was born in Oskaloosa 
township, this county, in 1854; 
one son and one daughter, James 
N. and Baby. 

English, Alpha, farmer, Sec. 29; 
P. O. Kirkville. 

Epperly, Joel, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O, 
Fremont. 

Everson, John W"., farmer, Sec. 34; 
P. O. Fremont. 

FAILYER, GEORGE W., far- 
mer. Sec. 34; P. O. Kirkville. 
Fellers, John M., farmer. Sec; 16; 

P. O. Fremont. 
Ferguson, John, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 

O. Concert. 
Foster, N. W., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 

O. Fremont. 
Foster, Caleb, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 

O. Kirkville. 
Funk, Henry, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 

O. Kirkville. 



GARRIOTT, I. N., farmer, Sec. 
1 ; P. (). Fremont. 

GILMORE, SAMUEL, farmer,Sec. 
29; P. O. Kirkville; was born in 
the town of Tevis, Harrison 
county, Ohio, in 1830; he lived 
there until 1851, and then came to 
this county; his farm contains 
500 acres; he married Sarah 
Myers, November 25, 1856, a lui- 
tive of Morrow county, Ohio; 
they have two sons and two daugh- 
ters, named Nina, Maggie, Myers 
and Fred; lost one son, John. 

Grifiis, Noah H., farmer. Sec. 1; l\ 
O. Fremont. 

Gordon, Uriah, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. 
O. Kirkville. 

Graham, Jefferson, farmer. Sec. 5; 
P. O. White Oak. 

GUNN, JAMES, A., of the firm of 
Canon ik Gunn, merchants, 
Fremont; was born in Lake coun- 
ty, Ohio, October 7, 1849; he lived 
there four years; parents then 
emigrated to Iowa, and to this 
county; has been engaged in bus- 
iness here since 1873; is post-mas- 
ter; he married Mrs. S. S. lleinz- 
man, April 20, 1873. a native of 
Shelby county, Indiana; they have 
one son, Frank L. 

HACKETT, ISAAC, farmer. 
Sec. 1 ; P. O. Fremont. 

Halloway, Ralph E., farmer. Sec. 34; 
P. O. Kirkville. 

Ilarter, John II., farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
O. Fremont. 

Harter, Aaron, farmer, Fremont. 

Ilarter, Andrew, farmer. Sec, 28; 
Fremont. 

Harter, James, farmer, Fremont. 

Hayes, Joel, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. 
Cedar. 

HEINZMAN, S.H., of the firm 
of By ram & Co., merchants; Fre- 
mont; he was born in Shelby 
count}^ Indiana, August 2, 1840; 
he lived there until October 1st, 
1 861, and then came to this county; 
he married Miss Amey W. Byram, 
November 20, 1867, a native of 



CEDAR TOWNSHIP. 



659 



Dark county, Ohio; they have 
two daugliters, Gertrude and 
Madge. 

llip^gason, S. J., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
6. Cedar. 

Hook, Jolin, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. 
Fremont. 

HOOK, N.R,, physician and surgeon, 
Fremont; he was born in Williams- 
bur":, Greene conntv, Penusylva- 
nia, in 1842; his parents moved to 
Gurnsey county, Ohio, when he 
was very young; they lived there 
eleven years, and then came to 
this county; he commenced the 
study of medicine at the age of 
nineteen, with Dr. S. E. Rliine- 
hart; he attended the college of 
physicians and surgeons at Keo- 
kuk, Iowa, and g'raduated in 1874; 
he served from 1862, to August 
9th, 1865, in the late war in 
Co. C, 33rd Iowa Volunteers In- 
fantry; he married Miss Lucetta 
J. Kissick, June, 3, 1866, a native 
of Mercer county, Pennsjdvania; 
she died December 19, 1873; he 
was married again to Florence N. 
Kissick, December 23, 1874, a na- 
tive of Mercer county, Pennsyl- 
vsnia; has one son living by his 
lirst marriage, Charles W., and 
one son by his second marriage, 
"Walter M.; owns a farm of 200 
acres. 

Howell, B. C, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O. Fremont. 

House, A. J., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
Kirkville. 

Howser, James, farmer, P. O. Kirk- 
ville. 

Hughes, H. D., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 

O. Fremont. 
JACKSON, AV., laborer, P. O. 

J Kirkville. 

Jemison, A. A., farmer. Sec. 33; P. 
O. O. Kirkville. 

Jones, N. J., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. 
Kirkville. 

KEITH, J. C, farmer, Sec. 12; 
P. O. Fremont ; he was born 
in Miami county, Ohio, April 5, 



1822; his parents moved to Shelby 
county, Indiana, when the sub- , 
ject of this sketch was about 
seven years old; he came to 
Davis county, Iowa, in 1858, lived 
there two years and then came to 
this count}'; liis farm contains 
306 acres; lie lias been married 
four times, first to Susan Heinz- 
raan, a native of Kentucky, but 
raised in Indiana; they were mar- 
ried December 16th, 1847; she 
died August 10th, 1852; had one 
son, Marshall E. ; he was married 
again to Ann Eliza Davison, No- 
vember 24, 1853, a native of 
Shelby county, Indiana; she died 
March 19th, 1857; had one son, 
Oscar; he was married again to 
Maggie Majors, a native of this 
county, December 14th, 1859; 
she died October 23, 1860; he 
was married again to Mar}' Can- 
on, a native of Pennsylvania, Oc- 
tober, 12th, 1861; has three sons 
and three daughters, Preston, 
Minnie, Nellie, Albert, Mabel 
and Gus. 

Kent, Delilah, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
Kirkville. 

King, Wm., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 
Fremont. 

Kline, E. J., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Knicely, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
Fremont. 

LACY, WM., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
O. Fremont. 

Lee, Isaac T., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. 
Fremont. 

Lee, John M., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
Fremont. 

Lee, M. B., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. 
Fremont. 

Lee, ^. M., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. 
Fremont. 

Lentz, David, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 
Fremont. 

LENTZ, GEORGE, carpenter; P. 
O. Fremont; born in Butler coun- 
ty, Ohio, January 5, 1838; lived 
there about seven years; his parents 



660 



DIEECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



then emigrated to Keokuk county, 
Iowa, about live miles from where 
he now lives ; he moved to Fremont 
in 1855; is justice of the peace; he 
married Miss Rebecca J. Able 
August 12, 1861; she lived but 
Hfteen days after marriage; she 
was a native of Indiana; he was 
married again to Sophia Pfeiffer 
September 15, 1861, a native of 
Bavaria, Germany; they have one 
son and three daughters, Mary E., 
Eda A., Arminta, and Ralph J; 
he was township clerk one jea.r. 
and secretary of school board sev- 
en vears ; owns a farm of 90 acres, 
McCARROLL, ROB'T S., far- 
mer. Sec. 31; P. O. Kirk- 
ville; born in Harrison county, 
Ohio, December 16, 1819; he lived 
there until 181:8, and then came to 
this county and located where he 
now lives ; has a farm of 200 acres ; 
he married Susanna English Janu- 
ary 5, 1843, a native of tlie same 
county; they have four sons and 
five daughters, Jane E., James, 
Addie, Sella, Etta, Frank, William, 
Jason, and Lewis; they have lost 
three daughters, named Martha 
A., Rachel, and Mary S. 

McClain, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 16; 
P. O. Fremont, 

McEwen, J. E., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
O. Fremont. 

McFADDIN, WILSON, farmer, 
Sec. 5; P. O. Cedar; has a farm of 
210 acres; born in Harrison coun- 
ty, Ohio, January 18, 1830; lived 
there until 1852, and then came to 
this county and located in Cedar 
township; has lived on his present 
farm since 1862; he married Miss 
A. C. Wellslager, May 29, 1856, 
from Richland county, Ohio; they 
have two daughters, Elanora, and 
Emma Carrie. 

McFALL, W. 0., physician and 
surgeon, Fremont; was born in 
Cedar township, Mahaska county, 
May 23, 1851 ; at the age ot twen- 
ty-one, he commenced the study 



of medicine with Dr. Hoffman, of 
Oskaloosa, where he continued for 
two years and six months; he then 
attended the Eellvue medical 
college, of New York City, where 
he graduated March 1, 1876, and 
has been located in Fremont since 
March, 1877; he married Miss 
Sarah Lloyd, December 21, 1877, 
a native of Meigs county, Ohio. 
No family. 

McFALL, G. B., farmer, Sec. 4. ; P. 
O. Concert; was born in Bartholo- 
mew county, Indiana, in 1823; he 
lived there until November, 1847, 
and then came to this county and 
located on the place he now lives; 
has a farm of 131 acres — he enter- 
ed 252 acres; he married Miss 
Newsom, Jannar}' 16, 1845, a na- 
tive of the same county; they have 
two sons and five daughters, Lot- 
tie M., William ()., Mary E , Em- 
ma E., Clara E., Gideon B., Jr. 
and Jennie L. ; was a member of 
the board of supervisors one terra, 
has been a member of the school 
board twenty years, treasurer 
about sixteen years. 

McFALL, SAMUEL, farmer. Sec. 
11; P. O. Fremont; was born in 
Harrison county, Kentucky, in 
1803, he lived there until ten 
years of age; his parents then 
moved, to what is now Switzer- 
land county, Indiana; he lived 
there until 1821, and then went to 
Bartholomew count}^ Indiana, 
where he lived until 1830, and 
thence to Iroquoise count}^ Ills.; 
he came to this county in March, 
1844, and located where he now 
lives; he married Miss Elizabeth 
Barbee, February 14, 1828; born 
in Ross county, Ohio, February 
11, 1804; they have two sons and 
four daughters, Sarah, Elizabeth, 
Samuel T., Martha, Nancy, and 
Joseph. 

McFall, David, fiirmer, Sec. 9; P. O. 
Fremont. 



CEDAR TOWlJSHIP. 



661 



McFall, John, Sr., fanner, Sec. 9; P. 
O. Fremont. 

McFall, John, Jr., farmer, Sec. 2; 
P. O. Fremont. 

McFall, Samuel L., farmer. Sec. 2; 
P.O. Fremont. 

McFall, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O. Fremont. 

MILLS, D. T., former, Sec. 4; P. O. 
Concert; was born in Dare Co., 
Kentucky, in 1821; he lived in 
Kentucky until the fall of 1844, 
and then went to Park county, 
Indiana, where he lived until the 
fall of 1852; he then came to this 
county, and located where he 
now lives; owns a farm of 140 
acres; he married Emily Bing- 
ham, of Mercer count}', Kentucky, 
in the fall of 1842; she died May 
26, 1856; he married again to 
Mary Torrance in July, 1857; 
have two sons and four daughters 
by first marriage, Sophia, Wm. 
T., Mary, Sarah, Martha and 
David; two sons and two daugh- 
ters by second marriage, Jacob, 
Ella, Edward and Myrtle. 

Mills, W. T., farmer, P. O. Kirk- 
ville. 

Mona, John, painter, Fremont. 

Moody, Wm. I., farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
O. Fremont. 

Morgan, J. X., blacksmith, Fremont. 

Myers, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. 
Cedar. 

NEIL, GRAHAM, farmer. Sec. 
3; P. O. Fremont. 
Is^ewbold, G. W., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
O. Cedar. 

PAPvKER, JOSEPH, farmer. 
Sec. 35; P. O. Fremont. 
Parr, M. G., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 

Fremont. 
Phillippe, G. L., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 

O. Fremont. 
Pickens, Alexander, farmer, Sec. 30; 

P. O. Kirkville. 
Pfrimmer, George W., farmer, Sec. 

8; P. O.Cedar. 
Priest, J. F., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 

Fremont. 



QUARTON, W. B., farmer and 
stock raiser. Sec. 24; P. O. 
Fremont; was born in Yorkshire, 
England, in 1821; his parents 
emigrated to the United States in 
1829; located in Morgan count}'-, 
Illinois, in 1848; lie married Miss 
Charlotte Gill, in 1849; she is a 
native of England; they moved to 
Macoupin county, Illinois, the 
same year, where they lived until 
October, 1867, then came to this 
county; has a fai'tn of 240 acres 
and 50 acres of timber; deals quite 
largely in imported cattle; has 
400 head of sheep; 160 acres of 
his fai'm are devoted to meadow 
land; they have three sons and 
four daughters, Mary, Menassa, 
Georgia, Charlotta, Wm. B., Amy 
and Ezra. 

RANDALL, CHARLES D., 
farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. Cedar. 
Rhegenness, Henry, farmer, Sec. 35; 

P. O. Fremont. 
Rockey, Frank, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 

O. Fremont. 
Ross, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. 

Kirkville. 
Russell, Ahnira C, farmer. Sec. 23; 

P. O. Fremont. 
Russell, G. W., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 

O. Fremont. 
Russell, J. M., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 

O. Fremont. 

SHALER, GEO., farmer, Sec. 15; 
P. O. Fremont. 
SHAW, SOLOMON, flirmer, Sec. 
10; P. O. Fremont; was born in 
Perry county, Pennsylvania, 
March 6, 1809, but was raised in 
Lancaster county, Pennsylvania; 
came to Iowa in 1856, and located 
where he now resides, 'in 1857; 
owns 256 acres of land; he mar- 
ried Miss Susan Strome, of Cum- 
berland county, Pennsylvania, in 
1831; she died in 1835; married 
ao-ain to Marv Zio-ler, of Cumber- 
land county, Pennsylvania, Feb- 
ruary 20, 1837; has two sous by 
first marriage, David and George; 



66^ 



DlRfiCtORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



four sons and two daughters by 

second marriage: John, William 

Levi, Solomon, Elizabeth, Susan 

na. 
Shaw, L. E., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O 

Kirkville. 
Sheets, B. F., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O 

Fremont. 
Skidmore, J. M., farmer, Sec. 1; P 

O. Fremojit. 
Slater, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O 

Fremont. 
Shultz, Christian, farmer. Sec. 25 

P. O. Fremont. 
Smith, Margaret, farmer. Sec. 14 

P. O. Fremont- 
Sparks, William, farmer. Sec. 15 

P. O. Fremont. 
Sparks, Isaac W., farmer. Sec. 21 

P. O. Fremont. 
Stephenson, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 8 

P. O. Cedar. 
Stephenson, William J., farmer. Sec 

S; P. O.Cedar. 
Storm, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O 

Concert. 
Stout, Lee, farmer. Sec. 35; P. O 

Fremont. 

THOMPSON, F. S., farmer, Sec 
3; P. O. Concert. 
Triplett, Mortimore, farmer. Sec. 3 
P. O. Fremont. 

VAN BUSKIPJv, LINFORD 
Farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. Fre 

mont. 
Votaw, Moses, farmer. Sec. 15; P 

O. Fremont. 
Yotaw, Pierce, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. O 

Cedar. 
T A r ALTMAN, JAMES,farmer 

V V Sec. 1; P.O.Fremont. 
Warner, John II., farmer. Sec. 20 

P. O. Kirkville. 
White, E. H., blacksmith, P. O. Fre- 
mont. 
Walsh, James, wagon-maker, P. O. 

Fremont. 
Weil, Christian, undertaker. Sec. 14; 

P. O. Fremont. 
White, J. A., merchant, Fremont. 



Whitmer, John, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
O. Fremont. 

White, John Q., farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O. Fremont. 

WHITE,E.H., blacksmith; P. O. 
Fremont; was born in Wayne 
county, Indiana, in 1826, lived 
there twenty-four years, and then 
emigrated to Oskaloosa, Iowa, in 
1850, and has been a resident 
of this township ten years. He 
married Miss Mary Barton, Sep- 
tember 19,1850, a native of Preble 
county, Ohio; she died August 
21, 1858; he married again to 
Martha J. Ileifner, December 15, 
1870, a native of Dark county, 
Ohio; three daughters by first 
marriage, Lavica E., jS^ancy E. 
and Eliza J.; one daughter by 
second marriage, Delia M; he en- 
listed in the late war in Com- 
pany K., Eighteenth Iowa Yol- 
unteers Infantry, August 6, 1862; 
mustered out August 9, 1865. 

Williams, William, farmer. Sec. 2; 
P. O. Fremont. 

Williams, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 12; 
P. O. Fremont. 

Wolfe, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. O, 
Fremont. 

Wright, J. C, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Wright, W. W., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. Cedar. 

Wright, J. P., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Cedar. 

Wright, J. A., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Cedar. 

YEOMAN, PJCHARD, farmer. 
Sec. 2; P. O. Fremont. 
Yenney, George, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 

O. Fremont. 
Yenney, John, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 

O. Fremont. 
Young, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 25; 
P. 6. Fremont. 

Z APING, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 9; 
P. O. Concert. 
Zaring, J. W., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
Concert. 



WHITE OAK rOWNSlIlP. 



663 



TX7"i3:iTE o-A-is: TQ-'^TirnsTSiraiix^. 



ABEL, WILLIAM, former, Sec- 
tion 32; P. O. AVHiite Oak; 
owns 120 acres land, valued at $30 
per acre; born in Ontario, Can- 
ada, in 1S26 ; came to Iowa in 1855 
and settled in Muscatine county; 
lived there about twentj-nine and 
a half years, and removed to Ben- 
ten county, and thence to this Co. 
in 1868 ; married Esther Stanley, 
in 1853; she was born in Colum- 
bania county, Ohio, in 1829; have 
seven children: Ben. J. C, Sarah, 
Martha, Hannah M., Turner L., 
Mary Elizabeth and Esther El- 
mie; are members of Society of 
Friends. Republican. 
ARN0LD,ISHU3I, farmer, Sec. 12; 
P. O. Rose Hill ; owns 236 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre; 
born in Kentucky, in 1828; came 
to Iowa in 1851, and settled in 
White Oak; married Drussilla 
Simpkins, in 1853; she was born 
in Indiana, in 1832 ; they have six 
children: ISTancy, Ellen, Sarah 
Jane, Joseph, Alberta and Wil- 
liam. 

BARKLEY, SAMUEL, former, 
Sec. 28; P. O. White Oak. 
Bobbitt, E. H., tanner, Sec. 16 ; P. 

O. White Oak. 
Bacon, John, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 

Rose Hill. 
BETHEA & SON, dealers in gen- 
eral merchandise and grain. Rose 
Hill J.W. Bethea was born in Ten- 
nessee, in in 1822; married Mar- 
garet Stewart in 1845; have four 
children: Elizal)eth, Florence, 
William W., and Frank. Wm. W. 
Bethea, the junior partner, was 
born in this county in 1855. 
Belford, Brown, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 

O. Cedar. 
Beach, Thomas E., farmer, Sec. 9; 

P. O. Rose Hill. 
Bond, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 20; P.O. 

White Oak. 
BOND, E. B., farmer, Sec. 19; P. 
42 



O. White Oak; owns 185 acres of 
land, valued at $25 per acre; born 
in Illinois in 1838; came to Iowa 
in 18-41, and settled in Keokuk 
coimty; removed to this county 
about 1845; he married Nancy 
Bridges, in 1859; she was born in 
this county in 1842; have seven 
children: Dora, Alice, Emma, Ida, 
Mattie, Willie, and Cora. 

Bolles, R. P., farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Bolles, R. P., attorney. Rose Hill. 

Browning, E. J., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Bro^\Ti, Jonathan, farmer. Sec. 10; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

BRpWN& STEWARD,of the firm 
of Brown, Steward & Ewing, Rose 
Hill. W. W. Steward was born in 
Washington Co., Ohio, in 1857, 
and came to Iowa in 1873. C. 
Brow^n, physician and surgeon, was 
born in Knox Co., Ohio, in 1850; 
came to Iowa in 1870. The bus- 
iness of Brown, Steward & Ew- 
ing was established in 1878. 

Bridges, John W.. farmer. Sec. 19; 
P.' O.White Oak. 

Buoyles, Richard, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
O, Fremont. 

Burrows, Jesse, E., farmer. Sec. 24-; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

Burgess, A. J., farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

CALDWELL, A. N., farmer, 
Sec. 28; P. O. White Oak; 
owns 240 acres of land, valued 
at $30 per acre; born in East 
Tennessee in 1839; came to Iowa 
in 1851, and settled in White 
Oak; married Catharine Stump 
in 1876; she was born in Ohio in 
1849; have two children, Charlie 
C. and Earl; has held the offce of 
assessor, trustee, etc.; are mem- 
bers of the Cumberland Presby- 
terian church. Republican. 
Caldwell, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 29; 
P. O. White Oak. 



664: 



DIRECTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Caldwell, Sarah, farmer, Sec. 20; 
P. O. White Oak. 

Calowav, Jesse C. fanner, Sec. 6; 
P. (X Eose Hill. 

CALDWELL, R. W., tanner, Sec. 
31; P. O. White Oak; owns 160 
acres of laud, valued at .$35 per 
acre; born in East Tennessee in 
1841; came to Iowa in 1851 and 
settled in White Oak township; 
married Milda Gaston in 1877; 
she was born in this count}^ in 
1850; Mr. C. has two children by 
a former marriao^e: Lizzie and 
James Gaston. Democrat. 

Clements, W. P., farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
O. Eose Hill. 

Charnock, W. T., farmer. Sec. 16; 
P. O. White Oak. 

Crowder, W. L., physician and sur- 
geon ; P. O. Eose Hill. 

Craig, Margaret, farmer, Sec. 11; 
P. O. Eose Hill. 

Crandall, H. L., farmer, Sec. 33; P. 
O. White Oak. 

Crill, Harvey, fanner. Sec. 12; P. 
O. Eose Hill. 

COCHRAN, SANFORD, farmer. 
Sec. 32; P. O. White Oak; owns 
203 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre; born in Muskingum 
county, Ohio, in 1817; came to 
Iowa in 1855 and settled on pres- 
ent farm; married Elizabeth Van- 
devender in 1839; she was born 
in Licking county, Ohio, in 1821; 
have six children: G. W., Oliver 
C, John W., Laura, Clara, Mary 
E.; has been trustee three years. 
Democrat. 

CURRIER, CHARLES, farmer. 
Sec. 7; P. O. Eose Hill; proprie- 
tor of Elkhorn Mills, erected in 
1853; was born in Penobscot 
county, Maine, in 1820; came to 
Iowa in 1843; married Angeline 
Harris in 1849; she was born in 
Putnam county, Indiana, in 1829; 
have five children: Elma, Wil- 
liam, Frank, Fred, Henry; Mrs. 
C. is a member of the Baptist 
church. Eepublican. 



CRANDALL, W. L., farmer. Sec. 
34; P. O. Concert; owns 130 acres 
of land, valued at $25 per acre; 
born in Warren county. Pa., in 
1835; came to Iowa in 1855; mar- 
ried Wei thy A. Cross in 1861 ; she 
was born in Ohio in 1834; they 
have three children, Jesse E., Ed- 
die E., and Emma; are members 
of the M. E. Church. 

DAYIS, ISRAEL, farmer. Sec. 
17; P. O. White Oak. 

DeLong, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
O. Eose Hill. 

Dewitt, :Mrs. Samuel, Sec. 21; P. O. 
. O. White Oak. 

Dewitt, Spencer, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. White Oak. 

Dewitt, Eliott, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. AVhite Oak. 

Dewitt, Henry, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
O. White dak. 

Dickey, Wm. A., farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. White Oak. 

Dickson, M. M., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
O. Eose Hill. 

Doak, John W., farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
O. Eose Hill. 

DOWNEY, JOHN, fanner. Sec. 
33; P. O. White Oak; owns 80 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre; born in Bedford county. Pa., 
in 1824; came to Iowa in 1862; 
married Emeline Swickard in 1858 ; 
she was born in Ohio in 1826; 
have two children, Mathias S., and 
Ann Eliza. 

Douglas, John W., farmer. Sec. 21; 
P. O. White Oak. 

Douglas, Silas, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O.^ White Oak. 

DOAK, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. 2; 
P. O. Eose Hill; owns 230 acres of 
land, valued at $35 per acre; born 
in Champaign county, Ohio, in 
1838; came to Iowa in 1869; mar- 
ried Sarah Arnold in 1874; she 
was born in Indiana in 1836. Mr. 
Doak has three children by a for- 
mer marriage, Maggie, Mattie, and 
Charlie; he enlisted in the 6btli 



WHITE OAK TOWNSHIP. 



665 



Ohio Infantry in 1861, and was 
discharged in 1865. Repnbh'can. 
Drake, G. W., larmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
Fremont. 

EVANS, JANE, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Kose Hill. 
Evans, W. S., fanner, Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
White Oak. 

FOWLEE, DAVID D., farmer, 
Sec. 21; P. O. AVliite Oak. 
Fowler, Wm., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 

White Oak. 
Fuller, O. P., larmer. Sec. 5; P. O. 
Kose Hill. 

GATES, CHESTER, farmer. Sec. 
U; P. O. White Oak 

GASKILL, 0. R., farmer. Sec. 20; 
postmaster, White Oak, and deal- 
er in general merchandise; born 
in Clinton county, Ohio, in 
1834; came to Iowa in 1852, and 
settled in this county; married 
Julia A. Mathew, in 1856; she 
was born in Clinton county, Ohio, 
in 1836; he enlisted in Co. 
C, 7th Iowa Infantry, in 1861, and 
was discharged in same year; he 
has held the office of township 
clerk for one year. Republican. 
Mrs. G. is a member of the M. E. 
church. Mr. Gaskill received a 
commission as 2d Lieutenant in 
the State Militia on the 13th day 
of October, 1864, and was appoin- 
ted postmaster October 20, 1867. 

Gilchrist, Martha, farmer. Sec. 11; 
P. O. White Oak. 

Gilchrist, Ann, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
O. White Oak. 

Graham, Jeff, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. 
White Oak. 

Gregory, Levi, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

HAYES, JOEL, farmer, Sec. 22; 
P. O. White Oak. 
Haskell, Daniel, Sr., farmer. Sec. 22; 

P. O. White Oak. 
Hartman, Thos., farmer. Sec. 22; P. 

O. White Oak. 
HINER, HARMON, farmer, Sec. 
2; P.O. Rose Hill; owns 220 
acres of laud valued at $5,000; 



was born in Pendleton county, 
Va., in 1814, and came to Iowa in 
1874, and settled on ])resent farm; 
married Margaret Young, in 
1843; she was born in Fayette 
county, Chio, in 1823; they have 
eight children, John, Mary, Eliz- 
abeth, Joseph, Adell, Harriett, 
Lou, and Fanny. Democrat. 

Howell, Levi, farmer, Sec. 21; P. O. 
White Oak. 

Howell, James M., farmer, Sec. 20; 
P. O. White Oak. 

Howell, Benj. C, farmer. Sec. 26; 
P. O. Fremont. 

HOWE, JAS. M., farmer. Sec. 19; 
P. O. White Oak; owns 100 acres 
of land valued at $30 per acre; 
born in Wilson county. Pa., in 
1816, and came to Iowa in 1846, 
and settled in White Oak town- 
ship; he married Nancy Gott in 
1859; she was born in Shelby 
county, Ky., in 1818; they have 
two children, Stephen A. D. and 
Philipp. Mr. Ilowe has eight 
children by a former wife, Mary 
A., Margaret M., Levi F., George 
W., Isaac Newton, Jerusia, James, 
and Mellissa; lost one son in 
United States Arm}'; his wife has 
one child b}' a former husband, 
James Thomas Gott; they are 
members of the Baptist church. 
Democrat. 
TAR VIS, A. J., farmer. Sec. 9; 

d P. O. Rose Hill; owns 239 
acres of land valued at $35 per 
acre; was born in Kentucky, in 
1823, and came to Iowa in 1849, 
and settled in this county; remov- 
ed to his present farm in 1869; 
married Martha Kite, in 1853; 
she was born in 1830. Rep. 

JARVIS, Will. M., farmer, Sec. 9; 
P. O. Rose Hill; owns 281 acres 
of land valued at $30 per acre; 
born in Kentucky, in 1825, came 
to Iowa, in 1849, and settled on 
present farm; married Frances 
M. Bolles, in 1849; she was born 
in Montville, Conn., in 1827; they 



me 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



liave four children, Julius, Vir- 
i;-ini;i, John l\, and Fanny M. ; 
has heeii justice of the peace for 
ei^ht yo;irs, and held other town- 
sliip offices. 

JACKSON, C. J., farmer, Sec. 4; 
P. (). Rose Hill; owns 300 acres 
of hind, valued at $40 per acre; 
born in Marion county, Indiana, 
in 1820; came to Iowa in 1842 and 
settled in Des Moines county; re- 
moved to present farm in 1864; 
married Eliza Hood in 1841; she 
was born in Fayette count}', Indi- 
ana, in 1821; have eight children: 
Lydia J.. Arabella, Franklin L., 
John C, Willie, Mary 11, Henry 
A. and Alice; Mr, J. was county 
supervisor two terms, and justice 
of the peace three terms; are 
members of the Christian church. 
Republican. 

JONES, J. C, furniture business; 
P. O. Eose Hill; born in 
Jefferson connty, Indiana, in 
1831; came to Iowa in 1775, 
and engaged in present business 
in 1877; married Lncinda Nich- 
olson in 1852; she was born in 
Jefferson county, Indiana, in 
1831; have five children; Rebec- 
ca, Mar}' L., Anna, Ilattie B , Lu- 
la, Repnblican. 

KENTFIELD,C.W., farmer; 
P. O. White Oak; owns 160 
acres of land, valued at $25 per 
acre; born in Yermont, in 1829; 
came to Iowa in 1844, and settled 
in this count}'; married Nancy A. 
Bozwell, in 1865; she was born in 
Indiana in 1832; have six chil- 
dren: Alice, George, Albert, Jes- 
sie, Levisa and lona £. 
KINS3IAN, M., farmer, Sec. 29; 
P. O. White Oak; owns 140 acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre; 
born in Vermont, in 1816; came 
to Iowa in 1840, and settled in 
Brighton, Washington county, 
and removed to this county in 
1843; married Lucy P.Sanderson 
in 1837; she was born in Massa- 



chusetts, in 1817; have five chil- 
di-en: Melvina, Leona, Anna, Pe- 
ter M. and Olive; Mr. K. has 
been a supervisor four years, and 
has held different township offices; 
are members of M. E. church. 
Pepublican. 

KINS3IAN, J. N., farmer, Sec 29; 
P. O. AVhiteOak; owns 160 acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre; 
])orn in Susquehannah county, 
Pennsylvania, in 1818; came to 
Iowa in 1840 and settled in 
Brighton, Washington connty; 
removed to this county in 1845, 
and located in Oskaloosa where 
he was proprietor of the old Os- 
kaloosa House al)ont four years; 
Mr. K. has held different county 
offices — has been sheriff one term, 
and treasurer three years; marri- 
ed Lydia Burchard in 1843; she 
was born in Susquehanna county, 
Pennsylvania, in 1819; have four 
children: Martha, Avada, Mary 
and Pliny; are members of Cum- 
berland Presbyterian church. Re- 
publican. 
LANDERS, WM. R., farmer, Sec. 
12; P. O., Rose Hill. 

Lathrop, James, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Lisk, John A., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Lister, Morris, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Little, Harvey C, farmer, Sec. 16; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

Little, James B., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Linslev, F. W., farmer, Sec. 22; P. 
O. White Oak. 

McBRIDE, WM. F., farmer, Sec. 
35; P. O. Fremont. 
McBride, Alexander, ftirmer, Sec. 10 ; 

P. O. Rose Hill. 
McBride, Simon, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 

O. Fremont. 
McBurnev, Hugh, farmer. Sec. 20; 

P. O. White Oak. 
McCURDY, J. A., farmer, Sec. 18; 

P. O. White Oak; owns 390 acres 



WHITE OAK TOWNSHIP. 



667 



of land, valued at $80 per acre; 
born in Virginia in 1818; came to 
Iowa in 1856, and settled on his 
present farm; married Sarah M. 
Henry, in 1857; she was born in 
Indiana, in 1835; tliey have seven 
children: Frank, Oscar, Charlie, 
William, Stella, Addie, and Wal- 
ter. Are meml^ers of Presbyte- 
terian Church. Republican. 

McCain, James A., tanner. Sec. 10; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

McDonald, Mrs. Elizabeth, f^irmer, 
Sec. 7; P.O. Rose Hill. 

McKanna, Robert, farmer, Sec. 8; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

McGregor, H., dealer in luml er; 
born in Orleans county, N. Y., in 
1824; came to Iowa in 1776; he 
married Catharine Roberts, in 
1854; she was born in Wales, in 
1834, and died in 1877; had three 
children: Mary M., Charles, and 
Addie. Is a member of Presby- 
terian Church. Republican. 

Malin, John, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Manary, M. T., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
White Oak. 

Mason, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 36, P. O. 
White Oak. 

Michum, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 21; 
P. O. White Oak. 

Mills, D. T., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
Concert. 

Milligan, John R., farmer. Sec. 14; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

Miller, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. White Oak. 

Mills, Richard, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

MORGAN, C. C, farmer. Sec. 31; 
P. O. White Oak; was born in 
Mahaska county; is a son of L. B. 
Morgan, who was born in Va,, in 
1811, and came to Iowa in '36; was 
married to Sarah A. Smith in 
1836; she was born in Wilson 
county, Tenn., in 1819; have six 
children, Francinia, Lydia, A. L., 
S. K., S., and C. 0. 

MORGAN, A. L., farmer, Sec. 31; 



P. O. White Oak; he owns 135 
acres of land, valued at $35 per acre; 
born in this county in 1848; mar- 
ried Lucinda Cox in 1870; she was 
born in Indiana, in 1846; have 
three children, Absalom N., Mary 
Minerva, and Lewis Madison; are 
members of the M. E. Church. 

Moore, Wilson, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
P. O. White Oak. 

MOORE, JOHN, farmer. Sec 11 ;^ 
P. O. Rose Hill ; owns 400 acres of 
land, valued at $28 per acre; born 
in Vigo county, Indiana, in 1824; 
came to Iowa in 1849, and located 
in White Oak township; removed 
to his present farm in 1852; mar- 
ried Catharine Letsey, in 1849; 
she was born in Park county, In- 
diana, in 1830; have ten children, 
four sons and six daughters: Ed- 
ward v., Elma, Louisa, Mary E., 
Lovada, George B. M , Albert, 
Nina, Alfred and Siddie. Repub- 
lican. 

Moore, Edward, farmer. Sees. 2 and 
11; P.O. Rose Hill. 

Moore, Wm., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Morrow, James R., farmer. Sec. 20; 
P. O. White Oak. 

Monk, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
O. O. White Oak. 

Morgan, Caroline, farmer. Sec. 23; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

MEANS, J. E., proprietor of Pacific 
House, Rose Hill ; born in Bedford 
county, Penn., in 1843; came to 
Iowa in 1863, and settled in Os- 
kaloosa ; removed to this village 
the first of July, 1878; married 
S. C. Dryden, in 1873; she was 
born in Ohio, in 1841; have one 
child, Lillie M ; are members of 
U. P. Church. Democrat. 

Montgomerv, John, farmer, Sec. 5; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

Moore, Wm., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Moore, John A., farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 



668 



DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Morgan, John N., former, Sec. 23; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

Mnsgrove, Wm. C, fanner, Sec. 15; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

Mnsgrove, Wm. 0., farmer. Sec. 8; 
P. O Rose Hill. 

MYERS, J. L., tanner, Sec. 8; P. 
O. Rose Hill; owns 200 acres land, 
valued at $40 per acre; born in 
North Carolina, in 1822; came to 
Iowa in 1852, and settled in Ad- 
ams township; removed to present 
farm in 1865 ; he married AVeltha 
Fuller, in 1852; she was born in 
Ohio, in 1829; have four children: 
Sjrena, Mary A , Roenna, and 
Joseph; he has been justice of 
the peace, assessor, trustee, con- 
stable, etc; are members of the 
Christian Church. 

Myers. Christian, farmer. Sec. 11; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

Myers, John L., Jr., farmer. Sec. 13; 
'P. O. Rose Hill. 

Myers, Peter, farmer. Sec. 24:; P. O. 
"Rose Hill. 

N(3RRIS, JOHN F., farmer, 
Sec. 27; P. O. White Oak. 
ORK, H. L., postmaster at Rose 
Hill, and dealer in general 
merchandise; born in Stul)en coun- 
ty, N. Y., in 1840; came to Iowa 
in 1868 ; he married Mary B. Hun- 
ter in 1868 ; she was born in Tomp- 
kins county, N. Y*, in 181:8; they 
liave one child, Wilber, born in 
1870. Republican. 
ORNBAUM, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 
10 ; P. O. Rose Hill ; owns 199 acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre; 
born in Rockbridge county, Va., 
in 1798; came to Iowa in 1848, 
and settled on his present farm; 
he married Benjimina Shipley in 
1830; she was born in 1S14, and 
died in 1857; had four children, 
J. Shipley, Eliza Jane, Mary Ellen, 
and Emeline Edna; is a member 
of the M. E. Church. Republi- 
can. 
PEBLER, S. L., saloon, Sec. 10; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 



Petichord, W. H. H., farmer. Sec. 

22; P. O. ^YhiteOak. 
Petichord, John T., farmer, Sec. 22; 

P. O. Rose Hill. 
Phillips, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 35; 

P. O. Fremont. 

RANDALL, CHARLES D., far- 
mer. Sec. 16; P. O. Fremont 

Reynolds, J. P., farmer. Sec. 9; P 
6. Rose Hill. 

Rogers, Jeremiah, farmer, Sec. 22 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

Robbins, Ilackett, farmer, Sec. 12 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

ROBERTS, J. R., dealer in general 
merchandise at Rose Hill; born 
in Kentucky in 1847; came to 
Iowa in 1853, and settled in Ma- 
haska county with his parents; he 
married Mary M. Laughrey in 
1869; she was born in Licking 
county, Ohio; they liave four 
children, Cora B., Eva A', Charles, 
and Lilburn ; are members of the 
Baptist Church. Democrat. 

SARYIS, THOMAS, tanner. Sec. 
12; P. O. Rose Hill. 

Sarvis, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Sarvis, Jonathan, tarmer, Sec. 3; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

SAWYER,J.H., mayor. Rose Hill; 
born in Indiana in 1846; came to 
Iowa in 1854; enlisted in Co. E, 
33d Iowa Intantry in 1862, and 
was discharged in 1865; he was in 
all the battles that regiment par- 
ticipated in. 

Sheelv, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
O. White Oak. 

Sheely, Sarah, Sec. 14; P. O. White 
Oak. 

Shaw, Solomon, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. Fremont. 

Silverthorn, John O., farmer, Sec. 
20; P.O. White Oak. 

SMITH,PRESTON, farmer, Sec. 5; 
P. O. Rose Hill; owns 143^^ acres 
(^)f land, valued at $35 per acre; 
born in Kentucky in 1818; came 
to Iowa in 1854, and settled on his 
present farm in 1856; he married 



WHITE OAK TOWKSHIP. 



669 



Mary Goldsborongli in 184-4; she 
was born in Kentucky in 1819; 
they have six chikh'en, Amanda, 
Georg-e, Mary, Francis, James, 
and Adelade; lie has been trustee 
three years; his wife is a member 
of the Presbyterian Church. Dem- 
ocrat. 

Smith, George, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
O. Pose IlilL 

Small, James, farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. 
Pose Hill. 

Snyder, A. C, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. 
ilose Hill. 

Spates, Robert, farmer. Sec. 3 ; P. O. 
Pose Hill. 

S(|uires, J., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
Fremont. 

Stewart, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. 
Pose Hill. 

Stout, Jasper, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. O. 
Fremont. 

STEWART, JESSE, farmer, Sec. 
18; P. O. White Oak; owns 200 
acres of land, valued at $25 per 
acre; born in Carroll county, 
Ohio, in 1824; came to Iowa in 
1855, and settled in this county; 
removed to his present farm in 
1867. He married Ruth Miller 
in 1845; she was born in Carroll 
county, Ohio, in 1824; they have 
ten children, four sons and six 
daughters, Sarah, Jane, Nancy, 
Ruth, Delila, Elva, David A., 
John J., Thos. O., and William; 
he has been justice of the peace 
six years. Democrat. 

STOUT, G.W., proprietor Union 
House, Rose Hill; born in Clark 
county, Ohio, in 1834; came to 
Iowa in 1855, and settled in this 
county; engaged in his present 
business in 18T3; he married 
Mary Moore in 1853; she was 
born Licking county, Ohio, in 
1834; they have seven children, 
Matilda Jennie, William F., Mar- 
garet, Alice, Charles, G. W. and 
Edward. Republican. 

STOUT, JAMES, dealer in general 
merchandise, Rose Hiil; born in 



Clark county, Ohio, in 1831; came 
to Iowa in 1852, and settled in 
this county; removed to Rose 
Hill in April, 1878; he married 
Mary J. Gray, in 1853; she was 
born in 1836; they have eight 
children, Lorenzo, Luella, Charlie, 
Susan, Anna, Jennie, Ermie, and 
Brown. Democrat. 

Stevens, Carlos, farmer Sec. 25; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Stewart, J. A., ftirmer. Sec. 4; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Swigett, J. A. C, ftirmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Rose Hill. 

TAYLOR, JANE, Sec. 15; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

TAYLOR, WILLIAM, farmer,Sec. 
28; P, O. White Oak; owns 150 
acresof landin this county, and 160 
in Kansas; his Mahaska county 
land is valued at $30 per acre; born 
in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1816; 
came to Iowa in 1857; he married 
Ellen Mommonier in 1841; she 
was born in Baltimore in 1822; 
they have one child by adoption, 
Mary. Mrs. T. is a member of 
the Roman Catholic church. 

TAYLOR, ABNER, former, Sec. 
13; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 620 
acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre; born in Pittsburg, Pa., in 
1808; came to Iowa in 1848, and 
settled on his present farm. Mr. 
Taylor has been twice married, 
first, to Mary Wymore in 1830; 
she was born in Kentucky, in 
1809, and died in May, 1870; they 
had twelve children two of which 
are dead, Prudence, Nancy, Sam- 
uel, Susan, John, Margaret (dead), 
Francis (dead), Thomas, Mary, 
Elizabeth, Lueinda, and William. 
He was married again in 1870 to 
Sarah Wymore, widow of Wm. 
Wymore; she was born in Owen 
county, Ky., in 1813; she has two 
children, Margaret R. (now Mrs. 
Myers), Mary E. (now Mrs. 
Stringfellow); are members of 
the Christian church. Democrat. 



eto 



DIEECTORY OF MAHASKA COTJNTY. 



TINSLEY,T.T., farrier and liv- 
ery business, llose Hill; owns 
186 acres of land, valued at $25 
per acre; born in Kentucky, in 
1819; came to Iowa in 1847, and 
settled in Keokuk county; re- 
moved to this couut}^ in 1852; 
married Matilda J. Lippard, in 
1842; she was born in Kipley 
county, Indiana, in 1826; have 
four children, Stephen A., Wil- 
liam F., Delliaand Marcellus; has 
been county supervisor one term. 
Democrat. 

Towers, James, farmer, Sec. 25 : P. 
O. Eose I-Iill. 

VERNON, CARLTON, farmer. 
Sec. 32; P. O. White Oak. 

Yotaw, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
O. White Oak. 

T A 7- ALLER, GEORGE, farmer, 
V V Sec. 5; Rose Hill. 

Wallar, Geor2;e, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. Rose IliH. 

Wallace, Charles W., farmer, Sec. 15; 
P. O. White Oak. 

Ward, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
White Oak. 

Waltman, O., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
O. Fremont. 

Warrick, Henry, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

WATERS, H. B., liarness maker, 
Rose Hill ; born in Oskaloosa in 
1855; engaged in his present busi- 
ness in Rose Hill, in 1876; mar- 
ried Lou. E.Johnson, in 1878; she 
was born in 1860. Republican. 



WATERS,S.B_., physician and sur- 
geon, Rose Hill; owns 30 acres of 
land; born in Lycoming county, 
Pennsylvania, in 1830; came to 
Iowa in 1853, and settled in this 
county; married E. J. Jarvis in 
1859; she was born in Indiana, in 
1840; have seven children, Harry 
S., Minnie, Hattie, Am}^ Bruce, 
Frank, Eugene B.; has held the 
offices of clerk, assessor, trustee, 
etc. Republican. 

Wendel, G., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Witt, Michael, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. A\^hite Oak. 

Wilson, C. C, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

WILLIAMS, J. A., farmer, P.O. 
Rose Hill ; owns 39 acres of land, 
valued at $160 per acre; born in 
Champaign county, Ohio, in 1817; 
came to Iowa in 1868, and settled 
on present farm; married Mai-y 
J. Dodd, in 1855; she was born 
in Delaware, in 1S35; have seven 
children, Mary, James, John, Mar- 
tha, Elzina, George W. and Sarah. 
Democrat. 

Wymore, F. P., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Wymore, Amos, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Wymore, Robert, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

ZOLLARS, MORGAN, P. O. 
White Oak. 



sooTT To^x^^rnsrsmiP. 



ADAIR, ROBERT, Jr., farmer, 
Sec. 6; P. O. Olivet. 
Adair, Robert, Sr., farmer. Sec. 23; 

P. O. Leighton. 
Austin, A., farmer. Sec. 19; P. O, 
Tracy. 

BARTLOW, N. S., farmer, Sec. 
23; P. O. Aul)urn. • 
Bartlow^, David, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O. Auburn. 



Ball, Eliza A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
Beacon. 

Barton, William, laborer; P. O. 
Tracy. 

Barnes, A. T., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Leighton. 

BARNES, GEORGE, farmer. Sec. 
16; P. O. Olivet; has a farm of 
280 acres; born in Stark county, 
Ohio, July 18, 1828; he lived there 



SCOTT TOWNSHir*. 



071 



until 1861, and then eanie to this 
county. 
BARNES, ROBERT, tkiniei. Sec. 
10 ; P. O. Olivet; born in Washiiio'. 
ton county. Pa,, in 1806; liis 
parents moved to Alleghany coun- 
ty. Pa., three years later; he re- 
sided there about sixteen years, 
then moved to Stark county, Ohio, 
where he lived until the spring of 
1856, and then removed tu this 
county and located where he now 
lives; has a farm of 300 acres; he 
married Miss Mary A. Hildretli 
October 18, 18-10; she was born in 
Wilmington, Delaware, in 1815; 
they have two sons and one 
daughter, Cordelia, Robert H., and 
James H. 
Benedict, John, laborer; P. O. 

Tracy. 
Bird, W. S., farmer, Sec. 26; P. O. 

Beacon. 
Binns, R. H., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. O. 

Leighton. 
Biggs, J., farmer, Sec. 26; P. Q. 

Auburn. 
Blakley, A. E., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 

Olivet. 
Blakley, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 

O. Auburn. 
Boston, John, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 

Leighton. 
BOYER, DR. E. A., Sec. 28; P. O. 
Tracy; was born in Uniontown, 
Frederick county, Maryland (what 
is now Carroll county), in 1816; 
he made his home there until he 
was eighteen jears of age; from 
eighteen until he was twenty-one 
years of age he traveled more or 
less; he then went to Noble comi- 
ty, Indiana, but remained there 
only a short time; in 1840 the 
doctor came to Iowa, and located 
in Yan Buren county; he came to 
this county in April, 1843, and 
removed his family here the fol- 
lowing May, and still lives within 
one-quarter mile from where he 
first settled; he owns 1,500 acres 
of land in this county; owns a 
43 



general store at Tracy, and a dry- 
goods store in Oskaloosa, under 
the firm name of Boyer & Barnes; 
he married Miss Mary Wiley, of 
Windsor county, Yermont, in 
1840; they have eight children, 
named Mary, (now Mrs. J. R. 
Barnes,) William E., Richard M., 
Frank D., Ella (now Mrs. T3r. E. 
B. Young) E. A. Jr., Frances II. 
and Thomas; lost one daughter, 
Annie E., (wife of Dr. David E. 
Scott,) of Oskaloosa. 

Brady, J. W., ferryman, Bellefon- 
taine; P. O. Tracy. 

BUTLER, FRED, farmer. Sec. 13; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; son of Peter 
Butler, who was born in Germany, 
and emigrated to the United States 
in 1836, and located in Ashland 
• county, Ohio; came to this county 
in 1852; his mother's maiden 
name was Barbara Butler; Mr. 
B. died in 1853, leaving a family 
of two sons and two daughters, 
Peter B., Gertrude, Maria and 
Fred, who served three years in 
the late rebellion in Company C, 
Thirty-third Iowa Yolunteer In- 
fantry. 

Butler, Henry, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Butler, J. K., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Burton, AVilliam, laborer, Bellefon- 
taine; P. O, Tracy. 

Butts, Daniel, laborer, P. O. Tracy. 

Butler, J. C, farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. 
Leighton. 

Butler, Peter T., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O. Leighton. 

CARRELL, C. A., farmer,Sec. 3; 
P. O. Leighton; farm, 162 
acres; was born in Adams count}-, 
Ohio, in 1843; he came to this 
county with his parents in 1849, 
and located near Oskaloosa; moved 
on his j)resent farm eleven years 
ago; he married Miss Laura 
Walker, January 1, 1867, a native 
of Muskingum county, Ohio; have 
two sons and one daughter, 



672 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUKTY. 



Frederick, Charles and Nora Bell ; 
served three years in the late 
war, in Company K., Thirty-third 
Iowa Volunteers Infantrj'. 

Carrell, C. A., farmer, Sec. 3; F. O. 
Leig]]ton. 

Carrell, K. Y., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
Leighton. 

Church, A. N., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. Auburn. 

CLark, Elmer, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Olivet. 

Clark, K. Y., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Leighton. 

CORWIN, L. EVANS, physician 
and surgeon: P. O. Olivet; was 
born in Champaign county, Ohio, 
in 1850; he lived there until 1865; 
he commenced the study of med- 
icine with Dr. M. Bemshour, of 
Trinidade, Colorado, in 1872 ; took 
one course of lectures at the St. 
Louis Medical College; com- 
menced practice in January at 
Olivet; practiced about three years 
in Ripley county, Missouri. 

Collins, J. C, laborer, P. O. Auburn. 

Croft, Peter B., farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
O. Olivet. 

DAVIS, JOHN D., farmer, Sec. 
15; P. O. Leighton. 
Davis, John, farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 

Leighton. 
Delong, George, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
O. Auburn. . 

EBY, BEN J. F., former. Sec. 8; 
P. O. Olivet. 
Eckroot, John, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 

O. Auburn. 
Ellis, Eli, laborer, Bellfontaine; P. 

O. Tracy. 
Evans, James, farmer, Sec. 22; P.O. 
Leighton. 

FANSHER, THOMAS, farmer. 
Sec. 14; P. O. Leighton; was 
born in Sevier county. East Ten- 
nessee, October 1st, 1808; he lived 
there until the age of 21, and 
then moved to Rush county, In- 
diana; he came to this county in 
April, 1843, a few days before the 
Indians gave up possession. Mr. 



Fansher was on the first jury ever 
empaneled in this county. He 
staked out his claim a little south- 
west of Oskaloosa; he moved on 
his present farm in the spring of 
1854; his farm contains 200 acres; 
he married Miss Mahala White 
January 9th, 1833; she was born 
in the same county June 15th, 
1815; she died June 13th, 1875, 
and left a family of three sons 
and four daughters, Jemima J., 
(now Mrs. A."P. Kitching,) An- 
drew J., John M., Oskaloosa, (now 
Mrs. A. T. Barnes,) George W., 
Harriett M., and Martha E. 

FANSHER, DENNIS, farmer, Sec. 
12; P. O. Leighton; was born in 
Sevier county, Tennessee, No- 
vember 18th, 1818; he lived there 
until about 13 years of age; his 
parents then moved to Rush 
count}", Ind.; lived there until 
September, 1854, and then came 
to this county and located in Har- 
rison township; has been on his 
present farm since April, 1863; 
has a farm of 120 acres; he 
married Rebecca Stone, July 4th, 
1850, a native of S, C; they have 
four sons and six daughters, Geo. 
W., Louisa, Amanda, William R., 
Mary M., Betsey, Nancy J., 
Joseph, Samuel, and Viola. 

Fansher, G. W., farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Fansher, Geo., farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Ferguson, William, farmer. Sec. 5; 
P. O. Leighton. 

Fitzsimons, E., farmer. Sec. 9; P.O. 
Olivet. 

FINNEY, JAMES, farmer. Sec. 22; 
P. Beacon; has a farm of 220 
acres; was born in Muskingum 
county, Ohio, October 26th, 1822; 
he lived there until 1856, and 
then came to this county and 
located where he now lives; he 
married Miss Minerva Reeves in 
1854, of the same county; she 
died in 1856; he was married 



SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 



673 



again to Eliza Cliurcli in 1858, a 

native of Ohio; they have one son 

and one daughter, Maiy Ida, and 

Grant. 
Foster, W. J., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 

O. Auburn. 
Free James, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. 

Olivet. 
Frazier, Eli, farmer, Sec. T; P. O. 

Olivet. 

GARDEN,L01TISA A., farmer, 
Sec. 3( » ; P. O. Tracj' ; widow 
of Robert, who was born in Phila- 
delphia December 19th, 1809; he 
emigrated to Iowa, to what is now 
Yan Buren county, in 1837, where 
he lived until 184:-1:, and then re- 
moved to this county; he entered 
160 acres. Mrs. Garden's maiden 
name was Harrjs; she was born 
in Philadelphia September 17th, 
1810; they were married March 
10, 1829; he died April 16th, 
1861, and left a family of five 
sons and two daughters, Augustus 
J., Benjaminn H.., Robert, Thos., 
J., Louisa, Malinda and Clarence 
B. 
GILMOUR, AVM., farmer. Sec. U; 
P. O. Leighton; was born in Ayr- 
shire, Scotland in 1810, he emi- 
grated to the United States in 
1832 and located in I^ew Haven, 
Connecticut. Mr. G. is a weaver 
by trade, he remained in Con- 
necticut live 3'ears, working the 
M'hile at his trade; he then emi- 
grated to Union county, Indiana, 
whei-e he lived 18 years; he came 
to this county in 1856, and locat- 
ed where he now lives; his larm 
contains 139 acres; he married 
Miss Susan Foster, a native of 
Kew Haven, Connecticut, Sep- 
tember 6, 1836; she died Febru- 
ary 3, 1845; left family of three 
sons and two daughters: Cather- 
ine, Emily, Andrew J., Wil- 
liam W., and Charles E;. he 
married again to Jane McCul- 
lough, a native of Indiana, in 
August, 181:8; thej have one son 



and two daughters, James B., 
Sarah G., and Lizzie A. 
Godfrey, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 36; 
P. O. Beacon. 

HATFIELD, S. S. farmer. Sec. 
11; P. O. Leigton. 

Hatfield, F. E. farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Hannsteen, John, farmer. Sec. 8; 
P. O. Olivet. 

Hankens, E, farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Harris, Jas. farmer, P. O. Leighton. 

Henry, T. S. farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Henry, J. W. farmer. Sec. 13; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Henrj, J. S. farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
Olivet. 

Hower, Dan., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. 
Leighton. 

Hoffman, Edward, farmer. Sec. 11; 
P. O. Leighton. 

Hughes, W. E. farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Olivet. 

Hull, Jasper, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
Beacon. 

Hull, A. farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
Beacon. 

TRVIN, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. 

-L 13; P. O. Oskaloosa; was born 
in Juniata county, Pennsylvania, 
December 2, 1822; he lived there 
until 11 3^ears of age, his parents 
then moved to Muskingum Co., 
Ohio, where he lived until 1850, 
and then came to Iowa and locat- 
ed near Oskaloosa; has lived on 
his present farm 8 years; farm 60 
acres; married Eliza Adams, a 
native of Oneida county, New 
York, in 1848; they have one son 
and one daughter, James A., and 
Anna E. (now Mrs. John W. 
Jones). 
T ONES, PHEBE A., farmer, Sec. 

J 30; P. O.Tracy. 

Johnson, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 22; 
P. O. Beacon. 

KENTFIELD, C. Z., farmer, 
Sec. 12; P. O. Leighton. 
KENDIG, T. B., farmer. Sec. 12; 



674 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



P. O. Lei^hton; farm 80 acres; 
was born in Lancaster county, 
Pennsj'lvania, November 15, 1815, 
he lived there nntil 1836, and 
then went to Stark county, Ohio; 
came to this county in 1855, and 
located where he now lives; he 
married Miss Mary Ferree, a na- 
tive of Dolpliin county, Pennsyl- 
vania, April 11, 1838; they have 
three sons and four daughters: 
Oliver J., Perrin L., Andrew A., 
Ada M., Nancy R, Adell F., 
and Lucetta J. 
Kraam, A. van der., fanner. Sec. 6: 
P. O. Pella. 

LAUGHLIX, WM., farmer. Sec. 
9: P. O. Leigh ton. 

Lake, J. A., farmer, Sec. 30: P. O. 
Tracy. 

Lash, Elizabeth, larmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Leighton. 

LAUGHLIN. D. F., farmer, Sec. 
16; P. O. Olivet; owns a farm of 
120 acres; was born in Elizabeth, 
Alleghany county, Penn., Nov. 6, 
1816; he lived there about sixteen 
years; his parents then moved to 
Carroll county, Ohio, where he 
lived until the spring of 1847, and 
then removed to this county and 
located where he now lives; he 
married Miss Margaret Robertson, 
March 14, 1844; slie was born in 
Westmoreland Co., Penn., March 
26, 1814. Thev have no familv. 

LAUGHLIN, ADAM, farmer, Sec. 
17; P. O. Olivet; was born in the 
town of Elizabeth, Alleghany Co., 
Penn., January 5, 1822; his pa- 
rents moved to Carroll county, O., 
when the subject of this sketch 
was about nine vearsof age, where 
he lived untirthe fall of 1851, 
when he came to this county; he 
married Miss Margaret Price, in 
March, 1850; she was born in Car- 
roll county, Ohio, in 1832; have 
six daughters and one son: Jose- 
])hene, Rebecca, Stella, Yiola M., 
Margaret, Carrie, and William B. 
Has a farm of 120 acres. 



Lockart, Isaac, M., fsirmer, P. O. 
Leighton. 

LOCKART, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
10; P. O. Olivet; Avas born in 
Jefferson county, Ohio, June 19, 
1816; he lived there until four 
years of age; his parents then 
moved to Licking county, Ohio, 
where he lived until fifteen years 
of age, and then moved to Frank- 
lin county, Ohio; lived thereuntil 
eighteen years of age, and then 
moved to Fountain county, Ind,; 
lived there until 1846, and then 
came to this county; been on his 
present farm nineteen years; has 
a farm of 220 acres. He nuirried 
Miss Mary Funk, Feb. 19, 1837; 
she is a native of Pickaway Co., 
Ohio; they have three sous and 
four daughters: Isaac M., John 
F., Robert E.. Emma Nora (now 
Mrs. I). AV. Hartman), Maggie, 
Mary E., (now Mrs. (^icero Wing- 
field), Alice E. (now Mrs. Ilenrv 
Waldrip). 

LUCAS, DR. T. H., farmer. Sec. 
24; manager of the poor farm; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; was born in Han- 
cock county, Tenn., March 25th, 
1839; he lived there but a short 
time, when his parents moved to 
Washington county, Indiana; he 
came to this county in 1866; has 
had charge of the poor farm three 
years; he married Miss L. A. 
Collins, March 27, 1864; she is a 
native of Indiana; they have one 
adopted son, Fredie. Mr. L. served 
nearly five years in the late rebel- 
lion; enlisted Julv 21, 1861, in 
CoE, 42d Illinois' Yob Inf.; was 
mustered out Dec. 25, 1865, at 
Port Lavaca, Texas. 

McCREA, HENRIETTA, far- 
mer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. Leighton. 
McC^ombs, James W., farmer, Sec. 7; 

P. O. Leighton. 
McBride, (Hiarles, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 

O. Leighton. 
McVev, J., laborer Bellefontaine; 
P. 6. Tracy. 



SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 



675 



McCorabs, Y. B., farmer, Sec. 17; 

P. O. Olivet. 
Morgan, J. G., farmer, Sec. 28; P. 

O. Auburn. 

NEWMAK, G. L., farmer, Sec. 
4; P. O. Leighton. 
Newhouse, J. M., farmer. See. 14; 

P. O. Leigh ton. 
Norwood, Iv. P., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O, Leigliton. 

OSWANDLE, GODFPtEY, lar- 
mer, Sec. 14; P. O. Leighton. 
Oswandle, Fred., farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
O. Olivet. 

PHILLIPS, MARGARET, 
farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. Olivet; 
farm 100 acres; widow of Albert 
Phillips, who was born in Virgin- 
ia in 1821; he came to this county 
in 1847; Mrs Phillips' maiden 
name was Cheezem; she was 
born in Ohio, February 20, 1821; 
they were married June 16, 1850; 
he died August 27, 187.5, leaving 
a family of four sons and seven 
daughters: Minerva, Columbus, 
William, Julia, John, I*lancy, 
Mary, Pachael, Albert, Polly and 
Katie. 

Phillips, C. C, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
Leighton. 

Phillips, William, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. Olivet. 

Phillips, J. S., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. 
Olivet. 

PLASTER, HENRY, farmer. Sec. 
14; P. O. Beacon; farm of 96 
acres; was born in Bristol, Som- 
mersetshire, England, January 17, 
1824; he emigrated to the United 
States in 1854 and located in 
Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, 
and came from there in a short 
time thereafter; he married Miss 
Margaret Hoskins, a native of 
South Wales, in 1844; she died 
in 1868; he married again to Eliz- 
abeth Hartshorn, in 1869, a native 
of South Wales; they have one 
son and two daughters: Tom^ Es- 
ther and Grace. 

PRICE,JOHN, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 



O. Olivet; was born in Starke 
county, Ohio, January 21, 1822; 
he lived there until 1850, and 
then came to this county and lo- 
cated where he now lives; has a 
farm of 203 acres; he married 
Miss Margaret Hamilton, October 
14, 1843, a native of Fredericks- 
burg, Ohio; have no famiy; 
adopted one son: T. M. 
Price, L. D., farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. 
Olivet. 

REDMAN, REUBEN, farmer. 
Sec. 2; P. O. Leighton; farm 
of 500 acres, 35 acres of timber; 
was born in Columbiana county, 
Ohio, Ma}' 15, 1837; came to 
this county in 1863, and 
has lived on his ]u-esent farm 
since 1867; he married Miss Ma- 
ry F. Elson ,Feb. 27, 1866; she 
was born in Starke countv, Ohio, 
March 11, 1838; family of three 
sons and one daughter: Richard, 
Joseph, Katie and Frank; Mr. 
Bedman and his partner, Thomas 
Haines, brought 1200 head of 
sheep from Ohio, in 1863, and 
the year following brought 2300 
more, making in all, with the in- 
crease, 4,400 head. 

Reeves, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 23; 
P. O. Auburn. 

Reeves, Moses, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 
O. Auburn. 

Rice, Charles H., farmer, Sec. 20; 
P. O. Tracy. 

Rice, Samuel J., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 
( ). Tracy. 

Roorda, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Pella. 

Ross, D. D., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. 
Leighton. 

Rogers, C, laborer, P. O. Tracy. 

ROBERTSON, FRANK, farmer, 
Sec. 15; P. O. Olivet; was born 
in Carroll county, Oliio, October 
7,1841; came to this county in 
the fall of 1845; he married Miss 
M. V. Martin, a native of Clark 
county, Indiana, April 18, 1867; 
they have four sons and one 



676 



DIEECTORT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



dauf^liter: Samuel C, Jolin B., 
WilHatn E., Annie M. and Justin 
M. 

ROBERTSON, G.M., farmer, Sec. 
15; P. O. Olivet; was born in 
Carroll county, Ohio, May 29, 
1833; came to this county in 
the tall of 1845; he married Miss 
Jennie Gilbert, a native of Mont- 
gomery county, Ohio, April 28, 
1869; slie was born May 27, 1848; 
tliey have one son and one daugh- 
ter: Sallie and Willie; lost two 
sons: Lewis and Frank; Mr. R. 
served three j^ears in the late war 
in the tifth Tennessee cavalry; 
farms 80 acres and has 23 acres 
of timber. 

ROBERTSON, SAMUEL, farmer 
Sec. 4; P, O. Leigh ton; was born 
in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, Oct. 
16, 1808; his parents moved to 
West Moreland county, Penn.. 
when he was very young, lived 
there twelve years, and then moved 
to Carroll count3% Ohio; lived 
there until the fall of 1853, and 
then came to this county, and in 
the spring of 1854 moved on the 
place where he now lives; has a 
farm of 205 acres, and fifty acres 
of timber; he married Miss Mary 
Sample, Sept. 15, 1837, a native of 
Wilmington, Delaware; she was 
born October, 1814; they have 
three sons and two daughters, 
Samuel S., Jane, Johnson L., Rob- 
ert I), and Sarah E. 

ROBERTSON, SARAH, farmer. 
Sec. 15; P. 0. Olivet; widow of 
Wm. Robertson, who was born in 
Ireland; he came to this county 
in the fall of 1845, and located on 
the farm they now occupy; Mrs. 
Robertson's inaiden name was 
Smith; she was born in Brook 
county, Virginia, August 1, 1803; 
they were married February 3, 
1830; he died April 5, 1854, leav- 
ing a family of live sons, only two 
of whom are now living, George, 



and Frank; deceased, John, Wil- 
liam A. and Andrew. 

Ryan, L, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 
Leigh ton. 

Ryan,'R. B. J., farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
O. Leighton. 

SAMPLE, W. C, farmer, Sec. 4; 
P. O. Leighton. 

Sandalin, W., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. 
Tracv. 

SCHEE, W. F., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; was born in Harri- 
son county, Ohio, June 3, 1822, 
lived there until May, 1855, and 
then came to this county and lo- 
cated where he now lives; his farm 
contains 520 acres, and 30 acres of 
timber; he married Miss Mary 
Myers December 24, 1844, a native 
of Tuscarawas county, Ohio; slie 
died in 186S; married again to 
Rebecca Ross, April 28, 1870, a 
native of Tuscarawas county, Ohio ; 
by the first union three sons 
and four daughters, Isabel (now 
Mrs. Henry Gray), Ellen (now 
Mrs. James Elliott), Walter, Lieu- 
rany, Ida, Wm. F., Jr., James; 
one daughter by second marriage, 
Olive; was member of the board 
of supervisors one term. 

Schee, AValter, farmer. Sec. 24; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Seevers, B. F., farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. Auburn. 

Schultz, John, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
Leighton. 

Smith, W. T., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. 
Tracy. 

Smith, W. A., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
Leighton. 

Stenis, Art van, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. Pella. 

TAYLOR, J. B., farmer. Sec. 27; 
P. O. Auburn. 
Thompson, Israel, farmer. Sec. 9; 

P. O. Olivet. 
THOMPSON, A. Y., farmer. Sec. 
27; P. O. Auburn; was born in 
Orange county. New York, Jan. 
28, 1824; he came to this county 



ULACK OAK toWNSHtP. 



677 



in April, 1856, lived one year in 
Oskaloosa township, and tlien re- 
moved to this township, where lie 
has since resided; farm contains 
120 acres; he married Miss Rachel 
A. Benson, March 6, 1851, a 
native of Patterson, New Jersey; 
they have two sons and four 
daughters, Richard B., Robert M., 



Anna, Jane, Mary and Stella; was 

justice of the peace about six 

years. 
\ A T'ALKER, F. J., farmer. Sec. 

V V 11; P. (). Leighton. 
Wood, Isaiah, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 

Olivet 
Wray, Jabez, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 

Olivet. 



exj-^^o^^ o-^3^ TOTXT-nsrsmip. 



AIKIN, S. A., physician and sur- 
geon, Leighton; was born in 
the town of Somerset, Somerset 
Co., Pennsylvania, Feb. 24, 1830: 
he lived there two years; his pa- 
rents then moved to Westmoreland 
county, Pennsylvania, where he 
lived until he was 17 years of age. 
He commenced the study of medi- 
cine at the age of 17, with Dr. W. 
C. Riter, of Alleghany county, 
Pennsylvania; he graduated at 
the Jefferson Medical College of 
Pennsylvania; he came to Dela- 
ware countj^, Iowa, in 1851; in 
October of the same year he mar- 
ried Miss Diana Doreward, of 
Delaware county, Iowa; they have 
four sons and five daughters, John 
F., Ellen, Sarah, Cyrus, Charles, 
Annetta, Bell, Jesse and Lillie. 
Mr. A., came to the county in 
1858, spent the year previous in 
Marion countv. Iowa. 

BAKER, ELIZA A., farming, 
Sec. 31 ; P. O. Pella. 

BARBER, S. W., merchant, of the 
firm of Barber & Young, Leigh- 
ton; was born in Columbia county, 
Pennsylvania, in 1838; he lived 
there until 1866, and then re- 
moved to Cass county, Michigan; 
lived there about four years, and 
then came to this county, and to 
Leighton, May 12, 1871; not mar- 
ried. 

Bennett, E., farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. 
Leighton. 

BENNETT, N.F., farmer, Sec. 22; 



P. O. Leighton; tarm of 130 
acres; was born in St. Jos. county, 
Indiana, May 9, 1837; he lived 
there until 1853, and then came to 
this county; he mari-ied Miss 
Eliza Burns, June 16, 1860 — born, 
in Lee county, Iowa, in 1841; 
tliev have one son, John E. 

BENNETT,GEORGE, farmer, Sec. 
21 ; P. O. Pella; was born in Stark 
count}', Ohio, where he lived 
until 1851, and then removed to 
this county, he now lives; has a 
farm of 160 acres and 9 acres ot 
timber; January 17, 1849, married 
Miss Margaret Ilaslett, a native of 
Bucks county, Penn. — born De- 
cember 1828; they have three 
sons and one daughter, William 
A., Robert N., Minnie B. and 
George E.; lost one daughter, 
Florinda, who died in Colorado, 
May 6, 1876. 

Beagle, John IL, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. Leighton. 

BETTS; FIELDING, retired. Sec. 
17; P. O. Pella; was born in 
Scott county, Kentucky, Septem- 
ber 9,1803; he lived there until 
24 years of age; from there he 
went to Montgomer}' county, In- 
diana, where he remained until 
the tall of 1843; he came to Jef- 
ferson county, Iowa, in the winter 
of 1843-44, and the following 
summer moved to Henderson 
county, Illinois; remained there 
until April, 1847, and then re- 
moved to Black Oak township, 



678 



DIRECTORY Of MAHASKA COUNTY. 



tliis county, and located on Sec. 
17; he married ITannali Wilson, 
in JSTovember, 1831, a native of 
Ken tuck}'; has one son and six 
daughters, Joseph, Nancy A, (now 
Mrs. Josiah Rourk), Mary E., (now 
Mrs. L. Zering), Harriet J., (now 
Mrs. J. A. Ergembright), Sarah A., 
(now Mrs. F. Kector), Henrietta 
R. and Martha; was justice about 
six years. Mr. B. served in the 
Black Hawk war. 

Blanch, J., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
Leighton. 

BOWMAN, DAVID L., black- 
smith, Leighton; was born in 
Franklin county, Virginia, April 
3, 1845; he lived there until Oc- 
tober, 1864; in the fall of 1865, 
he came to Leighton, and has been 
a resident here ever since; he 
married Mrs. Eliza Fleck, widow 
of J. B., August 3, 1873, who was 
born in Stark county, Ohio, Au- 
gust 14, 1853; she died October 
25, 1876 ; left one son, William 
A. ; Mrs. B. left two sons by her 
former marriage, John A. C. and 
David F. 

Brownell, Sands, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Bush, Sarah, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. 
Leighton. 

CANINE, P, v., farmer. Sec. 18; 
P. O. Pelia; born in Shelby 
county, Kentucky', September 10, 
1810; lived there 21 years; then 
moved to Montgomery county, 
Indiana; he lived there until 1852, 
and then came to this county and 
located where he now lives; farms 
181 acres; he married Miss Char- 
ity Smith, February 13, 1833, a 
native of Ohio, but raised in 
Montgomery county, Indiana; they 
have four sons and three daugh- 
ters, Cornelius, Enoch, Harvey, 
Sylvesrer, Margaret, Lucinda, and 
Gharity A.; was township trustee 
four years. 
Clark, T. J., farmer, iiec. 20; P. O. 
Pella. 



Clark, Nancy M., farmer. Sec. 26; 
P. O. Leighton. 

DE KOK, STEPHEN, farmer, 
Sec. 31;P.O. Pella. 

De Jong, M., farmer, Sec. 4; P.O. 
Pella. 

De Bruin, C, farmer, P. O. Pella. 

De Bruin, Justice, farmer, P. O. 
Pella. 

De Jong, G., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
Pella. 

De Bruin, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 
O. Pella. 

De Jong, P., farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. 
Pella. 

De Kok, John, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 
O. Pella. 

DUNSMORE, A. E., farmer. Sec. 
14; P. O. Leighton; was born in 
Morgan countj^, 111., October 5, 
1823, where he lived until 1848; 
he then came to this county, and ■ 
located where he now lives; he 
entered 200 acres of land, and his 
present farm contains 160 acres; 
he married Miss Aria A. Hoover, 
May 1, 1851; she was born in 
Mifflin count}'. Pa., February 9, 
1838; they have five sons and 
four daughters. Mar}', Evaline, 
Frederick, George, Marion, Ela- 
nor, Irene, Josephus and Abra- 
ham; he was justice of the peace 
six years, and held the office of 
township clerk and other offices 
of trust. 

Dykstra, C, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. 
Leighton. 

EADINGTON, JOHN, farmer, 
P. O. Leighton. 
ERGEMBRIGHT, J. A„ farmer. 
Sec. 15; P. O. Pella; was born 
in Bartholomew county, Indiana, 
August 9, 1837; he lived there 
twenty-five years and then came 
to this county; owns a farm of 80 
acres; he married Miss Harriett 
J., daughter of Fielding Betts, 
Esq., October 15, 1863, a native 
of Montgomery county, Indiana; 
born January, 1843; they have 
two sous and one daughter, Ed- 



BLACK OAK TOWNSHII*. 



679 



ward, William and Cora. Is 
township assessor. 
Else, Henry, lives in Oskaloosa. 

FLECK, CASSA A., farmer. 
Sec. 26; P. O. Lei^i>-liton. 

Freeman, S. E., farmer, P. O. Leigh- 
ton. 

FUNSTON, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
22; P. O. Leighton; was born in 
Colnmbia connty. Pa., in 1819, 
and lived there until twenty-one 
years of age; he then removed to 
St. Joseph county, Indiana; he 
went to California in 1852 and re- 
mained there eight years, and 
came to this connty in March, 
1859; owns a farm of 355 acres; 
he married Miss Loiivisa Lowery, 
March 3, 1859, a native of Dela- 
ware, but raised in St. Joseph 
county, Indiana; no family; have 
lost one daughter, Mary A. 

Funston, Mellissa, farmer. Sec. 28; 
P. O. Leighton. 

GIBBS, CHAS. _T., tarmer, Sec. 
11; P. O. Leighton; owns a 
farm of 160 acres; was born in Bur- 
lington Co, I^. J., April 30, 1830; 
he lived there but six months, 
when his parents moved to Cin- 
cinnati, where they lived two 
years, then removed near Leba- 
non, Ohio, vt^here he lived until 
1834, and then went to St. Joseph 
county, Indiana; he came to this 
county in the spring of 1862; 
married Miss Margarey McNay, 
January 1, 1855, a native of Elk- 
hart county, Indiana; they have 
three sons and one daughter, 
Kobert E., Albert TnT., Frank A. 
and Effie A. 

Goldsmith, S., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
Pella. 

Graham, John, farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
O. Leighton. 

GRAHAM, THOS., former, Sec. 
14; P. O. Leighton; owns a farm 
of 120 acres; was born in Tippe- 
canoe county, Indiana, October 
15, 1840, and lived there until 

44 



1851, and then came to this coun- 
ty; he married Miss Amanda 
Gibbs, November 11, 1874, a na- 
tive of Indiana; she died July 5, 
1876; has one daughter, Martha 
F. 

GRAHA3I, SANFORD, farmer, 
Sec. 13; P. O. Leighton; owns a 
farm of 140 acres; was born in 
Tippecanoe county, Indiana, in 
1838; came to thiscountj^ in 1851 
and located where he now lives; 
not married; he enlisted in the 
late war in Co. C, 33d Iowa Yol- 
unteers Infantry, August 10,1862; 
was wounded at Llelena, Arkan- 
sas, July 4, 1863, and discharged 
November 8, 1863. 

Grandia, Mary, farmer, Sec. 29; P.- 
O. Pella. 

Groves,. Peter B., farmer, Sec. 14; 
P. O. Leighton. 

HOWARD, C. M., former. Sec. 
S2- P. O. Pella; was born 
in Tippecanoe county, Indiana, in 
1840, and lived there eight years, 
when his parents moved to this 
count}^ and located in this town- 
ship in 1848; he married Miss 
Judith Ferguson, September 21, 
1862, a native of Boone county, 
Indiana; she came to this county 
in 1848; they have one son and 
seven daughters, Ida I., Malinda 
E., Minnie Y., Emma A., Martha 
L., Nellie E., Judith I., and Chas. 
W. ; he served three years in the 
late war, in Co. A, 40th Iowa 
Yolunteers Infantry. 

Howard, Chas., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
O. Pella. 

Howard, Geo. W., farmer, Sec. 28; 
P. O. Pella. 

Howard, Jackson, farmer. Sec. 32; 
P. O. Pella. 

Hoover, Jose])li IL, lives in Oska- 
loosa. 

Hoover, E. S., former. Sec. 36 ; P. O. 
Leighton. 

Hulstein, C, farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 
Pella. 



680 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



JAKAD, JAMES, fanner, Sec. 1; 
P. O. Leio-htoii. 
Jackson, Joseph; lives in Oskaloosa. 
Jones, D. C, fanner, Sec. 1; P. O. 

Peoria. 
Jones, Alonzo, farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. 

Peoria. 
Johnson, James P., carpenter; P. 
O. Leighton. 

KAI/LEMYN, K., farmer, Sec. 
7; P. O. Pella. 
Kh'ne, H. II., farmer, Sec. 28; P. 

O. Leighton. 
Krons, Ed. C, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 

O. Leighton. 
Lamer, William, former. Sec. 36; 

P. O. Leighton. 
Lounsberry, B. T., farmer. Sec. 31; 

P. O. Leighton. 
Long, Joseph, farmer; P. O.Peoria. 
Lundy, Elias, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 

Peoria. 

MACK AM AN, ELIJAH, 
farmer. Sec. 35; P. O. 
Leighton; farm of 40 acres; was 
born in Carroll conntj^, Ohio, in 
1831, and came to this county in 
the opring of 1865; he married 
Elizabeth Pearch, a native of the 
same county, January 7, 1850; 
children: Mary A., William G., 
and Daniel H. 
McOauley, James, farmer; P. O. 

Peoria. 
McCabe, Mary, firmer. Sec. 35; P. 

O. Leighton. 
McKissick, Josiah, farmer,Sec. 1 ; P. 

O. Peoria. 
Mead, Lucien, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 

O. Leighton. 
Miller, S. A., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. 

Pella. 
Miller, W. W., farmer. Sec. 21; P. 

O. Leighton. 
MOODY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 31; 
P. O. Leighton; farm of 53^ 
acres; was born in Carroll county, 
Ohio, January 12, 1829, and lived 
there until twenty-one years of 
age; he moved to Clayton county, 
Iowa, in 1850; lived there until 
June, 1872, and then came to this 



county; he married Miss Rebecca 
A. Laughlin, a native of the same 
county, February 2, 1851; they 
have four sons and four daughters: 
Mary O., William L., Rebecca 
E., John B., Adam E., Archie 
N., Sarah G. and Tinsey P. 

NELSON, S. E., farmer, Sec. 35; 
P. O. Leighton. 
Norris, S., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
Leighton. 

OYEPvBERGEN, L., farmer, Sec. 
5; P. O. Pella. 
PARKER, M.W., miller, Sec.l2; 
P. O. Leighton, of the firm of 
Parker & Cramer, proprietors of 
the Huron Mills; was born in 
Morgan county. 111., February 1, 
1840; four weeks later his parents 
moved to Washington county, 
Iowa; came to this county in 
1870; he married Miss Lucy 
Beach, October 25, 1863, a native 
of Washington county, Iowa; she 
died in June, 1872, leaving a fam- 
ily of one son and three daughters, 
Mary E., Ellen G., and Alvin B.; 
married again to Mary Rothell, 
of Mahaska county, in November, 
1873; they have one son, Charles 
W.; served one year and six 
months in the late rebellion, en- 
listed as private in Co. E, 30th 
Iowa volunteers infantry, and was 
afterward promoted to First 
Lieutenant. 
POGUE, JOHN H., farmer. Sec. 
43; P. O. Leighton; has a farm 
of 160 acres, fifteen acres timber; 
was born in Rockbridge county, 
Virginia, June 7, 1829; left there 
on the 10th of September, and ar- 
rived here November 2, 1850; has 
lived on his present farm since 
1867; he married Mary A. Mack- 
aman, December 10, 1863, a na- 
tive of Carroll county, Ohio; they 
have one daughter, Evalena May. 
POTHO YEN, OTTO, farmer, Sec. 
4; P. O. Pella; owns a farm of 
155 acres; was was born in Europe 
July 8, 1839; he emigrated to the 



BLACK OAK TOWNSHIP. 



681 



U. S., and tliis county in 1856; 
he married Martha De Briiin, 
December 25, 1862, a native of 
Europe; they have two sons and 
two daughters, Ilenrj^, Jacob, 
Men a, and Ton a. 

Pos, Dirk, farmer, Sec. 11; P. O. 
PelLa. 

Porter, James, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 
(). Leighton. 

Price, L. D., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
Leighton. 

REICHARD, JACOB, boot and 
shoe dealer, Leighton; born in 
Columbia county, Pa., June 11, 
1839; he lived there until 1869, 
and then came to Leighton ; he 
built the fine hotel now owned by 
John W. Walton, and has built 
several other nice buildings in the 
place. In 1875, Mr, R. opened 
out a neat boot and shoe store, 
which would do credit to any place 
(he is a shoemaker by trade). In 
1862 he married M'iss Mary A. 
Townsend, a native of tlie same 
county; they have three daughters, 
Lulia'K., Mertie E., and EvaD.; 
lost one son and one daughter, 
Edward N. and Hattie C. 

RICHARDSON, JAMES, fanner, 
Sec. 20, P. O. Pella; owns a farm 
of 160 acres ; was born in Peoria 
county, Illinois, June 20, 1814, he 
lived there until he was eleven 
years old ; his parents then moved 
to Iowa, and has lived on his pre- 
sent farm nine years; he married 
Miss Louisa Clark, Feb. 11, 1869, 
who was born in Marion county, 
Iowa, Feb. 11, 1849; they have 
two sons, Clark and Fred. 

Richardson, Levi, farmer, Sec. 20; 
P. O. Pella. 

Ringle, David, larmer, Sec. 22; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Rosborough, A. M., farmer, Sec. 15; 
P. O. Leigliton. 

Ryan Elting T., farmer. Sec. 25; P. 
O. Leighton. 

RYAN, JOHN W., farmer, Sec. 16; 
P. O. Pella; farm of 200 acres; 



was born in Randolph county, 
Virginia, October 23, 1816, where 
he lived twenty years; he went 
from there to Union county, Ohio, 
where he lived five years; he came 
to Van Buren county, Iowa, in 
1811, and to this county in 1863 
and located where he now lives in 
1865; he married Miss Nancy 
Carpenter, a native of the same 
county, December 3, 1837; she 
died June 8, 1873; he married 
again to Elizabeth L. Bingman, 
a native of Tennessee, April 9, 
1871; has two sons and two 
daughters by first marriage: Ce- 
lia A., Reason, Jerard and x\lge- 
nett; lost two sons and two 
daughters: Julia A., Elzina, Geo. 
R. and John N. ; Mrs. Ryan has 
three children by a former mar- 
riage: Pamelia J., Alice E. and 
Nancy. 

SEARY, THOMAS J., laborer, 
Sec. 1; P. O. Peoria. 

Shelly, A. B., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. 
Peoria. 

SMITH, J. H., farmer and stock 
dealer. Sec. 21; P. O. Leighton; 
farm 160 acres ; was born in Elces, 
France, in 1826; his parents came 
to the United States when the 
subject of this sketch \vas but two 
years of age, and located in Can- 
ton, Ohio, where they lived until 
1837, when they moved to Elk- 
liart county, Indiana; he remained 
there until 1819; October 5, 
1848, he married Miss Polly S. 
Bennett, who was born in Stark 
county, Ohio; in 1849 Mr. Smith 
left Indiana for this county, his 
worldly possessions consisting at 
that time of $54 in cash, one team 
of horses, an old wagon and a few 
household goods; by hard work 
and economy to-day he has one of 
the finest residences and the best 
farm in the county, and is quite 
extensively engaged in the stock 
business; they have three sons and 
three dauo-hters: Eleanor J., 



682 



DIRKCTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Ephruiui, Ini, Izora, George W. 
and Florence E. 

Sinitli, Tra, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. 
Leigh ton. 

Smith, Ejihraim, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O. Leigliton. 

Smith, M. P., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Smith, ErO., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 
Peoria. 

STEIN, N. S., miller, Leighton; 
was born in Berks countj^, Penn- 
sylvania, in 1S32; he came here 
in IStJO; he married Miss Mary 
E. Trough, of Pennsylvania, June 
17, 1869; she died June 17, 1873; 
he married again, to Carrie E, 
Bell, of Missouri, December 15, 
1875; he has one son: Palph. 

Stein, J. S., miller, Leighton. 

STRAIN, NANCY, farmer. Sec. 
23; P. O. Leighton; widow of 
Thomas Strain, who was born in 
Abbyville count}^ South Caroli- 
na, August 20, 1803; he came to 
Polk county, Iowa, in 1850, and 
to this county in 1863, and located 
where they now live; Mrs. Smith, 
whose maiden name was Winin- 
gar, was born in Pockbridgecoun 
ty, Virginia, March 11, 1817; 
they were married May 9, 1839; 
he died February 21, 1877, leav- 
ing a family of five sons and five 
daughters: Ellen J., John A., Al- 
vira A., David W., Mary E., 
Thomas ^Y ., Pichard P., Sarah P., 
Emma D. and Albert R; farm 
contains 170 acres. 

Strain, D. W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Stoddard, Charles, farmer. Sec. 35; 
P. O. Leighton. 

Stoops, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
O., Leighton, 

Stroud, William, fai-mer, Sec. 36; 
P. O. Leighton. 

Sullivan, D., laborer, Leighton. 

Sullivan, M., laborer, Leighton. 

Swartz, G. AV., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 
O. Peoria. 



TAYLOR, MADISON, farmer, 
Sec. 33; P. O. Leighton. 

Tandy, W. T., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 
O. Leighton. 

Tenbosch, N., farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Pel la. 

Thomas, David, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
O. Pella. 

THOMAS, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 
19; P. O. Pella; was born in 
Hamilton county, Ohio, Decem- 
ber 18, 1809; he lived there ten 
years, when his parents moved to 
AVayne count}^ Indiana, where he 
lived until 1835, and then moved 
to Delaware countj^ Indiana; he 
remained there until 1855, and 
then came to this county and lo- 
cated where he now lives; he 
married Miss ]Srancy Ribble in 
1837, a native of Montgomery 
county, Va. ; they have four sons 
and one daughter, Mary. William, 
Theodore F., David, and Mark. 

Thomason, W., farmer. Sec. 8; P. 
O. Pella. 

Thomas, William, farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Pella. 

Timbrel, Blemus, laborer. Sec. 1; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Tice, Hai-den, lives in Oskaloosa. 

TICE, MADISON, farmer and 
stock dealer, Sec. 5; P. O. Pella; 
owns a farm of 415 acres; was 
born in Floyd county, Virginia, 
in 1827; came to Jasper county, 
Iowa, in 1847, and to this county 
in 1851; he married Miss Xancy 
Mays, September 5th, 1853; they 
have three sons and six daughters, 
Theopholis, Manella, Mar3% Lou- 
isa, Minnie, C. G., Cora, Ilattie, 
and Daniel; was justice two years. 

Tysseling, T. A., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
O. Pella. 

Tysseling, II., farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. 
Pella.^ 

VANIIOOKLUM, B., farmer, 
P. O. Pella. 
Van Rockel, L., farmer, P. O. Pella. 



BLACK OAK TOWNSHIP. 



683 



Vanwijngaarden, J., farmer, Sec. 23; 
P. O. Fella. 

Yan de Haar, G., fanner, Sec. 4; P. 
O. Pella. 

Van der Meiden G., farmer, Sec. 6; 
P. O. Pella. 

Van de Ilaar, C, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
(). Pella. 

Van Donselaar, W., tanner. Sec. 7; 
P. O. Pella. 

Van der Poverat, B., farmer, Sec. 
2i; P. O. Leia:hton. 

Van der Waal, A., farmer, Sec. 18; 
P. O. Pella. 

Van Horsen, Gerret, farmer. Sec. 
11; P. O. Pella. 

VAN DONSELAAR, PETER, 
farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. Pella; 
owns a farm of 120 acres; was 
born in Enrope November 19th, 
1836; he lived there until 1864, 
and then emigrated to Iowa and 
this county; has lived on his 
present farm seven years; he 
married Lena Van de Waal, June 
7th, 1872; she was born in Ma- 
rion county, Iowa; they have two 
sons and one daughter, Peter J., 
Ire, and Wilhelmina. 

Van Steinbergen, Wni. G., ftirmer, 
Sec. 6; P. O. Pella. 

Van Demvde, Peter, farmer, Sec. 7; 
P. O. Pella. 

Van de Eovart, W., farmer, P. O. 
Pella. 

Van de Brake, G., farmer, Sec. 8 ; P. 
O. Pella. 

Vangorp, F., farmer, P. O. Pella. 

Van Zante, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 31 ; 
P. O. Pella. 

Van Zante, Garret, farmer, P. O. 
Pella. 

Van Donselaar, D., farmer, Sec. 7; 
P. O. Pella. 

Van Donselaar, Peter, farmer, Sec. 
18; P. O. Pella. 

Van Zante, Dielus, farmer, Sec. 31; 
P. O. Pella. 

Van Zante, A. B., farmer, P. O. 
Pella. 

Van der Pol, Thos., farmer, P. O. 
Pella. 



Van der Voort, Wm., farmer. Sec. 
8; P. O. Pella. 

Van Alst, A. C., farmer, P. O. 
Pella. 

Vanwijngaarden, G. H., farmer, Sec. 
24; P. O. Leighton. 

Van Howeling, C, farmer, Sec. 32, 
P. (). Pella. 

Van Zee, C., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. 
Fella. 

Vermeer, G., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
Pella. 

Veenschoten, John, farmer. Sec. 18; 
P. O. Pella. 

Veenstra, Aart, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 
O. Pella. 

VOORHEES, JOHN farmer, far- 
mer. Sec. 16; P. O. Pella. Mr. 
Voorhees was born in Warren* 
county, Ohio, October 2, 1829, 
where he resided until 1852; he 
enjoyed no more than a common 
school education, and never at- 
tended school after he was sixteen 
years of age. Mr. Voorhees came 
to Mahaska county from Ohio, 
and September, 1853, purchased 
the farm on which he now resides. 
In the following spring, March 
16, 1854, he married Miss Marga- 
ret Canine, a native of Montgom- 
ery county, Indiana, where she 
was born August 28, 1836; they 
have five sons and one daughter, 
John K., born in 1857; Elbert S. 
D., born in 1860; Dora E., born 
in 1865; Frank C, born in 1871; 
Melvin R., born in 1874, and Fred, 
born in 1876; Mr. and Mrs. Voor- 
hees have buried two daughters, 
Mary J. and Lucinda A. 

Mr. Voorhees' farm comprises 
four hundred acres, on the Pella 
road, about twelve miles from Os- 
kaloosa. He came into the coun- 
ty with but eight hundred dollars, 
which he invested in real estate, 
and he has now one of the best 
improved farms in Mahaska coun- 
ty. In 1871 he built on his farm 
a very tine brick residence. This 
dwelling stands upon a high point 



684 



DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



of ground and can be seen for 
a considerable distance down 
the road toward Oskaloosa. As 
one follows the windings of this 
road and catches and loses glimp- 
ses of the conntr}' mansion in the 
distance, the effect is quite fine. 
This dwelling, with careful finan- 
cial management, was com]ileted 
at a cost of $10,0(iO. Mr. Voor- 
hees takes great interest in the 
raising of stock, mainly for the 
market, not giving much atten- 
tion to fancy grades. He is a 
great reader, and, we are informed, 
takes more newspapers than any 
other farmer in his section of tlie 
country. He is modest and re- 
tiring in disposition, and though 
lie shows a commendable pride in 
the appearance of his home and 
surroundings, there is nothing of 
ostentatious display. In the sim- 
plicity and the unassuming air of 
"mine host" the visitor finds 
himself at once at home — a home 
whose grace within is largely 
due to the cordiality and true wo- 
manliness of Mrs. Voorhees, its 
esteemed wife and mother. 

Vos, John, farmer. Sec. 11; P.O. 
Pella. 

Vos, H, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
Pella. 

Yoorhees, J. K., farmer, Sec. 6; P. 
O. Pella. 

T A TALLAGE, E. L., farmer, 
V V Sec. 1 ; P. O. Peoria. 

WALTON, JOHN W., merchant, 
postmaster, and hotel proprietor, 
Leigh ton; was born in Greene 
county. Pa., November 24, 1840, 
and lived there until October, 
1868; then came to Oskaloosa, 
Iowa, where he lived until July, 
1874, and then removed to Leigh- 
ton; he married Miss Carrie J. 
Kimball, of Marshall county, W. 
Va., August 21, 1861; they have 
two sons and three daughters, 
Mary B., Daniel E., Carrie J., 
John W,, and Daisie M. 



Whitlock, Ezra B., farmer, Seel; 
P. O. Peoria. 

Williams. John C, farmer. Seel; 
P. O. . 

Willebordee, A., farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Pella. 

Wingfield. C, carpenter, Leighton. 

WOODS, E. M., f^irmer. Sec 15; 
P. O. Leighton; was born in 
Knox county, Tenn., September 
19, 1840; his parents removed to 
Iowa in 1845, and to Marion 
county in 1846, and to this coun- 
ty and township in the fall of 
1847; he owns a farm of 160 
acres and 20 acres of timber; he 
married Miss Elvira A. Strain, 
March 22, 1868, a native of Ohio; 
they have three sons, Elvin T., 
Orvil B., and Ilarley E.; he serv- 
ed two years and ten months in 
the late war, in Co. G, 33d 
Iowa Volunteers Infantry; was 
wounded at Poison Springs, April 
15, 1864, in the left leg below 
the knee; ten days thereafter was 
taken prisoner and confined five 
months in the prison at Camden, 
and was then removed to Magno- 
lia, and thence to Shreavesport; 
was paroled out February 26, 
1865; was released at the mouth 
of Red River. Republican. 

AVOODS, J. M., farmer. Sec. 15; 
P. O. Leighton; was born in 
Knox count^'^, Tenn., March 6, 
1835; he came to Iowa in 1845, 
to Marion county in 1846, and to 
this county and township in the 
fall of LS47; he married Miss 
Susan Reese, August 7, 1856; 
she was born in Ohio, September 
29, 1838; she died May 26, 1860; 
left one daughter, Etta M.; mar- 
ried again to Eliza J. Liter, July 1, 
1862; she was born in Illinois, 
August 30, 1839; she died Feb- 
ruary 25, 1875, and left one son 
and four daughters, Ida M., Anna 
II., Maggie L., Jessie L., and LIu- 
bert W. 



MADISON TOWNSHIP. 



685 



Woods, S. E., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. 
Leigliton. 

Worley, F. W., fanner. Sec. U; P. 
O. Lei<>-htoii. 

Wray, Jolm C, blacksmith, Leigli- 
ton. 

YOUNG, DAVID, merchant, 
of the firm of Barber &, 
Young, Leigliton; was born in 
Stark county, Ohio, in 1830; he 



lived there about twenty-two 
years and then went to Cass Co. 
Michigan; became to this county 
IS'^ovember 13, 1865, and to this 
town in 1871 ; he married Miss 
Margurett E. Funston, April 13, 
1854, a native of Columbia coun- 
ty, Pa.; they have two daughters, 
Sarah W. and Catharine D. 



:M:.^3Disonsr TO'X'^T-nsrsui^. 



ANDERSON, DANIEL, Sec. 
25; P. O. Oskaloosa; one of 
the firm of Whitmore & Ander- 
son, proprietors of Alpha Mills; 
born in Miami county, Ohio, in 
1832; came to Iowa in 1858, and 
located in Washington county; 
removed to this count.y in 1873; 
married Sarah B. Tood in 1872, 
she was born in 3 842; have two 
children, John and Frank. Mr. 
A. has two children by a former 
wife, Wilber A., and Alonzo. 
Adair, James, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

BAILEY, ELIZABETH, farm- 
er, Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
BALLINGER, TH03IAS, farmer 
and preacher, Sec. 13; P. O. 
Lacey. The following chart of 
character was given by Benjamin 
Brunning in 1858. Mr. Brun- 
ning was a lecturer on the science 
of phrenology of more than or- 
dinary ability. We quote from 
the chart: " You have a full sized 
brain with great activity; your 
temperament is marked — lym- 
phatic 4, sanguine 6, bilious 5^; 
you have large adhesiveness; are 
eminently social, an ardent, sin- 
cere friend; enjoy friendly society 
extreme!}' well, and form strong 
attachments; you love home well, 
but have no undue attachment; 
can go where duty calls without 
remorse; you possess the power 
of concentrativeness to a reason- 



able extent; have no eager desire 
for life, though you love it well; 
are resolute and courageous; spir- 
ited and efficient as an opponent; 
quick and intre]nd in resistance; 
love debate; boldly meet, if you 
do not court opposition; you are 
loth to cause or witness pain; 
have a good appetite, but can gov- 
ern it well; are not penurious; 
love property for the comforts it 
will bring: can keep a secret, but 
are not cunning: are always 
watchful, careful and anxious: 
are keenly alive to public opinion: 
set everything by character, hon- 
or, etc.: have much self-respect, 
pride of character and indepen- 
dence: have firmness enough for 
ordinary occasions: are faithful, 
honest, upright at heart, moral in 
feeling, forgiving, love the truth, 
cannot tolerate wrong, consult 
duty before expedienc}': are gen- 
erally sanguine and careful — ris- 
ing above present troubles: have 
but little faith in the marvelous: 
are not habitually serious, al- 
though capable of religious fervor 
and devotion: you are inclined to 
do all the good you can — gladly 
sacrifice self on the altar of be- 
nevolence: have refinement of 
feeling without sickly sentimen- 
tality: you are an admirer of na- 
ture — mountain scenery, etc.: 
have a quick, keen perception of 
the ludicrous — make a erreat 



686 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



amount of fun: are quick at rep- 
artee: laugh heartily at jokes: 
have fair observing powers: rec- 
ognizee persons and countenances: 
appreciate order: have a clear and 
attentive memory of historical 
facts: are a fluent, easj' and pleas- 
ant speaker: adopt means to ends 
well: have an active desire to as- 
certain causes: have a happy tal- 
ent for comparing: win confidence 
and aftection, read character and 
motives of men from physiognu- 
my: are not suspicious — -may be, 
but not easily imposed upon," 

Thomas Ballinger is a native of 
West Middlebury, Logan county, 
Ohio, where he was burn Dec. 21, 
1817. He is of French, Dutch 
and Welch ancestry — his progeni- 
tors emigrating to America some 
one hundred and fifty years ago, 
and settled in New Jersey, where 
traces of the family still remain, 
and where his parents were burn. 
In about 1806 they moved to 
Ohio, where the father died in 
1845, and the mother in 1854. 
Thomas was raised and well trained 
in the laborious industries pecul- 
iar to a farmer's life. He shared 
the advantages of the common 
schools of Ohio— attending from 
three to six months a year until 
about fifteen years of age. Since 
that date he has been enffao-ed in 
battling with the duties of life, 
receiving some benefit from pri- 
vate instruction in the higher 
branches, and in the languages. 

As a pastime for youth, he de- 
voted considerable time during 
his residence in that part of Ohio 
to hunting game, such as deer 
and turkeys, being very abundant. 
In 1837 he was married to Miss 
Mary Devore, a native of Ohio. 
She died in Mareh, 1845, leaving 
two children, one only of whom 
Mrs. Mott now survives, for sev- 
eral years past a teacher in the 
jjublic schools at Oskaloosa. 



In 1834 he experienced a relig- 
ious awakening, which resulted 
in his joining the Methodist 
church. Having his attention di- 
rected to the subject of baptism, 
he finally became a member of 
the Disciples church, and for ten 
years was a preacher of that faith. 
Coming in contact with believers 
in Universalism, and studying the 
subject of the Divine government, 
and the final destiny of the race 
as the result of benificent econ- 
omy, he finall}' concluded that if 
salvation was good for one it was 
good for all, and that God in his 
wisdom, justice and goodness 
would so arrange the dispensa- 
tions of his Providence as to insure 
the impartial and universal result. 
This mode of reflection lead him 
to embrace the Abrahamic faith, 
and for twenty-five years he has 
been engaged in proclaiming the 
unsearchable riches of God's im- 
partial grace. In September, 1845, 
he married Miss Lydia A. Hil- 
dreth, a native of Vermont. In 
1850 he moved West, and settled 
first in Van Buren county, but 
shortly moved to Mahaska county, 
and settled in Oskaloosa, where he 
lived until 1854. For the next 
two years he engaged in farming 
near Oskaloosa, and being invited 
to take charge of the society at 
Bentonsport, he preached with 
them for two years, and then re- 
turned to the farm. In 1861 he 
moved on his present farm, six 
miles north of Oskaloosa. During 
these years he has preached exten- 
sively through southeastern and 
central Iowa. He has held some 
eighteen discussions with promi- 
nent preachers of difterent denom- 
inations. In these discussions he 
has displayed more than ordinary 
forensic ability, and a well ground- 
ed knowledge of the Bible, and of 
biblical interpretation. In 1867 
lie was elected to the legislature, 



MADISON i'OWKSHIP. 



687 



and served tliroiigli the Twelfth 
General Assembly as member of 
the House. He made an inde- 
pendent member, conscientious in 
all his acts, too much so to be 
trammeled by party tactics. He 
had snfficient manhood to not join 
in ■ the bitter and nncalled for 
tirade of partisans against Andrew 
Johnson, as manifest by a majoritj^ 
of the members of the legislature, 
snch as Thomas Ballinger. He is 
widely known throughout Iowa, 
in fact he has a reputation extend- 
ing through the range of Univer- 
salistic believers throughout the 
West. 

Ballinger, J. W., farmer, Sec. 12; 
P. O. Lacey. 

Bartlett, A. J., farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Baughman, . S., miller, Sec. 24; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Boswell, Harriet, farmer, Sec. 33 ; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Bryan, Allen, farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Buckley, William, farmer. Sec. 5; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

CAETEE, R. C, farmer. Sec. 36; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Carver, J., farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

CONKLIN, WILLAM A., Sec. 
2-1; P. O. Oskaloosa; owne 160 
acres of land, valued at $35 per 
acre; born in Morrow county, 
Ohio, in 1828; was marshal of the 
city of Cardington four years, 
and deputy treasurer two years; 
came to Iowa in 1867; married 
Maria A. Anderson in 1853; slie 
was born in Guernsey conntj^, Ohio, 
in 1831:; have eleven children, 
William Y. E., Ora P., Pliilemon 
B., Frank P., Charles E., Jacob J., 
Oscar K., Albert D., Alice E., 
Minnie H., Olive M.; lost two, 
one in infancy, and Emma J., who 
died at the age of twenty years. 
Are members of the M. E, church. 

45 



Coffin, AVilliam, flirmer, Sec. 22; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Coleman, Daniel, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Coffin, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Conklin, AV. A., farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Coffin, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Coffin, Erastus, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

COFFIN, SA3IUEL, f^irmer, Sec. 
34; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 555 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre; born in Korth Carolina in 
1809; came to Iowa in 1842, and 
to this county in 1844; Mr. C. has 
been twice married; in 1830 to 
Sophia Fisler; she w^as born in 
Indiana in 1814; have seven chil- 
dren, John, Jacob, Sarah, Erastus, 
Eliza, Thomas, Susie; married 
again in 1851 to Susan Lyster; 
she was born in Indiana in 1833; 
hav^e nine children, Sophia, Anna, 
Florence, Ilenrj", William, Etta, 
Frank, Samuel, Mollie; Mr. C. 
represented this county two years 
in the legislature: was justice five 
years. 

CRISPIN, FRANCIS, farmer. Sec. 
27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 208^ 
acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre; born in Ross county, Ohio, 
in 1826; came to Iowa in 1845; 
married Adeline Bousell, in 1850; 
she was born in Virginia, in 1824; 
have six childi-en, Louisa, Mary 
N., Sarah J., Thomas, Hannah 
and Susan. Mr. C. has been one 
ot the board of supervisors one 
term, and held the office of justice 
one term. 
CRUZ EN, LEWIS, farmer, Sec.24; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; he owns 215 
acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre; born in Green county, Ohio, 
in 1835; came to Iowa in 1849; 
married H. A. Hollister in 1859; 
she was born in Knox county, 



688 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Ohio, in 1835; tliev have three 
children, C. H., D. 6. and A. L.; 

are members of the Baptist 

CRUZEN, HARVEY, farmer. Sec. 
28; P. O, Oskaloosa; owns 280 
acres of land, valued at $50 per 
acre; born in Greene county, Ohio, 
in 1810; came to Iowa in 181&, 
and settled on his present farm; 
Mr. C. has been twice married, 
first to Aseanath Walthall, in 
1832; she was born in Virginia, in 
1815, and had five children, Ham- 
ilton, Lewis, Geo. W., Elizabeth 
J., Benjamin. He married again 
in 1860, to Sally Lamborn, she 
was born in Knox county, Ohio, 
in 1826; have two children, 
Aseanath E., Laura 0. Mrs. C. 
has four children by a former hus- 
band, Harriet M., John J., Thos. 
L., and Emma B. Mr. C. has 
been justice of the peace twelve 
years; they are members of the 
Bapist church. 
CRUZEN, LEWIS, farmer, Sec.34; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 215 acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre; 
born in Greene count}^, Ohio, in 
1835; came to Iowa in 1849; mar- 
ried H. A. Hollister in 1859; she 
was born in Knox county, Ohio, in 
1835; they have three children, 
C. H., D. O., and A. L. ; they are 
members of the Baptist church. 
CRUZEN, H., farmer, Sec. 28; P._ 
O. Oskaloosa; owns 504 acres of 
land, valued a $30 per acre; born 
in Ohio in 1832, and came to Iowa 
in 1849; married Sarah Coffin, in 
1853; she was born in Indiana in 
1836; they have six children, 
Jerome B. Jas. F., Samuel H,, 
Minnie J., Wm. F., and Ralph H. ; 
they are members of the Baptist 
church. 
Cruzen, H., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 

Oskaloosa. 
Crispin, Benjamin, farmer, Sec. 15; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 



Crispin, Albert, carpenter, Sec. 36; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Crispin, John, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Crispin, David, lives in Oskaloosa 

township. 
Crisman, Cyrus, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 

O, Oskaloosa. 
Crispin, George, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Crispin, Mary, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Cummings, B. H., farmer. Sec. 34; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Curry, James, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. 

Oskaloosa. 

DELONG, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
17; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Deweese, John, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

DILLEY, JACOB, farmer. Sec. 27; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 168^ acres 
of land, valued at $40 per acre; 
born in Virginia in 1810; came to 
Iowa in 1853^ and settled on his 
present farm; married Elizabeth 
Bird, in 1832; she was born in 
Virginia, in 1810; they have four 
children: David, Jane, Floyd and 
William H. Mr. D. has held the 
office of justice of tlie peace. Are 
members of M. E. Church. 

Dilley, David, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Dilley, Floyd, farmer. Sec. 27; P.O. 
Oskaloosa. 

DYE, T. W., farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
Oskaloosa; owns 610 acres of land, 
valued at $25 per acre; born in 
Virginia, in 1834; came to Iowa 
in 1864, and settled on his present 
farm ; married Rosanna Peper, in 
1858; she was born in Virginia, 
in 1836; they have six children: 
Charles, George, Thomas, Cora, 
Rosa and Maud; he has been town 
ship trustee. 

EDGERTON, A. H., farmer, Sec. 
11; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 240 
acres of land, valued at $35 per 
acre; l)(»rn in Oneida county, N. 



MADISON TOWNSHIP. 



689 



Y., in 1839; came to Iowa in 1865; 
married Miss L. Kobb, in 18(U; 
she was born in Warren Co., Ills., 
in 1842; they have three children: 
EttieF., A.R., and S. E. Mrs. 

E. is a member of the Baptist 
Church. 

Else, John J., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

FERRALL, B. F., farmer, sec.l3 ; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 128 
acres of land, valued at $35 per 
acre; born in Washington county, 
Penn., in 1827; came to Iowa in 
1854; married Elizabeth H.White, 
in 1848; she was born in Ken- 
tucky; they have seven children: 

F. P., L. C, Albert D., Martha A.,^ 
Ida, and Jennie. Are members of 
Baptist Church. 

Ferree, Charles, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Ferree, Thomas J., farmer, Sec. 35; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Fields, Sarah, farmer. Sec. 36; P. O. 

Oskaloosa. 
Fry, John, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 

Oskaloosa. 
Freeman, Wm., farmer, Sec. 36; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Freeman, M. S., farmer.. Sec. 36; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 

GALE, G. O., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 
O. Lacey. 
Graham, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
Grimes, G. M., farmer. Sec. 13; F. 
Lacey. 

HART, J. B., farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Harris, Elias, former, Sec. 10; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Harris, Sarah E., farmer, P. O. Os- 
kaloosa. 

Hart, C. 11., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
Lecey. 

Ilanna, O. M., farmer. Sec 3 ; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Hartman, Amelia, farmer, Sec. 24; 
P. O. Lacev. 

Hellings, T. P., farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
O. Lacey. 



HIATT, L. J., farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; owns 100 acres of 
land, valued at $60 per acre; born 
in Ohio in 1854; came to Iowa in 
1856; he married Mattie Schell 
in 1877; she was born in Ohio in 
1854; she is a member of the 
Christian Church. 

Hill, Jesse J., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Hoover, Mrs. L. L., farmer. Sec. 30; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Holliday, J. P., farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Ilower, Christopher, farmer, Sec. 30 ; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Hunt, John, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. 
Lacey. 

Hurley, Nancy, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Humphrev, Robert, farmer. Sec. 2; 
P. O. Lacey. 

Hurley, James, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
TAMES, SAMUEL, farmer. Sec. 

J 36; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

LIBBY, J. R., farmer. Sec. 31; 
P. O. Leighton; owns 166 
acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre; born in Delaware in 1816; 
came to Iowa in 1840; removed to 
this county in May, 1843; he mar- 
ried Elizabeth Higgenbothem in 
1846; she was born in 1819; 
they have nine children, Mary, 
William, Harriet, James, Charles, 
Elizabeth, Ida, Hester, and Jerry; 
they are members of the Christian 
Church. 

Loy, Peter, farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Lytle, Andrew, farmer. Sec. — ; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Lyons, Mary A., farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O. Lacev. 

MADDEN, GEORGE, farmer, 
Sec. 32; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Masteller, J. C, farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 

Lacey. 
Mattox, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 19; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
MASTELLER, JACOB, farmer, 



690 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Sec. 11; p. O. Lacev; owns 340 
acres of land valued at $35 per 
acre; born in Noi'tluiniberland 
count}', Pa., in 1815; came to 
Iowa in 185."); married Ellen 
Plaine in 18l(i; she was born in 
Northumberland count}', Pa., in 
1820; they have nine children, 
Jonathan, Curtis, Mary, Anna, 
Jane, William, Richard, Carrie, 
Elmer; lost one son, George B., 
who enlisted in Co. C, 7th Iowa 
Infantr}' in IStU, and died in 
1802; are members of the U. P. 
church. 

McCONNEL, J.Q., farmer,,Sec. 29; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 272 acres 
of land valued at $80 per acre; 
was born in Pose}^ county, Ind., 
in 1829; came to Iowa in 1846, 
and settled in Madison township; 
married Jane Dilley in 1856; she 
was born in Virginia in 1834; 
they have six children, Asa, Wiley, 
Qu'incy, Walter, Frank, Etta M. 

McMillan, WOOSTER, farmer. 
Sec. 29; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
107 acres of land valued at $40 
per acre; born in Cattaraugus 
county, N. Y., in 1834; came to 
this state in 1860; married Sarah 
A. Myers in 1860; she was born 
in Ohio in 1838; they have five 
children, Minnie Ida, Almira 
Ada, Clarence, Adella, Astella; 
they are members of the Society 
of Friends. 

MoFadden, Elizabeth, farmer. Sec. 
32; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

MIDDLETON,!. C, Sec. 35; P. 
O. Oskaloasa; owns 9 acres of 
land valued at $1,600; born in 
Center county, Pa., in 1830; came 
to Iowa 1840, and settled in 
Washington county; removed to 
this county in 1867; married Mary 
A. Bryan in 1868; she was born 
in Greene county, Ohio, in 1843; 
they have one child, Caloway. 

Mitchell, Robert, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 



Miller, S. C, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
Lacey. 

Misner, John, farn^er, Sec. 31; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

MILLER, SOLOMON AV., farmer. 
Sec. 12; P. O. Lacey; owns 165 
acres of land valued at $45 per 
acre; was born in Greene county, 
Ohio, in 1839; came to Iowa in 
1875; niarried Emnui Lupton in 
1864; she was born in 1841; they 
have one child, Charlie; are 
members of the Society of Friends. 

MITCHELL, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
9; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 1192 
acres of land, valued at $25 per 
acre; was born in Carroll county, 
Ind., in 1830; came to Iowa in 
1851; married Eveline Hoover in 
1861; she was born in Pennsyl- 
vania in 1833; they have nine 
children, Llewellyn, Elmer, 01- 
lie, Jane, Anson, Amy, Addie, 
John, and Vexella. 

MOTT,G.M., farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O. Lacey; owns 85 acres of land 
valued at $40 per acre; was born 
in Knox count}', Ohio, in 1837; 
came to Iowa in 1849; married 
Mary Grimes in 1858; she was 
born in Maryland, in 1837; they 
have three children, Eliza, Char- 
lie B. and Walter; Mr. Mott has 
been justice of the peace. 

Morgan, John, farmer, Sec, 6; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Mott, G. M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
Lacey. 

Morgan, R. D., farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. New Sharon, 

NELSON, PETER, farmer. Sec. 
35; P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Norton, Perry, farmer. Sec. 3; P.O. 
New Sharon. 

PARKHURST, H. C, farmer, 
Sec. 11; P. O. Lacey. 
Parkhurst, J. S., farmer. Sec. 13; P. 

O. Lacey. 
Padgett, Catharine, farmer, Sec. 33; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 



MADISON TOWNSHIP. 



691 



Peck, E. M., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Perkins, E. & G. W., fanners, Sec. 
10; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

PICKRELL, H. H., farmer, Sec. 
29; P. (>. Oskaloosa; was born in 
1847, and came to Iowa with his 
parents, in 1860; his father, Jacob 
Pickerell, owns 93 acres of Umd 
valued at $35 per acre, was born 
in Cliampaigii countj, Oliio, in 
1807 and married Rachel Marman, 
in 1833; she was born in Logan 
county, Ohio, in 1813; tlie}^ have 
ten children, Asa M., Lindley H., 
William, Peter M., Ilarland T., 
Henry II., Joseph E., Jacob, Ra- 
chel, and Mary M. Are members 
of the Friends' church. 

Pickerell, Jacob, Sr., farmer, Sec. 
29; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Poe, W. D., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Pomeroy, Harry, farmer, Sec. 33; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Prine, G. S., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

PRINE, WM. H., farmer, Sec. 33; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 108 acres 
of land valued at $40 per acre; 
was born in Indiana, in 1839; 
came to Iowa in 1847; married 
Priscilla Coffin, in 1862; she was 
born in Indiana, in 1845; they 
have one child, Lillie; wife is a 
member of the Baptist church; 
Mr. Prine enlisted in Co. H, 8th 
Iowa Infantry, in 1861, and was 
discharged in 1862. 

RECTOR, ED. T., farmer, 
Sec. 5; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
280 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre; born in Ohio, in 1831; 
came to Iowa in 1855; married 
Charlotte S. Dibble, in 1868; she 
was born in Ohio, in 1838; liave 
three children: Edgar, [Jomerand 
Mary. Mr. R. has four children by 
a former wife: Milton, Charlie, 
Oscar and Albert; and Mrs.E,. has 
two children by a former husband: 
Florence and Jessie. Mr. R. was 



justice of the peace three yeai*s, 
and has held different town offices; 
are members of the M. E. Church. 
Republican. 
Rothell, C^ G., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

SEARY, T. J., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Shaffer, Rachel, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Shoemake, Wesley, farmer. Sec. 22; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Shipley, William, farmer. Sec. 15; 
P. 6. Oskaloosa. 

Shoemake, Polly, farmer, Sec. 21; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

SHOEMAKE, WESLEY, flumer, 
Sec. 27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
260 acres of land, valued at $40 
per acre; born in Henry county, 
Iowa, in 1841; came to Mahaska 
county in 1843; married Elizabeth 
Coffin, in 1861; she was born in 
Indiana, in 1843; have one child, 
Frank, born in 1862. 

SHIPLEY, WM., farmer. Sec. 15 ; 
P.O. Oskaloosa; owns 120 acres 
of land, valued at $35 per acre; 
born in England, in 1832; came 
to America in 1855, and to Iowa 
in 1866; married Catharine My- 
ers, in 1859; she was born in Ful- 
ton county, Ills., in 1843; have 
seven children: Margaret, Ann, 
Rose Plymouth, Jolm Henry, 
Elizabeth, William Mark, George 
Jackson. Mr. S. enlisted in Co. 
B. 7tli Ills. Inf , in 1864, and was 
discharged in 1865. 

SHELEY, WM., farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; owns 120 acres of 
land, valued at $40 per acre; born 
in Greene county, Ohio, in 1825 ; 
came to Iowa in 1848; married 
Elizabeth Wadkins, in 1848; she 
was born in Ohio, in 1827; have 
two children: Mary, born in 1862, 
and Janie, born in 1868. Repub- 
lican. 

SHOEMAKE, I. G., farmer, Sec. 
30, P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 250 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 



692 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



acre; born in Indiana, in 1839; 
came to Iowa in 1841, and to this 
county in 18-43; married Ann Wil- 
liams, in 1864; she was born in 
Indiana, in 1840; thej have five 
children: Mago:ie, Bertha, Rupert, 
Charles and Hattie. Mr. S. en- 
listed in Co. II, 8th Iowa Inf., in 
1861, and was discharged in 1865; 
was in all the battles that regiment' 
participated in. 

.Sloat, Elias, farmer and preacher, 
Sec. 29; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Slagle, George, fanner. Sec. 27; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

SMITH, C.H., farmer. Sec. 5; P.^ 
O. Oskaloosa; owns 320 acres of 
land valued at $30 per acre; was 
born in Vermont, in 1818, and 
came to Iowa in 1855; married 
Margaret Rector, in 1846; she 
was born in Ohio, in 1827; they 
have seven children, Margaret II., 
Jerome B., Edward E.., Percey T., 
Josephine H., and Chauncey II , 
Jr. ; are members of M. E. church. 

Stigers, IT. B., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

TROUT, ELI, farmer. Sec. 28; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Trout, Harrison, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 



■\ A rniTMORE, J. S., Sec. 25; 

V V of the firm of Whitmore 
& Anderson, proprietors of Alpha 
Mills; owns 160 acres of land val- 
ued at |16^000; born in Shelby 
county, Ky., in 1831; came to 
Iowa in 1857, and located in 
Washington county, and removed 
to this county in 1870; married 
Ann E. Braden, in 1858; she was 
born in Decatur county, Indiana, 
in 1840; they have three children, 
Charles B., John C, and George 
A. 

Whitmore & Anderson, millers, Sec. 
25; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

White, Sarah E., farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Whalen, Daniel, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

Winkleman, AVm., farmer. Sec. 11 
P. O. Lacey. 

Winkleman, John, farmer, Sec. 11 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Woodward, A. J., farmer, Sec. 36 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

YOUNG, A. T., farmer, Sec. 36 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 
ZANE, I. H., farmer. Sec. 14; P 
O. Oskaloosa. 
Zane, S. B., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O 
Oskaloosa. 



j£^tdj^i^^ TO-';7;7-asrsi3:i:p- 



ALLGOOD, J.F., Sec. 26; P. 
O. Comet: owns 222 acres 
of land valued at $50 per acre; 
born in Kentucky in 1830, came to 
Iowa in in 1848; married Eliza J. 
Comstock in 1854, she was born in 
Kosciusko county, Indiana, in 
1837; have nine children, Sarah, 
(now Mrs. Shafer) Martha, (now 
Mrs. Ankeney,) John N., Hester 
A., Charlie, Ida M., Minnie E., 
James T., and Alfred. Mr. A. has 
been justice three years. Demo- 
crat. 

Allgood, C. A., Sec. 36 ; P. O. Comet. 

Allgood, Samuel, Sec. 36; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 



Allgood, J. E., Sec. 36; P. O. 
Comet. 

Anderson, Wm. G., Sec. 19; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

AT WOOD, HARRIET E., Sec. 24; 
P. O. Oskaloosa; owns an undi- 
vided one half of 1,700 acres of 
land valued at $30 per acre; was 
born in Indiana; her father, Al- 
fred N. Atwoood, was born in 
Virginia in 1809, came to Iowa 
in 1849, and died in 1867; was 
married to Nancy Kelly: she was 
born in Kentucky in 1806, and 
died in 1877; they have two 
children, Harriet E., and Mary E. 



ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 



693 



B 



AER, M. S., merchant; Lacey. 



Barber, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

BALLINGER, J. J., Sec. 34; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; owns 145 acres of 
land valued at $25 per acre; born 
in Greene county, 111., in 1826; 
came to Iowa in about 1838, and 
settled on his present farm in 
1844; married Margaret Starlin 
in 1857; she was born in Ohio in 
1842; have nine children, Bar- 
bara, Susan, Lucinda. Maggie, 
Sedalia, Aliva, Jeremiah, William, 
James. Democrat. 

BARR, ALFRED, Sec. 19; P. O. 
Oskaloosa; owns 210 acres of 
land valued at $30 per acre; born 
in Pickaway county, Ohio, in 
1815, came to Iowa in 1854 and 
settled on his present farm; mar- 
ried Maria Marguess in 1841; 
she was born in Darke county, O., 
in 1823; have live children. Mar- 
guess, IVlpses S., Marinza, Carlton 
D,. and Laura. Republican. 

Briney, A. J., farmer, Sec. 9: P. O. 
Lace v. 

BRINEY, JOEL, Sec. 14; P. O. 
Oskaloosa; owns 240 acres of 
land valued at $30 per acre; born 
in Darke county, Ohio in 1840, 
came to Iowa in 1850 and settled 
in Adams township; married 
Elizabeth Roberts in 1864; she 
was born in Kentucky in 1840; 
have four children, Chas. A., Wm. 
P., Miranda J., and John N. 
Democrat. 

BRINEY, ALEXANDER, Sec. 
10; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 112 
acres of land valued at $50 per 
acre; born in Darke county, Ohio, 
in 1843, came to Iowa in 1850; 
married Elizabeth Fisher in 
1865: she was born in Dark Co. 
Ohio in 1844; have eight chil- 
dren, Magdaline, Jane, Henry, 
Johnny, Lewis E., Lettie, Martin 
L., Carl A. Democrat. 

BRINEY, JACOB, tanner, Sec 9; 



P. O. Lacey; owns 175 acres of 
land, at $35 per acre; born in 
Darke county, Ohio, in 1825; came 
to Iowa in 1852, and settled on 
present farm ; married Nancy Dim- 
mitt, in 1848; she was born in In- 
diana, in 1833; have six cliildren, 
Sarah J., Miles D., James O., John 
II., Laurinda E., Nancy Eliza; 
are members of Baptist church. 
Democrat. 
Busby, E., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

COLYILLE, J. AY., farmer. Sec. 
28; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Clary, E. K., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Cooksey, J. W., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. Comet. 

CRISS, STEPHEN,farmer, Sec.35 ; 
postmaster. Comet; owns 80 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre; 
born in Indiana, in 1841; came to 
Iowa in 1851; married Sarah A. 
Ruby, in 1861; she was born in 
Indiana, in 1843 ; have four child- 
ren, Francis M., Ida Belle, Martha 
Ann, and Emma Y. ; are members 
of M. E. Church. 

CULYER, E. R., farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
O. Comet; owns 86 acres of land, 
valued at $25 per acre ; born in 
Athens Co., Ohio, in 1836 ; came to 
Iowa, in 1354; married C. J. Jo- 
sepli, in 1866; she was born in 
Ohio, in 1830; have lost three 
children, Henrietta, Jessie and 
Ira; wife is a member of the Bap- 
tist church. Democrat. 

Cumpton, G. W., farmer. Sec. 33; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 

Culver, Jas. A., farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. Comet. 

DA.YENPORT, JOSEPH, far- 
mer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. Comet. 
Daugherty, G., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 

O.' Union Mills. 
Darland, W. L., farmer. Sec. 12; P. 

O. Union Mills. 
Davis, Milton, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
DAYIS, J. D., tarmer. Sec. 16; P. 



694 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



O. Oskaloosa; owns 242 acres of 
land, valued at §40 per acre; born 
in West Virginia, in 1814; catne 
to Iowa in 1869, and settled on 
present farm in 1870; married 
Kacliel J. Barnes, in 1841 ; she was 
born in 1817; have live children, 
Milton, Leander, Charles L., Jen- 
nette and Matilda; has been town- 
ship trustee three years ; are 
members of the M. E. church. 
Republican. 
DODDS, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 15 ;_ 
P. O. Bucj'rus; owns 56 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per aci'e; born 
in Pennsylvania, in 1820; came to 
Iowa, in 1801; married Lydia 
Bobo, in 1853; she was born in 
Ohio, in 1828; have 8 children, 
James P., William E., Sarah E., 
E. y. p., J. C, M. F., C. L. and L. 
L. ; was Representative one year. 

Mcdonough, james, farmer, 

Sec. 9; P. O. Bucjn-us; owns 160 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre; born in Harrison county, 
Ohio, in 1827; came to Iowa, in 
1849, and settled in this county; 
married Frances Abbott, in 1847; 
she was boi'n in Carroll county, 
Ohio, in 1830; have ten children, 
John, Lot C, Jane, Andrew, Ma- 
tilda, Marcey, Frances, James, 
Thomas R and Susie; enlisted in 
Co. I, 7th Iowa Infantry, in 1861, 
and discharc^ed in 1S65; was 
wagon-master. Republican. 

FAUQUIER, G. H., farmer, Sec. 
8 ; P. O. Lacey. 
Fag-an, W., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 

Union Mills. 
Fauquier, H. C, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 

O. Lacey. 
Faulkner, J., farmer, Sec 6; P. O. 

New Shai'on. 
Fisher, Catharine, farmer. Sec. 2; 

P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Ferguson, Ben., farmer, Seel; P. 

O. Union Mills. 
Fisher, J. C, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 

Oskaloosa. 
FRANCE, G. W., farmer, Sec. 25; 



P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 265 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre; 
born in Portage county, Ohio, in 
1837; came to Iowa, in 1869; 
married Margaret Mclvelvey, in 
1860; she was born in Tennessee, 
in 1843; have 4 children, II. C, 
Effie, Hermon, Mary ; are mem- 
bers of Christian church. 

GOTT, THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 
1 ; P. O. Union Mills. 

Good, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. O. 
Lacey. 

GODDARD, G. S., farmer, Sec. 3; 
P. O. Lacey; owns 85 acres of 
land, valued at $35 per acre; born 
in Jefferson county, New York, in 
1828; came to Iowa, in 1866; 
married Mary M. Wood, in 1854; 
she was born in Canada, in 1824; 
have three ciiildren, Francis E., 
George L., Cora A. Democrat. 

Graves, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 1; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

Graham, Henry, farm re. Sec. 1 ; P. 
Union Mills. 

HARGRAVE, CHAS. E., farm- 
er, Sec. 4; P. O. Lacey; owns 
175 acres of land, valued at $50 
per acre; born in Harrison county, 
Ohio, in 1833; came to Iowa in 
1864; he married Mary A. Cad- 
wallader in 1864; she was born in 
Jefferson county, Ohio, in 1845; 
they have four children, Clara M., 
Charles Roscoe, Harry S., and 
Ella; they are members of the 
Society of Friends. 

Hart, C. H., farmer. Sec. 19. 

Hartman, E., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Hanna, A. B., farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Hanna, Thompson, farmer. Sec. 27; 
P. O. Comet. 

Harvey, J. A., farmei-, Sec. 6; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Harbour, E. A., farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

HIBBS, Wm., dealer in grain and 
stock; P. O. Lacey; born in Bel- 
mont county in 1845; came to 



ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 



G95 



Iowa in 1854, and settled in Jef- 
ferson connty; removed to this 
county in 1875; eni>;ai>;ed in liia 
present business in 1870; lie mar- 
ried Anna J. Meredith in 1868; 
she was born in" Indiana in 1850; 
they have three children, Elmer, 
Estella, and Lnther M. ; he was 
elected justice of the peace in 1877 ; 
they are members of the Society 
of Friends. 

•JOHN, E. A., farmer. Sec. 5; P. 

cJ O. Oskaloosa. 

Johnson, L., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

KIEKPATKICK, WM., farmer, 
Sec. 12; P. O. Mauch Chunk. 

KOOGLER, JACOB, farmer, Sec. 
27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 200 
acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre; born in Greene county, Ohio, 
in 1819; came to Iowa in 1854, 
and settled in Adams township; 
he married Kancy Ankeney in 
1842; she was born in Greene 
county, Ohio, in 1819; he has 
been justice of the peace two 
years, and trustee three years; 
they are members of the M. E. 
Church. 

Kizer, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
Comet. 

LAUGHREY, JOHN, farmer, 
Sec. 12; P. O. Mauch Chunk; 
owns 320 acres of land, valued at 
$30 per acre; born in Knox coun- 
ty, Ohio, in 1818; came to Iowa 
in 1865, and settled on his present 
farm; he married Harriett Nash; 
she was born in England in 1824; 
they have eight children, Sarah, 
Melissa, Francis, John, Koss A., 
Caroline, Emily, and Willie; they 
are mendjers of the Baptist Church. 

Lee, M. W., tanner. Sec. 19; P. O. 
Lacey. 

Long, James E., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

MATEER, WM., farmer. Sec. 7; 
P. O. Lacey. 
Mateer, James, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 
46 



Martin, J. W., farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Mateer, John, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Mateer, S. A., farmer, Sec. 35; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

McLandesborough, A., farmer. Sec. 
14; P. O. Oskaloosa. 

McKinney, W., farmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

McDonough, J., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

McKnight, James, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 
O. Lacey. 

MARTIN, WM., farmer, Sec.^5; P. 
O. Lacey; owns 320 acres of land, 
valued at $30 per acre; born in 
Licking county, Olno, in 1829; 
came to Iowa in 1854, and settled 
on his present farm ; he married 
Emily Nash in 1851; she was born 
in England in 1833; they have 
seven children, Caroline, John W., 
Ida A., Otis A., Nelson A., Cora 
J., and Frank E. ; they are mem- 
bers of the M. E. Church. Re- 
publican. 

McLANDSBOROUGH, AN- 
DREW, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. 
Oskaloosa; owns 200 acres of land, 
valued at $30 per acre; born in 
England in 1822; came to Iowa in 
1850, and settled on his present 
farm in 1856; he married Nancy 
McDonough in 1846; she was born 
in Ohio in 1828; they have seven 
children, Elizabeth, Sarah A., 
Jane, James, Catherine, Thomas, 
and Ida. Republican. 

ASH, J. J., P. O. Mauch Chunk. 



N 



NASH, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 
O. Oskaloosa; owns 640 acres of 
land, valued at $25 per acre; born 
in England in 1827; came to 
America in 1842; married Martha 
J. McKinney in 1865; she was 
born in Licking county, Ohio, in 
1838; have three children, Ella 
M., Frank T., Cora E.; he has 
three children by a former wife: 
Sarah J., John J., George C. Are 



696 



DIRECTOET OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



meuibers of Baptist church. Dem- 
ocrat. 

NASH, RICHARD, fanner, Sec. 
27; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 135 
acres of Land, vahied at §40 per 
acre; born in Enghmd, in 1829; 
came to America in 1842, and 
settled in Ohio; removed to Iowa 
in 1861 ; Mr. JSTash has been twice 
married — in 185T to Mary J. Mc- 
Mallen; she was born in 1837, and 
died in 1868; married again, in 
1869, to Sarah E. Graham; she 
was born in 1835, and died in 
1877; has one child, George B. 
Is a member of the M. E. church. 
Democrat. 

Nelson, David, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 
O. Comet. 

OGLE, J. M., farmer. Sec. 7; P. 
O. Lace J. 
Ogle, A., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. La- 
cej. 

PARKHURST, A. J., farmer. 
Sec. 18; P. O. Lacey. 
Phillips, Aaron, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 
O. Lacey. 

QUICK, D. C, farmer, Sec. 15; 
P. O. Oskaloosa. 
Quick, Reuben, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O. Oskaloosa. 

REYNOLDS, J. G., farmer, Sec. 
13; P. O.Mauch Chunk. 

Reynolds, L. II., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
O. Comet. 

Reynolds, George A., Sec. 35; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

Roberts, L. B., farmer. Sec. 13; J*. 
O. Mauch Chunk. 

ROBERTS, JONATHAN, farmer. 
Sec. 22; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
120 acres of land, valued at i^40 
per acre; born in Ripley county, 
Indiana, in 1838; came to Iowa 
in 1847; married Jacintha Childs 
in 1858; she was born in Vir- 
ginia in 1842; are members of M. 
E. church; Mr. R. has been jus- 
tice of the peace and township 
clerk. Democrat. 

Ruby, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
O. Comet. 



Ruby, W. S., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 

Comet. 
Ruby, J. W., farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. 

Comet. 
Ruggles, L. G., farmer. Sec. 30; P. 

O. Oskaloosa. 
l^UBY, JOHN F., farmer. Sec. 35; 
P. O. Comet; owns 80 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre; born 
in this county in 1848; married 
Augusta Green in 1868; she was 
born in Ohio in 1851; have three 
children : Charley Andrew, Cora 
May and John Franklin ; are mem- 
bers of the M. E. church; Mr. 
Ruby lias been township clerk 
three years, and is president of 
the school board at present. Re- 
publican. 
SCOTT, JOHN, ffirmer. Sec. 10; 
P. O. Bucyrus. 
Shaw, William, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 

O. Lacey. 
Shaw, Henry, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 

O. Mauch Chunk. 
Smith, J. K., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 

Union Mills. 
SPROUL, WILLIAM, farmer. Sec. 
2; P. O. Union Mills; owns 126 
acres of land, valued at $40 per 
acre; born in in Ireland, in 1814; 
he came to the United States in 
1824, and to Iowa, and settled on 
present farm in 1858; married 
Sallie McDonough in 1841; she 
was born in Ohio, in 1816; have 
six children: John, William, Ad- 
am, James, Rachael, Robert S. 
Republican. 
STEWART, WILLIAM, farmer, 
Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
167 acres of land, valued at $25 
per acre; born in Johnson county, 
Indiana, in 1838; came to Iowa 
in 1846, and located in this coun- 
ty; married Prudence J. Ruby in 
1860; she was born in Ripley 
county, Indiana, in 1841; have ten 
children: Harriett, AVilliam, John, 
Albret, Alfred, Etta, James, Da- 
vid, Harry and one infant; Mr. 
Stewart has been county super- 



ADAMS TOWNSHIP. 



697 



visor five years, and has held 
different township offices: clerk, 
assessor, trustee, etc. Repul)lic- 
an. 

STANLEY, CHARLES, farmer, 
Sec. 34; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
170 acres of land, valued at $30 
per acre; born on Long Island in 
182S; came to Iowa in 1855, and 
settled on present farm in 1857; 
married Emily Ballinger in 1857; 
slie was born in Illinois, in 1830; 
have one son and four daughters: 
Mary, Martha E., Catharine, 
Charley B., and Emma; he was 
Representative from this county 
two years; he enlisted in compa- 
ny K, 18th Iowa Infantry, in 1862 
and was discharged in 1865; he 
held a commission as captain 
when he was mustered out. 

STRINGFELLOW,J.W., farmer, 
Sec. 13; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
160 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre; born in Kentucky in 
18'49; came to Iowa in 1851, and 
settled with his parents on his 
present farm; married Jennie 
l^orwood, in 1875; she was born 
in Kentucky, in 1852. Democrat. 

Stringfellow, J. A., farmer. Sec. 13; 
P. O. Mauch Chunk. 

Stone, F. S., farmer, Sec. 20; P. O. 
Oskaloosa. 

TALLON, MICHAEL, farmer, 
Sec. 3; P. O. Union Mills; 
owns 430 acres of land, valued at 
$35 per acre; born in Ireland in 
1814; came to America in 1840 
and settled in this county in 1848; 
married Sarah Funk in 1850; she 
was born in Westmoreland county, 
Pennsylvania, in 1818; have four 
children: James Henry, Mary 
Ann, John William and George 
M. ; are members of the M. E. 
church. Democrat. 

Tragger, John, farmer, Sec. 5 ; P. O. 
jS'ew Sharon. 

Tragger, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
(3. Xew Sharon. 

Tray, A., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Lacey. 



UPTON, W. J., farmer, Sec. 5; 
P. O. New Sharon; owns 
280 acres of land, valued at $40 
per acre; born in Ireland, in 1821 ; 
came to America in 1825, and to 
Iowa in 1855 and settled on pres- 
ent farm ; married Laura E. Paug- 
born in 1844; she was born in 
New York in 1819; have nine 
children : Cynthia M., Alonzo W., 
Marj" O., Angelia, Charles, Lucy 
J., Hiram D., Hester A., AVilliam 
E.; members of the Presbyterian 
church. Republican. 

VICTOR, ADAM, farmer. Sec. 
23; P. O. Oskaloosa; owns 
200 acres of land valued at $35 per 
acre; born in Summit county, 
Ohio, in 1828; came to Iowa in 
1855, and settled on present farm; 
married Martha E. Williams in 
1853; she was born in Boone Co., 
Indiana, in 1830; they have two 
children, Fred and Charlie. Dem- 
ocrat. 

\ A T^IIITE, A. M., farmer, Sec. 
V V 4; P. O. New Sharon. 

White, J., D., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Willhoite, W. J., farmer, Sec. 2; 
P. O. Comet. 

Willhoite, J. IL, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 
O. Comet. 

WILSON, JOHN C, farmer, P. O. 
Lacey; owns 136 acres of land, 
valued at $35 per acre; born in 
Newark, Ohio, in 1816; came to 
Iowa in 1863, and settled in Oska- 
loosa township; removed to pres- 
ent farm in 1877; married Eliza- 
beth E. Needham, in 1861; she 
was born in Guernsey Co., Ohio, 
in 1835; have two children, 
Charles L. and Emma B; Mr. W. 
has five children by a former mar- 
riage, Theodore B., Benjamin E., 
John W., Mary E., Nancy L. ; are 
members of M. E. church. Mr. 
Wilson is one of the township 
trustees. Republican. 

WILSON, MILTON, farmer. Sec. 
7; P. O. Lacey; owns 240 acres 



698 



DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



of land, valued at $30 ])er acre; 
born in Licking county, Ohio, in 
1811; came to Iowa in 1875, and 
settled on ])resent farm; married 
Sarah Brown in 1850; she was 
born in Pennsylvania in 1820; 
their children are Juliette, (^arrie 
B., Elizabeth, Amanda, Eliza, 
Mary, Almira and Zoah. Mr. 
W. has two children bj a former 
marriage, JSfewton and Emma; 
are members of M. E. church. 
Bepublican. 
WOODS, J. K., farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Lacey; owns 7(X) acres of land, 
valued at ^30 per acre; born in 
Champaign county, Ohio, in 



1816; came to Iowa in 1850; 
married Sarah Ilartman in 1848; 
she was born in Wayne Co., Ind., 
in 1826; they have ten children, 
Martha Ann, David 11. , Mary F., 
Alfaretta, Matilda J., Alpheus B., 
Cora, Fanny, James and Harry. 
Mr. W. has been a member of 
the board of supervisors four 
years. Republican. 

Wright, Wm. F., farmer, Sec. 10; 
P. O. Buc3a"us. 

Wroughton, J., farmer. Sec. 18; P, 
O. Lacey. 

YOUNG, MILTON, farmer, Sec. 
29; P. O. Oskaloosa. 



3^oi:<risoE 'X'OT;^7':]srsm:E=. 



ANDERSON, J. C, farmer. Sec. 
26; P. O. Rose Hill. 

AUGUSTINE, ALBERT, farmer, 
Sec. 28; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 
436 acres of land, valued at $30 
per acre ; born in Germany, and, 
with his parents, came to America 
in his infancy; married Dortliy 
Myers; she also is a native of Ger- 
many; they have eight children, 
Mary, Daniel, Michael, Justina, 
Frank, John, Dora and Jennie. 
Are members of the Christian 
church. 

Augustine, D., farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

BANNISTER, WILLIAM D., 
farmer, Sec. 14: P. O. Indian- 
apolis, 

Baker, D. A., P. M. Indianapolis. 

Baker, Letitia, farmer. Sec. 17; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

BAKER, S. P., dealer in drugs and 
medicines; deputy postmaster, 
Indianapolis; born in this county 
in 1850; has been engaged in his 
present business about seven 
months. 

BASS, ROBERT, farmer. Sec. 31; 
P. O. Comet; owns 405 acres, val- 
ued at $30 per acre; born in Boone 



county, Kentucky, in 1827; came 
to Iowa in 1843 ; married Martha 
AUgood in 1865; she was born in 
Indiana in 1838; have five chil- 
dren, Mary, Charlie, Frank, Rob- 
ert, Agnes; Mr. B. has two chil- 
dren by a former wife: Rosa and 
John. Greenback. 

BEDWELL,J.W., iarmer. Sec. 28 
P. O. Rose Hill ; owns 120 acres 
of land, valued at $30 per acre 
born in Lawrence count}', Indiana 
in 1828; came to Iowa in 1843 
and settled in Monroe township 
and has been a resident of this 
township since; married Eliza 
Myers in 1871; she was born in 
Washington county, Iowa, in 1843 ; 
Mrs. B. has one child by a former 
husband, Johnny R. ; Mr. B has 
been township trustee for three 
terms. Are menibers of Christian 
church. Republican. 

Beans, W. I., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
Indianapolis. 

Boyles, S,ylvester, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
6. Maiich Chunk. 

Bridges, James, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

Brewer, E., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. 
Mauch Chunk. 



MONROE TOWNSHIP. 



699 



Brown, Hamilton, farmer, Sec. 9; 

P. O. Mauch Chunk. 
Brown, W. II., farmer, Sec.l6; P. 

O. Mauch Chunk. 
Bump, M. v., farmer, Sec. 3.5; P. 

O. Pose Hill. 
Bump, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 3i; P. O. 

Pose Hill. 

CLARK, J. F., farmer, Sec. 18; 
P. O.Mauch Chunk; owns 171^ 
acres of land, valued at $'20 per 
acre; born in Kendall county, Illi- 
nois, in 1839; came to Iowa in 
1865; married Mary Holderman 
in 1865; she was born in Kendall 
county, Illinois, in 18-12; hav^e four 
children, Henry, Mary J., James 
F., Charles W. Republican. 

Clarkston, William, farmer, Sec. 8; 
P. O. Indianapolis. 

Counts, P. D., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O 
Rose Hill. 

Craig, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 9; P. O 
Mauch Chunk. 

Currell, Joshua, farmer, Sec. 36; P 
O. Rose Hill. 

DALBY, A., farmer. Sec. 4; P 
O. Mauch Chunk. 
Dickson, l^ancv A., farmer. Sec 33 

P. O. Rose Hill. 
Dickson, Robert H., farmer Sec. — 

P. O. Mauch Chunk. 
Drake, II. II., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 

Mauch Chunk. 
Dunbar, W. L., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 

O. Rose Hill. 

ELLSWORTH, L. F., physician 
and surgeon. Sec. 7; P. O. 
Mauch Chunk; owns 160 acres of 
land, valued at $30 per acre; born 
in Gurnsey county, Ohio, in 1823; 
came to Iowa in 1864; married 
Mary Oglebay in 1846; she was 
born in Pennsjdvania, in 1829; 
have twelve children, Celesta J., 
Sarah V., Caroline, James, Wil- 
liam, Sevellen H., Mary P., Le- 
Roy W., Elmer E., Clara C, 
Laurian C, Thornton F., Albertta 
A.; Mr. E. was elected Representa- 
tive in 1871. Republican. 



Elkin, O., farmer, Sec. 32; P.O. 

Rose Hill. 
Elden, Henry S., farmer. Sec. 2; P. 

O. Indianapolis. 
Erary, J. W., farmer. Sec. 12; P. O. 

Indianapolis. 
ERDMAN, VALENTINE, farmer. 

Sec. 29; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 

197 acres of land, valued at $25 

per acre; born in Germany in 

1846; came to America in 1866; 

married Katie Eberley in 1874; 

she was born in Ohio in 1851; 

they have three children, Wilfred, 

Charlie and John. 
Evans, J. J., farmer, Sec. 10; P. O. 

Indianapolis. 

FIFIELD, PAULINA, farmer, 
Sec. 34; P. O. Rose Hill. 
Fifield, G. F., farmer. Sec. 34; P. O. 

Rose Hill. 
Fifield, C. M., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 

O. Rose Hdl. 
Fuller, W. C, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Mauch Chunk. 

GATEWOOD, W. H., farmer. 
Sec. 17; P. O. Mauch Chunk. 
Grace, James, fanner, Sec. 9; P. O. 
Mauch Chunk. 

HARRIS, B. F., farmer. Sec. 17; 
P. O. Mauch Chunk. 

Hansel, George, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Hansel, Aaron, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Maiich Chunk. 

Hawley, E. S., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Hanks, A., physician, Indianapolis. 

Hatcher, Joshua, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

Hawley, J. S., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 
Indianapolis. 

Hatcher, Washington, farmer, Sec. 
2; P. O. Rose Hill.' 

HADLEY, M. S., farmer. Sec. 17; 
P. O. Mauch Chunk; owns 133 
acres of land, valued at $35 per 
acre; born in Maine in 1829; 
came to Iowa in 1869; married 
Aurilla P. Thorp in 1858; she was 
born in New York in 1841; they 



700 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



have three children, Jolm H., 

Alice, and Jennie. Rei»nblican. 
Ilensel, Samuel, tanner, Sec. 29; P. 

O. Mauch Chunk. 
Henderson, Jaines, farmer, Sec. 20; 

P. (). Mauch Chunk. 
Hinkle, M. M., farmer. Sec. 22; P. 

O. Mauch Ciiunk 
Ilickox, Seth, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 

Mauch Chunk. 
Hollincrswortli, John, farmer, Sec. 

20; P. O. Rose Hill 
Hoffman, Ilenrv, farmer. Sec. 2i; P. 

O. Indianapolis. 
TARED. GEORGE AV., farmer, 
J Sec. 8; P. O. Mauch Chunk. 
Jared, Joel, farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 

Mauch Chunk. 

KAFKA, F. W., farmer, Sec. 
16; P. O. Mauch Chunk. 

Kafka, G., farmer, Sec. 8; P. O. 
Mauch Chunk. 

Kent, G. A., farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
Mauch Chunk. 

Kiser, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

Kikendall, A. D., wagon maker; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

King, Thomas, Sec. 1; P. O. Indi- 
anapolis. 

Knox, C. II., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

LEATHERS, J. H., dealer in 
general merchandise; owns 
160 acres of land, valued at $4:0 
per acre; born in. Morgan county, 
Indiana, in 1836; came to Iowa in 
1845; married M. A., Mattox in 
1861; she was born in Union 
county, Ohio, in 1840; have two 
children: Cordelia J., born in 
1862, and Mary Adelade, born in 
1864; are members of the Chris- 
tian church. Democrat. 

Leathers, G. W., farmer, Sec. 25; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

LIEURANCE, GEORGE, larmer. 
Sec. 5; P. O. Mauch Chunk; 
owns 142 acres of land, valued at 
$30 per acre; born in Clinton 
county, Ohio, in 1825; came to 
Iowa in 1844, and located in this 



county; married Amanda Jared 
in 1844; she was born in Ken- 
tucky, in 1827; have four chil- 
dren: Cynthia L., A. J., Joseph 
M., and Delbert C; Mr. Lieurance 
enlisted in company C, 40th Iowa, 
in 1862, and was discharged in 
1863; he had a commission as 
iirst lieutenant. Democrat. 

LIEURANCE, A. J., physician 
and dealer in general merchan- 
dise. Sec. 4; P. O. Mauch Chunk; 
owns 25 acres of land, valued at 
$25 per acre; born in Warren 
county, Illinois, in 1853, and came 
to Iowa in 1853 with his parents; 
married Ilattie Li])pard in 1876; 
she was born in this county in 
1853; have one chikl: Thurlow 
W. ; Mrs. Lieurance is a member 
of the Christian church. Demo- 
crat. 

Lippard, John, f;irmer. Sec. 12; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

Lord, I. E., farmer. Sec. 26; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Lugar, Jeremiah. 

MALEBY, H. B., farmer. Sec. 
11; P. O. Indianapolis. 

Mateer, C. C, farmer. Sec. 21; P. 
O. Mauch Chunk. 

McMAINS,G.W., farmer, Sec. Y; 
P. O. Mauch Chunk; owns 125 
acres of land, valued at $30 per 
acre; born in Montgomery coun- 
ty, Indiana, in 1833; came to 
Iowa in 1847; married Mary 
McMains in 1856; she was born 
in Indiana, in 1832; have three 
children: Jefferson, Van Evrie 
and Grace; Mr. McMains has been 
constable one term. Democrat. 

McClain, B. C, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

McCance, R. B., farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

McCann, E. IL, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

McClure, James, former. Sec. — ; P. 
O. Mauch Chunk. - 

McClure, J. T., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 
O. Mauch Chunk. 



MONROE TOWNSHIP. 



701 



Mickey, Wesley, fanner, Sec. 14; P. 

O. Indianapolis. 
Mick, William, fanner. Sec. 27; P. 

O. Rose Hill. 
Mills, Isaac, fanner. Sec. 34; P. O. 

Hose Hill. 
Moore, Isaac 0., fanner, Sec. 30; P. 

O. Rose Hill. 
Moore, W. II., fanner. Sec. 33; P. 

O. Rose Hill. 
Myers, G. W., fanner. Sec. 32; P. 

O. Rose Hill. 

OKEY, LEWIS, farmer. Sec 17; 
P. O. Mauch Chunk. 
PHILLIPS, JOSEPH, farmer, 
Sec. 5; P. O. Mauch Chunk. 
Piersel, W. S., farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
Indianapolis. 

REED, WILLIAM, farmer. Sec. 
5; P. O. Mauch Chunk. 

Reed, William J., farmer, Sec. 11; 
P. O. Indianapolis. 

RHTNEHAR T,W. C, farmer, Sec. 
36; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 313 
acres of land, valued at $10,000; 
born in Augusta countj^, Virgin- 
ia, in 1825; came to Iowa in 
1853 and settled in this county; 
married Ann E. Rowland in 1853; 
she was born in Ohio in 1827, and 
died in 1878; have six children: 
Laura, Attie, Xellie, Alice, Wil- 
lie and Anna; Mr. Rhinehart has 
been a member of the board of 
supervisors. Republican. 

ROBERTS, M.A., milling business, 
Sec. 4; owns 13 acres of land, val- 
ued at $8,000; born in Monroe 
county, Ohio, in 1833; came to 
Iowa in 1837 and settled in Des 
Moines county; removed to this 
countjMU 1852; married Amanda 
Watson in 1855; she was born in 
Sangamon county, Illinois, in 
1838; have six children: Delila, 
Leon, Anna, Cary, Frank and 
Mary. Democrat. 

Rowlands, A., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
Ruse Hill. 

Rogers, David, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
O. Mauch Chunk. 



Roberts, J. R., farmer. Sec. 20; P. 

O. Mauch Chunk. 
Roberts, II. F., farmer, Sec. 7; P. 

O. Mauch Chunk, 
Rutherford, C, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 

O. Mauch Chunk. 

SAPP, H. P., farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Sampson, A., farmer. Sec. 21; P. O. 
Rose Hill.' 

Sarvis, W. M., farmer, Sec. 20; P. 
O. Mauch Chunk. 

Sarvis, H. J., farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. 
Mauch Chunk. 

Sapp, Hendric, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. Rose Hill. 

Scott, F. M., farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. 
Rose Hill. 

Sewell, E., farmer. Sec. 10; P. O. 
Indiana]K)lis. 

SHAW,WM., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Mauch Chunch; owns 80 acres of 
land, valued at $35 per acre; born 
in Licking county, Ohio, in 1812; 
came to Iowa in 1857, and marri- 
ed Celesta J. Elsworfch in 1866; 
she was born in Monroe county, 
Ohio, in 1846; have five children, 
Anna B., Kate, Willie, Maud, 
Jessie B., Ilarley H. ; he enlisted 
in company C, 40th Infantry in 
1864, and discharged in 1865. 
Democrat. 

Simpson, John, Sr., farmer. Sec. 13; 
P. O. Indianapolis. 

Smith, AVilliam, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 
O. Indiana]iolis. 

SMITH, FRANK E., of the firm of 
Smith, McBride & Co., proprietors 
of Stone Ridge Mill; was born in 
Morrow county, Ohio, in 1850; 
came to Iowa in 1865, and locat- 
ed in Iowa City; i-emoved to Os- 
kaloosa in 1868, and married Mi- 
ra iS'^ye in 1876; she was born in 
Wisconsin in 1857; have one child, 
Lena F. Republican. 

Snodgrass, Jeff, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

STRINGFELLOW, JAS.H., f\irm- 
er. Sec. 21; P. O. Mauch Chunk; 



ro2 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



owns 130 acres of land, valued at 
$50 per acre; born in Kentucky 
in 1834, and came to Iowa in 
1857; married Nancy Duckworth 
in 1854; she was born in Shelby 
county Indiana, in 1840 ; have four 
children, Hobert, Eliza, Gary, 
Samuel. Democrat. 

Strino;fellow, James, farmer, Sec. — ; 
P. b. Mauch Chunk. 

Stringfellow, II., farmer Sec. 19; P. 
O. Mauch Chunk, 

STANDING, C, farmer, Sec. 26; 
P. O. Pose Hill, miller; born in 
England in 1844; married Emily 
Harding in 1870; she was born 
in Ingland in 1843; they have 
two children, Eliza E., and Nellie 
A. They are members of the 
Friends' church. 

STRINGFELLOW, J. J., farmer, 
Sec. 31; P. O. Rose Hill; owns 
160 acres of land, valued at $30 
per acre; born in Owen count}^ 
Kentucky, in 1845, and came to 
Iowa in 1850; married Mary Wy- 
more in 1865; she was born in 
Iowa in 1851; have four children, 
Willie A., Franklin, Elma, Ohas. 
Democrat. 

Stringfellow, William, farmer, Sec. 
30; P. O. Mauch Chunk. 

Stringfellow, (x. W., farmer, Sec. 19; 
P. t>. Mauch Chunk. 

Stephens, N., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O, 
Mauch Chunk. 

Stephens, Zedakiah, farmer, Sec. 5; 
P. (). Mauch Chuidc. 

SUMMERS, JOSEPH M., former, 
Sec. IS; P. O. Mauck Chunk; 
owns 80 acres of land, valued at 
$30 per acre; born in Indiana in 
1841; married Margaret McMains 
in 1860; she was born in Missouri 
in 1842; they have seven children, 
Lizzie, Mary, John, Orie, Henrj'', 
Clyde and Clara. Democrat. 

SUMMERS, JOHN, tarmer. Sec. 
17; P. O. Mauck Chunk; owns 
200 acres of land, valued at $35 
per acre; born in Scott count}^, 
Virginia, in 1817; came to Iowa 



in 1849, and married Nancy M}^- 
ers, who was born in North Caro- 
lina in 1820; they have eight 
children, Joseph M., Mary J., 
John C, Frank P., Isaac W., 
Welthy Ann, Elijah O., Lemuel. 
Democrat. 

TANNER, D. A., farmer, Sec. — , 
P. O. Rose Hill. 
Tate, Uriah, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 

Mauch Chunk. 
Taylor, James, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 

O. Rose Hill. 
Tanner, L. C, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O. 

Rose Hill. 
Thomas, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 8; 

P. O. Mauch Chunk. 
Thomas, Henry, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 

O. Mauch Chunk. 
Thomas, Owen, Jr., Mauch Chunk. 
Tinsley, D., farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. 

Indianapolis. 
Turner L. P., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 

M. Mauch Chunk. 
Tucker, J. C, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. 

Mauck Chunk. 

UPDEGRAFF, J., farmer. Sec. 
11 ; P. O. Indianapolis. 

\ A T'ALKER, ROBERT, farm- 
V V er. Sec. 21 ; P. O. Indian- 
apolis; born in Pennsylvania, Oct. 
20, 1804; in 1808 his parents re- 
moved to Ohio, where he remain- 
ed until his removal to this coun- 
ty in 1852, and has resided on the 
same farm since that time; owns 
120 acres of land; he married Miss 
Ruth Brown, in 1834; she was 
born in Yirginia; has one daugh- 
ter, Rachel, wife of A. Sampson* 

WELLS, ALBERT, farmer, Sec. 6; 
P. O. Mauch Chunk; owns 120 
acres of land, valued at $35 per 
acre; born in Genesee county. 
New York, in 1830, came to Iowa 
in 1867, and located on his pres- 
ent farm; married Hannah Ham- 
mond, in 1847, she was born in 
Champaign county, Ohio, in 1830; 
they have nine children, Henrietta, 
Celia, Ralph, Reuben, Austin, 



t 



PLEASANT GROVE TOWNSHIP. 



703 



Ida, Frank, Bruce, Charlie. Re- 
publican. 

Wendel, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O Indianapolis. 

Webster, T. B., farmer. Sec. 8; P. O. 
Maucli Chunk. 



Wilson, J. J., farmer, Sec. — ; P. O. 

Indianapolis. 
Wjnor, F. J\[., farmer, Sec. 17; P. 

O. Mauch Chunk. 



IPXjE-^S-^lSrT <3-ISO"V"E TOT7;7-:bTS:E3:iI=. 



ALLEN, ISAAC, farmer. Sec. 
21 ; P. O. Agricola. 
BARNES, JAMES IP, farmer. 
Sec. 16; P. O. Agricola. 
Bell, James, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. 

Agricola. 
Berkimer, S. E., Sec. IS; P. O. 

Agricola. 
BiUick, M. L , Sec. 21; P. O. Agri- 
cola. 
Blancheon, C. W., tanner, Sec. 22; 

P. O. Agricola. 
Boswell William, farmer. Sec. 4; 

P. O. Agricola. 
Bodenhamer, J. S., Sec. 31; P.O. 

Mauch Chunk. 
Bodenhamer, J. M., farmer. Sec. 

31; P. O.Union Mills. 
Bracken, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 36: 

P. O. Coal Creek. 
Bradbury, Sarah, Sec. 17; P. O. 

Agricola. 

CARVER, J. G., farmer, Sec. 
11; P. O. Agricola. 

Carver, Asher, farmer, Sec. 2.5; P. 
O. Coal Creek. 

CARR, RICHARD, broker, Agri- 
cola;' born in New York in 1846, 
came to this county July 13, 
1874; he enlisted in the late war 
and received wounds that 
have maimed him for life; he 
married Miss Ellen Couse in 
1874; she was born in New York. 

Coffee, Wm., farmer. Sec. 9; P. O. 
Agricola. 

Crull, George, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

DARLAND, WM. H., farmer, 
Sec. 3; P. O. Agricola. 
Dixon, N. J., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

47 



Dugger, M. C, flirmer. Sec. 1; P. 
O. Agricola. 

ELSTON, ABRAM, fiirmer. Sec. 
10; P. O. Agricola. 
Evans, James, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 

O. Agricola. 
Evving, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 32; P. 
O. Mauch Chunk. 

FIERLING, G.AY, farmer, Sec. 
20; P. O. Agricola. 
Fisher, S. L., Sec. 16; P. O. Agri- 
cola. 
Fisher, Ellwood, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 

O. Indianapolis. 
Fisher, Mellissa E., farmer, Sec. 16; 

P. O. Agricola. 
Fisher, William, farmer. Sec. 26; 

P. O. Indianapolis. 
Fisher, Elizabeth, farmer, Sec. 21; 

P. O. Agricola. 
Fisher, Amasa, retired physician, 

Sec. 26; P. O. Indianapolis. 
Fisher, B. F., farmer, Sec. 21; P. 

O. Agricola. 
France, Hannah, Sec. 32; P. O. 

Coal Creek. 

GOULD, RACHEL, widow. Sec. 
33; P. O. Indianapolis. 

Gregory, Nathan, laborer, Agricola. 

Grubb,'Thos., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. 
Indianapolis. 

GRUBB, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 
35; P. O. Indianapolis; born in 
1831, and came to this county in 
1855; owns 300 acres of land; 
has held the office of school direc- 
tor; married Miss Mariah Kelly, 
in 1853; she was born in Pa.; has 
six children, Henry, John, Sam- 
uel, Rebecca, Annie, and Eliza- 
beth. 



704 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



HATCHER, ELWOOD, farm- 
er, stock feeder ami stock 
dealer. Sec. 34; P. O. Indianapo- 
lis; born in Portage county, Ohio, 
in 1833, and came to this county 
in 1856; owns 500 acres of land; 
has held offices of township trus- 
tee and school director; lie mar- 
ried Miss Clara E.Lewis, in 1855; 
she was born in Trumbull county, 
Ohio; the}'- have seven children, 
Emma F., Charlie E., Albert L., 
Ida M., Cora D., Edward J., and 
Lewis. 

Hatcher, E. K., Sec. 36; P. O. Indi- 
anapolis. 

Hawk, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
Coal Creek. 

Llarris, S. B., farmer, Sec. 17; P. O. 
Agricola. 

Hazlett, Wm., farmer, See. 14; P.O. 
Agricola. 

Hickox, Stephen, farmer, Sec. 32; 
P. O. Manch Chunk. 

Houghton, O. P., farmer, See. 28; 
P. O. Indianapolis. 

HUTCHINSON, J. H., merchant 
and hotel keeper, Agricola; born 
in Ohio, in 1842; came to this 
State in 1857, and to this county 
in 1874; owns 217 acres of land; 
holds the offices of justice of the 
peace and postmaster; he man'ied 
Miss Ellen Lizor, in 1863; she 
was born in Wayne county, Ohio; 
have two children, John and Sil- 
las. 

JONES, D. A., merchant, Agrico- 
la; born in Indiana, in 1837; 
came to this county in 1863; he 
came to this State in 1857, set- 
tling in Poweshiek county; he 
married Miss Mary AVarman, in 
1862; she was born in Indiana; 
they have eight children, Nancv 
A. Albert G., John P., Carrie B"., 
Forris A,, Charlie E. ; lost two 
in infancy. 

KANNAL, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
27; P. O. Indianapolis. 
Kelly, Jesse, farmer, Sec. 34; P. O. 
Indianapolis. 



Kitzman, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 25; 
P. O. Coal Creek. 

LESTEPv, DAVID, farmer, Sec. 
2; P. O. Agricola. 

Lester, James R, farmer. Sec. 23; 
P. O. Agricola. 

Lester, John, farmer, Sec. 3; P. O. 
Agricola. 

LESTER, WM., former, Sec. 12; 
P. O. Agricola; born in County 
Doun, Ireland, May 10, 1829; 
he came to the United States in 
1848, and settled in Philadelphia; 
afterward emigrated to Michigan, 
and came to this county in 1856; 
he married Miss Jane Bell, in 
1851; she was born in Ireland; 
they have nine children, David, 
William, Betsey A., Jennie, Ju- 
lia, Louisa, Joey, James, and 
Thomas. 

Lipsey, L. J., fiirmer, Sec. 35 ; P. O, 
Indianapolis. 

Lipsey, John, farmer. Sec. 35; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

Likins, William, carpenter, Agri- 
cola. 

Low, James, farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Agricola. 

LYONS, THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 
22; P. O. Indianapolis; born in 
County Doun, Ireland, in 1826, 
and came to this count}^ in 1856; 
owns 160 acres of land; has held 
the offices of school director and 
treasurer, township trustee; he 
married Miss Ann J. Lester, in 
1850; she was born in Ireland; 
they have two children, David 
and Jennie. 

Lyons, D. L., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. 
Agricola. 

MANNING, R. T., farmer, 
Sec- 20; P. O. Agricola. 
McCartney, Isaac, farmer. Sec. 34 ; 

P. O. . 

McMahen, William H., farmer. Sec. 

27; P. O. Indianapolis. 
McSpadden, James, farmer, Sec. 16; 

P. O. Agricola. 
McSpadden, H. W., farmer, Sec. 19; 

P. O. Agricola. 



PLEASANT GEOVE TOWNSHIP. 



705 



McMains, Wm. H., farmer, Sec. 31 
P. O. Union Mills. 

McCartney, James, farmer, Sec. 34 
F. O. Indianapolis. 

McSpadden, J. C., farmer, Sec. 10 
P. O. Agricola. 

McSpadden, S. K., farmer. Sec. 16 
P. O. Agricola. 

Miller, John T., farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
O. . 

Middleton, Aaron, farmer. Sec. 2-1 
P. O. Indianapolis. 

Morrow, James II., farmer, Sec. 33 
P. O. Manch Clinnk. 

Morrow, Wm., farmer. Sec 29; P 
O. Agricola, 

Morrow, H. G., farmer. Sec. 17; P 
O. Agricola. 

Moore, N. J., blacksmith, P. O. Ag- 
ricola. 

J^tiisgrove, James M., farmer. Sec. 4; 
P."(). Agricola. 

Mickel, Wm., farmer, Sec. 5; P. O. 
Agricola. 
lEIRSELL, E. C, farmer, Sec. 
35; R O. Agricola. 

PLAYLES, ALLEN, /armer anrl 
dealer in organs and pianos, Agri- 
cola; born in Kentncky, in 1826; 
•came to this county in 1851 ; owns 
40 acres of land; has lield offices 
of postmaster and justice of the 
peace. He married Miss Susan F. 
Darley, in 1847; she was born in 
Kentucky; they have three child- 
ren: George L., Marietta, and El- 
lorai lost one daughter, Nancy J. 

REED, A, R, farmer. Sec. 30; 
R O. Union Mills, 

Riggs, Tracy, farmer. Sec. 19; P. O. 
Agricola, 

Rumford, C. E., farmer. Sec 23; P. 
O. Coal Creek. 

RUBLE, C. S., tarmer, Sec 5; P. O. 
Agricola; b(^rn in Parke county, 
Ind,. in 1842; he came to this Co. 
in 1863; owns 45 acres of land; 
he hgs held the offices of township 
trustee, school director, president 
of the board, and has been acting 
assessor four years. He married 
Elizabeth Wjmore, in 1874; she 



was born in Parke Co., Indiana; 
lias one child, Sadie; lost two, 
Iowa and Alvah. 

SAULTS, JOSEPH, flirmer. Sec 
10 ; P. O. Agricola ; born in 
County Doun, Ireland, in 1828, 
came to the United States in 1847, 
and to this county in 1855; owns 
505 acres of land. He married 
Miss Ann Bell, in 1850; she was 
born in the same county ; has five 
children: Jos. A., Wm. J., Eliza- 
beth, Bella and Robert J. 

Sarvis, Daniel, farmer, Sec 21; P. 
O. Agricola, 

Sarvis, H. A., farmer. Sec 9; P. O. 
Agricola. 

Sarvis, Samuel, farmer. Sec 9; P. 
O. Agricola. 

Sarvis, John U., farmer. Sec 9; P. 
O. Agricola. 

Sharp, (jreorge, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Sharp, G. II., farmer. Sec 18; P. O. 
Agric^jla, 

Shion, D. A., tarmer, Sec 10; P. O. 
Agricola. 

SMITH, WM., larmei. Sec 12; P. 
O. Mauch Chunk; born in Dauphin 
county, Penn., in 1818; came to 
this county in June, 1852; owms 
167 acres of land. He has held 
offices of school director, township 
trustee, and justice of the peace; 
he married Nancy Brinseq, in 
1845; she was born in Pennsylva- 
nia; has three children: Joseph, 
K., Samuel H., and Sarah J. 

Soults, J. A., farmer. Sec 13; P. O. 
Agricola, 

Soults, Wm., J,, farmer. Sec 13; P. 
O. Agricola. 

Sparks, James A., farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
O. Agricola, 

Sturgeon, James, farmer, Sec 23; P. 
O. Indianapolis. 

Sturgeon, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 13; 
P. O. Agricola. 

TAYLOR, AMOS, farmer. Sec 
35; P. O. Indianapolis. 
Taylor, C. V., farmer, Sec 5; P. O. 
Asrricola, 



706 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Tunnel, Wm. H. H., farmer, Sec. 
19; P. O. Union Mills. 

VAIL, ELISHA, tanner. Sec. 2; 
P. O. Agricola. 

Yail, E. G., farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. 
Coal Creek. 

VER3IILLI0X, J. J., farmer, Sec. 
6; P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek 
eonnty; born in Jefferson conntv, 
Ohio, in 1827; came to this coun- 
ty in 1869; OAvns 160 acres of 
land; has held offices of justice of 
the peace and school director; he 
married Eachel P. Moore in 1855; 
she was born in Ohio, and died in 
February, 1873; he afterwards 
married Mrs. Eliza J. Coder in 
February, 1875; she was born in 
Pennsylvania; lie has four children 
by the first marriage, William M., 
jyiary E., Charles M., and Clarence 
B. Mrs. Vermillion was previously 
married to John Coder, who was 
born in PennsAdvania, and died in 
1873, leaving three children, Har- 



rison ^Y., Harvey C, and Hiram 
P. Coder. 

WATTS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
29; P. O. Agricola. 

Warrington, Nathan, farmer. Sec. 
25; P. O. Coal Creek. 

Walker, Samuel, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Agricola. 

Wells, "N., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. 
Agricola. 

Wilson, Jesse, physician, Agricola. 

WY3I0RE, A. J., farmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Agricola; born in Indiana in 
1832; came to this county in 1850; 
owns 190 acres of land; has held 
office of scliool director; he married 
Nancy Shai-p in 1854; she was born 
in Indiana; has seven children, 
George H., Daniel, Sarah J,, Wil- 
liam, Charlie, Cora, and Louisa. 

Wymore, Geo. H., farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
O. Agricola, 

W'ymore, A. M., farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. Agricola. 
'EADON, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 



Y^ 



7 ; P. O. Agricola. 



TT3SriO^T TO'^TsT-nSTSKCII^. 



ADKINSON, J., farmer, Sec. 
32; P. O. New Sharon. 

Almond, W. S., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

ALMOND, W. A., farmer. Sec. 34; 
P. O. Union Mills; born in Ken- 
tucky in 1846; came to this county 
in March, 1875; owns 40 acres of 
land; he married Alice Bunting in 
1868; she was born in Ohio; have 
two children, Herman S., and Al- 
vie S. 

Allen, Abner, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Anderson, Andrew, farmer. Sec. 4; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Andre, Jonathan, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 
O. New" Sharon. 

ATHERTON, ABNER, farmer, 
Sec. 19; P. O. New Sharon; born 
in Ohio in 1823; came to this 
county first in 1857 and remained 
two years; he then returned to 



Grundy county, Illinois, where he 
remained until his removal to this 
county in 1876; he owns 240 acres 
of land; he married Miss Maria 
Ilartman in 1857; she was born in 
Indiana; have six children, Amos 
P., Mary J., Wesley A., William 
H., Lueila M., and L. David. 

BARNES, JOSEPH, farmer. Sec. 
1 ; P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek 

county. 

Bass, Wm. M., farmer. Sec. 20; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Bass, Wm. L., farmer, Sec. 28; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

BAUGHMAN, A., miller and pro- 
prietor of Baughman's Mills, Sec. 
17; P. O. New Sharon; born in 
Pennsylvania in 1814; came to 
this county in 1853; owns 167 
acres of land; previous to his re- 
moval to this county he lived in 
Ohio and Indiana j he married 



UNION TOWNSHIP. 



707 



Levina Ivaufiman in 1842; she was 
born in Pennsylvania, and died in 
1863; he aftenvard married Phil- 
inda Bump in 1863; she was horn 
in Ohio; has ei^ht children by 
first marriage, Elias, Elizabeth, 
Henry, Kebecca, John, Melissa, 
Abraham, and David; and two by 
the second marriage, Francis A., 
and Willis II. 

Biggs, Meeker, farmer, Sec. 11; P. 
O" Union Mills. 

Boyce, C. W., farmer, Sec. 25 ; P. O. 
ITnion Mills. 

BOLTON, E. P., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
O. Union Mills; born in Knox 
county, Ohio, in 1842; came to 
this connty in 1866; owns 80 acres 
of land; enlisted in the Soth Ohio 
Infantry in the late war; he mar- 
ried Miss Emeline McMains in 
December, 1867; she was born in 
this county; have two children, 
Ernest, and Delia M. ; lost one 
son, 011a E. 

BOYCE, A.T., former. Sec. 25; P. 
O. Union Mills; born in "Wash- 
ington county, N. Y., in 1808 ; for 
seventeen years he was a sailor; 
came to this county in 1868; he 
married Eliza P. Tabor in 1849; 
she was born in New York; have 
three children, Charles Wo, Mor- 

fan P., and Allen A.; lost two, 
'rank, and Phebe J. 

BROOKS, T. L., farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 
O. Sherman, Poweshiek county; 
born in Maryland, April 25, 1827; 
came to this county in 1851; owns 
272 acres of land; his door-yard 
is ornamented with the largest and 
most handsome evergreens in the 
county; he has held office of town- 
ship trustee and school director; 
he married Miss Catharine Mass, 
in 1849; she was born in Mary- 
land; has 7 children, William K., 
Charles T., Sarah D., Ann M., 
Alice, Frances P. and Clara. 

Briggs, William, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 
O. New Sharon. 



Briggs, Thomas, fiirmer, Sec. 29; P. 

O. New Sharon. 
Bryant, David, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 

Forest Home. 
Bushby, Johnson, farmer, Sec. 32; P. 

O. New Sharon. 
Busliby, John, farmer, Sec. 28 ; P. 

O. New Sharon. 
Bushby, R. E., farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. 

New Sharon. 

CAMPBELL, DENNIS, farmer, 
Sec. 10 ; P. O. Union Mills. 

CAMPBELr., JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
27; P. O.Union Mills; born in 
Pennsylvania, in 1826; came to 
this county in 1853; owns 160 
acres of land; he married Miss 
Belinda Moore, in 1840; she was 
born in Pennsylvania, and died 
February 13, 1850 ; lie afterward 
married Mary Mitchell, April 10, 
1851; she was born in Pennsyl- 
vania; has 6 children, Mary Be- 
linda, Nancy P., William J., Ella 
J., Nevada A. and Ruth E. 

Cattell Lewis, farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
New Sliaron. 

Caster, Panl, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Champion, Rachel, widow. Sec. 27; 
P. O. Union Mills. 

Chamberlain, R., farmer, Sec. 4; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Chew, J. S., farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
Sherman. 

Chew, Asa, farmer, Sec. 16; P. O, 
Union Mills. 

Champion, William M., farmer. Sec 
27 ; P. O. Union Mills. 

Cline, Henry, farmer; Sec. 23; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

DANIELSON, D. II., farmer, 
Sec. 20; P. O. New Sharon. 
Darland, J. B., farmer, Sec. 24; P. 

O. Union Mills. 
Doze, A. C, farmer. Sec. 17; P. O. 

New Sharon. 
Dorv, Casper, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. 

Union Mills. 
DUDGEON, HUGH, tanner, Sec. 

14; P. O. Union Mills; born in 



708 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Knox county, Ohio, April 1, 1835; 
came to this county in 1867; 
owns 87-^ acres of hind ; he en- 
listed in the 38th Iowa Infantry, 
in the late war; he married Miss 
Melissa Lepley, in 1865; she was 
born in Knox county, Ohio; has 2 
children, Alice and Edgar. 
Dutton, J. B., farmer, Sec. 31; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

EFLIN, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 35; 
P. O. IS ew Sharon. 

EFLIN^ A. J., farmer and raiser of 
Poland-China swine. Sec. 29; P. 
O. JNew Sharon; born in I^iorth- 
nmberland county, Pa., in 1839; 
came to this county in 1866; owns 
80 acres of land; has held office of 
school director: he married Miss 
Jane A. Scott, in 1861; she was 
born in Fulton connty, Illinois; 
has 6 children, Ida M., Edson A , 
Lewis L, Eleana, George P. and 
Baby. 

Erickson, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 18; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

EVANS, WM. E., farmer, and pro- 
prietor of Evans' Coal Banks, Sec. 
8; P. O. New Sharon; born in 
Wales, in 1822; came to this coun- 
try in 18-19, to this State in 1856, 
and to this county in 1858; owns 
1100 acres of land; he married 
Mary Jones, in 1856; she was 
born in Wales; has 8 children, 
William, Lizzie, Anna, Lilla, Nel- 
lie, Grace, Pannie, Evan and Riva; 
lost 1 daughter, Lizzie. 

EVANS, WILLIAM, farmer and 
stock raiser, Sec. 33; P. O. Union 
Mills; born in Virginia, in 1829; 
came to this county in 1860; he 
has taken great interest for years 
in raising Norman horses and 
mules, and the growing favor of 
these horses, and the improve- 
ment made in the stock through- 
out tliis section, is largely attrib- 
uted to him; he married Miss 
Sarah J. Brown, in 18-19; she was 
born in Fayette county, Pa.; has 8 
children, Mary E., Albert L., John 



W. Adam B., Isaac E., Martha A., 
Emily J. and George; he enlisted 
in the 33d Iowa Infantry, in the 
late M'ar, and served 3 years, a 
greater portion of the time in the 
detective service in Indianapolis 
EVANS, ROBERT, farmer and 
miner, Sec. 9; P. O. New Sharon; 
born in Wales, August 25, 1848; 
came to this county in 1869; owns 
82 acres of land, on which he has 
a vein of coal averao^ino^ four feet 
in thickness. 

FAULKNER, ALLEN, farmer, 
Sec. 31; P. O. New Sharon. 

FERRELL, F.W., fanner. Sec. 35; 
P. O. Union Mills; born in Ohio 
in 1816; came to this county in 
March, 1857; owns 200 acres of 
land; has held office of school di- 
rector; he married Hope Addis, 
in 1840; she was born in Penn.; 
has five children, Mary I., Eliza- 
beth J., Ann E., John M. and 
Cora. 

Foster, Nicholas, farmer, Sec. 12; 
P. O. Union Mills. 

Fisher, Rachel, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. Sherman. 

Fisher, Jacob F., farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

FRY, JOHN H., physician and 
surgeon. Sec. 27, P. O. Union 
Mills; born in Union county, 
Pennsylvania, in 1820; came to 
this county in 1850; owns 320 
acres of land; has practiced medi- 
cine thirty years; has held office 
of supervisor; he enlisted as 
surgeon of the 47th Iowa Infantry, 
and had charge of the general 
hospital at Helena; he married 
Miss Catharine Cowle in 1845; 
she was born in Pennsylvania; 
they have twelve children, Cora 
J., Mary L., Anna E., Seward, 
J. Willis, Cassie I., Lntie S., Tim, 
Addison, Jesse H., Paul T., Edna. 

GOTT, THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 
36; P. O. Union Mills. 
Gorsuch, J. C, farmer. Sec. 11 ; P. 
O. Sherman. 



UNION TOWNSHIP. 



709 



Gorsnch AYm., former, Sec. 11; P. 
O. Sherman. 

Gorsuch, E. W., farmer, Sec. 1; P. 
O. Sherman. 

Gorsnch, J. M., blacksmith, Sec. 2; 
P. O. Sherman. 

GORSUCH, J. R., farmer, Sec. 2; 
P. O. Sherman, Poweshiek conntj; 
born in Ohio, in 1831; came to 
this connty in 1857; owns 350 
acres of land; he married Miss E. 
McMasters in 1857; she was born 
in North Carolina; has seven chil- 
dren, Samnel, Martha, Robert, 
Matilda, Irene, James and Mary; 
lost one son, Charles. 

Groves, Benjamin, farmer, Sec. 26; 
P. O. Union Mills. 

Groves, J. W., farmer, Sec. 26; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

Graham, James, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

GRAHAM, E.W., farmer. Sec. 36; 
P. O. Union Mills; born in Jeifer- 
son connty, Indiana, in 1831; 
came to this connty May 2, 1855; 
he owns 180 acres of land; has 
held offices of township treasnrer 
and school director; he enlisted in 
the 31st Iowa Infantry in the late 
war, and served tiiree years; he 
married Miss Margaret H. AVat- 
son in 1852; she was born in 
Indiana; has three children, Flor- 
ence E., Ginn and Morton Y.; one 
danghter, Mary L., died in March, 
1874, aged eleven months. 

GRAHAM, J. W., farmer. Sec. 15; 
P. O. Union Mills; born in Jefier- 
son connty, Iowa, in 1844; came 
to this connty in 1846; owns 80 
acres of land ; he married Hannah 
M. Ogle in 1869; she was born 
in Maryland; has fonr children, 
Frank L., Wilbert, Freddie and 
Baby; has served as school di- 
rector; he enlisted in the Fortieth 
Iowa Infantry, and served until 
the close of the war. 

GRAHAM, L. W., farmer, Sec. 15; 
P. O. Union Mills; born in this 
county, May 8, 1846; owns 80 



acres of land; has held office of 
township clerk, assessor, and acted 
as president of the school board ; 
he married Miss Esther E. Pfoutz 
in 1860; she was born in Mary- 
land; has two children, Tulla E. 
and Elmer E.; lost two children 
in infancy. 

HAGEMAN, A. P., blacksmith, 
Sec. 22; P. O. Union Mills. 

Ilardman, J. M., farmer, Sec. 32; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

HEITSMAN, J.B., farmer, and pro- 
prietor of Heitsman's Coal Banks, 
Sec. 8; P. O. New Sharon; born 
in Pennsylvania, in 1845; came 
to this connty in 1853; owns 280 
acres of land; he married Miss 
Magdalene Fisher, March 23, 1871 ; 
she was born in Ohio; has three 
children, Olive, John and Flora. 

Hevelin, L., farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
Sherman. 

Hedge, A. J., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Holder, J. L., farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Hope, Thomas, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
Sherman. 

HOLT, J., dealer in general mer- 
chandise, Sec. 2; P. O. Sherman, 
Poweshiek connty; born in Phil- 
adelphia, in 1833; came to this 
connty in 1850; owns 200 acres 
of land; holds office of postmas- 
ter; he married Miss S. E. Chew, 
in 1861 ; has four children, Charles, 
Bertha, Susan and Effie. 

Hughes, Joseph, miner. Sec. 9; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Hull, N. S., farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Hunt, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
O. Sherman. 

Hughes, Charles, miner, Sec. 9; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Hughes, Ed., miner. Sec. 9; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Hughes, Mary N., farmer, Sec. 9; 

P. O. New Sharon. 
TAMES, S. C, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 

cJ O. Union Mills; born in In- 



710 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY, 



diana, in 1849; came to this coun- 
ty in 1852; owns 40 acres of land; 
he married Eliza Wilson in 1875; 
she was born in Ohio; has two 
children, Zella and Baby. 

James, John II., farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

James. Barney, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

Anderson, James, farmer. Sec. 2G ; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

James, Lnke, farmer, Sec. 25; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Jones, Edward, miner, Sec. 9; P. O. 
!New Sharon. 

Jones, B., farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. 
Sherman. 

KINDIG, SAMUEL, former. 
Sec. 29; P. O. New Sharon. 

Kisor, M. L., farmer, Sec. 12; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Ivisor, David, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Kisor, C. M., farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Kisor, James, miner, Sec. 18; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

KISOR, R., farmer, Sec.^14; P. O. 
Union Mills; born in Knox coun- 
ty, Ohio, in 1819, and came to 
this county in 1856; owns 40 
acres of land; has held office of 
school director; he married Miss 
Marj' Buckingham, in 1842; she 
was born in Greene county. Pa.; 
have five children, Gary M., Me- 
lissa C, William S., Mary E., and 
Nancy V. 

Kindicr,' W. II., farmer. Sec. 29; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

KLINKER, J. J., farmer. Sec. 24; 
P. O. Union Mills; was born in 
Germany, 1807; came to the 
United States in 1818, and to tuis 
county in 1844, being one of the 
first settlers in the county; he 
owns 360 acres of land; has 
held the offices of supervisor and 
school director; he married Miss 
Margaret McCabe, who was born 
in Fairfield count3% Ohio; have 
seven children, Henry, Catharine, 



Joseph, "Wesley, Emma, Theodore, 
and Sylvester. 

Klinker, Henry, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

Klinker, T., farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Klinker, Wesley, farmer. Sec. 24; 
^ P. O. Union Mills. 

Kneudson, Gunder, farmer. Sec. 18; 
P. O. Union Mills. 

Kopp, J. F.,/armer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

T ATCHEM, JAMES S., farm- 

-I — t er. Sec. 2; P. O. Sherman, 
Poweshiek county; born in Cam- 
den county, N. J., in 1826, and 
came to this State in 1856; owns 
152 acres of land; he married 
Miss Elizabeth Porch, 1852; she 
was born in New Jersey, and died 
October 17, 1866; he afterward 
married Mrs. Isabell Watkins, 
May 3, 1868; has three children, 
Belle, Maggie E. and Nellie E.; 
Mrs. Latchem was previously 
married to John E. Watkins, in 
1856; he was born in Ohio, and 
died July 8, 1865; left two 'chil- 
dren, Ida I. and Laura A. 

Larson, Lars, farmer, Sec. 7; P.O. 
New Sharon, 

Larson, Marsilius, farmer. Sec. 7; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Latcham, Thos, farmer, Sec. 2; P. O. 
Sherman. 

Lamond, John, farmer. Sec. 1; P. 
O. Sherman. 

Litzenburg, F. V., farmer, Sec. 13; 
P. O. Sherman. 

Lockwood, Joseph, farmer. Sec. 22; 
P. O. Union Mills. 

Lockard, John, farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

McMAINS, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
34; P.O.Union Mills; born 
in Owen county, Ky., January 18, 
1815; in 1825 he removed to In- 
diana, where he remained iuntil 
1836, when he came to Cedar 
county, Iowa, where he remained 
eight j^ears; he then returned to 
Indiana, remaining three years, 



UNION TOWNSHIP. 



711 



and came to this county in 1847; 
he settled on the land he now 
owns, and has lived there ever 
since that time; he owns 676 acres 
of land; has held offices of town- 
ship trustee and school director; 
married Jane Goddard in 1837; 
she was born in Kentucky, and 
died in 1858; he afterward mar- 
ried Rachel Chidester, Jan. 1, 
1861; she was born in JS^ew York; 
has eitrht children, Elizabeth, 
Ann, Mary E., Isaiah, William, 
Oliver, Ida and Erastus; one son, 
Robert, enlisted in the 8tli Iowa 
Infantry, and was killed at Cor- 
inth. 

Marsh, W. P., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

Marsh, J. M., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

McKain, Wm., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

McGritf, John, farmer, Sec. 4; New 
Sharon. 

MILLER, V.B., farmer, Sec. 36; 
P. O. Union Mills; born in High- 
land county, Ohio, in 1836; came 
to this county in October, 1872; 
has held office of school director; 
he married Miss Sarah Larkin, in 
1860; she was born in Ohio; has 
three children, John, Charles and 
Frank; owns 157 acres of land. 

Miller, Philip, farmer, P. O. Union 
Mills. 

Mitchel, Jacol), farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Mincer, T. F., farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Moffiit, Robert, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

NAYLOR, ALBERT, farmer. 
Sec. 10; P.O. New Sharon. 
OGBORN, J. E., farmer and 
blacksmith. Sec. 15; P. O. 
Union Mills; born in "Wayne 
county, Ind., in 1828; came to 
this county in June, 1855; owns 
90 acres of land; has held the 
offices of justice of the peace and 
school director; he married Miss 

48 



Martha Lane in 1849; she was 
born in Butler county, Ohio; they 
have nine children, Wilbern, 
Horace H., Frank, Katie L., Ar- 
thur, Mollie, Alice, Ollie, and 
Fred. 

Ogborn, W. H., farmer, Sec. 15; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

Olson, Erick, farmer. Sec. 7; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Orrell, Harry, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

PFOUTZ, PETER, farmer, Sec. 
33; P. O. Union Mills; born 
in Maryland in 1815; lived three 
years in Ohio, and came to this 
county in 1856; owns 170 acres of 
land; he married Sarah A. Penner 
in 1845; she was born in Mary- 
land; they have three children, 
George W., Esther E., and Tawell 
G. 

Pilgrim, Wm., farmer, Sec. 33; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

Porter, John, farmer. Sec. 32; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

QUAINTANCE, E. O., farmer. 
Sec. 18; P. O. New Sharon. 
REED, A. B., farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Union Mills. 
Rogers, Daniel T., farmer, Sec. 20; 

P. O. New Sharon. 
Rowley, Reuben, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 

O. Union Mills. 
Rockwell, A., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

SCHECHTER, J., farmer. Sec. 
32; P. O. New Sharon. 

Schechter, A., farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Sheeley, Beverly, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Smith, L. M., farmer, sec. 23; P. O. 
Union Mills. 

Smith. G. W., farmer, Sec. 13; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

SMITH, HUGH, f^irmer and propri- 
etor of Smith's coal banks, Sec. 9; 
P. O. New Sharon; born in Scot- 
land in 1822; came to the United 
States in 1851, and lived six years 
in Maryland, and then removed to 



712 



DIEECTOKT OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



Jackson county, Wisconsin, com- 
ing to this county in 186-i; owns 
72 acres of land; he lias held 
offices of township trustee and 
school director; he married Miss 
Margaret Moffattin 1848; she was 
born in Scotland; they have 
twelve children, Jeanett, Marj-, 
Isabell, John, Margaret, Robert, 
William, Hugh, James, Lizzie, 
Albert, and Flora. 

Strom, K., farmer. Sec. 18; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

Stout, John, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. 
Union Mills, 
ments and live stock; Sec. 19; P. 

THOMPSON, T. S., farmer and 
dealer in agricultural imple- 
O. New Sharon; born in Trum- 
bull county, Ohio, in 1839; came 
to this county in 1864; owns 170 
acres of land; has held the office 
of township trustee; he married 
Miss Sarah Sheldon in 1863; she 
was born in the same place; have 
two children, Lucius and LeRo)'. 

Thatcher, N. W., farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

Tilford. Eobert, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
O. Sherman. 

Trager. Wm. F., tanner, Sec. 4; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

UPTON, WALKER, farmer,Sec. 
32; P. O. New Sharon. 



Upton David, farmer. Sec. 32 ; P. O. 
New Sharon. 

VANCE, H. B, farmer, Sec. 16; 
P. O. Union Mills. 

Yail, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 20; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

T 7^ 7^ ATKINS, T. L., farmer. Sec. 
V V 4; P. O. Sherman. 

Wendahl,. Andrew, farmer. Sec. 17; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Wheeler., C. T, farmer. Sec. 14; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

WESTON, GEO., farmer. Sec. 36; 
P. O. Union Mills; born in Ohio, 
in 1854; came to this county in 
1865; his father, Thomas Weston, 
was born in Richmond, Virginia, 
in 1794, and came to this county 
in 1865; he married Susan Thom- 
as, in 1830; she was born in Vir- 
ginia; has four children : MaryE., 
George, Kossuljji, and Salina A. ; 
has lost seven children. 

Whiteman, Elijah, farmer, Sec. 17; 
P. O. New Sharon. 

Widows, Wm., farmer Sec. 15; P.O. 
Union Mills. 

Wilkinson, John P., former. Sec. 1; 
P. O. Sherman. 

Widows, John, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Union Mills. 

Woolket, Lyman, farmer. Sec. 3; P. 
O. New Sharon. 

AVymore, Thompson, farmer, Sec. 4; 
P. O. Sherman. 



isioi3:xj-a.3>tid TOTxrnsrsxa:iz=. 



APPEL, P., former, Sec. 26; P. 
O. Peoria; born in Bavaria, 
Germany, in 1827; came to this 
county in 1861; owns 125 acres of 
land; has held the office of school 
director; he married Miss Eliza 
J. Ash, in 1864; she was born in 
Ohio; has two children by former 
marriage, Charles E., Phebe J., 
and one daughter, Fsances A., by 
second marriage. 
Appel, Philip, farmer. Sec. 25 ; P. O. 
Peoria. 



Ashton, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 
O. Peoria. 

BALDW1N,SYLVESTER, far- 
mer. Sec. 12; P. O. Gran- 
ville; born in Champaign county, 
Ohio, in 1841; came to this county 
w^ith his parents in 1846; owns 
180 acres of land. He enlisted in 
the 33d Iowa Infantry in the late 
war, served three years, and was in 
all the engagements in which his 
regiment participated; he married 
Miss H. J. Turner, in 1866; she 



RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 



713 



was born in Maryland; he lias 
fonr children: Gelene, Imogene, 
Ernest and Nellie M. 

BALDWIN, THOMPSON, farmer, 
Sec. 13; P. O. Granville; born in 
Champaign county, Ohio, in 1816; 
came to this county Oct. 28, 1846; 
owns 400 acres of land; he mar- 
ried Miss Sophronia Phelps, in 
1837; she was born in Union Co., 
Ohio; has three children living: 
Sylvester, Maria (now wife of 0. 
liull, Esq., of Smith county, Kan.) 
and Marley; lost five: Rosaltha, 
Imogene, Edna, Caroline, and Han- 
nah J. 

Bartlett, Jerry, teamster, Peoria. 

Baldwin, Marley, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O. Granville, 

Baker John, farmer. Sec. 15; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Berry, J. H., farmer. Sec. 2; P. O. 
Granville. 

BERRY, WM., farmer, Secll; P. 
O. Granville; born in Virginia, in 
1814; came to this county in 1848; 
previous to his removal to this 
• county he lived in Ohio; he is one 
of the oldest settlers; his nearest 
postoffice when he came, was Os- 
kaloosa; he has held the offices of 
township trustee and school di- 
director; he owns 280 acres of 
land; married Miss Nancj John- 
son; she was born in Ohio; has 
three children: John H., Laurin 
B., and Charlie G. 

Billings, J, L,, farmer. Sec. 3; P, O. 
Granville. 

Boyd, J. a, farmer, Sec. 21; R O, 
Peoria, 

Boyd, William J., farmer, Sec. 35; 
P. O. Peoria, 

Bonzager, Evart, farmer, See 30 ; P. 
O. Pella, 

Buckman, G. W., farmer. See. 9; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Byers, G, M., farmer, Sec. 16; P. O. 
Peoria. 

CARTER, W. D,, farmer. Sec. 35 ; 
P. O. Peoria. 
CAMPBELL, J, N . H., farmer, Sec 



35; P. O. Peoria; born in Brown 
county, Ohio, Jan. 30, 1816; came 
to this county in 1857; owns 203 
acres of land; has held the office 
of school director, and served 
as president of the board ; he 
was also a Representative from 
this county in the Tenth General 
Assembly; he married Miss Maria 
McClure, February, 1840; slie was 
born in Illinois; has one child liv- 
ing, Chester C, ; lost eleven; one 
son, Marion, was drowned in Skunk 
river, July 24, 1878, We copy 
the following notice from the New 
Sharoth Star : " Captain Marion 
Campbell was born near Washing- 
ton, 111., March 15th, 1841, and 
came to this county with his pa- 
rents while young; he enlisted in 
Co. H, 8th Iowa Infantrj^ in the 
late war, and was afterwards com- 
missioned Capt Co. F, and seved 
his country four and a half years 
witli distinction. At the close of 
the war he married and settled in 
Mississippi; he was elected to the 
lower house af the State legisla- 
ture, and served two years with 
such efficiency that his constitu- 
ency elected him Senator, Not- 
witiistanding his lite was many 
times threatened, and he had re- 
ceived many warnings to quit the 
country, he, like the brave man 
that he was, st«od steadfast at his 
post, and ever dared to do his duty. 
He was carried down to death's 
door with yellow fever; his wife 
and children sickened and died; 
he was stripped of all his prop- 
erty, conducted to the depot, and 
ordered to leave. It was then he 
turned his face northward, leaving 
that for which he had toiled, and 
that which was dearer still, the 
graves of his wife and little ones." 
CAMPBELL, JAMES P., farmer. 
Sec. 30; P. O. Peoria; born in 
Tennessee, in 1829; came to this 
county in 1851; owns 200 acres 
of land; he married Miss Harriet 



714 



DIKECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



E. Bacon, in 1857; slie was born 
in White county, Indiana; lie has 
four children: Minerva, Ira, Ralph, 
and Matilda. 

CLEVENGER, JACOB VV., far- 
mer, Sec. 12; P. O. Granville; 
horn in Bedford county, Penn., in 
1833; came to this county in 1863; 
previous to his coming to this 
State he lived six years in Indi- 
ana; he married Miss Sarah Hol- 
enshead, in 1854; she was born in 
the same county; has one child, 
Thomas J. 

CLEVENGER, THOMAS J., far- 
mer, Sec. 12; P. O. Granville; 
born in this State in 1857; owns 
80 acres of land. 

Coakley, J. J., farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Coakley, John, fanner, Sec. 7; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Coakley, Maiy, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Cray ton, M. C, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Peoria. 

DEBRUI:N', JOHN, farmer. Sec. 
28;P. O. Pella. 

Dickey, Wm. E., farmer, Sec. 34; P. 
O. Pella. 

Dunwoody, James, fanner, Sec. 3; 
P. O. Granville. 

DYSART, M., farmer. Sec. 34; P. 
O. Flint; bom in Henry county, 
Indiana, August 18, 1844; came 
to this county in 1855; he married 
Miss Fannie E. Osborn September 
12, 1872; she was born in Connec- 
ticut April 10, 1849. 

DYSART, JOHN, retired farmer. 
Sec. 24; P. O. Flint; born in Vir- 
ginia October 15, 1808; in 1827 
he emigrated to Ohio, and in 1839 
he removed to Indiana, coming to 
this county in 1855; owns 86 acres 
of land; he married Miss Susanna 
Williams in 1839; she was bom in 
Virginia, and died in 1866; has 
four children, Margaret, Mark, 
Phillip, and Rachel A. 

Dysart, Mark, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
Peoria. 



ELSCOTT, JOHN, farmer, Sec. 
32; P. O. Pella. 

Emerson, J. D., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Peoria. 

ENGLE, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 16; 
P. O. Peoria; bom in Pennsylva- 
nia in 1813; lived many years in 
Ohio, coming to this county in 
1869; owns 320 acres of land; he 
married Elizabeth Swisher in 
1833; she was bom in Pennsylva- 
nia; have two children, Susan and 
George; lost three. 

Engbers, A., farmer, Sec. 34; P. O, 
Pella. 

ESPY,'r.H., farmer, Sec. 1; P. O. 
Granville; born in Franklin coun- 
ty, Penn., July, 1832; came to this 
county in 1855; owns 87 acres of 
land ; he married Barbara A. More- 
head in 1851; she was born in 
Franklin county, Penn.; have two 
children, Maria A., and Ellsworth. 

Evans, Amos, farmer. Sec. 3; P. O. 
Granville. 

FENDERSON, IVERY, farmer, 
Sec. 1 ; P. O. Peoria. 

Fenderson, Wm., farmer. Sec. 11; P. 
O. Granville. 

FLEMING, R.L., farmer, Sec. 10; 
P. O. Peoria; born in Harrison 
county. West Virginia, September 
3, 1811; came to this county in 
October, 1852; owns 168 acres of 
land; has held office of assessor, 
school director, and township trus- 
tee; he married Miss Amy Mad- 
dox in June, 1833; she was born 
in Virginia; have nine children, 
Martha V., Charles, Orin, Justin, 
Austin, George, Cornelius, Nancy 
and Amy Cornelia. 

Fleming, Charles, farmer. Sec. 10; 
P. O. Peoria. 

GASTON, J. G., farmer, Sec. 4 ; 
P. O. Peoria. 
Gamer, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. 

Granville. 
GODBEY,ALLEN, farmer, Sec— ; 
P. O. Peoria; bom in Indiaiui in 
1826; came to this State October 
15, 1842, and to this county in 



EICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 



715 



1843 (his father, John Godbey, 
being the iirst man with a family 
to settle in Richland township); 
he has known his iather's family 
to be without bread from three to 
four weeks at a time, and lived on 
bacon rinds and greens, and it has 
taken them six weeks to go to mill 
to Iowa City, the river being so 
high it was with difficulty they 
could get across; the first election 
in the township was held at his 
lather's house; he helped drive 
the first drove of hogs to Keokuk 
that was shipped out of the coun- 
ty; he married Miss Mary E. Bart- 
lett in 1848 ; she was born in Ohio ; 
have five children, Sylvester, Cam- 
eron, Yiola, Edward, and Luke. 

Goodhart, J., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
Pella. 

Gosselink, B., farmer, Sec. 30; P. O. 
Pella. 

Gooselink, G. J., farmer, Sec. 30; P. 
O. Pella. 

Grunden, Thomas, farmer, Sec. 11 ; 
P. O. Granville. 

HASSELMAK, II. J., farmer, 
Sec. 30; P. O. Pella. 

HESS, SAMUEL, fanner, Sec.^ IJ; 
P. O. Peoria; born in Yirginia, 
August 7th, 1833; his parents 
removed to Ohio while he was 
young, where he remained until 
1 859, when he came to this county ; 
he owns 160 acres of land; he 
married Miss Elizabeth Swisher in 
1859; she was born in Cham- 
paign county, Ohio; they have 
five children, George, Harrison, 
Edward, Cyrus, and William. 

Hess, O. G., farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Hewitt, S. S., blacksmith, Peoria. 

Hessing, Dirk, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 
O. Pella. 

HUNT, A., wagon maker, Peoria; 
born in Hunterdon county, Kew 
Jersey in 1805; came to this coun- 
ty in 1852; he has worked at his 
trade since 1823; he has a large 
apiary and is giving attention to 



raising bees ; he married Miss Mah- 
ala Deaver in 1827; she was born in 
Maryland ; they have five children, 
Nathaniel B., Nancy, Ellen, Eden 
and Mar}^; one son, Levi, enlisted 
in the 33rd Iowa Infantry and 
died from disease contracted in 
the army. 

HUNT, W.N., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. Peoria; born in Henry county, 
Ind., in 1842; came to this coun- 
ty in 1862; he enlisted in the 19tli 
Indiana Infantry in the late war 
and was discharged on account of 
sickness; he afterward enlisted in 
the 9th Iowa Cavahy and served 
until the close of the war; he 
married Sarah A. Block in 1863; 
she was born in Pennsylvania and 
died July 15th, 1873; he after- 
wards married Mrs. M. M. Allen 
in 1873; she was born in Yirginia; 
he has two children by first mar- 
riage, Wilbur and Rosetta H. 
Mrs. Hunt was previously mar- 
ried to Jonathan Allen, Mdio died 
in 1871. 

Holmes, Dennis, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 
O. Pella. 

Unit, Levi, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O 
Peoria. 

Huit, Smith, farmer, Sec. 21; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Hull, A. G., farmer. Sec. 1; P. O. 
Granville. 

Hunt, S., farmer, Sec. 14; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Huit, Nathan, farmer. Sec. 23; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Huit, Isaac, farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. 
Peoria. 

TACKSON, G. L., f^irmer, Sec. 15: 

J P. O. Peoria. 

Jackson, L. M., farmer. See. 23; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Jarard, J. P., fanner, Sec. 36; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Jarard, John, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 
O. Peoria. 

JOHNSON, CHARLES, f^irmer 
and miller, Sec. 9; P. O. Peoria; 
born in Berkshire county, Massa- 



716 



DIRECTOKY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



cliusetts, in 1840; came to this 
county in 1857; is the owner of 
the mills known as Johnson's 
Mills, with a capacity for sawing 
2500 feet per day and grinding 
75 bushels of feed; he married 
Miss Rebecca E. Beale in 1872; 
she was born in Ohio; have two 
children: William B. and Melis- 
sa E.; in connection with his 
mills he has also a carding ma- 
chine. 

JOY, C. C, harness maker and ho- 
tel keeper; P. O. Peoria; born in 
Ohio in 1821; came to this coun- 
ty in 1857; owns 93 acres of land; 
has held oifices of school director 
and township trustee; he married 
Eunice Davis in 1842; she was 
born in Ohio, and died in 1850; 
he afterward married Mary Foust 
in 1851; she was born in Ohio; 
has four children living: James 
M., William M., Benjamin F. and 
Solomon H.; James and William 
both enlisted in the 18tli Iowa In- 
fantry in the late war. 

JONES, T., farmer,^ Sec. 3; P. O. 
Granville; born in Virginia in 
1812; came to this State in 1843, 
and to this county in 1866; owns 
85 acres of land; he married Nan- 
cy Williams in 1847; she was born 
in Wayne county, Indiana, and 
died in 1851; he afterward mar- 
ried Rachel Cook, in 1852; she 
was born in A¥ayne county, Indi- 
ana; has three children: Saul, 
Mary E. and Henry. 

Jones, L., farnier. Sec. 1; P. O. 
Granville. 

Joy, Solomon, farmer; P. O. Peoria. 

KELLEY, E. S.,farmerand ma- 
son. Sec. 22; P. O. Peoria; 
born in Barbour county. West 
Virginia, in November, 1830; 
came to this county in 1856; owns 
78|- acres ot land; he married 
Miss Amanda M. Cnrry, a native 
of West Virginia, in 1852; has 
eight children: Lloyd, Arthur, 



John, Joseph, Mary, Ina, Duey, 
and Cleo. 

KITCHING, A. P., farmer, Sec. 2; 
P. O. Granville; born in Indiana, 
in 1830; came to this county in 
1849, and to this township in 
1850; owns 140 acres of land; 
has held the offices of township 
trustee, township clerk, and justice 
of the peace; he married Miss Je- 
mima J. Fanslier in 1855; she 
was born in Indiana, and her pa- 
rents were among the first settlers 
of the county, her lather being 
one of the men who carried the 
chain when Oskaloosa was laid 
out; has six children : Thomas B,, 
Florence V., Asa A., Willie C, 
Laura A. and Minnie M. 

Kizer, R. C, quarryman, Peoria. 

Kiser, J. H., farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. 
^ Pella. 

Koontz, Israel, farmer and black- 
smith. Sec. 33; P. O. Pella. 
LATHROP, WARREN, retired; 
P. O. Granville. 

Lane, John, farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Lathrop, Lord, retired; P. O. Gran- 
ville. 

Leanhart, W., farmer. Sec. 6; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Lipps, Joseph, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Lunt,G.F., farmer, Sec. 23; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Lucky, Abraham, farmer. Sec. 12; 
P. O. Granville. 

LUNDY, JOHN, farmer. Sec. 21; 
P. O. Peoria; born in Union 
county, Ohio, in 1822; came to 
this county in 1845; owns 375 
acres of land; he married Miss 
Martha Mershon in 1842; she 
died in 1844; he afterward mar- 
ried Nancy Godby, in 1848; she 
was born in Kentucky; has five 
children: Martha, Ann, Milton, 
Lafayette and Cornelia. 

LUNDY,ELI, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
O. Granville; born in Union coun- 



RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 



717 



ty, Oliio, September 10, 1826; 
came to this county in March, 
1845, being among the earliest 
settlers; he has served as township 
treasurer of the school fund ; he 
married Miss Lncinda Lathrop in 
1848; she was born in Oiiio; lie 
enlisted in the 15th Iowa Infantry 
in the late war, and served until 
discharged. 

MABERLY, C , farmer. Sec. 3; 
P. O. Granville. 

McCarter, Joseph, postmaster, Peo- 
ria. 

McCutchen, J., farmer. Sec. 15; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Mi tchel, George, farmer, Sec. 23; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Miller, Joiin, blacksmith, Granville. 

MILLER. A., farmer. Sec. 4; P. O. 
Peoria; born in Starke county, 
Ohio, in 1824; came to this coun- 
ty in^l856 ; owns 227 acres of land ; 
has held office of constable; he 
married Miss Sarah Stokes, in 
1867; she was born in Ohio, and 
died in 1869; he afterward mar- 
ried Miss Susan Turner, who was 
born in Maryland; has one son: 
Ellis. 

MILLEDGE, ISAAC, farmer, Sec. 
9; P. O. Peoria; born in 1854;, 
owns 88 acres of land. 

MILLEDGE, 0., farmer. Sec. 9; P. 
O, Peoria; born in Pennsylvania 
in 1821, came to this county July 
3, 1854; owns 310 acres of land; 
he married Matilda Runyan in 
1844; she was born in Virginia, 
and died in August, 1872; he 
married for his second wife Mrs. 
Mary Heminger in 1873; has 
three children by first marriage, 
Isaac, Otis and Zalra. 

Mortland, W. H., farmer. Sec. 35^ 
P. O. Peoria. 

NEEDHAM, S. S., . merchant, 
Granville; born in Ohio in 
1829; came to this county in 1853, 
and to this town in 1867, and has 
been engaged in general merchan- 
dise since that time; holds office 



of postmaster; he married Miss 
Mary E. Croney in 1856; she was 
born in Ohio, and died in October, 
1872; he afterward married Nancy 
AVarren in 1873; she was born in 
Pennsylvania; has three children 
by first marriage, Elliott C, Nat- 
tie H,, and Leslie H., and two by 
second marriage, John N., and 
baby. 
Noel, James, farmer. Sec. 25; P. O. 
Peoria. 
(USTANK, B., Sec.29. 



O 



Osborn, William, farmer. Sec. 9; P. 
O. Peoria. 

OSBORN, LAUREN, farmer. Sec. 
9; P. O. Peoria; born in Connec- 
ticut in 1813, came to this State 
in 1843, and to this county in 
1846; owns 160 acres of land; 
has held offices of justice of the 
peace, assessor, township trustee, 
etc.; he married Miss Lois Osborn 
in 1839; she was born in Con- 
necticut; has three children; 
Fannie, Ann and Frank. 
JARKS, SIMPSON, Granville. 



P 



Paisley, T. J., farmer. Sec, 1; y. O. 
Granville. 

Perfect, Washington, farmer. Sec. 6; 
P. O. ]"eoria. 

PHELPS, CHARLES, farmer, 8e^. 
1; P.O.Granville; born in Ohio 
in 1831, came to this county in 
1847; owns 120 acres of land; 
has held offices of school director 
and justice of the peace; he 
married Miss Evaline Walter in 
1858; she was born in West Vir- 
ginia; has seven children: Emma 
A., Edna S., Lida M., William H., 
Julius C, Leslie and Oliver. 

QUINN, JAMES, farmer, Sec. 
26; P. O. Peoria; born in 
Ohio in 1813, came to this State 
in 1838 and settled in Scott Co., 
and while living there represented 
his district in the Legislature of 
the State; he is also one of the 
original organizers of the Repub- 



718 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



lican party in the State; he mar- 
ried Miss Patty Swain in 1830; 
she was born in Ohio; has fonr 
children living, Flavins Josephns, 
Aurelins J. C, Mary E., and Al- 
fred S. Aurelins J. C. enlisted 
in the 2nd Iowa Infantry and 
served 3 years, and then went as 
a substitute for his brother who 
had been drafted, but could not 
be spared from home; one son 
Christopher enlisted in the 8th 
Iowa and was killed at Shiloh. 
QUINN, WILLI A3I D., farmer, 
Sec. 46; P. O. Peoria; born in 
Kentucky in 1805, came to Scott 
county tins State in 1837, and to 
this county in 1867; owns 211| 
acres of land. 

RHINE, JOSEPH, farmer, Sec. 
2; P. O. Granville. 

RHINE, WILLIAM, farmer, Sec. 
2; P.O.Granville; born in Ohio 
January 16, 1824, came to this 
county November 16, 1855; owns 
310 acres of land; he married 
Cynthia J. Eblin, who was born 
in Ohio; has five children, John, 
Joseph, Hugh, George and Har- 
lan; lost four. 

Ridpath, J. T., former, Sec. 26; P- 
O. Peoria. 

Ryan, Absalom, farmer. Sec. 9; P.O. 

Ryan, C, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Pe- 
oria. 

Ryan, J. B., farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Ryan, J. R., farmer, Sec 24; P. O. 
Peoria. 

SAMUELSJAMES, farmer,Sec. 
36; P. O.Peoria; born in Har- 
rison county, Indiana, October 26, 
1825; came to this county in 1844; 
owns 40 acres of land; he married 
Miss C. Petty, in 1850; she was 
born in Ohio; has 4 children, Em- 
ily L, Gilbert D., Eldora and Lucy 
J . 

Sheehy, Miles, farmer. Sec. 5 ; P. O. 
Peoria. 

SHIELDS, C. Co farmer, Sec. 21; 



P. O. Peoria; born in Adams Co., 
Pa., in 1812; in 1842, he removed 
to Ohio, where he remained until 
his removal to this county, Sep- 
tember 30, 1868; owns 97^ acres 
of land; he married Susan Mey- 
ers, in 1860; she was born in 
Pennsylvania, has two children, 
Mary E. and Julia A. 
SHIELDS, C. B., farmer and mer- 
chant, Sec. 16; P. O. Peoria; born 
in Washington Co., Pa., in 1834; 
came to this Co , in 1868; previous 
to his removal here, lived 21 years 
in Champaign county, Ohio; owns 
160 acres of land; he is also en- 
ffao^ed as a dealer in o-eneral mer- 
chandize, at Peoria; has served as 
township clerk and township trus- 
tee; he married Miss Susan Engle, 
in 1857; she w^as born in Cham- 
paign county, Ohio; has 3 chil- 
dren, Eva M., Delia G. and George 
E. 

Shene, Martin, farmer, Sec. 5. 

Shroger, Lewis, farmer, Sec. 3 ; P. 0. 
Grand ville. 

SHEESLEY, GEORGE, farmer, 
Sec. 8 ; P. O. Peoria; born inFair- 
fiield county, Ohio, in 1827; came 
to this county in 1854; owns 340 
acres of land; has held offices of 
school director and assessor; he 
married Miss Eliza Petlers, in 
1850; she was born in Licking Co., 
Ohio; has 9 children, David E., 
George P., Mary R., William M., 
John S., Phebe A., Martha E., 
Eddie A. and Joseph L. 

Shelley, J. N., farmer, Sec. 14; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Smith, J. F., physician, Granville. 

Spain, P. D., merchant, Peoria. 

Steenhoek, A., farmer, P. O. Pella. 

TIMBREL, J. J., farmer, Sec. 13; 
P. O. Peoria. 
Timbrel, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 13; P. 
O. Peoria. 

VER STEE,CORNELHJS, farm- 
er, Sec. 18; P. O. Peoria. 
Van Engen, G., farmer, Sec. 27; P. 
O. Pella. 



RICHLAND TOWNSHIP. 



719 



Van Gort, Jacob, farmer, Sec. 32; 
P. O. Pella. 

Van der Kamp, E., fanner, Sec. 22; 
P. O. Peoria. 

Van Roekel, 11., farmer, Sec. 32 ; P. 
O. Pella. 

Van Haaften, C; farmer, Sec. 31; P. 
O. Pella. 

Valthuisen, Jacob, farmer. Sec. 29 
P. O. Pella. 

Vancleave, Milton, farmer. Sec. 23 
P. O. Peoria. 

Van der Kroll, G., farmer. Sec 29 
P. O. Pella. 

Vancleave, S. C, farmer. Sec. 22; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Vanheaftere, J., farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 
O. Pella. 

Van der Waal, Peter, farmer, Sec. 
29; P. O. Pella. 

Vancleave, C. M., farmer, Sec. 22; 
P. O. Peoria. 

Vanclieve, P. T., farmer. Sec. 16; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Van Middendorf, Win, farmer, Sec. 
28; P. O. Pella. 

Van Steenwyk, J. J., farmer, Sec. 
33; P. O. Pella. 

VAN HOUTON, H., farmer. Sec. 31 ; 
P. O. Pella ; was born in Wehe, pro- 
vince of Groningen, kingdom of 
the Netherlands, in 1812; he was 
educated at Wehe, until he was 
eleven years of age — after this 
time until he was seventeen years 
old, at Kloosterburen, kingdom 
of the Netherlands. In 1835 he 
married Miss Indiana S. Borg- 
man; he came to the U. S. in 
1849, and located at Scotch Plains, 
Essix count}^. New Jersey; his wife 
died in 1851; he came to this 
county in 1853, and settled on the 
place where he now lives; his 
farm contains 316 acres; he mar- 
ried again to Reino Borgman, wid- 
ow of Everet B. ; her maiden name 
was Van Peyma, she is from Lan- 
caster, Erie county, N. Y. Mr. V. 
has six children by his first mar- 
riage, Nellie V.,Elko, Worp B., 
Nellie B., Wm. B. and Everet B., 
49 



and has one child by his second 
marriage, named Syke; Mrs. V. 
has four children. Wort, Nellie, 
William, and Everet Borgman. 

VAN CLEAVE, THO^IAS .L, 
farmer, Sec. 33; P. O. Peoria; 
born in Shelby county, Kentucky, 
in 1812; came to this county in 
1844; owns 120 acres; he marri- 
ed Miss Mary E. Nicholson, Aug. 
7, 1836; she was l)orn in Ohio; 
has nine children, Joshua, Henry, 
Mary E., Albert, Milton, James 
F., Amaritta, Martha and Thom- 
as. 

Vermeer, Brand, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 
O. Pella. 

Verduct, C, farmer, Sec. 7; P. O. 
Pella. 

Vermeer, G., farmer. Sec. 31; P. O. 
Pella. 

Vogelaar, T., farmer, Sec. 32; P. O. 
Pella. 

\A7 ARREN, W3I. T., farmer, 
V V Sec. 33; P. O. Pella; born 
in Black Oak Grove, in 1850, his 
parents being among the earliest 
settlers; he married Miss A. Mc- 
Cutcheon in 1873; she was born 
in Ohio; has three children, Clar- 
ence, James and John. 

WASSOM, MONROE, farmer. Sec. 
12; P. O. Granville; born in this 
township, in 1851; owns 75 acres 
of land; he married Miss Mary 
Williams in 1873; she was born 
in Richland township; has one 
son, Cyrus Thomas; lost one 
daughter, Florence A. 

Warren, J. R., farmer, Sec, 34; P. 
O. Peoria. 

WARREN, R.B.,millerand farmer. 
Sec. 28; P. O. Peoria; born in 
Tennessee, in 1829; came to this 
state in 1841, settling at that time 
in Lee county; in 1843 he came 
to this county, his father being 
one of the first settlers, and built 
the mill known as Warren's Mills, 
in 1846; they were afterwards 
burned, and rebuilt in 1850; they 
have three run of stone, and do 



720 



DIRECTORY OF MAHASKA COUNTY. 



both custom and merchant work; 
he has held office of township 
trustee, townsliip clerk, and jus- 
tice of the peace; he owns 199 
acres of land; he married Emilj 
A. Bingaman in 1855; she was 
born in Kentucky; has eight chil- 
dren, Ida E., J. Lincoln, Granville 
E., Marj E., R. Wilbur, Mattie 
M., Orra E. and O. Lillian; he 
has seen wheat sold for 30c per 
bushel, and $2,70 ditto, and pork 
from $1.25 he cut dressed, to $11 
gross; thej used to go 80 miles 
to mill, and it took them three 
weeks to make the trip. 

WASSOM, MOSES, farmer, Sec. 
13; P. O.Peoria; born in Tennes- 
see, in 1817; came to this county 
in 1843; owns 280 acres of land; 
has held office of school director, 
constable, township trustee, and 
justice of the peace; he married 
Miss Elizabeth Wordside, in 1839; 
she was born iii Tennessee; has 
three children, Monroe, William 
and Laura A. 

Wells, Nathan, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 
O. Granville. 

Wehrly, Samuel, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 
O. Granville. 



Wehrly, John, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. O. 
Granville. 

White, A. C, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. 
Peoria. 

Wharton, J. M., fiirmer, Sec. 24; P. 
O. Flint. 

Whaling, O. M., blacksmith, Gran- 
ville. 

Winters, J. C, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 
O. Granville. 

Wintermute, H. M., farmer, Sec. 14; 
P. O. Peoria. 

Wingiield, F. G., farmer. Sec. 12; 
P.O. Granville. 

WOOD WORTH, E. N., physician, 
Peoria; born in Ohio, in 1831; 
came to this county in 1854; has 
been practicing his profession 
twenty years; he owns 78 acres of 
land; he married Miss Emmeliue 
Hinkle in 1858; she was born in 
Ohio; has two children, Alice E. 
and Cora E. 

Woolard, Adam, farmer, Sec. 5; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Woolard, Henry, farmer, Sec. 8; P. 
O. Peoria. 

Woolard, George, farmer, Sec. 3; P. 
O. Peoria. 



EIDID"5r"^riIL.I-.E- 

The town of Eddyville is located principally in the northwest corner of 
Wapello county, but extends over into Mahaska county, from which it re- 
ceives a large portion of its trade. The town was named after J. P. Eddy, 
who laid out the village in 1843. He was a trader among the Indians, and 
for sometime after they left he kept the only store in this part of the 
country. Before rival points were made and unmade by railroads, Eddy- 
ville was a place of much promise, but when the C. B. & Q. P. R. "went 
west" via Ottumwa, the prospects for building up a city at Eddyville 
waned; yet the town has many elements of attraction: 1st. It is beauti- 
fully located on the river, and has two railroads, the K. & D. M., and the 
Central R. R. of Iowa. 2d. A wagon bridge spans the Des Moines river. 
3rd. Coal in great abundance is found near the city, also good building 
stone, brick and potter}'^ clay. 4th, Among the "prospective speculations" 
through which Eddyville has hope of an outcome, is a branch of tlie Burl- 
ington Narrow Gauge R, R., which may some day gravitate to that point, 
and run thence northwest to Des Moines, or west to connect with the 
southern extension of the D. M. & M. (Narrow Gauge) R. R. Eddyville 



EDDYVILLE. 



721 



has about 1,500 inhabitants, and has a fine school building that cost 
$20,000; also Presbyterian, Congregational, Baptist, Methodist and Koraan 
Catholic churches, Odd Fellows and Masonic halls. 



BAUMSTARK, A., dealer in 
confectioner}^, choice cigars, 
tobacco, etc., wine and beer 
saloon, Eddjville, Iowa; born in 
Baden, Germany, in 1835; came 
to Iowa in 1853, and located in 
Burlington; removed to this place 
in 1871, and engaged in his present 
business; married Anna Singer 
in 1873; she was born in Gntten- 
berg, Germany. Democrat. 

McCREA, F . M., plivsician and 
surgeon; born in Montgom- 
ery county, Indiana, in 1818; 
came to Iowa in 1850, and located 
in Oskaloosa; engaged in the 
practice of medicine in Eddyville 
in 1876. 

NOSLER, JAMES, dealer in 
drugs and medicines; born in 
Montgomery connty, Virginia, in 
1802;' he settled in Iowa in 1813, 
and removed to this county in 
1846, and engaged in the practice 
of medicine. Mr. jN". has been 
twice married ; in 1826 he married 
J. Moore; she was a native of 



Kentucky, and died in 1873; 
married again to Sarah Kelson in 
1874; she was born in Alabama; 
he has seven children by his first 
wife, Martha Ann, Thomas M., 
Mary J., Irene, Armilda C, Ellen 
and Henry C; has been a member 
of the M. E. church since 1824. 
Greenback. 

STOCKWELL, W. W., of the 
firm of Stockwell & Son, deal- 
ers in clothing and furnishing 
goods; was born in Licking Co., 
Ohio, in 1850; married E. E. 
Fredrick in 1872; liave two chil- 
dren, John C. and James E. Re- 
publican. 
'^ A TALZ, B., proprietor Eddy- 
V V viile brewery; born in Ger- 
many in 1838; came to America 
in 1859; married Mary Meeher 
in 1867; she was born in Musca- 
tine county, Iowa; they have five 
children, three sons and two 
daughters. Mr. W. enlisted in 
Co. G., 57th Illinois Infantry in 
1862, and was discharged in 1865. 



ADDENDA.* 



HON. WILLIAM LOUGHEIDGE, 

Attornej-at-la\v, Oskaloosa, is of Scotch-Irish aiicestiy, his grand-parents 
having emigrated to America before the Revolution, settled in Pennsylva- 
nia, where his parents were born. His father, John Longhridge, was born 
in 1795; man-ied Miss Rebecca McRea, and in 1S20 removed to Ohio, 
where his wife died in 1850. He was a cabinet and chair-maker, which 
occnpation he followed all his life, and died at Yonngstown, Ohio, in 1857. 
Tlie family consisted of James M., Mary, William, Snsan, Samuel B., Eliza- 
beth and Margaret. 

William, the subject of this sketch, was born in Yonngstown — formerly 
Trnmbnll — Mahoning county, Ohio, Jvdy 11, 1827; he had the advan- 
tage of a common school education. During his minority he worked in 
his father's shop, gaining a practical knowledge of the business, and was a 
" tramping jonr " for two years, working in Rochester, and Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania, and Stubenville, Ohio, studying law at everj' spare moment. 
In 1850 he entered the law office of Judge James Stewart, of Manstield, 
Ohio, and the same year, at the fall term of the Supreme Court of Ohio, 
was admitted to the bar and practiced till April, 1852, when he formed a 
co-partnership in law with (tov. Mordica Bartley; subsequently he re- 
moved to Oskaloosa, Iowa, and engaged in the practice of law. In 1855 
he was elected mayor of Oskaloosa, and in 1856 was elected to the State 
Senate. In 1856 Mi". Longhridge Mas married to Miss D. L. Jones, of Lon- 
don, Ohio, the daughter of a Buckeye mechanic. She died in October, 
1860, leaving twt) children, Ciiarles and William. William folio vred his 
mother to the summer-land in March, 1861. In 1861 he was ajjpointed by 
Gov. Kirkwood to fill the vacancy on the bench (tccasioned b}" the resigna- 
tion of Judge Stone, of the Sixth Jndicial District; and at the fall election 
of the same year, he was elected to the same office, and re-elected in the 
fall of 1862, this time to a full term, and served on the bench till January, 
1867. In 1866 he was elected by the Republicans as Representative in 
Congress, for the then fourth Congressional district, embracing the counties 
of Appanoose, Monroe, Wapello, Keokuk, Mahaska, Marion, jasper, Pow- 
eshiek, Iowa, Johnson, Benton and Tama, which was the most populous 
district in the United States. lie was re-elected to the same office in 1868, 
and served to March 4, 187J. His Democratic oj^poneut in 1868 was 
John P. Irish, of Iowa Cit}-, and his successor, after March 4, 1871, was 
M. M. Walden, of Centerville, Appanoose countj^ 

* These few biographical sketches were obtained too late for classification, and appear 
under the above heading'. 



ADDENDA. 723 

In 18Y2 he was again elected as Representative in Congress from 
the Sixth District, comprising tlie counties of Appanoose, Davis, Monroe, 
"Wapello, Keokuk, Mahaska, Marion, and Jasper. During his services as 
member of Congress, Mr. Loughridge stood as an able exponent and de- 
fender of the policy of the Republican party, and far above the average in 
the advocacy of the interests of the West. His career as a public man is 
too extensive for publication in such a work as this, and many of his 
speeches in Congress have attracted attention throughout the Nation; yet 
Mr. Loughridge himself is prouder of his office of mayor of the city of 
Oskaloosa, in 1855-6, than of any other office he ever held. He stands 
more than six feet high, and is a powerfully built man, being possessed 
of great energy and force of character. In his manner he is quiet and un- 
assuming, yet positive and earnest in his sentiments. 

TERRY MAY, 

Farmer, Sec. 23; P. O., Oskaloosa; born in Highland county, Ohio, August 
6, 1820; lived in Ohio until nineteen years of age, and moved to Knox 
county, Illinois, and lived there ten years. He married Miss Phebe J. 
Haslett, from Indiana, in 1857; they came with their own conveyance to 
Iowa, and located in Jasper county; lived there two years, and came to 
Mahaska county in November, 1851, and located in Black Oak township, 
and made a farm ; is one of the early settlers and has lived in this county 
twenty-seven years; they own a small farm, nicely located, just outside of 
the city limits; they have two children, William S., engaged in the drug 
business, in Oskaloosa, and Martha E., now Mrs. H. W. Fisher, agent of 
the C, R. I. & P. R. R. at Oskaloosa. 

PHILLIP AKERMAN, 

Farmer, Sec. 14; P.O. Fremont, Cedar township; born in Baverum, Ger- 
many, in 1829; his parents emigrated to the United States and settled in 
Butler county, Ohio, in 1833; he lived there until 1851, and then removed 
to Fremont, Iowa; has been a resident of this county ever since; owns 539|- 
acres of land; November 3, 1851, he married Miss Rachel Goehring', who was 
born in Germany, and came to the United States in 1848 ; they have three 
sons and three daughters, Harman, Emma C, George W., Albert M., Mag- 
gie M., and Lettie B. 

PORTE C. WELCH. ^ 

Porter Clay Welch, whose literary nom de plume is " Proxy," was born 
near Jacksonville, Morgan Co., 111., August 6, 1837. His father's name 
was John Welch, of North Carolina; that of his mother, Rachel Smith, 
of Tennessee. His grand-parents were all born in America, except grand- 
mother on father's side, who was born in Scotland ; hence he is descended 
from Scotch and ^¥elch ancestors on his father's side, and English on his 
mother's side. Although the life of our subject is one full of interesting 
incidents, and deserves to be treated fully, we have but room to give a brief 
sketch : 



5^!? 724 ADDENDA. 

When about eleven years of age (July 19, 1848) he removed with his 
father's family to Iowa, and settled near the present town of Otley, in Ma- 
rion count3^ A year later he removed to near Pella, and remained on a 
farm until seventeen years old ; after which he went to work in a steam 
saw-mill, and in 1856, when his father sold out, he remained in charge of 
an extensive lumbering business, having, as head-sawyer, at the first steam 
mill in Pella, and in other places in that locality, sawed more than two 
million feet of the " pick and choice " of the great forests of that vicinity. 

All told, he never attended school twelve months as a pupil, but he ob- 
tained a fair education by studying at odd hours ; he was frugal in his 
habits, subsisting independently on the earnings of his own hands, working 
all day and posting books and studying at night. In 1859 he commenced 
teaching school, and in 1860 learned the photographing business, pursuing 
these at intervals and studying in the meantime, for a number of years. 

At Knoxville, Iowa, July 4, 1861, Mr, Welch was married to Miss Mary 
Elizabeth Harding, eldest daughter of Mason Harding, of Kentucky (a 
distant relative of James M. Mason of "• Mason and Slidell " fame). Mrs. 
Welch was born near Rockville, Parke county, Indiana, January 8th, 1842, 
and emigrated to Iowa with her parents in 1855; they settled near Coal- 
ridge, in Marion county, where her mother died the following year. Their 
children are as follows: Porter C, born in Pella, June 12, 1862; died in 
Pella, August 12, 1863; buried at Knoxville. John Mason, born in Pella, 
January 12, 1864. Rachel Anna, born in Pella, January 12, 1866. Olla 
Mary, l3oru in Oskaloosa, January 28, 1868, William Francis, born in Os- 
kaloosa, January S, 1870, Emma May, born in Oskaloosa, May 28, 1871. 
Fannie Belle, born in Oskaloosa, May 17, 1874, Peter Cooper, born in Os- 
kaloosa, February 6, 1877. 

E-^ST os22:-^IjOOS-a-. 

V. D, CORYELL, 

Farmer, P, O, Oskaloosa; born in Ohio, April 30, 1801; came to this 
county in October, 1849; owns 200 acres of land; has held office of school 
director; he married Miss S. McClannahan in 1825; she was born in 
Adams county, Ohio; has nine children, Sarah, James W., Isabella, John, 
Robert, Elizabeth, Carry, Louisa Matilda and Daniel F. 

N. W. GRAY, 

Farmer, P. O. Oskaloosa; born in 'Ohio in 1828; came to this county in 
1855; owns 180 acres of land; has held ottice of school director; he mar- 
ried Ann M. Stanley, in 1858; she was born in Ohio; has two children, 
Eva E. and Walter S. 

ISAAC M. YATAW, 

Farmer, P. O. Oskaloosa; born in Indiana in 1850; came to this county In 
1869; owns 80 acres of land; married Delia Merritt, who was born in 
Michigan; has one son, Charles, 



